Se Dis eee Gramma _ ESeentia Kis Graded Exercises in English ~ ROBERT J. DIXSON: Grammar Essentials: Graded Exercises in English | Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. ; ae eee. | No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or ‘otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606 Acquisitions editor: Virginia L. Blanford Development editor: Katherine Rawson ry Production editor: Marc Oliver Marketing manager: Joe Chapple ‘Senior manufacturing buyer: Nancy Flaggman Cover and interior design: Tracey Munz Cataldo Text composition: Carlisle Communications Text font: Meta Plus Book 22/34 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dixson, Robert james. Grammar essentials : graded exercises in English / Robert). Dixson—New ed. pcm. New ed. of: Graded exercises in English. New ed. © 2994. ISBN 0-23-112696-2 1. English language—Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2. English language—Grammar— Problems, exercises, etc. |. Title. PE1128.D5145 2004, | 428.2'4—dc22 2003060494 ISBN: 0-13-112696-2 Longman.com offers online resources for teachers and students, Access our Companion Websites, our online catalog, and our local offices around the world. Visit us at longman.com. Printed in the United States of America 3.45 67 8 9 10-VHG-07 06 05To be, Present Tense To be, Negatives and Questions. AAn Plural Nouns a To have, Present Tense . Simple Present Tense. Possessive Adjectives. There is, There are, Affirmatives.... There is, There are, Negatives and Questions. Possessive Form of Nouns... This/That; These/Those Object Pronouns... sven Imperative Form. Simple Present Tense, Negatives. Simple Present Tense, Yes-No Questions... Simple Present Tense, Information Questions. To be, Past Tense... To be, Past Tense Negatives and Questions Past Tense, Regular Verbs... Past Tense, Irregular Verbs Past Tense, Negatives Past Tense, Yes-No Questions Past Tense, Information Question: Review of Past and Present Tense, Negatives and Que: Review of Past Tense, Regular and Irregular Verbs . Snditect Object, Position ... serennsensorvan Relative Pronouns, Who/Whom, Which, and That... Future Tense, with Will Future Tense, Negatives with Wil Future Tense, Questions with Wi Coptents| i c= Infinitives .... It takes . Present Continuous Tense. Present Comitinuous Tense, Negatives and Quest Contractions, Affirmative, Contractions, Negative... Atticles, Indefinite and Definite Going to, Future Tense Going to, Past Tense... Present Continuous Tense, Future Time sa Modal Auxiliaries, Negatives Modal Auxiliaries, Yes-No Questions. Modal Auxiliaries, Information Questions Short ANSWEES ann Adjectives and Adverbs .. Adjectives and Adverbs, Good, Well... Adjectives and Adverbs, Comparative Form.. Adjectives and Adverbs, Superlative Form. Past Continuous Tense> Future Continuous Tense ‘Much, Many, A lot of Also, Too, Either .. Any, Some... Anyone;-Someone Possessive Pronouns . Reflexive Pronouns Present Perfect Tense. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Perfect Tenses, Negatives and Questions, Perfect Tenses, Information Questions WV ContentsPassive Voice .. D Pessive Voice, Negatives and Questions (Gerunds and Infinitives ature Perfect Tense... PD Beview of Verb Tenses PS _Aazetts, Position. Word Order Still, Anymore Direct and Indirect Speech. Indirect Speech, Questions... Contents VIndirect Speech, Commands.. _ Should, Ought to, Past Form ..... AMUSE TIGVe, May HOVE. ercsesrenernenern Conditionat Sentences, Future Possible Conditional Sentences, Present Unreal Conditional Sentences, Dependent Clauses .. Conditional Sentences, Past Unreal. Present Tense, After if, When, Until, etc. ws Too, So ... Either, Neither. Auxiliary Verbs Negative QueStiOMS ne Subject Questions Causative Form. Exclamations. Emphasi : Position of Prepositions, Informal Usage Punctuation, COMMA seamen Punctuation, Comma and Semicolon....... Special Usage Notes. Quick Grammar Reference Answers to Exercises . Index. eee etINTRODUCTION The twenty-first century has brought a renewed emphasis on fundamentals in language learning. Mastery of basic grammar is once again seen as a ‘critical building block of fluency. This workbook, first published almost’ thirty years ago, continues to provide the tools that students need to achieve geammar mastery Grammar Essentials, which was formerly published as Graded Exercise English, is not designed to replace a regular classroom text. Rather, itis designed to supplement the text, to offer needed variety to a lesson, or simply to provide additional drill materials on important points of grammar and usage. Students will find it useful for self-study (an answer key is provided at the back) or for further practice on points about which they do not yet feel confident, All explanatory material has been kept to a minimum. ‘The grammar points that students need to know are presented in simple language, with