PTE Exam Materials January 2020 PDF

Read loud
1. Girls Outperform Boys
Teenage girls are continuing to outperform boys in English while the gender gap
in achievements in math and science has almost disappeared. The figures show
that last year 80% of 14-year-old girls reached at least the expected level 5 in
English, compared with 65% of boys. But in math, the girls are just 1% ahead of
boys, while in science the difference is 2%.
2. The Only Family
Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning,
you open the front door and discover houses all around you. You see neighbors
tending their gardens and children walking to school. Where did all the people
come from? What if the answer turned out to be that they had always been
there—you just hadn't seen them?
3. Elephant (Most Repeated)
The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton
has greatly altered from the usual mammal, design for two main reasons. One is
to cope with the great weight of huge grinding cheek teeth and elongated tusk,
making the skull particularly massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk
of such a huge body.
4. Russia
Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in the
development like the Reformation that many Europeans taking pride in their
unique culture, find dubious value. Russia is, as a result, the most unusual
member of European family, if indeed it is European at all. The question is still
open to debate, particularly among Russians themselves.
5. Pluto
Pluto lost its official status as a planet yesterday, when the International
Astronomical Union downsized the solar system from nine to eight planets.
Although there had been passionate debates at the IAU General Assembly
Meeting in Prague about the definition of a planet – and whether Pluto met the
specifications – the audience greeted the decision to exclude it with applause.
6. Carbon Emission (Most Repeated)
When countries assess their annual carbon dioxide emissions, they count up
their cars and power stations, but bush fires are not included presumably
because they are deemed to be events beyond human control. In Australia,
Victoria alone sees several hundred thousand hectares burn each year in both
2004 and the present summer, the figure has been over 1 million hectares.
7. Electric Car
First-year university students have designed and built a groundbreaking electric

car that recharges itself. Fifty students from the University of Sydney's Faculty of
Engineering spent five months cobbling together bits of plywood, foam and
fiberglass to build the ManGo concept car. They developed the specifications and
hand built the car. It's a pretty radical design: a four-wheel drive with a motor in
each wheel.
8. Himalayas
Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas, this plant now
looks entirely at home on the banks of English rivers. Brought to the UK in 1839,
it quickly escaped from Victorian gardens and colonized river banks and damp
woodlands. Now it is spreading across Europe, New Zealand, Canada and the US.
9. Vanilla
The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on

the world’s palate. It’s also the second most expensive spice after saffron. But
highly labor-intensive cultivation methods and the plant’s temperamental life
cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to keep up
with the increasing demand for the product.
10. Akimbo (Most Repeated)
Akimbo, this must be one of the odder-looking words in the language and
puzzles us in part because it doesn’t seem to have any relatives, What’s more, it
is now virtually a fossil word, until recently almost invariably found in arms
akimbo, a posture in which a person stands with hands on hips and elbows
sharply bent outward, one signalling impatience or hostility.
11. Examination
The department determines whether or not the candidate has passed the
examination. In cases where an appearance for the final public oral examination
would constitute a substantial financial hardship for the candidate, the director of
graduate studies may recommend to the dean of the Graduate School that the
examination be waived.
12. Online Shopping Environments
A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow

vendors to create retail interfaces with highly interactive features. One desirable
form of interactivity from a consumer perspective is the implementation of
sophisticated tools/to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions by customizing
the electronic shopping environment to their individual preferences.
13. Lights
Have you ever picture a world without light? Just think how much we rely on
man-made light sources in our lives, without engineers, we wouldn’t be able to
live the way we do. No street lights, no TV, no computer displays, no house
light, engineers design and build all these things.
14. The Most Measurable Benefit
Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been the opportunity
to me in small groups, something that is difficult to arrange such a desperate
organization. Many officers would have to work together for thirty years but
would not know others strength and weakness.
15. Preparation of abstract
The preparation of abstract is an intellectual effort, requiring general familiarity

with the subject. To bring out the salient points of author’s argument calls for
skill and experience. Consequently, a considerable amount of qualified
manpower that could be used to advantage in other ways must be diverted to
the task of facilitating access to information.
16. Domestic Work
Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist because of the

strong association of the home with femininity and paid work with masculinity –
to challenge who does what in the home is arguably tantamount to challenge
what it is to be a woman or a man.
17. Recycle used materials (Most Repeated)
When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the
need to consume natural resources. If used materials are not recycled, new
products are made by extracting fresh, raw material from the Earth, through
mining and forestry. Recycling helps conserve important raw materials and
protects natural habitats for the future.
18. Brain’s working (Most Repeated)
Scientists know little about how exactly it works, especially when it comes to
complex functions like memory formation. Research is more advanced in
animals, but experiments on humans are hard. Yet, even today, some parts of
the brain, like the motor cortex, are better understood. Nor is complete
knowledge always needed. Machine learning can recognize patterns of neural
activity; the brain itself gets the hang of controlling BCIS with extraordinary
ease. And neurotechnology will reveal more of the brain’s secrets.
19. MBA
Exhilarating, exhausting and intense. There are just some of the words used to
describe doing an MBA. Everyone’s experience of doing MBA is, of course,
different through denying that it’s hard and a demanding work whichever course
you do. MBA is one of the fastest growing areas of studying in the UK so that
must be a sustainable benefit against form in one pain.
20. Brain Hemispheres
The brain is divided into two hemispheres, called the left and the right
hemispheres. Each hemisphere provides a different set of functions, behaviors,
and controls. The right hemisphere is often called the creative side of the brain,
while the left hemisphere is the logical or analytic side of the brain. The right
hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls
the right side.
21. Fast food (Most Repeated)

Hundreds of millions of people eat fast food every day without giving it much
thought. They just unwrap their hamburgers and dig in. An hour or so later,
when the burger’s all gone and the wrapper’s been tossed into the garbage, the
whole meal has already been forgotten.
22. Marketing
For any marketing course that requires development of marketing plan, such as
marketing management, marketing strategy and segmentation support
marketing, this is the only planning handbook that guides students through the
step by step creation of customized marketing plan. While offering commercial
software to aid in the process.
23. Private Equity
It isn’t rare for private equity houses to hire grads fresh out of business school,
he said, but 9 times out of 10, the students who nab these jobs are the ones
who had private equity experience under their belts before even starting their
MBA program.
24. Productive Capacity
The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country’s
productive capacity and the ability of people to consume. Great innovations in
productive techniques during and after the war raised the output of industry
beyond the purchasing capacity of U.S. farmers and wage earners.
25. Plants (Most Repeated)
The maximum yield of plants, determined by their genetic potential, is seldom

achieved because factors such as insufficient water or nutrients, adverse climate
conditions, plant diseases, and insect damage will limit growth at some stage.
Plants subjected to these biotic and abiotic constraints are said to be stressed.
26. Projects (Most Repeated)
This year the National Environmental Science Competition received excellent

undergraduate and postgraduate entries from all across the country, with a wide
range of projects. We are delighted that our awards are encouraging exciting
and valuable projects that go beyond research and analysis to develop solutions
for a number of key problems. Information about the shortlisted projects will be
posted on our website in the first week in June.
27. No ordinary book
This book is no ordinary book, and should not be read through from beginning to
end. It contains many different adventures, and the path you take will depend
on the choices you make along the way. The success or failure of your mission
will hinge on the decisions you make, so think carefully before choosing.
28. Hybrid electric vehicles (Most Repeated)
Internal hybrid electric, enabling the driver to decide which source of power is
appropriate for the travel requirements of given journey. Major U.S. auto
manufacturers are now developing feasible hybrid electric vehicles, and some
are exploring fuel-cell technology for their electric cars.
29. Training process of actor (Most Repeated)
The training of an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity, courage

and commitment. You will learn how to prepare for rehearsal, how to rehearse
and how to use independent and proactive processes that inform you to do the
best work possible for both stage and screen.
30. Statistical Information
The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens

modern societies. It provides a basis for decisions to be made on such things as
where to (open)locate schools and hospitals, how much money to spend on
welfare payments and even which football players to replace at half-time.
31. Weakness
Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall retail
sales last month, but excluding those three categories, retailers enjoyed healthy
increases across the board, according to government figures released
Wednesday. Moreover, December sales numbers were also revised higher.
32. Population Growth (Most Repeated)
How quickly is the world’s population growing? In the United States and other
developed countries, the current growth rate is very low. In most developing
countries, the human population is growing at a rate of 3 percent per second.
Because of this bustling growth rate, the human population is well on its way to
reaching 9 billion within lifetime.
33. Museum of art
Using more than fifty interviews, award-winning writer Danny Danziger creates a
fascinating mosaic of the people behind New York’s magnificent Metropolitan
Museum of Art from the aristocratic, acerbic director of the museum, Philippe de
Montebello, to the curators who have a deep knowledge and passionate
appreciation of their collections, from the security guards to the philanthropists
who keep the museum’s financial life blood flowing. Most words have
experienced several changes in meaning throughout their history.
34. Tesla
Tesla came over from Graz and went to work for Thomas Edison. Nonetheless
Edison offered him a job, promising Tesla fifty thousand dollars if Tesla could
redesign Edison’s breakdown-prone DC generator designs. The new generator
designs were a vast improvement over Edison’s originals. Upon completing the
job Tesla went to Edison to collect the $50,000 promised for the task. Tesla,
Edison replied, you don’t understand our American humor. And Tesla was never
paid. These two men became arch-rivals.
35. Marijuana (Most Repeated)
Another administration option is to bake marijuana at a relatively low

temperature to kill any dangerous microorganisms and then allow that patient to
eat it or drink it. Both of these methods of administration make smoking the
drug unnecessary. However, criticism of medical marijuana has also been raised
because as a natural plant, it cannot be patented and marketed by
pharmaceutical companies and is unlikely to win widespread medical acceptance.
36. Literature (Most Repeated)
One of the important values of literature is that knowledge is our emotional life,
the inner life that good review in their characters, often gives us glimpses into
some portion of ourselves. We can devote to laugh, cry tremor, dream, ponder,
shriek, or risk by simply turning a page instead of turning our lives upside down.
37. Swan
Before European explorers had reached Australia, it was believed that all swans
were white. Dutch mariner, Antounie Caen, was the first to be amazed at the
sight of Australia's Black swans on the Shark Bay in 1636.
38. Learning (Most Repeated)
There is no single method of learning that guarantee success. How we learn that
depends on many different factors. And what works best for you will not
necessarily be that same as the approach used for the other students even they
study the same course. We are all unique as learners, although some patterns
emerge any groups of students.
RS:
1. Much of the evidence been used has only recently become available.
2. Could you please pass the handouts along to the rest of people in your row.
3. Chapter one provides the historical background to the topic.
4. Children are not allowed in the tutorial room at any time. (Most Repeated)
Children are not allowed in the chemical labs.
5. The study of archaeology requires extensive international fieldwork.
6. All lectures’ handouts are downloadable on the university website. (Most

Repeated)
7. I will be in my office every day from ten to twelve.
I will be in my office every day from 11 o'clock to 2 o'clock.
8. The US ranks 22nd in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP.
9. Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice out stripped
theory. (Most Repeated)
10. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic selection clash on my

timetable.
11. The verdict depends on which side was more convicting to the jury.
12. The lecture on child psychology has been postponed until Friday.
13. Our university has strong partnerships with industries as well as

collaborative relationships with government bodies. (Most Repeated)
14. This part of session is not supported by documentation.
15. The first few sentences of an essay should capture the readers’ attention.
16. It is clear that there is little accurate documentation in support of this claim.
17. Our fundamental realities, especially national needs, have seen the ability to
flourish. (Most Repeated)
18. A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight.
19. You need to read the chapter before the management class.
20. The competency in the language in the assignment is to use more formal
words.
21. The trip for the professional training will start soon, so, pack the items
before we leave.
22. Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization
phenomenon.
23. Companies need to satisfy customers’ needs if they want to be successful.

(Most Repeated)
24. The clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events is
fascinating.
25. The portfolio is due at the internal review office no later than Tuesday.
(Most Repeated)
26. I don’t understand that what the comment of my essay means at all.
27. You can pay by cash or using a credit card.
28. The seminar on writing has been canceled.
29. It is interesting to observe the development of the language skills of

toddlers. (Most Repeated)
30. The key to success in the exam is to study hard and do well.
31. Company exists to make money, not to change world.
32. Many of the university’s original buildings are still in use.
33. We will see if we can get through this without too many interruptions.
34. In marketing, short-term thinking leads to many problems.
35. You must ensure you do not include too much irrelevant information.
36. What is the most effective way of interaction between teachers and students
in class? (Most Repeated)
37. We didn't mean to ask him to do it because he cannot manage it.
38. Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to topic and
speech time.
39. The older equipment has been put at the back of the building.
40. We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial
circumstances. (Most Repeated)
41. If you want to sell your book, it must have a list of bibliography.
42. We need to make sure the school principal know about the changes. (Most
Repeated)
43. Please carefully study the framework and complete the survey.
44. In 1880, cycling became a phenomenon in the United States.

45. If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original
receipts.
46. The bookstore is located on the main campus behind the library. (Most
Repeated)
47. The author expressed an idea that modern readers definitely cannot accept.
48. Care needs to be taken for vulnerable groups in the times of infection.
49. This hypothesis on black hole is rendered moot as explanation of the

explosion.
50. Don’t forget to hand in your assignment by next Tuesday.
51. Nearly half of television outputs are given a way for educational program.
(Most Repeated)
52. I could not save my work as my computer got crashed.
53. Arteries carry blood from heart to the other parts of the body.
54. The generic biology technology lab is located at the North Wing of the
library. (Most Repeated)
55. There is no noticeable variance between 2 and 3 tests.
56. We didn't have any noticeable variance between the two or three tasks.
57. Please remember to check your email for update in the weekend.
58. There are a range of housing options near the university. (Most Repeated)
59. Negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussion of gender.
60. Students are competing for every place in the computer courses.
61. Our school of Arts and Technology accept applications at all points
throughout the year.
62. The university supply a number of travel scholarships that students can
apply for. (Most Repeated)
63. What distinguishes him from others is that he used black and white
photography.
64. It is good for the environment also good for your electricity bill.
65. The chief industries are weaving, leather making, dyeing and working in iron
and pottery. (Most Repeated)
66. The United States has the maximum production of chocolate. (Most
Repeated)
67. It's important that humans dispose of their waste in appropriate ways.
68. Students who wish to apply for an extension should approach their tutors.
69. The most modern agricultural equipment is now extremely expensive.
70. We are constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture close
together. (Most Repeated)
71. Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can
offer.
72. In this library, reserved collection books can be borrowed for up to three
hours.
73. Please make sure all works follow the department guidelines.
74. The cafe will close soon but you can still use the snack machine which is
running overnight. (Most Repeated)
75. The chief industries are weaving, leather making, dyeing and working in iron
and pottery.
76. Proteins constitute at least thirty percent of the total mass of all living
organism. (Most Repeated)
77. The current and conventional method has many disadvantages including the
side effects.
78. The gap between the rich and the poor was not decreased rapidly as
expected. (Most Repeated)
79. The professor will be the last speaker this evening. (Most Repeated)
80. There is a limited amount of departmental funding which is available for

qualified students.
81. This essay examined the use of computer in the science classroom.
82. Would you pass the material text book on the table?
83. The sports team members often practice on weekdays and play games on
weekends. (Most Repeated)
84. In English, the first letter of the months of the year are always capitalized.
(Most Repeated)
85. In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers. (Most
Repeated)
86. This small Indian state is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands.
87. All students and staff have access to the printers and scanners.
88. Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician and a physical instructor.
89. Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row.
90. Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is almost impossible.
(Most Repeated)
91. It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures.
92. Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional
help. (Most Repeated)
93. The portfolio is due at the internal review office no later than Tuesday.
94. In this library, the reserve collection of books can be borrowed for up to
three hours. (Most Repeated)
95. The agricultural sector in that country is heavily subsidized.
96. The Psychology Department is looking for volunteers to be involved in

research projects.
97. The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty. (Most
Repeated)
98. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.
99. Newspapers across the country reported stories of the president.
100. Nearly half of the television outputs are given away for educational
programs. (Most Repeated)
101. Student loans are now available for international students.
102. The lecture theatre one is located on the ground floor of the Pack Building.
103. The small Indian island is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands.
104. All of our accommodation is within a walking distance to the academic

buildings.
105. Since the problems we face are global, we need to find global solutions.
(Most Repeated)
106. If she doesn’t speak the language, she will not sit around and wait for a
translator.
107. Hypothetically, insufficient mastery in these areas slows future progress.
108. Negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussions about

gender. (Most Repeated)
109. His objection to including scientific evidence has brought a lot of criticism
to him.
110. I could not save my work as my computer crashed. (Most Repeated)

