Assignment # 01

Types & Models of Database

Database
Spring – 2020

Submitted to

Ms. Ayesha Rashid

Submitted By

Ahmed Iqbal (18321519-101)

Section B

Due Date

Monday, February 24, 2020

 Assignment # 01: Database

DATABASES
A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed
electronically from a computer system.

TYPES OF DATABASES
There are following types of databases,

1. CENTRALIZED DATABASE.
2. DISTRIBUTED DATABASE.
3. PERSONAL DATABASE.
4. END-USER DATABASE.
5. COMMERCIAL DATABASE.
6. NOSQL DATABASE.
7. OPERATIONAL DATABASE.
8. RELATIONAL DATABASE.
9. CLOUD DATABASE.

1.CENTRALIZED DATABASE

The information(data) is stored at a centralized location and the users from

different locations can access this data. This type of database contains application
procedures that help the users to access the data even from a remote location.
Various kinds of authentication procedures are applied for the verification and
validation of end users, likewise, a registration number is provided by the
application procedures which keeps a track and record of data usage.

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2.DISTRIBUTED DATABASE

The data is not at one place and is distributed at various sites of an organization.
These sites are connected to each other with the help of communication links
which helps them to access the distributed data easily.

There are two kinds of distributed database, homogenous and heterogeneous.

The databases which have same underlying hardware and run over same
operating systems and application procedures are known as homogeneous DDB,
Whereas, the operating systems, underlying hardware as well as application
procedures can be different at various sites of a DDB which is known as
heterogeneous DDB.

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3.PERSONAL DATABASE

Data is collected and stored on personal computers which is small and easily
manageable. The data is generally used by the same department of an
organization and is accessed by a small group of people.

4.END USER DATABASE

The end user is usually not concerned about the transaction or operations done at
various levels and is only aware of the product which may be a software or an
application. Therefore, this is a shared database which is specifically designed for
the end user, just like different levels’ managers. Summary of whole information
is collected in this database.

5.COMMERCIAL DATABASE

These are the paid versions of the huge databases designed uniquely for the users
who want to access the information for help. These databases are subject
specific, and one cannot afford to maintain such a huge information. Access to
such databases is provided through commercial links.

6. NOSQL DATABASE

A NoSQL database provides a mechanism for storage and retrieval of data that is
modeled in means other than the tabular relations used in relational databases.

NoSQL is used for Big data and real-time web apps. For example, companies like
Twitter, Facebook, Google that collect terabytes of user data every single day.
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7. OPERATIONAL DATABASE

Information related to operations of an enterprise is stored inside this database.

Functional lines like marketing, employee relations, customer service etc. require
such kind of databases.

8. RELATIONAL DATABASES

These databases are categorized by a set of tables where data gets fit into a pre-
defined category. The table consists of rows and columns where the column has
an entry for data for a specific category and rows contains instance for that data
defined according to the category. The Structured Query Language (SQL) is the
standard user and application program interface for a relational database.

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There are various simple operations that can be applied over the table which
makes these databases easier to extend, join two databases with a common
relation and modify all existing applications.

9. CLOUD DATABASES

A cloud database is a database that typically runs on a cloud computing platform,

and access to the database is provided as-a-service. Database services take care
of scalability and high availability of the database. Database services make the
underlying software-stack transparent to the user.

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10. OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASES

An object database is a database management system in which information is

represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming.
Object databases are different from relational databases which are table-
oriented. Object-relational databases are a hybrid of both approaches.

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11. GRAPH DATABASES

The graph is a collection of nodes and edges where each node is used to
represent an entity and each edge describes the relationship between entities. A
graph-oriented database, or graph database, is a type of NoSQL database that
uses graph theory to store, map and query relationships.

Graph databases are basically used for analyzing interconnections. For example,
companies might use a graph database to mine data about customers from social
media.

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DATABASES MODELS
A Database model defines the logical design and structure of a database and
defines how data will be stored, accessed and updated in a database
management system. The Database Models are,

 HIERARCHICAL MODEL

 NETWORK MODEL

 ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL

 RELATIONAL MODEL

1.HIERARCHICAL MODEL

This database model organizes data into a tree-like-structure, with a single root,
to which all the other data is linked. The hierarchy starts from the Root data, and
expands like a tree, adding child nodes to the parent nodes.
In this model, a child node will only have a single parent node.

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This model efficiently describes many real-world relationships like index of a

book, recipes etc.
In hierarchical model, data is organized into tree-like structure with one one-to-
many relationship between two different types of data, for example, one
department can have many courses, many professors and of-course many
students.

2.NETWORK MODEL

This is an extension of the Hierarchical model. In this model data is organised

more like a graph, and are allowed to have more than one parent node.
In this database model data is more related as more relationships are established
in this database model. Also, as the data is more related, hence accessing the data
is also easier and fast. This database model was used to map many-to-many data
relationships.
This was the most widely used database model, before Relational Model was
introduced.

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3.ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL

Entity-relationship Model

In this database model, relationships are created by dividing object of interest

into entity and its characteristics into attributes.

Different entities are related using relationships.

E-R Models are defined to represent the relationships into pictorial form to make
it easier for different stakeholders to understand.

This model is good to design a database, which can then be turned into tables in
relational model (explained below).

Let's take an example, if we have to design a School Database, then Student will
be an entity with attributes name, age, address etc. As Address is generally

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complex, it can be another entity with attributes street name, pin code, city etc.,
and there will be a relationship between them.

4.RELATIONAL MODEL

In this model, data is organized in two-dimensional tables and the relationship is

maintained by storing a common field.

The basic structure of data in the relational model is tables. All the information
related to a particular type is stored in rows of that table.

Hence, tables are also known as relations in relational model.

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