clear examples, and students are then asked to complete exercises that provide practice in the correct use of those points. Many of these exercises will seem simple to a native speaker but provide real challenges to those studying English as a foreign or second language. This book is not designed to test knowledge. The exercises are not designed to find out how much a student knows or does not know. Their purpose is simply to provide practice (lots of practice!) on basic points of grammar and usage, These are practice exercises—nothing more. They provide an additional means for students to repeat materials that can be learned only through continuous use. For this reason, many exercises have been made as simple and clear as possible, and much direct repetition has been purposely introduced. Grammar Essentials is organized in a step-by-step manner, from easier points to harder and more complex points. The structure echoes the standard sequence of an integrated or four-skills course. This new edition retains its original features—over 100 grammar points presented, with over 2000 practice opportunities. Each page is tabbed, so topics can be easily found, New to this edition is a 16-page Quick Grammar Reference, which provides a fast, easy review of critical grammar points, including parts of speech, verb tenses, and an extensive list of irregular verbs. The editors and publishers of Pearson Longman hope that this book will continue to provide help and encouragement to students of English, as Robert J. Dixson intended it to do when he first wrote it almost three decades ago. Introduction VIIPresent Tense tam we are you are you are heis she is they are itis Practice Supply the correct form of the present tense of to be as in the example. = She__is__a good writer. 2. They old friends. aw a student. 4 John absent from work today. 5 We____ both students. & The weather today good. 7. The sky clear. &. Henry and John brothers. 9. Sheand | cousins. 40. | sick today. 4%. She__a business person. 32. You a lawyer, 43. Today Wednesday. 44. She and José__both good writers. 45. The police officer on the corner busy with the traffic. 36. You old friends.Negatives and Questions Form the negative of to be by placing not after the verb. Jam an employee. 1am not an employee. Form questions with fo be by placing the verb before the subject. They are absent from work today. ‘Are they absent from work today? | | Practice A) Change the following sentences from offimatve to negative asin the example, 1. Sheisin Japan now. She is not in Japan riow. 2. You are angry. 3. Ben and Liz are cousins. 4, He is very serious. 5. Both sisters are tall. 6. She is a clever woman. 7. They are members of the country club. 8. He is a good tennis player. 9. Elaine is a pilot with an international airline. 10. The sky is very cloudy today. 11, The office of the supervisor is on the first floor. 42, Itis cold today. 13. She is in her office. 4, The stamps are in my desk. 45, Heis a smart man. Change the sentences in Exercise A from statements to questions as in the example. She is in Japan now. [5 she in Japan now? 2 Grammar Essentials‘a book aman ‘an apple an orange an old car an early train a useful toot one-page memo the following sentences with a or an. a lovely day. old building. unusual man, exception to the rule. long trip, butitis____easy trip. large building. honest man. happy child, used car, tall tree. egg. old bus. empty milk carton. hour till lunch. windy day. new book. one-story building.ae ye ‘Most nouns form their plurals by ad door—> doors doctor —> doctors | pen —> pens apple —>apples i ————— Nouns ending in s, z, ch, Sh, ‘and x form their plurals by adding es. eee me class —> classes ‘crash —= crashes church —> churches SSE Some nouns have irregular plurals. { | eh Se t man —> men foot —> feet tooth —>teeth child —> children woman —> women —_ mouse —> mice Practice ae A the plural forms of these nouns: friend friends dish : salesman ——S glass. —________ eee a TaN buzz player orange foot [ B,) Change the following sentences from singular 10 plural as in the example, 1. The pencil is on the desk. The penile are on the desk. 2. The glass is in the kitchen. 3. The dish is new. 4. The bus is at the corner. 5. The child is in the garden. 6. The clock is on the wall. 7, The watch is new, 8, The picture is beautiful a 4 Grammar Essentials TT OOOPLURAL NOUNS ‘that end in y form their plurals in one of two ways: if a vowel precedes the y, add s key —> keys toy —> toys tray —>trays sonant precedes the , change the y to/and add es. city—> cities lady» ladies country —> countries ‘nouns that end in for fe form their plurals by changing their endings to ves. wife —> wives leaf —> leaves half —> halves that end in o and are preceded by a consonant form their plurals by adding es. 1 | hero —> heroes potato —> potatoes | eo a ‘plural form of the noun in parentheses. (baby) need to take a nap. The babies need to take a nap. (knife) are in the drawer, __ ss rtc).aren't ripe. (boy) like to play soccer after school. my books on those (shelf). goes do—> does ‘Add es when the verb ends in sh, ch, s, x, or z wash —> washes fix —> fixes When a verb ends in 2 consonant plus y, change the y to / and add es study —> studies cry—> cries. marry —» marries Practice Ay sive the comect form ofthe present tense forthe verb in parentheses. 