111. This hypothesis on the black hole is rendered moot as the explanation for
the explosion.
112. In marketing, short-term thinking leads to disasters.
113. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.
114. They have enough works to keep them going.
115. In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty
committee.
116. Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice outstripped
theory. (Most Repeated)
117. Applications for the course have a preference over English or Journalism.
118. In the 1880s, cycling became a major phenomenon in Europe.
119. Essays with few or no citations will be regarded as invalid.
120. The university has a number of scholarships that students can apply for.
121. In my free time, I would like to read current events and newspapers.
122. Children are not allowed to be in the lab at any time.
123. All old university buildings are still in use.
124. Our capacity to respond to national needs will determine our ability to
flourish. (Most Repeated)
125. It is argued that students can learn more in collaborative rather than
individual tasks. (Most Repeated)
126. Every living thing begins as a single cell.
127. The rules on breaks and lunch hours vary from company to company.
128. My computer was crashed so I could not save my work.
129. The older equipment has been put at the back of the building. (Most
Repeated)
130. The buildings lovely in the bright sunshine. (Most Repeated)
131. The modern approach to the problem is to stress the symbolic side of
human nature
132. One of the salient characteristics in academic writing is the tendency to use
formal words.
133. Of course, you can also choose to have your grades emailed to you.
134. Anonymous behaviors can be identified without intervention. (Most

Repeated)
135. To contact the education executive, you need to call 401. (Most
Repeated)
136. We didn't have any noticeable variance between the two or three tasks.
137. You can pay by using cash or a credit card.
138. I've got a tutorial in an hour and haven't had time to prepare for it.
139. She feared becoming an object of ridicule. (Most Repeated)
140. We are so dependent on the computer that we cannot live without it.
141. Unfortunately, their immune systems were not strong enough to fight off
common earthly bacteria. (Most Repeated)
142. Lots of students had their money and passport stolen especially at night.
Describe images
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Retell Lectures
1. (Most Repeated)
The first inhabitants in Australia involved one or several successive waves and
distinct peoples is a debate, as its timing. The accepted time frame places
presence of humans in Australia at 40000 to 43000 years before present, while
the upper range supported by others is 60000 to 70000 years when sea levels
were lower than today by 100 to 150 m. Today Australia formed a single
landmass. The ancestral Australian Aboriginal peoples were established through
much of the continent. During the 1970s and 1980s around 120000 southern
Asian refugees migrated to Australia. A policy of "multiculturalism" accepted the
majority of immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India.
2. Sample answer: (Most Repeated)

This lecture talks about two different realms of memories that are exceedingly
complicated. Explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and
consciously recalled, such as remembering people’s birthdays and answering
multiple questions on the test, while implicit that memory is an exponential
functional form which cannot be consciously recalled and cannot be tied to a
visual memory but a muscle memory
3. Sample answer: This lecture talks about influences of climate change.

Climate change will result in less production and less food. It is difficult for
developing countries to deal with climate change due to their financial status and
other issues. There are many people living in hungry, especially in Africa. The
climate change will also have negative effects on the world economy. The
tropical areas on earth are dry and hot, and are originally not suitable for food
production.
4. Sample answer: This lecture introduced earthquake. It talks about the

relationship between the fault lines in the Earth’s crust and an earthquake.
Firstly, it tells us where the dislocation of the rock will be, from seven kilometers
to several hundred kilometers. Then, it introduced epicenter, the earthquake’s
focus, which is beneath the interior of the Earth’s crust and it will release the
energy and cause earthquake. Thirdly, we can have faults’ maps according to the
position of the epicentres. And at last, it introduced the cause of seismic wave.

You cannot grow a cloud drop without have a particle there for water to
condense on. Scientists are trying to unravel which sources are contributing to
the clouds. Clouds are very important in climate change. They also play huge
role in regional weather. The pollution in the clouds is affecting weather patterns
and reducing precipitation.
1. BSI leads the way in testing and certification of fire safety production.
2.They help clients get access not only to European, but also global market by
ensuring products meet all requirements.
3.The Kitemark TM is acknowledged the world over as a symbol of trust,

integrity, and quality.
4.For specifiers, they demonstrate a commitment to best procurement.
5.For the public, they provide the reassurance that fire safety products are
effective and reliable.
7. Sample answer： (Most Repeated)

The lecture is about Wilson, a major player in the successful effort of his
generation to establish in the heart of American life and innovative literature that
would equal the great cultures of Europe. He became the focal point of a
mainstream American culture and modern literature that are read and
appreciated by ordinary people. He joined a high artistic standard with an
openness to all experience and a belief that literature was as much of a part of
life for everyone as conversation. Wilson was a very various man. He was a
dedicated, a literary journalist, and an investigative reporter, a brilliant
memoirist, and dedicated journal keeper.
8. Sample answer: This lecture is about protons transferred to LHC for 20

minutes to 6.5 TeV, where beams circulate inside beam pipes under operating
conditions. Physicist’s try to count, track and characterize all particles, such as
the charge and the momentum. Large Hadron Collider is the largest particle
accelerator, which is about 28km long.
Moreover, protons accelerate to the speed of light, and they can be found in the
atomic nucleus. In conclusion, electrical and magnetic fields are the key to a
particle accelerator.
9. Sample answer: The lecture mainly talks about the phenomenon that we
may share language and emotion with other animals. Based on the Pavlov’s
experiment, Interesting things are that the salivation increases more time to
paralyzes. Furthermore, the experiment showed what is going on in the brain to
generate competitive state in terms of how the dog’s feeling and how you feel
about eating lunch.

Removing immigration control would double the world economy. This policy will
do so much to help poor people. Immigrants ends up with 20000 a year from
gain and countries they come from. They send home around 200 billion dollars a
year through formal channels which are twice as that through informal channels.
These remittances can help local people for living straight.
11. Sample Answer: This lecture talks about a biology tutorial. In this lecture,
the speaker gives many different topics, including DNA and genetics in cells, in
bacteria, in life and a lot of interesting stuff. However, the speaker will stick with
the basics. According to the speaker, he mentioned the scientific definition of
biology which is the study of life in living organisms, such as plants and dogs. In
conclusion, it is clear that everyone had their own separate definition of life and
we need to have an agreement over “what is life” at the very beginning.
12. Sample answer: Bhutan, wedged between China and India, has adopted
the Gross National Happiness as the central index of government policy, and
actually has a good deal of success in education and in health and in economic
growth and in environmental preservation. They have a rather sophisticated way
of measuring the effects of different policies on people’s happiness. They are the
only country to go that far. Other countries interested enough to follow. So it is
beginning to become a subject of greater interest for policymakers and
legislators in different advanced countries.
13. Sample Answer: (Most Repeated)

The lecture talks about a novelist who has been writing non-fiction for years with
the intention of writing fiction at first, took a little detour for about 10 years.
However, another great novelist, Eudora Welty has a big influence on her and
encourages her to take a risk and write fiction in the early 90s. She said that no
art ever came out of not risking your neck. The very first thing she wrote was
actually the first chapter of the novel called “The secret life of bees”.
14. Sample answer: The lecture talks about 3 stages of brain development,
which are the primitive brain, limbic brain and the neocortex. Different sections
of the brain have different function and finished development in different times.
For sensory pathways, including vision and hearing, develop from embryo time,
peak at three-month-old, stop at more than 1-year-old. For language, develop
from embryo time, peak around 9 months old, and stop at more than 1-year-old.
For higher cognitive function, develop from embryo time, peak at 1-year-old and
develop for a longer period of time. Moreover, higher level functions, such as
logical thinking, based on lower level of development.

