Jo Ann Maglasang Petancio, MAEd Mathematics

Student Teaching Mentor

Cebu Normal University
 Attendance
 Review
 Combinatorics
-Counting Principle
-Permutation
-Problem Set No. 1
Feb 01 A. Combinatorics
1. Permutations
Feb 08
2. Combinations
Feb 15 B. Discrete probability
distributions
Feb 22
C. Continuous probability
Feb 29 densities
D. Conditional probability
Mar 07
E. Distributions and densities
Mar 14 Midterm Examinations
Mar 21
Mar 28
Apr 04 F. Expected value and variance
Apr 11 G. Sums of random variables
H. Law of large numbers
Apr 18 I. Central limit theorem
Apr 25 J. Generating functions

May 02
May 09
May 16 Final Examinations
 -is a branch of mathematics which is about counting
 -many problems in probability theory require that we count the number of ways that
a particular event can occur
THEOREM EXAMPLE 1

 If one experiment has  A class has 12 boys and 18 girls.

The teacher selects 1 boy and 1
m outcomes and girl to act as representatives to
another experiment has the student government. In
n outcomes, then there how many ways can this be
done?
are m x n possible
 She can do this in 12 x 18 = 216
outcomes for the two different ways.
experiments.
THEOREM
 If there are p experiments
and the first has n1
possible outcomes, the
second n2, and the pth has
np possible outcomes, then
there is a total of n1n2…np
possible outcomes for the
p experiments.
EXAMPLE 2
 Consider a sequence of 6 digits, of
which each may be either a 0 or 1 (we
may call it a 6-bit binary word). How
many different 6-bit words are there?
 __ __ __ __ __ __
 26 = 64 words
EXAMPLE 3 2 x 3 x 2 = 12 choices

 You are eating at Emile’s

restaurant and the waiter
informs you that you have (a)
two choices for appetizers:
soup or juice; (b) three for the
main course: a meat, fish, or
vegetable dish; and (c) two for
dessert: ice cream or cake.
How many possible choices do
you have for your complete
meal?
DEFINITION DEFINITION

A permutation is an  (a) Sampling without

ordered arrangement of replacement is sampling
objects such that no duplication is
allowed.
 (b) Sampling without
replacement is sampling
such that duplication is
allowed.
THEOREM EXAMPLE 4

In general, n  How many ways can you

arrange the letters of the
distinct objects word FACTOR?
can be arranged  6! = (6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 720

in n! ways.
EXAMPLE 5
 How many ways can five
different textbooks
arranged on a shelf?
 5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 120
EXAMPLE 6
 How many ways can 12
volleyball team members
be line up if the captain and
assistant captain must be
together?
 Regard the 2 (captain and
assistant captain) as one unit
so 11!. And these two can be
arranged in 2! ways.
 So 11! x 2! = 79,833,600
EXAMPLE 7
 There are seven children to be lined
up in a straight line for a photograph.
 (a) How many different ways are
possible?
 7! = 5, 040
 (b) How many different ways are
possible if Sally must be in the
middle?
 (7 – 1)! = 6! = 720
 (c) How many different ways are
possible if Ahmed is on the far left?
 (7 – 1)! = 6! = 720
 How many different ways are possible
if Hannah and Brian must be together?
 (6!)(2!) = 1, 440 (Both are considered
as one unit and there two ways of
arranging them both.)
 How many different ways are possible
if Hannah and Brian are NOT together?
 5, 040 – 1, 440 = 3, 600
EXAMPLE 8

 Mr. Wilson has a briefcase  How many different combinations are

possible?
with a three digit
combination lock. He can  5 x 4 x 3 or 5P3 = 60
set the combination himself.  How many of these combinations
His favorite digits are 3, 4, would be odd?
5, 6 and 7. Each digit can be  __ __ __ = 36
used at most once. He is  How many of these combinations are
only going to use these even?
numbers for his  __ __ __ = 24
combinations.
THEOREM EXAMPLE 9

 The number of permutations  How many ways can Laura

of n distinct objects taken r color a map with 4
at a time, denoted by nPr, adjacent regions if she has
where repetitions are not 15 colored pencils?
allowed is given by:
 15P4 = 32, 760
 nPr = n(n-1)(n-2)…(n-r+1)
𝑛!
 = 𝑛−𝑟 !
EXAMPLE 10

 If you have a standard  B) 10 cards

deck of cards, in how many  52P10
different ways can you
deal out  C) 5 red cards

 A) five cards  26P5 = 7,893,600

 52P5 = 311,875,200  D) 4 queens

 4P4 = 24
EXAMPLE 11

 How many different  B) repetition of digits is

number-plates for cars can
be made if each number- allowed?
plate contains four of the  =Number of digits from
digits 0 to 9 followed by a 0000 to 9999 x 26
letter A to Z assuming that
 A) no repetition of digits is  =10,000 x 26
allowed?  =260,000
 10P4 x 26 = 131,040
THEOREM EXAMPLE 12

 The number of different  In how many ways can the

permutations of n objects six letters of the word
of which n1 are of one “mammal” be arranged in
kind, n2 are of a second a row?
kind, … nk are of a k-th  M = 3, A = 2, L = 1
kind is
EXAMPLE 13

 How many different ways

can 3 red, 4 yellow and 2
blue bulbs be arranged in a
string of Christmas tree
lights with 9 sockets?
THEOREM EXAMPLE 14

 There are (n – 1)! ways to  In how many ways can 7

arrange n distinct objects people be arranged around
in a circle (where the a circular table?
clockwise and anti-  (7 – 1)! = 6! = 720
clockwise arrangements
are regarded as distinct.)
EXAMPLE 15  Consider the two people
who must sit together as
 In how many ways can 5 one unit and the other
people be arranged in a three people as 3 units so
circle such that two people (4-1)! = 3!.
must sit together?
 Then the 2 people who sit
together can be arranged
in 2! ways.
 3! x 2! = 12 ways
1. Grace loves to eat salad! How many salads can she put together if she can choose
one from each of the following: two types of lettuce, 4 types of vegetables and 7
types of dressing?
2. You go to Best Buy to purchase a new television. You have the following choices:
LCD or plasma; screen size 27”, 32”, 36”, 41”, 51”, or 63” and manufacturer Sony,
Vizio or Phillips. How many different televisions does the store have to offer?
3. A lock has four dials. On each dial are the digits 0 to 9. How many possible
combinations are there?
4. A website requires users to set up an account that is password protected. If the
password format is four letters followed by a single digit number, how many different
passwords are possible?
5. AZ license plates have 3 letters followed by 4 numbers.
a. If the same letter or number can be repeated, how many can be made?
b. If the same letter CANNOT be repeated, how many can be made?
6. If the NCAA has applications from 6 universities for hosting its intercollegiate tennis
championships in 2004 and 2005, how many ways may they select the hosts for these
championships
a) if they are not both to be held at the same university?
b) if they may both be held at the same university?
7. There are five finalists in the Mr. Rock Hill pageant. In how many ways may the
judges choose a winner and a first runner-up?
8. A multiple-choice test consists of 15 questions, each permitting a choice of 5
alternatives. In how many ways may a student fill in the answers if they answer each
question?
9. In how many ways may can five persons line up to get on a bus?
10. In how many ways may these same people line up if two of the people refuse to
stand next to each other?
11. In how many ways may 8 people form a circle for a folk dance?
12. How many permutations are there of the letters in the word “great”?
13. How many permutations are there of the letters in the word “greet”?
14. How many distinct permutations are there of the word “statistics”?
15. How many distinct permutations of the word “statistics” begin and end with the
letter “s”?