1. Pat (go) there twice a week. Fat goes there twice aweek, 2. Herb (do) the work of two people. 3. always (try) to arrive everywhere on time, 4. George always (try) to do the same thing. 5. The supervisor (wish) to speak with you. 6. Mr. Walker (teach) English and mathematics. 7, They (go) to the movies twice a week. 8. We (watch) television almost every night. 9. Mary (play) the piano very well. 410. He (study) in the same class as. a1, My father (watch) soccer on TV every weekend. 42, Susan (kiss) her children good-bye every morning. 13. | often (catch) cold. 44, Helen also (catch) cold very ofte 45, She (do) all the work. 46, She (carry) her papers in a briefcase. 8 Grammar Essentialspie La ‘subject in each of the following sentences from | to He. Use the correct form of the ead. He likes to read. 2 new wristwatch. zak Spanish. to learn English. 2 book every night. sss Mr. Smith on the street every day go to work by bus._ ‘to learn ten new words every day. 2 lot of favors for Pauline. the violin very well. ‘two brothers and two sisters. sit at this desk. ‘my homework assignments in the evening, _ 'Study English three times a week. the subject of each sentence in Exercise B to They. Use the correct form of the verb. toread. They like to read. fae the subject of each sentence in Exercise B to She. Use the correct form of the verb. foread. She likes to read. Simple Present Tense 9We eat our dinner at six o'clock. They ate in their classroom. Practice Complete the following sentences with the possessive adjective which refers to the subject of the sentence. 1. She knows __her lesson well. 2. Lalso know lesson well. - Gail likes new job very much. |. feed pets once a day. . You always get good grades on examinations. . Mr, Bach drives to work in car. 3. 4 5. 6. My daughters clean room every Saturday. 7. 8. . Mary and | do homework together. 9. Grace writes a letter to aunt every week. 10. The dog wags tail when it sees dinner dish. 41. The children take toys to the park. 42, | always write the new words in__ notebook. 43, Each cat has own dish for food and water. 14, Both boys ride bicycles to work. 45, You and Henry spend a lot of time at office. 16. We need to paint house. 17. She always does well on all examinations. 10 Grammar EssentialsUla eet tee a Affirmatives there is with singular nouns; we use there are with plural nouns. "There is a book on the table. There are books on the table. There is one man in the room, There are several men in the room. the following sentences with There is or There are. = are no Australians in this class. someone at the door. a lot of students absent today. ‘a mailbox on the corner. three lamps in the room. two large windows in the room. only one door. a lot of desks in our office. nobody in the room now. a letter on the table for you. several beautiful parks in this twelve months in a year. only one car in the parking lot no one at home. dishes but no silverware on the table. No stores in this section of town, There Is, There Are 14Negatives and Questions ‘The negative forms of there is and there are are formed by placing not after the verb. The Contracted forms isn’t and aren’t are generally used. There is a pencil in my bag. There isn’t a pencil in There is not a pencil in my bag. my bag. There are two employees absent today. There aren't two There are not two employees absent today. employees absent today, | eee oak ‘The question forms of there is and there are are formed by placing the verb before there, There is a window in the room. ‘There are four windows in the room. Js there a window in the room? Are there four windows in the room? Practice Ay Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use the contracted form. 4. There is afiag atthe top of the building. There isn'ta flag at: the top of the bulldina 2. There are two lamps in the room. 3. There is a pillow on each bed. 4, There are two police officers on each corer, 5. There is a big parade today. 6. There are many doctors in this area. 7. There are ten new words in this lesson. 8. There is a message for you on the hall table. 9. There are enough chairs for everyone. 40. There is a comfortable chair in each room. 11. There is a good restaurant near here, ee 42, There are telephones in every room, Change the sentences in Exercise A to questions, There isa flag at the top of the building, Jo there a fiag at the top of the building? 