This speaker believes European borders should be open for other countries
although it is not politically acceptable now. He mentions why he thinks the
argument for free migration has to be made at several levels: a principled case
is that it increases freedom and reduces injustice; a humanitarian case is that it
helps people much poorer than ourselves; an economic case: it makes us richer;
and a pragmatic case is that it is inevitable, so it is in everyone's interests to
make the best of it. Therefore, the developed countries should allow more
freedom and respects for open borders.
16. Sample answer: This lecture talks about the very first robots that were
characters in a play. People tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or
devoid of politics, but the first robots were actually created and imagined in a
time of absolute political turmoil. Because of the First World War, there was a
devastating impact across many countries and so people will be kind and people
are kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human, what makes us human,
and etc. However, the primary purpose is designed to be labour in a
manufacturing production line.
17. Sample Answer: There is a claim that says, “If you leave matter alone on
Earth, life will eventually exist.” However, if we expect a monkey to be able to
produce the works of Shakespeare, it would in fact take trillions of years for a
monkey to evolve to a state of intelligence high enough to do so. Since this time
length is not likely, it is therefore fathomable to believe that God has created
humans as intelligent beings simply by saying “let is be so,” rather than
evolution making it so.

The speaker mentions that western women are reluctant to give birth to babies
because male's status in the society remains strong. The birth rates increased
during the 20th century but it remains to decrease in the last two decades with
even some negative birth rates. This has impacts on male in the society
especially the young man, and it might have some connection with
unemployment rate as well.
19. Sample answer: This lecture mainly talks about heroic tales of superhuman
feats of strength. In proper terminology, a temporary boost of physical power
called hysterical strength are anecdotal, and not repeatable, for the person who
summons the super-strength cannot do the same as before. According to the
anecdotal evidences, some people have the ability to temporarily exercise
superhuman strength, especially in times of crisis, danger or fear.
20. Sample answer: There would be a 0% chance to get a patent on a clicker if

we go to the patent office with nothing supporting information or details. If we
convince the patent office that we should be able to get a patent on a clicker, it
would be incredibly valuable because we would get benefit from infringement of
this clicker. However, if million words are used to describe every single radius,
material and others about this clicker. There is almost 100% chance to get the
patent of it, but the value of this patent would be close to zero.
21. Sample answer: This lecture is about recognizing the responsibility and
importance of communities to have authority in their languages. She has just
moved to work with communities. She gives an example of a career woman who
teaches in Sydney and is experiencing this nicely. She is distinguished in her
expertise and have authority in her community. People gathered in a community
with different individual narrow scope of knowledge and different languages, it is
difficult to cope with one language. Languages are lost because of the
dominance of one people over another. Therefore, the bottom line is not to lose
the language by maintaining the authority of a language.

The concept of innovation equals invention is mistaken according to the speaker.
Innovation generates value for the world and it’s faster, better and cheaper and
It gives great satisfaction. While an invention is an idea, a technology and a
patent which does not generate value. Some think innovation and invention can
interchange, which is also incorrect according to the speaker because innovation
requires not only a new idea but also individual or organizational effort to
commercialize it to make value to the world.
23. All of my research and that I conducted was my 60plus graduate students,
was motivated by their need to learn, so that we can teach. Of course, in some
inventions happened along the way but I’ve always considered the end the
result. And I always consider that this invention to be byproduct, byproducts of
the learning process. The end product for me was always better understanding
or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that can help us in teaching the
subject. I’ve also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new ideas, of new ways
to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. That is as the vehicle for the
teaching research results. And in my experience, this kind of teaching is the
most stimulated and motivating to students. I am also uncovered many
interesting research problems is the cause of teaching assumption. It is this
unity of research and teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered
by exercising and the interplay that to be recognized the successful professor.
24. Version 2 Sample answer: (Most Repeated)
This lecture talks about the neural circuits in a bottom-up sequence. Firstly, the
brain builds basic circuits that are responsible for basic skills. And then more
complex circuits are built on top of those basic circuits. The interaction between
genetics and experience shows the reciprocal/mutual relationship that will
influence their lives. In addition, our brain is an integrated organ which has
multiple sections, so our brain could specialize in different kinds of processes,
including cognitive function, emotion, scene and hearing. To summarize,
individual learning abilities would be affected by experiences in adult
development.
25. Sample answer: This lecture is about sugar in food. There's sugar in a lot
of foods where we don't expect it, for example, in donuts of ice cream, or
pastries; but there are other places where we see it and we don't necessarily
expect it. An example is peanut butter which contains a lot of sugar but we may
not know until reading food labels of ingredients. Another example is beef stew,
you wouldn't necessarily have expected to find sugar in beef stew but it's there.
Fresh potatoes have more sugar than carrots. So people should be careful of
what to eat, avoiding taking in too much sugar.

This material mainly discussed that great civilizations always have a great
production of culture and art because the societies failed to observe itself. We
would understand nothing in Paris at the time if the Impressionists didn’t tell us
anything through their works. Art used to be considered radical, but it indeed
gives us a different way to view the world.
27. Sample answer:

1.The reason we need rhetoric is we have to use it.
2.We need to use rhetoric to influence morons, and get them to understand the
truth.
3.Rhetoric is the body, while the spirit is the soul.
4.If we want people to see the truth, we need to use some tricks, which is
rhetoric.
5.Because most people are ramble, and only the educated can see the truth.

Students are asked to prepare in advance before each tutorial, including looking
up reading lists and preparing the writing notes. Furthermore, when we come
into the tutorial, we are put into small groups and we are asked to discuss our
ideas, generate new ideas, and then feed back to the class. We can ask
questions at any time by asking peers or emailing any tutors. Moreover, the
difference between lectures and tutorials is that students have about two
hundred to three hundred students, whereas it’s about five to fifteen students in
tutorials.
29. Sample answer: A language dies when the last person who speaks it dies.
Languages have come and gone throughout history as communities have come
and gone. One language is dying out somewhere in the world average every two
weeks. A great deal can be done to preserve the endangered language, including
people’s awareness of language preservation, respect of the minority languages
and financial support of the endangered languages. In conclusion, without
money, endangered languages have no positive futures.
30. (Most Repeated)
1. The lecture is about air pollution;
2. Increasing combustion which leads to greenhouse gases emissions is the

major cause of global warming and climate change;
3. Soot emission is another bigger threat to humans’ health which makes people
live shorter.
4. But we can’t ignore carbon dioxide emissions;
5. Soot emission is one quarter more harmful to health than carbon dioxide is;
6. Also, the reduction of soot emission is the quickest and easiest way to tackle
global warming in short-term.
31.
1. Mars is a hospitable planet.
2. The evidence is that researchers found several elements which are essential
to form water, such as calcium carbonate, salt, mineral, and perchlorate.
This lecture is about the determinants of human behavior. It is affected by both
internal and external factors. At the end of the lecture, the speaker mentioned
that psychologists are interested in explaining human behavior. Generally, the
personal factors are considered to be internal and environmental factors are
external. Personal factors include people’s belief on certain things and their
individual thinking about it, while the environmental factors include temperature,
air pressure and the others’ thinking about them. In conclusion, human behavior
is affected by both himself and the environment.
33. Sample answer: This is an anti-HIV program carried out in India. There are
quarterly meetings to provide training and consultation to people in the program.
They would know the service and how to prevent catching the diseases. The
training is provided by professionals in hospital and weekly meetings are held to
follow up and give consultation. The risks include contagious diseases such as
HIV which is quite difficult to control. Training is essential for workers to
understand the precaution knowledge.
34. Sample answer: The lecture talks about forms of description. We use
different methods to describe a situation, and sometimes we have to use visual
description, particularly when we do not witness the scenario. The speaker
introduces his own experience that when he asked his mother about the Second
World War, he would like his mother to describe vividly. On describing the
shelter, he asked her what the shelter looked like and when she went to the
shelter. From her response the speaker could get more visual evidence to write
his book. (Most Repeated)
35. Sample answer: This lecture mainly talks about biology, a subject that
study animals, human and the environment around them. Although animals
looked differently, they are actually closely related to each other. They all rely on
DNA and RNA to store and transmit genetic materials, and these are inherited
and genetic information that can be passed on, such as molecules. All organs
have metabolism system, and the inner chemicals are still the same, which
convert energy from one form to another.
36. Sample answer:
1. Australia is isolated from the US and the UK;
2. China becomes the second largest exporter after Japan;
3. Asia becomes Australia’s best export destination;
4. The rise of China changes the world situation;
5. Australia should take advantage of China’s rise.
1. The lecture is about educational expenditure among different European

