Professional Documents
Culture Documents
x
Analytic Geometry
Dimensions
Affine space
V – Vector space
a 0 b
1D
– nonempty set of points y
2D
x
1
Affine space
"An affine space is nothing more than a vector space whose
origin we try to forget about, by adding translations to the
linear maps“
Marcel Berger
V – Vector space
– nonempty set of points
P P V
v BA
There exists point O, such that
P V :a AO
is one-to-one correspondence
Affine subspace
Let us consider an affine space A and its associated
vector space V.
Affine subspaces of A are the subsets of A of the form
O V O w; w W
2
Vectors in R2
• Magnitude of the vector is
equal to the distance of
head and tail points.
A = (1,3)
B = (3,1)
u = A
Radius vector
v = B
w2 = B – A
w = u + v
dotprod = u*v
mu = Length[u]
Magnitude of the cross product (with sgn)
crossprod = u ⊗ w
Vectors in R3
Linear combination, linear dependence
Vector subspace
A = (1,3,2)
B = (3,1,0)
O = (0,0,0)
u = A
v = B
w = u + 2v
a = Plane[A,B,O]
b = PerpendicularLine[O,a]
C = Point[b]
n = C
dotprod = n*u
3
Linear combination
Let V is a vector space over a field R. x x1 , x2 , x3 , , xn
Vector x V is given by ordered tuple.
Affine combination
Take an arbitrary point A in affine space (O,V)
n
A O x O ai ei ; where ei Ei O
i 1
A O a1 E1 O a2 E2 O an En O
n
A a1 E1 a2 E2 ... an En O 1 ai
i 1
n
A a1 E1 a2 E2 ... an En a0 O, where ai 0 and ai 1
i 0
4
Convex combination of points O, E1,…, En
1
4
A a1 E1 a2 E2 a3 E3 a4 E4 a0 O ai , where ai 0
i 0
5
Parametric equations of a line
• All points X = A + t.u where t R form a line and vice versa -- all points
on that line have the form X = A + t.u for some real number t.
• u – direction vector
p
X3
u X2 X1 = A + u
X2 = A + 2.u
X1
X3 = A + 3.u
X4
X4 = A + 1/2 . u
A
X5 = A + (-1) . u
X6
X6 = A + (- 3/2) . u
X5
X p X A t u ; t R
Task Příklad
Determine the parametric form for the line AB.
u = B – A
C = A+t*u GeoGebra-primka.ggb
6
Linear function y = mx + q
Calculating Slope
• Slope (m) = rise (change in y) / run (change in x)
• Rise is the vertical change and run is the horizontal change
M = y/x
M = 3/3
Rise
(3) M=1
The slope is 1. This means that for
Run every increase of 1 on the x axis,
(3) there will be an increase of 1 on
the y axis.
7
Parametric form for the plane in 3D space
X2 X3
3v 2u + 3v
C
v
A u 2u X1
B
X1 = A + 2u
u = B – A X2 = A + 3v
v = C – A X3 = A + 2u + 3v
X = A+t*u+s*v
X3
v
A u
X X A t u s v; t , s R
Vektorový součin
8
General equation of the hyperplane in 2D space
X p ax by c 0 p
X [ x; y]
( X P)
n (a; b)
X p X P n (for X≠P)
X P n 0
x p1 a y p2 b 0
ax by ap1 bp2 0
label: ap1 bp2 c
X [ x, y, z ]
( X P)
9
Conic Sections
10
Circles
r 2 ( x h)2 ( y k )2
( x h)2 ( y k )2 r 2 .
11
Finding the Equation of a Circle
Example Find the center-radius form of the equation
of a circle with radius 6 and center (–3, 4). Graph the
circle and give the domain and range of the relation.
62 ( x (3)) 2 ( y 4) 2
36 ( x 3) 2 ( y 4) 2
12
Parametric equations for the circle
x2 y 2 1
x r cos t
y r sin t ; t 0, 2
x2 y 2 r 2
r 2 cos 2 t r 2 sin 2 t r 2
13
Parabola
http://tube.geogebra.org/
14
Equations and Graphs of Parabolas
x 2 y 2 2 yc c 2 y 2 2 yc c 2
x 2 y 2 2 yc c 2 y 2 2 yc c 2
x 2 4cy
15
Determining Information about Parabolas
from Equations
Example Find the focus, directrix, vertex, and axis
of each parabola.
(a) x 2 8 y (b) y 2 28 x
Solution
(a) 4c 8
c2
Since the x-term is squared, the
parabola is vertical, with focus
at (0, c) = (0, 2) and directrix
y = –2. The vertex is (0, 0), and
the axis is the y-axis.
16
An Application of Parabolas
An Application of Parabolas
32 a(105) 2
32 32
a 2
The cross section can be described by
105 11,025
32
y x2.
11,025
17
An Application of Parabolas
32 2
(b) Since y x ,
11,025
1
4c
a
11,025
4c
32
11,025
c 86.1.
128
The receiver should be placed at (0, 86.1), or
86.1 feet above the vertex.
Trajectory of a projectile
18
Ellipse
GeoGebra-kuzelosecky.ggb
X[x;y] x = a · cos t + m
y
n ×
t y = b · sin t + n
S[m;n]
where t is a polar angle
m
x x between radius vector of X
0
and x axis
x m y n
2 2
t<0;2π).
2
2
1
a b
a.cos t m m b.sin t n n
2 2
1
a2 b2
a.2 cos 2 t b.2 sin 2 t
1
a2 b2
19