12 Grammar EssentialsPOSSESSIVE FORM OF NOUNS ‘not end in s, form the possessive by adding an apostrophe s (’s) —> the boy's hat the girl —m the girl's ball —> the lady's purse the children —> the children’s games ady ends in s, form the singular possessive by adding an apostrophe s (’s) possessive by adding only an apostrophe (’). boss —> the boss's chair the boys —> the boys’ hats —> Charles's book the ladies —> the /adies’ purses She went to Jonathan's. Jonathan's home) Thave an appointment at the doctor's. (the doctor's office) phe in the correct places in the following sentences. ans car is outside. Mrs. Reagan's car is outside, _ Books at Lauras house. ss her clothes in Chicagos best shops. ens room is just down the hall. — ell ladies dresses on this floor. -GBilds toys are all broken. ‘sell childrens toys in this store. __ {sa lot of competition between Bobs two sisters. es to the doctors office once.a week. irthday is February 12. ‘and Sallys father is in Europe. Jacksons daughter is eight years old. Peters in Rome and St. Pauls in London are both good examples of Baroque Possessive Form of Nouns 13LEAL e STIL ey This indicates that something is near us; that indicates that itis ata distance, This book is in my hand. That book is over there on the table. The plural of this is these; the plural of that is those. These books are in my hand, “] Those books are over there on the table, ee | Practice Change the following sentences from singular to plural 1. This exercise is easy. These exercises are cas) 2. This room is too small for our furniture. —_ 3. That pen on the floor is Sarah's. 4. This stack of CDs belongs to William. ee 5. That boy on the other side of the street is George's brother. 6. That book is out of date. 7. That purse on the table is Elizabeth's. 8. This is my chair. 9. That is Henry's pen, 10, This message is for you, ee ‘12, That letter on the table is for Ms. Thaler, eee eee 22. This is my pen, not Sandy's, i a 13. That mountain in the distance forms part of the Rocky Mountains. 44, This car belongs to my father, —————— 415, That office at the end of the hall is the administration office. 36. This chair is very comfortable. SS 14 Grammar EssentialsOBJECT PRONOUNS Soy you you they, P= | her = | S are used as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. She knows me well. We give her our homework every day. | They give it to us. tl them ‘correct object pronoun form. See (they, them) after work. often see them after work Smear (we,us). 0 to lunch together with (she, her). 5 (We, us) English, BSS near (Ime) during class. Both of (they, them) well. speak to (he, him) in English. isthe matter with (he, him) today?____ '=splains the lesson to (we, us) each morning, ‘are some letters here for you and (|, me). ‘went to divide the money between (we, us). Venezuelan lady knows (they, them) both well. ‘View her sister and (she, her). Me fohnson often helps Susan and (I, me). Object Pronouns 15.JECT PRONOUNS 15. He sends (she, hhes) 2 lot of presents. 416, She seldom speaks to (we, us) in Spanish. 17. He looks at (she, hee) during the class. i 38, She always helps (me) with my clients. i 19. He always sits between Amy and (I, me). 20. He wants to talk with (they, them). By Substitute the correct object pronoun for the word or words in italics. 1. | see Mr. Park during coffee break every morning. ! see him during coffee break every moming. 2. I sit near Grace and Frances during the lesson. i ‘ 3 Allthe boys tke Maryverymuch, 4. loften see you and your sister at the ‘supermarket. 5. He always goes to the movies with his parents. 6. know both boys very well. eee 7. Frank always WaltsforAlandmeafterwork, 8. He drives Sue and Cal to work every morning. 9. Isit next to Carlos. Sees, She a Ba er ania to. lalso sit directly in frontof Marsha, 11, He writes a lot of letters to his relatives. 12. This book belongs to William. 13. [know the dentist very well. 414, The doctor relies on herassistant 415, | understand Miss McGrady. 16. He always speaks to his students in English. 77. Everyone in our house plays cards except my brother. _ 38. He sends his parents money every week. 19. | talked to Mr, and Mrs. Nelson yesterday. 20. She saw the women after school. 16 Grammar Essentials RET ERI EER rc ~~IMPERATIVE FORM ive form expresses a command or request. The subject you (singular or plural) is but not expressed. Come back later. Wait outside. ‘pecative of the imperative form uses don't Don't come back later. Don't wait outside. 1e beginning or end of an imperative sentence, makes it more polite. Please come back later, Wait outside, please. en) the door. 2) the door. in the outer office. D him in the morning. et) them talk. off the light. ®) your feet on the chai 2p) this in the mailbox. ) your books there, =i) Alexandra know about this. p) Jason with his homework. Imperative Form 17B) Sive the negative imperative form ofthe sentences in Exercise A Git) there. Don's sit there. C.) Make the sentences in Exercise A more polite by adding please at the beginning or end. (Sid) there. Plesiae sit there. Sit there, please. 