countries;
2. UK spent only 1.08% of GDP on education, which is lower than the OECD
countries average line 4.6%;
3. The educational expenditures of Italy and France are close to UK;
4. Denmark and Finland spent much more on education than other European
countries.
1. The lecture talks about human brain development-language and cognition.
2. The sensing pathways including vision and hearing increases from birth to
when month old, and then decreases to 4 years old.
3. The language skill increases from new born and peaks at 9 months old, and
subsides around 4 years old.
4. The higher cognitive function starts the earliest before babies were born, but
peaks later at 1-year-old, and subsides around 16 years old.
39. Sample answer:
1. The lecture is about bomb calorimeter;
2. It is used to calculate the energy contained in food and fuels;
3. It also measures the heat of foot but cannot measure the digestible energy;
4. People sometimes intake digestible energy.
1. The lecture talks about differences in stress reactivity of adults rats are
determined by material licking and grooming during infancy; L means licking and
G means grooming.
2. The experiment tested on high and low level for development of stress
reactivity.
3. High LG will bring modest stress reactivity, which can reduce the risk for poor
development and diseases.
4. Low LG will increase the stress reactivity, which can increase the risk for heart
disease, type II diabetes, alcoholism, affective disorders and brain aging.
41. Sample Answer:
1. This lecture is about wages, consumption and household debt over the past 5
years;
2. Wage growth has increased for only 5%, which is weak;
Consumption has increased for 15%, which is decent;

3. Household debt has increased for 40%;
4. The increase in wages is far less sufficient to cover the increase in

consumption and household debt;
5. The increase in consumption is not because of the increase in income, but

because people are borrowing more money.
1. This lecture talks about the renovation of Paris in the 1890s；
2. Napoleon told Haussmann to bring air and light to the centre to make the city
safer and more beautiful;
3. The renovation removed the unhealthy neighbourhood and it includes building

roads, parks and squares, planting more trees and the construction of new
infrastructure;
4. Finally, the speaker mentions that the reason for doing this is that the old
Paris had many serious problems such as overcrowding, disease and crime.
1. The lecture talks about the poverty in countries including India and Vietnam.
2. The poverty rate in rural areas are much higher than urban, because most of
the poor people live in the rural areas.
3. Rural areas are home to about 75% of the poor and are still expected to
house 60% by 2025.
4. The poor are affected by environmental problems such as water pollution,

indoor smoke and gas emission in terms of their health.
5. The rising demand for energy consumption is likely to sustain until 2030,
which will have an effect on a range of environmental problems.
44.Sample answer：
1.In terms of the size of economy, the US economy is more than the total
amount of China, Japan UK and Germany. In terms of the industrial output, US
output is $2.8 trillion, but it only equals to the sum of China and Japan.
2. US economy is larger than China, Japan, UK and German combined. Some

serious crisis of the US economy, but size of US economy is still very large. US
industrial output is around 2.8 trillion dollars, which is around the total of China
and Japan. It is vital to understand the scale of American economy.

This lecture is mainly about the population in some major areas of the UK.
According to the lecture, the population in London is about 7 million, which
equals that of Scotland and Wales in total. Unlike other countries where the
population is scattered, most of the English people live in London, and this high
population density makes it difficult to govern the city, which is also a problem
caused by the lack of a national party. If the country has a national party, it can
be easier for England to achieve better city management.

This lecture mainly talks about the habits and influence of different types of frogs
on human. The gene mutation of frogs has been existing for many years, which
happens in North America with different limbs. Some of the frogs have more
limbs while some of them have fewer limbs. And the number of frogs has been
increasing dramatically throughout the years, and this has become a serious
global issue. To conclude the lecture, people are worrying that frogs would
pollute the rivers that they lived in and the quality of water so that post risks to
people in the local area.
47. Sample answer: Dimensions can be defined as the number of points

required to describe a position. One-dimension space refers to one variable,
which means longitude. Two dimension contains two variables: longitude plus
latitude. Three dimension contains 3 variables: longitude, latitude and altitude.
Four dimensions takes time into account other than the three variables talked
above and it can describe a position in space.
48. Sample answer: The speaker in the lecture reveals that 10% children have
language disorder in UK/US. We should distinguish children’s language disorder
from adults’ language disorder. 20% of children’s language disorder is the result
of physical disability. We cannot take it for granted, instead, we should
emphasize this problem more. We need to know more about how children’
language acquisition is attained and how it can be learned, anyway, children’s
learning process and logic are different from adults.

Geomagnetic cues help young loggerhead turtles navigate the open ocean during
their epic 8,000-mile journey between leaving their natal beaches in Florida, and
returning 5-10 years later to breed. Researchers have just worked out how they
do it”. “Hatchling loggerhead sea turtle is tethered via a soft cloth harness, or
“bathing suit,” to an electronic tracking system that monitors its steering in
response to different magnetic fields”.
50. Sample answer:
1. This is a photo of thousands of galaxies;
2. It is the largest photo so far taken by NASA;
3. It is copyright free;
4. It took more than a month to produce this photo;
5. The deepest mystery of galaxies is the darkness, but galaxies are not dark
actually.
1. Absolute zero is the point at which the fundamental particles of nature have
minimal vibrational motion.
2. Absolute zero, theoretically, is not achievable and does not exist. But
scientists are putting a lot of efforts in designing experiments trying to achieve
or create absolute zero.
3. The reason they do so is not for a predetermined end. They are not focusing
on the goal of the experiment.
4. The fun in these experiments is to find and prove whether something you
don’t know does exist or not.
5. And this is the beauty of science that scientists fall in love with.
52. Sample answer：Dissociation of personality: The powerful influence of

Stevenson’s text on the discourse of dissociation is strikingly apparent in the
work of American physician and psychologist Morton Prince. Rieber credits Prince
with pioneering “the phenomenon of popularizing MPD as embodied in a
spectacular case”. Prince’s Dissociation of a Personality (1905) tells the story of
Miss Christine Beauchamp, a pseudonym for Clara Norton Fowler, who, according
to Prince, “is a person in whom several personalities have become developed”.
53. Sample answer: This lecture talks about the overweight problem. There
are 20% of children today having the overweight problems, which brings the
heart diseases are more and more common in children, the smallest is 5 years
old. This situation makes the heart attack and other health problems become
earlier and earlier. This issue needs to be solved because the overweight
problems will be in more serious situations such as diabetes type 2 diabetes and
blindness.
54. (Most Repeated)

