Given information:

Outer diameter of the satellite D = 3m

Thickness of the shell t = 1.25 cm = 0.0125 m
Initial temperature of the satellite
Atmospheric temperature
Effective heat transfer co-efficient
Time of reentry

Assumptions:
1. Heat transfer occurs only in radial direction.
2. Properties of steel and convective heat transfer co-efficient remains constant.

Explanation:
For properties of stainless steel refer to appendix 2.
(Table 10)
For stainless steel of type 304,
Density ( )
Specific heat (C) = 461 J/kg.k
Thermal conductivity (k) = 14.4 W/mk

L = Characteristics dimension
For thin spherical shell characteristic dimension
L = t = 1.25 cm = 0.0125 m

Since biot number is less than 0.1 lumped parameter analysis can be used.
In lumped parameter analysis, temperature and time are related as follows:
[ ]

[ ]

[ ( ) ]

[ ( ) ]

[ ]

Temperature of the shell after reentry is

Explanation:
For properties of brass refer to Appendix -2, Table 10.
( )
⁄
Thermal conductivity k = 111 W/mk

L = Characteristic dimension

( )( )

Since biot number is less than 0.1, lumped parameter analysis can be used.
In lumped parameter analysis temperature and time are related as follows:

[ ]

[ ]

Time required for heating the plate surface to 300 is 7.5 min.

Given information:
Initial temperature of steel vessel and water
Mass of water contained = 45 kg

Assumptions:
1. Vessel is completely filled with water.
2. Properties of steel and convective heat transfer co-efficient remain constant
3. Internal resistance of water is negligible.

Explanation:
For properties of steel refer o appendix 2, Table 10
For stainless steel of type 304,
Density ( )
Specific heat (C)= 461 J/kg.k
Thermal conductivity (k) = 14.4 W/mk

Volume of water = Volume of sphere

Given thickness of the sphere t = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m

Outer radius of the sphere
( ) [ ]

Surface area of that transfer

[ ]
 ̅ * +

Since biot number is less than 0.1 lumped parameter analysis can be used for steel vessel.

Temperature time history for liquid in a thick vessel is given by the equation:
[ ]

Where
( ) [( ) ]

( ) [( ) ]

( )( )
( )( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

[ ]
⁄

F q

* +

(B)
Rate of heat loss by water = Rate of heat transfer to the steel vessel by convection
[ ]
q
( )* +
F q
( ) [ ] [ ]
 ( ) [ ]( ) [ ]

( )[ ]( )

Given information:
Mass of aluminium iron m = 1.4 kg
Capacity of the heating element = 500 w = Rate of heat generation ( ̇ )
Surface area
( )
̅
F
For properties of aluminium refer to appendix-2, Table 12
Density ( ) ⁄
Specific heat (C)= 896 J/kg.k
Thermal conductivity (k) = 236 W/m.k

H = Heat transfer co-efficient

Since , lumped parameter analysis can be used.

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ̇ ] [̅ ( )]
( )

̇ ̅
̅ ̇
* + * +

[ ̇ ] q
q

( )

q
̇

̇
( )
 ̇

( )
( )

̇ ̇
( )
̇
[ ]

* +
̇
̅

( )
* +

Given Information:
Diameter of the copper wire D =
Length of the copper wire
Temperature of air ( )

if the initial temperature of the wire is

Convective heat transfer co-efficient (h)=
To Determine: Temperature of the wire after 2s, 10s and 1 min

Explanation:
For properties of copper refer to appendix-2 and Table 12
At ( )
( )
( )

Initially (at time t = 0) temperature of wire and temperature of air are same. As time passes
temperature of air increases and it causes increase in temperature of the copper wire.

( )
 , internal resistance of the copper wire is negligible.
For copper wire energy balance equation is written as follows:
[ ] * +

( )

( )

[ ]( )

[ ]

( )

( )
Solving the differential equation we get,
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]

q q

[ ] [ ]
Substitute eq q
[ ] ( )

Comparing the co-efficient on both sides we get

At time (t = 0) temperature of the wire T =

q
( )

Substituting the values of q , we get temperature time history of the

copper wire.
( )

( )
 ( )

( )
Temperature time history of the cooper wire is
[ ]
At time t = 2 sec,
( ) [ ]

( ) [ ]

( ) [ ]

Temperature of the copper wire at 2 sec, 10 sec, and 1 min are

Given Information:
Thickness of the copper plate
Heat transfer co-efficient and
Temperature of air streams is changed from 38 to 93
Finial temperature of the copper plate

Assumptions:
1. Initial temperature of the plate is
2. Heat transfer through ends is negligible
3. Properties of plate and convective heat transfer co-efficient remain constant.

Explanations:
For properties of copper refer to Appendix-2, Table-12.
( )
( ) ⁄
Thermal conductivity (k) = 399 W/mk

( )

Since biot number is less than 0.1, internal resistance is negligible.

Energy balance equation for the plate is written as follows
[ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ][ ]

Integrating the above equation we get,

( )
( )| |

( )
[ ]

[ ]
( )

m = Mass of the plate

( )

( )( )
[ ]
( )( )
Temperature time history of the plate is

[ ] [ ]
( ) ( )

Copper plate takes 13.71 min to reach to temperature of 82