18 Grammar Essentialsaa) aes ‘ Negatives negative of the simple present tense by putting do not or does nat before the verb. The forms don’t and doesn’t are generally used. Know —> | don't know ‘we do not know —> we don't know ynot know —> you don’t know you do not know —= you don’t know esnot know —> he doesn’t know esnot know —» she doesn’t know they do not know —» they don’t know esnot know —> it doesn’t know ‘after does not (doesn’t), the verb does not have the s of the third person singular statement. following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use both the full form and the (form. fon the tenth floor. !do not work on the tenth floor | don't work on the tenth floor, es to study English. 2k English well. = leaves at ten o'clock. everyone in the office, & lunch in the cafeteria every day. jays comes to work late, _ ed a fan in this room. d cook together. tand everything he says. jents to visit San Francisco. his new job this week. plays in the park every afternoon. James make mistakes in spelling ple Present Tense 19Sa 23 peta) Yes-No Questions Form yes-no questions in the simple present tense by placing do or does before the subject. Do | study? Do we study? Doyoustudy? Do you study? Does he study? Does she study? Do they study? Does it study? Note that after does, the verb does not have the third person singular s. Practice Change the following statements to questions as in the example. 1. Patricia goes to class twice a week. Joes Patricia go to class pwice a week? 2. They enjoy their cooking lessons. 3. That company buys a lot of merchandise from us. 4, It looks like rain. Sie 5. He drives to Washington once a week. 6. The committee meets on the third floor. 7. He seems to be very busy. 8, This book belongs to her. 9. You like New York. 10. You speak French well. 11, He often goes out of town. 42, I take the Number 65 bus to my new job. 43. They sell newspapers there. 44. The store opens at nine o'clock. 415. It closes at five-thirty. 16. He eats a lot of vegetables. 20 Grammar Essentialseae Information Questions on questions in the simple present tense by placing do or does before the subject ‘a question word. | Valerie lives in Vancouver. Where does Valerie live? ‘ordoes to complete these present tense questions. dose _ Sam live? you go to the movies? the plane leave? enguage besides English your teacher speak? you get up every morning? _____ the rest of your family get up? they get up every morning? __ Edna speak French? you usually meet Lois after the lesson? it cost to fly from Havana to Madrid? it rain during the month of April in your country? you generally pay for a pair of shoes? your meeting last? your meeting begin and what time does it end? you live? you feel today? Ed go every day after work? you eat lunch every day? Simple Present Tense 24SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Information Questions 49. What__you generally do over the weekend? 20. Which movie star you like best? 21. Why Jane want to study Russian? 22. How often you go for a walk in the park? Change the following sentences to questions beginning with the question word in parentheses, 8) a 4, They live in Boston. (Where) Where do they live? 2. The play begins at eight o'clock. (What time) — 3. They get homeatsixe'clockevery night. (When) 4, The travel agent speaks French poorly. (How well) 5. Those books cost $28.95. (How much) ss 2 6. They travel by car. (How) 7. He comes here once a week. (How often) 8. She feels good. (How) 9. Francine wants to learn English in order to get a better job. (Why) 10. They meet on the corner every morning. (Where) 41, We go to the movies twice a week. (How often) 412. The children go to the playground after lunch. (Where) We lean ten new words everyday. (How many) - They eat lunch in the cafeteria. (Where) _ 5. He drives a small car. (What kind of car) . This plate belongs on the shelf. (Where) ___ The committee meets in Room 10, (Where) . She teaches us cooking. (What) . It rains in the spring. (When) . He gets up at seven o'clock every morning. (What time) She goes to bed at ten o'clock. (When) __ 22 Grammar EssentialsPast Tense we were you were they were ect form of the past tense of to be as in the example. absent from work yesterday. in the same office as Wendy last year. in the same class last semester. open this morning. dows______closed. ‘not at work yesterday. Bsister______sick. busy all day yesterday. tited after our long walk. hungry after so much exercise. a lot of members absent from the meeting yesterday. present, but | not. eryesterday __very warm. pleased to receive your memorandum. not satisfied with my memorandum. inthelastlesson_easy. not able to get in touch with Mr. Reese yesterday. night _very strong.Past Tense Negatives and Questions Form the negative of the past tense of fo be by placing not after the verb. The contracted forms. wasn’ t and weren't are generally used. Iwas not —> I wasn’t we were not —> we weren't you were not —> you weren't you were not —> you weren't he was not —= he wasn’t she was not —> she wasn't they were not —> they weren’t | itwas not —= it wasn’t ———z_z Form questions in the past tense of to be by placing the verb before the subject. They were here yesterday. Were they here yesterday? Practice A) Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use both the full form and the contracted form. 1. You were tired last night. You were not tired last night. You weren't tired last night. 