Many people think innovation equals to invention, but actually not. Innovation
can create value but invention is only ideas which are cheap. Here is an
equation: innovation is invention times commercialization. It’s commercialization
that brings value to invention.
Answer Short Questions
1. What is the room that is under the ground floor? Basement
2. What we call the tax of service and goods? GST
3. What order is a bibliography usually listed in? Alphabetical order
4. What we call the person who repair the car? An auto technician
5. What is the act that does not waste resources? Recycle
6. What is the seven day's period called? One week/A week
7. What is the strings on shoes? Shoelace
8. What is the name of the instrument used to measure variations in

temperature? Thermometer
9. How many years are there in a decade? 10 years
10. How many years are there in a century? 100 years
11. Which part at the end of book can be used for further reading? An index or a
bibliography? A bibliography
12. Which of the following is not a means of transportation: by plane, by public

transportation or car model? Car model
13. What are your options in gender when you completing an application form?
Male and female
14. How do you describe the money that citizens must contribute to the
government for public use? TAX
15. One and half represents what percentage? 150%
16. What do these following belong to: roses, daisies, tulip, etc.? Flowers
17. What does ASAP mean? As soon as possible
18. When you use Microsoft Word, what does “Times New Roman” mean? Font
19. What do we call the “Times New Roman” in the computer? Font
20. How many wheels do a tricycle have? Three
21. How do you call the siblings that born from your mother at the same time?
Twins
22. What are the people who study ancient bones or plants in rocks?
Anthropology/Historian
23. In which reference book can you find synonyms and antonyms? Thesaurus
24. If you want to read tragedies or comedies, what kind of book do you read?
Fiction books/novels
25. "We went to the tutorial " which word that tells us the thing happened in the
past? went
26. In solar system, which planet can support life? Earth
27. What kind of liquid do mammals feed their children? Milk
28. Can you find alligators in a swamp or a lake? swamp
29. Where can you borrow books? Library
30. What do bees collect from flowers? Pollen
31. What is H2O in chemical substances? Water
32. Which systems do planets such as earth moon belong to? Solar system
33. What do we call the alphabetical list, at the end of the book that tells you
where to find specific information? Index
34. What material is the tire made of? Rubber
35. What is the device that shows the time of the day according to the shadow
of sunlight? Sundial
36. In a hospital, who is the person that can write prescriptions? Doctor
37. How many angles does pentagon have? Five
38. What is the opposite to ‘still’? Moving / Active / Dynamic
39. What is paper made from? Wood/Tree
40. What is the book that you cannot borrowed from library? Reserved books
41. What century are we living in now? The 21st century
42. What is the collection of pictures called? Album
43. When you get lost in city, what item do you need to buy to find out where
you are and where you go？ Map
44. What is the force happened between the relative motion when objects are
rubbed against each other? Friction
45. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane? Pilot
46. What will snow become after it melt? Water
47. What attitude would you have when you are in a job interview, enthusiastic
or passive? Enthusiastic
48. What do you call a person that can’t hear? Deaf

49. What is the third largest area on the map of Britain? Wales
50. In which direction does the sun come up? East
51. How many days are in a leap year? 366
52. What is the feature that guitars and violins have in common? Strings
53. How do you call the seasonal flying from cold to warmer areas, mitigation or
migration? Migration
54. What do you call a piece of equipment we use to look at stars? Telescope
55. What does the sun do during dawn? Sunrise
56. Which one would a vegetarian most likely to eat, sandwiches or fruit salad?
Fruit salad
57. What kind of book is written by a person about their own life?
Autobiography
58. What do we call the piece of paper that proves you have bought an item? A
receipt
59. A dozen is a grouping of which number? Twelve
60. What do we call the thread in the center of the candle? Candle wick
61. Which kind of book can we find Africa maps? Atlas
62. What do we call the things of 88 keys covered by color white and black?
Piano
63. What word is used to describe frozen water? Ice
64. What is 3 quarters of 100%? 75%
65. Which of the following are real animals, unicorn, giraffe, dragon or mermaid?
Giraffe
66. What is the name of male sheep? Ram
67. What material are windows made of? Glass
68. What do mammals use to feed their next generations? Breast
69. What do birds use to fly? Wings
70. What protects birds on the outside of their bodies? Feather
71. Where do people go for saving money? Bank
72. Where do people go for watching sports or games? Stadium
73. What are the two holes in your nose to breathe? Nostrils
74. What attitude would you have when you are in a job interview, enthusiastic,
lazy or passive? Enthusiastic
75. What kind of transportation run son the railway? Train
76. How do you call the tower containing a light to warn or guide ships at sea?
Beacon or lighthouse
77. Who is a physician who performs surgical operations? Surgeon
78. "We went somewhere", how do you understand it's a past sentence? Went
79. What is the opposite side that sun rises? West
80. What is the cracking or breaking of a hard object or material? Fracture
81. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane? Pilot
82. What institution helps people save money? Bank
83. Which kind of people use periodic table to study? Chemist
84. Some magazines are published once a year, and some are published twice a
year. How do you describe the type of magazine that is published four times a
year? Quarterly
85. How do you describe the line that segment a circle? Chord
86. How do you describe the line that divide a circle into the same half?
Diameter
87. How do you call someone who likes to drink heavily very day? Alcoholic
88. What term is used for the amount of money we owe, asset or debt? Debt
89. Which one can be put into a backpack, a book or a table? A book
90. If a species is described as venomous, what substance it has? Toxin
91. What is the opposite of maximize? Minimize
92. How often is an annual conference held in one year? Once a year
93. When your bone is injured and broken, what would you say you have?
Fracture
94. Which literacy genre describes all details of a famous person's life?
Biography
95. If you invented something, what can you apply to prevent others copying
your invention? Patent
96. Despite all the advances and qualities of sexes, would more men or women
play professional football? Men
97. Where is the "Power" button? Upper left

98. What material is used both on window and light bulb? Glass
99. Which continent do China, India, Korea and Japan locate? Asia
100. What do people hold over head when it’s raining? Umbrella
101. In the word' postgraduate', what does the 'post' mean? After
102. How do we call a baby cat? Kitten or pussy
103. What is the name for cultivating and managing gardens? Horticulture
104. What is the antonym of artificial? Natural or genuine or real
105. What does the sun do during dawn? Sunrise
106. What is the fluid that pumped from the organ related to cardiology? Blood
107. What do we call the place selling gold and silver? Jewellery store or
bullion market
108. Why do plants need bees? Pollination or pollinating
109. How do we call the people who work in companies? Employee or officer
110. What type of shape has four corners, four lines that are equal in length?
Square or diamond
111. What type of plant is mint? Herb
112. What does the sun do during dusk? Sunset
113. Where is the crossword normally seen? Newspaper
114. What do we call the person who can speak two languages? Bilingual
115. What is the line between countries? Boundary or border
116. Unions work for who, workers or managers? Workers
117. What is the feature that guitars and violins have in common? Strings
118. What is called our planets such as sun, earth and moon? Solar system
119. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people
together as a sporting event? The Olympic Games
120. Do scapegoats escape or undertake the crime? Undertake
121. If a parent has a couple of children, how many children does he have? Two
122. What is the opposite word of "stale”? Fresh
123. Which is easier to be recycled, plastic or paper? Paper
124. Which kind of mountain can erupt? Volcano
125. What do we call the "Times New Roman" in word? Typeface/Font

126. In addition to the A, E, I, O, what is the other vowel? U
127. What is the altitude related to, weight or height? Height
128. What is a part of the digestive system and is essential for churning food?
Stomach
129. Inhalation of which tobacco substance or activity is dangerous? Nicotine
130. What century are we now? Twenty-first
131. A dozen is a grouping of which number? Twelve
132. What is the name of the student who has not completed his course?
Undergraduate student
133. When a company's position improved, revenue decrease or increase?

Increase
134. If you want to reference all pages in a book that discuss a certain topic,
where to find it? Index
135. Where do we hang our clothes, closet or drawer? Closet
136. Which source is more reliable, magazine or journal? Journal
137. Which part at the end of book can be used for further reading? An index or
a bibliography? A bibliography
138. What’s the material that we use to stick two things together? Glue
139. What type of resources does an electric device use? Electricity
140. What is the time after noon called? Afternoon/Post Meridian(P.M.)
141. What is the opposite of positive? Negative
142. What is the day that someone is born? Birthday
143. What is someone that can’t see called? Blind
144. What is one half of 100%? 50%
145. What instrument do you use when long-distance learning? Computer
146. What material is used for most of vehicles and craft? Metal
147. In the library, which books we are not allowed to bring them out with
ourselves? Closed reserve book
148. What’s the verb used to describe two people sharing the same opinion?
Agree
149. How do you call a public sale in which goods or property are sold to the
highest price offered? Auction
150. What is the opposite to convex? Concave
151. Which part of body do optometrists examine? Eyes
152. What do meter and millimetre measure, height or length? Length
153. What is the thing that has inside and can attract iron? Magnet
154. How would you describe the process in which ice becomes water? Melting
155. What publication reports daily news? Newspaper
156. How many extra days in February in a leap year? One
157. Which one is easier to recycle? Plastic or paper? Paper
158. What is the doctor who specializes in treating children’s diseases?