2, These doors were closed. 3. The exercises were easy to do. 4, The man was a stranger to her. 5. It was a pleasant day, 6. The sea wasvery rolgheMM 7. He was a tall man, a = 8. There were ten new words in the lesson. 9. Sarah was a good swimmer, 40. She was very intelligent. 41, They were both Americans. 42, She was a good tennis player. 13, You were a happy child, 14, He was always angry. 24 Grammar EssentialsPast Tense Negatives and Questions ‘were friendly enemies. "82s an old friend of the family. ‘the sentences in Exercise A to questions. fired last night, Were you tired last night? ToBe 25PAST TENSE Regular Verbs Form the past tense of regular verbs by adding ed to their simple form. | Lworked we worked you worked you worked he worked she worked they worked it worked live tved ——study—>studied | Practice ‘Supply the past tense form of the verbs in parentheses. 2. We (work) in our garden all day yesterday. We worked in our garden all day yesterday. 2. | (listen) to the stereo until twelve o'clock last night, 3. Meg and | (talk) on the telephone yesterday. 4, He always (want) to learn English. oa 5. They (live) in France for many years. 6. We (expect) to go to China in June. 7. The meeting (last) about two hours. __ 8, We (change) planes in Seattle. 9. We both (like) the movies last night very much. 210. | (wait) almost two hours for Gertrude. 21, They (paint) their house white. 422, She (arrive) late to the meeting. saa 13. We (watch) television until eleven o'clock last night, 44. She (study) in our class last semester, 45, | (mail) your letter on my way to work. __ _oaree 26 Grammar EssentialsLael hy Irregular Verbs Herbs, like regular verbs, have the same form in all persons ofthe Past tense, late we ate you ate you ate | he ate, she ate, it ate they ate feel —m felt hear—s heard sell > sold give —> gave put —> put speak —> spoke go —> went read —> read tell —» told have—> had see» saw write —> wrote Past tense form of the verbs in parentheses, Mis. Rockwell (come) to visit us last night, Mz and Mrs. Rockwell came to last night. F Was warm, so we (sit) on our front Porch, "your coat in the closet. ting last night (begin) at eight and ended at ten, home last night and (write) several letters. 'you on the street yesterday, (e0st) $15.50, By lunch in the cafeteria yesterday, alittle wine at the party last night. Jyour message and also (tell) him my ideas on the subject, finally (sell) her house. ‘the President speak on television last night. Past Tense 27i 4 Omics Irregular Verbs 14. My father (know) Mr, Evans well even before he (come) to live in this town. 45. Kim (feel) well yesterday, but today she feels sick again. 436. We (go) to the park yesterday and | (get) wet when it rained. 47, | (read) the novel several years ago. 38. You (have) a cold last week, 39. Senator Jordan (speak) to our club last month. (C) Memorize and practice the past tense forms of these irregular verbs: become —» became find —» found send —> sent | break —> broke forget —> forgot sing —> sang bring —> brought keep —> kept stand —> stood buy —> bought leave —e left take —> took catch —= caught lose —> lost teach —> taught do —» did make —» made think —» thought fight = fought ring —> rang understand —> understood D) Supply the correct past tense form of the verbs in parentheses. 1. The plane (leave) Buenos Aires last night at midnight. The plane lefe Buenos Aires: last night at midnight. 2. Sue (bring) her cousin to the party last night. 3. | (forget) to bring my notes to the meeting this morning. 4. He (become) president of the company five years ago. 5. We (make) good time on our trip from Houston to Mexico City. 6. | (lose) my book yesterday but (find) it later. 7. The two men (fight) bitterly over the division of the money. 8. The telephone (ring) twice, but no one answered it. 9. The Kanes (send) their three children to summer camp. 20. George (think) about his troubles continuously. 11. Last year Professor Levy (teach) us both English and mathematics. 28 Grammar EssentialsIrregular Verbs ) the property in 1990 and (sell) it in 2003. ep) part of the money and (give) the rest to his two brothers. ce (do) their best but never (catch) the real bank robbers. n (Sing) in French; consequently, we (understand) none of the words. ___ fand) on the corner and waited for Mel for two hours. my stereo, 50 yesterday | (take) it to the repair shop. ‘and practice the past tense forms of these irregular verbs: blow —> blew hurt —> hurt shoot —> shot cut —> cut lend —> tent shut —> shut drive —> drove mean —» meant sleep —> slept fall —> fell meet —> met spend —> spent find —> found pay —> paid steal —> stole fly —> flew ride —> rode throw —» threw grow —> grew run —» ran win —> won hit —> hit say —> said wake —> woke hold —> held shake —» shook wear —> wore ‘the following sentences with the past tense form of the irregular verbs in fell__ (fal) from his bike and hurt his arm. (pay) sixteen dollars for this book. (shake) hands and then (say) good night. ce ofthe wind was so great that it (blow) down several trees in our yard. (throw) a slow ball and the batter (hit) it fora home run, Gleep) very well last night. (meet) Ivy on the corner of Oak Avenue. (find) her lost book. Past Tense 299. 10. a 12. 14. 15. 16, PAST TENSE Irregular Verbs Alma (wear) her new silk dress to the party last night. The drunken driver first (cut) in front of us and then (run) his car over the curb. We (drive) to Washington in Noel's new car. He (hold) the bird in his hand for several minutes. Our team _(win) the first game but __- (lose) the second. We (Shut) all the windows and locked all the doors before we out. We rented two horses and (ride) all around the park on horseback. 30 Grammar EssentialsLiat el Negatives NSE negatives by placing did not before the verb and by changing the verb to its The contracted form didn’ tis generally used. did not go. I didn’t go. 0 —> I didn't go we did not go —» we didn’t go n't go you did not go —> you didn't go 't go they did not go —= they didn’t go schicken for dinner, They did not eat chicken for dinner. eat chicken for dinner. me about it. Books on the table, ‘in Mexico City. Isaw Eliot yesterday, Redhis work well, ting lasted a long time. cost $13.95. hher husband worked together, very well. ‘their home. _ th George about that matter. tothe meeting alone,___ ther at the concert last night, _ Bermuda by boat, ‘Der your message.PAST TENSE Yes-No Questions Form past tense questions by placing did before the subject and by changing the verb to its simple form. Did she go home? Did we work? Did you work? Did they work 2 Practice Change the following past tense statements to questions as in the example. 1. She lived in Peru for two years. Did che live in Feru for two years? 2. He gave her a lot of presents. 3. They stayed in Korea all summer. 4. She told them all about her trip. 5. You moved here in February. 6. Terry flew to Minneapolis. 7. We went home late last night. 8. They came to the party together. ‘9. Carla and Dave knew each other as children, 40. He worked in that firm for many years. 1x1, She felt much better after her operation. 32, The meeting began on time. 33, | passed all my examinations, __ 44, They put him in the advanced class. 45, | gave you my cell phone number. 36. The crowd waited a long time to see the President. 39) Grammar EssentialsPAST TENSE "Information Questions mation questions in the past tense by placing did before the subject, changing the ts simple form, and adding a question word. She went home at 9:30. What time did she go home? following past tense statements to questions beginning with the question word in arrived at ten o'clock. (What time) What time did Marianne arrive? old their home last week. (When) ing began at eight-thirty. (What time) _ ckets cost three dollars. (How much) for the car by check. (How) __ a ested ten thousand dollars in the stock market. (How much). in the first row. (Where) to them last night. (When) eeting lasted two hours. (How long) ‘at eight o'clock. (What time) hher at two o'clock. (What time) to Denver to see some friends. (Why) entioned it to him three or four times. (How many times) lunch in the park. (Where) ked there for five years. (How many years) mail on Mr. Agee’s desk. (Where) ited for them for an hour. (How long)._ frome around midnight. (What time) ed to the meeting with Peg. (Who) to the park after the lesson. (Where) Bees Past Tense 3)REVIEW OF PAST AND PRESENT TENSE Negatives and Questions Practice Ay) shanae the following sentences fom affimative to negative. 4. They live in Texas. They do not lve in Texas. They don't live in Texas. 2, There are eleven months in 2 year. 3. The plane arrived at ten o'clock. 4, Itis six o'clock now. He went to Chicago by plane. The two boys are in Ms. Collier's office. They live in Sao Paulo now. Ep 6 7. The magazine cost two dollars. 8. 9%. They lived in France for ten years. 10. He got up at five o’clock this morning. 11, They sat in the park for two hours. 12, She speaks English. 13, The meeting begins at nine o'cloc 414. She drinks ten cups of coffee every day. 415, They began to work in June. 16. | am ten years old. 17. They plan to finish the work in July. 48, We got sick last week. 19. The stores were closed because of the holiday. SB) Stange the sentences in Exercise A to questions. They live in Texas, Do they live in Texas? 4 G) Stange the sentences in Exercise to questions beginning witha question word. They live in Texas. Where do they live? Why do they lve in Texas? 34 Grammar EssentialsREVIEW OF PAST TENSE Regular and Irregular Verbs ense form of regular verbs adds ed to the simple form. L work —> worked study —> studied cry —> cried ense form of irregular verbs must be memorized. the following sentences withthe past tense form of the verbs in parentheses. caugitt_(catch) the thief after the robbery. ts (write) the sentences on the blackboard. (forget) to bring his notes to the meeting. _ (arrive) an hour late. (answer) all the doctor's questions. ry _____ (make) some mistakes in the letter. (ring) ten minutes ago. (wait) for Beth for half an hour. (go) to class when the bell__ (ring). _ (cost) more than twenty thousand dollars. {try) to get to work on time yesterday. (have) a very good time at the picnic. (plan) to take their vacation in June. (take) his vacation in May last year. (send) a present to his mother. (need) a new umbrella for months; she finally _ _ (buy) one last (speak) to the students’ parents. (tell) them that they (have) to study harder. (break) a lot of dishes last week. Review of Past Tens# 35object precedes the direct object, we do not use a preposition. He gave the money fo me. He gave me the money. J bought a present for you. I bought you a present. Practice Ai) Restate the following, putting the indirect object before the direct object. 4, He sent several letters to her. He sent her several letters, = 2. She brought the magazines to me. pepe ee TTT ee 4. He told the whole story to us. 55, | cooked dinner for Victoria. 6. We wrote several letters fo them. 7. I took the presents to her 8. He sold his property to a friend. g. He gave a piece of the candy to each child. 10. Don't show these pictures to anyone. 11. He bought several new dresses for his wife. 12. They sent some postcards fo us from South America. Bp Festatethe following, putting the indirect object after the direct object. ‘She gave me the money. She gave the money to me. 2. Isent her many presents. si Please hand me that magazine. ‘4. Don’t tell herthe news yet. 5, You made your sistera sweater, 6. Don't show Flo these things. 36 Grammar Essentials7. He wrote me a letter on Wednesday. 8. She told us the whole story. g. The teacher gives us a lot of homework. 10. You made me a promise that you must keep. Indirect Object 37RELATIVE PRONOUNS Who/Whom, Which, and That Who refers to people. Which refers to specific animals or things. That refers to animals, things, or people as a class. The object (direct or indirect) form of who is whom. Which and that both have the same form whether subject or object The man who called you is here, | The girl whom you saw is my sister. ‘To whom did you give the key? Is this the book which you ordered? The magazine which is on the table is old. The Native Americans that lived here were called Sioux. These are the colors that we like. Practice Complete the following sentences with who, whom, which, or that. 1, Was it Jennifer__wtio __ said that? 2, This is the report _ the president wanted. 3. The girls. are in my class are all good students. 4. Our teacher, is an American, speaks English perfectly, 5. Thecar___ Hernando used belongs to his uncle. 6. The teacher with | studied mathematics last year died last week. 7. To. did you sell your furniture? 8. Isthis the program___you always watch on TV? The movies__we saw this summer were all good. .. These are the kinds of exercises help us learn English. . The lamp you broke is my brother's. She is one of the workers ___went on strike. . She was the pilot___flew our 747. . Its the little things in life count, 38 Grammar EssentialsWith Will expressed with will and the simple form of the verb. The contracted forms are go—> I'l go we will go —> we'll go ‘will go—> you'll go you will go —> you'll go jill go —> he'll go ‘will go —> she'll go they will go —> they'll go go —> it'll go {liowing sentences with will and the verbs in parentheses. Use both the full form cted form. (call) you tomorrow. He'll call you tammorrow. (Gee) us in the morning. _ oS (be) happy to see you. (help) you with that work, (Clean) off the table right away, (close) early today. _ ae (leave) the tip. (find) the book that you need. _ (pend) a lot of money there, (be) in New Orleans. (blow) that sign down. i (meet) you in Grand Central Station. =e (pay) the bill pa Sl (learn) a great deal in that course. _ a a (remain) in Tokyo about a month, és (be) tired after the long drive. peti ci Give) you that money tomorrow, ___— (do) well in that job. Future Tense 39)