Paediatrician
159. What is the table that lists chemical elements in order to atomic numbers
in rows and columns? Periodic table
160. Why bees are important to agriculture? Pollination
161. Oral English is different from academic English. Which is the best term to
describe academic English, tolerant or rigorous. - Rigorous
162. Which one has more interactions between teachers and students, a lecture
or a tutorial? Tutorial
163. How many times does a biannual magazine published in one year? Twice
164. Do unions work for workers or management? Workers
165. If you are happy with the agreement, what would you like to put at the
bottom of the contract with the date? Signature
166. Which symbol is used to complete a sentence? Full stop/period
167. How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth?
Extinction
168. What do we call the person who can speak two languages? Bilingual
169. What electronic device wakes you up in the morning? Alarm
170. What is the name of ground military forces? Army
171. Where would you go to see an exhibition of sculptures? Art

gallery/Museum
172. Who is a person that makes bread, cakes and pastries? Baker
173. What is someone that can’t see called? Blind
174. What is the red liquid that flows through a body? Blood
175. What is the line between countries? Boundary or border
176. What plan shows how much money is available and how it will be spent?
Budget
177. What desk should you go to when you first arrive at a hotel? Check-in
desk / Reception / Front desk
178. What does the letter “C” represents for in brands? Copyright
179. What term is used for the amount of money owe, asset or debt? Debt
180. What is the job of someone that looks after your teeth and gums? Dentist
181. Where does a camel normal live? Desert
181. What planet do we live on? Earth
182. What do we call the animals with white ivory and long trunk? Elephant
183. What do ophthalmologist specialize in? Eye operations
184. Where would you keep the meat you wish to keep frozen at home?
Freezer
185. If you want to reference all pages in a book that discuss a certain topic,
where to find it? Index
186. What do we call the alphabetical list, at the end of the book that tells you
where to find specific information? Index
187. What do we call the place selling gold and silver? Jewellery store or
bullion market
188. What is the main harmful content in a cigarette? Nicotine
189. What department studies the humans body part of eyes? Ophthalmology
190. A document protecting people’s works. - Patent/Copyright
191. Where do you go to send mails, a post office or a coffee house? Post
office
192. If one’s response is simultaneous, quick or slow? Quick
193. The instructions that tell you how to cook food? Recipe
194. What is the meeting point of Sea and Sky called? Horizon
195. What is the opposite direction of west-north? South-east
196. What is the opposite of “predecessor”? Successor

Summarize Written Texts
1. Australian indigenous food (Most Repeated)
In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to its
indigenous ingredients, the foods that are native to this country. ‘There can be
little doubt that using an indigenous product must qualify a dish as Australian
notes Stephanie Alexander. Similarly, and without qualification, states that’ A
uniquely Australian food culture can only be based upon foods indigenous to this
country, although, as Craw remarks, proposing Australian native foods as
national symbols relies more upon their association with ‘nature’ and geographic
origin than on common usage. Notwithstanding the lack of justification for the
premise that national dishes are, of necessity, founded on ingredients native to
the country-after all, Italy’s gastronomic identity is tied to the non-indigenous
tomato, Thailand^ to then on-indigenous chili-the reality is that Austrians do not
eat indigenous foods insignificant quantities. The exceptions are fish,
crustaceans and shellfish from oceans, rivers and lakes most of which are
unarguably unique to this country. Despite valiant and well-intentioned efforts
today at promoting and encouraging the consumption of native resource, bush
foods are not harvested or produced in sufficient quantities for them to be a
standard component of Australian diets, nor are they generally accessible.
Indigenous foods are less relevant to Australian identity today than lamb and
passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalized.
2. Children watching TV
Why and to what extent should parents control their Children’s TV watching?
There is certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much
television a child watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown
that as the amount of time spent watching TV goes up, the amount of time
devoted not only to homework and study but other important aspects of li such
as social development and physical activities decreases. Television is bound to
have it tremendous impact on a child, both in terms of how many hours a week
he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent is concerned about the
effects of television, he should consider a number of things: what TV offers the
child in terms of information and knowledge, how many hours a week a
youngster his age should watch television, the impact of violence and sex, and
the influence of commercials. What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a
central piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the moment someone
enters the empty house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the
background noise of your family life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing
that television should be watched selectively?
3. (Most Repeated)
The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature’s

underappreciated wonders; it also happens to be the key to understanding just
about everything about modern meat.
For the grasses, which have evolved to withstand the grazing of ruminants, the
cow maintains and expands their habitat by preventing trees and shrubs from
gaining a foothold and hogging the sunlight; the animal also spreads grass seed,
plants it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it with his manure.
In exchange for these services the grasses offer ruminants a plentiful and
exclusive supply of lunch. For cows (like sheep, bison, and other ruminants)
have evolved the special ability to convert grass-which single-stomached
creatures like us can’t digest-into high-quality protein. They can do this because
they possess what is surely the most highly evolved digestive organ in nature:
the rumen. About the size of a medicine ball, the organ is essentially a forty-
five-gallon fermentation tank in which a resident population of bacteria dines on
grass.
4. Diasporas (Most Repeated)
Diasporas -communities which live outside, but maintain links with, their
homelands-are getting larger, thicker and stronger. They are the human face of
globalization. Diaspora consciousness is on the rise: diasporas are becoming
more interested in their origin, and organizing themselves more effectively;
homelands are revising their opinions of their diasporas as the stigma attached
to emigration declines, and stepping up their engagement efforts; meanwhile,
host countries are witnessing more assertive diasporic groups within their own
national communities, worrying about fifth columns and foreign lobbies, and
suffering outbreaks of ‘diaspora phobia. I
This trend is the result of five factors, all of them connected with globalization:
the growth in international migration; the revolution in transport and
communications technology, which is quickening the pace of diasporas’
interactions with their homelands; a reaction against global homogenized
culture, which is leading people to rethink their identities; the end of the Cold
War, which increased the salience of ethnicity and nationalism and created new
space in which diasporas can operate; and policy changes by national
governments on issues such as dual citizenship and multiculturalism, which are
enabling people to lead transnational lives. Diasporas such as those attaching to
China, India, Russia and Mexico are already big, but they will continue to grow,
the migration flows which feed them are likely to widen and quicken in the
future.
5. LONDON (Most Repeated)
Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the
little band of stockbrokers from Jonathan’s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3
would be the founder members of what would become the world’s mighty money
capital?
Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the
coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big bang in 1986, when
bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn’t have bet the farm on London
surpassing New York, Frankfurt and Tokyo as Mammon’s international nexus. Yet
the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital’s hub have now overtaken their
New York rivals in size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they
hold 70% of the global secondary bond market and the City dominates foreign
exchange trading. And its institutions paid out ￡9 billion in bonuses in
December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary
Wharf and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private equity ‘locusts’
and their hedge fund pals now hang out.
For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes Oxley
and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the
odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport
systems groan and there’s an ever present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the
time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger.
6. Malaysia (Most Repeated)
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast

Asia. Aside from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the
most superb beaches, mountains and national parks in the region.
Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20

million visitors here this year. Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the
capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the Petronas Twin Towers, which once
comprised the world’s tallest buildings and now hold the title of second-tallest.
Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are connected by a sky-bridge
on the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the
city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a
141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deity. To reach the caves, visitors
have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to
be confused with Indonesians Borneo you’ll find the small mushroom-shaped
Sipadan island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in
the world.
You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the
Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a glimpse of the
bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous
nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange honking sounds. While you’re in
Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern state was a
powerful Malay sultanate and a booming trading port in the region. Facing the
Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a place of intriguing Chinese
streets, antique shops, old temples and reminders of European colonial powers.
Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This
island off the northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural
heritage, good food and beautiful beaches.
7. Parent’s born order affects their parenting (Most Repeated)
Parents’ own birth order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they
are raising replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common
examples, such as a firstborn parent getting into “raging battles” with a firstborn
child. “Both are used to getting the last word. Each has to be right. But the
parent has to be grown up and step out of that battle,” he advises. When
youngest children become parents, Agati cautions that because they “may not
have had high expectations placed on them, they in turn may not see their kids
for their abilities.” But he also notes that since youngest children tend to be
more social, “youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who may have a
harder time with social situations. These parents can be help their eldest kids
loosen up and not be so hard on themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth
order didn’t seem to affect her parenting until the youngest of her three children,
Julie, was born. Julie was nine years younger than Ritz’s oldest, Joshua mirroring
the age difference between Susan and her own older brother.” I would see
Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to me,” she says of the taunting and
teasing by a much older sibling.
“I had to try not to always take Julie’s side.” Biases can surface no matter what
your own birth position was, as Lori Silverstone points out. “As a middle myself,
I can be harder on my older daughter. I recall my older sister hitting me,” she
says of her reactions to her daughters’ tussles.
“My husband is a firstborn. He’s always sticking up for the oldest. He feels bad
for her that the others came so fast. He helps me to see what that feels like, to
have that attention and then lose it.” Silverstone sees birth order triggers as “an
opportunity to heal parts of ourselves. I’ve learned to teach my middle daughter
to stand up for herself. My mother didn’t teach me that. I’m conscious of giving
my middle daughter tools so she has a nice way to protect herself.”
Whether or not you subscribe to theories that birth order can affect your child’s
personality, ultimately, “we all have free will,” Agati notes. It’s important for
both parents and kids to realize that, despite the characteristics often associated
with birth order, “you’re not locked into any role.”
When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that
covered its surface were quickly copied. Printers ink was applied to the Stone
and white paper was laid over it. When the paper was removed, it revealed an
exact copy of the text but in reverse. Since then, many copies or facsimiles have
been made using a variety of materials. Inevitably, the surface of the Stone
accumulated many layers of material left over from these activities, despite
attempts to remove any residue. Once on display, the grease from many
thousands of human hands eager to touch the Stone added to the problem.
An opportunity for investigation and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose when this
famous object was made the centre piece of the Cracking Codes exhibition at
The British Museum in 1999. When work commenced to remove all but the
original, ancient material, the stone was black with white lettering. As treatment
progressed, the different substances uncovered were analyzed. Grease from
human handling, a coating of carnauba wax from the early 1800s and printers
ink from 1799 were cleaned away using cotton wool swabs and liniment of soap,
white spirit, acetone and purified water. Finally, white paint in the text, applied
in 1981, which had been left in place until now as a protective coating, was
removed with cotton swabs and purified water. A small square at the bottom left
corner of the face of the Stone was left untouched to show the darkened wax
and the white infill.
8. Technology prediction IBM (Most Repeated)

As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted
in the fifties that the world would need a maximum of around half a dozen
computers, that the British Department for Education seemed to think in the
eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and that in the
nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the Internet. Who could
have predicted that one major effect of the automobile would be to bankrupt
small shops across the nation? Could the early developers of the telephone have
foreseen its development as a medium for person-to-person communication,
rather than as a form of broadcasting medium? We all, including the ‘experts’,
seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our
technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate
from experience of previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the
technology of the Internet with the development of other information and
communication technologies and by examining the earlier development of radio
and print. But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open question.
You might conceivably find the history of the British and French videotext
systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive. However, I am not entirely convinced
that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you can find information about
them on-line, so, rather than take up space here, I’ve briefly described them in a
separate article.
9. Tree ring (Most Repeated)

Here’s how tree ring dating, known to scientists as dendrochronology works. If
you cut a tree down today, it’s straightforward to count the rings inwards,
starting from the tree’s outside (corresponding to this year’s growth ring), and
thereby to state that the 177th ring from the outermost one towards the center
was laid down in the year 2005 minus 177, or 1828. But it’s less straightforward
to attach a date to a particular ring in an ancient Anasazi wooden beam because
at first you don’t know in what year the beam was cut. However, the widths of
tree growth rings vary from year to year, depending on the rain or drought
conditions in each year.
Hence the sequence of the rings in a tree cross-section is like a message in
Morse code formerly used for sending telegraph messages; dot-dot-dash-dot-
dash in the Morse code, wide-wide-narrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring
sequence. Actually the tree ring sequence is even more diagnostic and richer in
information than the Morse code, because trees actually contain rings spanning
many different width, rather than the Morse code choice between dot and dash.
Tree ring specialists (known as dendrochronologists) proceed by nothing the
sequence of wider and narrower rings in a tree cut down in a known recent year,
and also nothing the sequences in beams from trees cut down at various times in
the past. They then match up and align the tree ring sequences with the same
diagnostic wide/narrow patterns from different beams.
In that way, dendrochronologists have constructed tree ring records extending
back for thousands of years in some parts of the world. Each record is valid for a
geographic area whose extent depends on local weather patterns, because
weather and hence tree growth patterns vary with location. For instance, the
basic tree ring chronology of the American Southwest applies (with some
variation) to the area from Northern Mexico to Wyoming.
10. US and Indian engineers (Most Repeated)

Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States,
engineers and technicians in Indian have the capacity to provide both computer
programming and innovative new technologies. Indian programmers and high-
tech engineers earn one quarter of what their counterparts earn in the United
States, Consequently, Indian is able to do both jobs at a lower dollar cost than
the United States: India has absolute advantage in both. In other words, it can
produce a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the United States, and it
can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that
mean that the United States will lose not only programming Jobs but innovative
technology job, too? Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the
United States and India engage in the international trade?
David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions-as we do today. While
India mat have an absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in
determining what India or the United States will produce. India has a
comparative advantage in doing programming in part because of such activity
requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United States has a
comparative advantage in technology innovation partly because it is relatively
easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long-run projects. The
result is that Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S.
programmers have been doing in the past. In contrast, American firms will shift
to more and more innovation. The United States will specialize in technology
innovation India will specialize in programming. The business managers in each
country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative
advantage. As in the past, The U.S. economy will continue to concentrate on
what are called the “best” activities.
11. Why business is like pebbles in a pond
The history of marketers seeking the advice of physicists is a short one, but an
understanding of the Theory of Resonance may, give communications experts
the edge. Resonance Theory explains the curious phenomenon of how very small
pebbles dropped into a pond can create bigger waves than a large brick. The
brick makes a decent splash but its ripples peter out quickly. A tiny pebble
dropped into the same pond, followed by another, then another, then another,
all timed carefully, will create ripples that build into small waves.
As Dr Carlo Contaldi, a physicist at Imperial College London, explains, a small
amount of energy committed at just the right intervals – the ‘natural frequency’
– creates a cumulatively large effect. Media consultant Paul Bay believes that
just as with the pebbles in a pond, a carefully choreographed and meticulously
timed stream of communication (a monthly ad in MT, for example) will have a
more lasting effect than a sporadic big splash during primetime ad breaks.
Innocent s testament the power of pebbles. Until last year, the maker of
smoothies had never advertised on TV, instead drip-feeding the market with
endless ingenious marketing plays from annotating its drinks labels with quirky
messages rather than communicating through the occasional big and expensive
noise.
12. Wine industry in US (Most Repeated)
In 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created

yet another setback for the American wine industry. The National Prohibition Act,
also known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale transportation,
importation, delivery, or possession of intoxicating liquors for beverage purpose.
Prohibition, which continued for thirteen years, nearly destroyed what had
become a thriving and national industry. One of the loopholes in the Volstead Act
allowed for the manufacture and sale of sacramental wine, medicinal wines for
sale by pharmacists with a doctors’ prescription, and medicinal wine tonics
(fortified wines) sold without prescription. Perhaps more important, Prohibition
allowed anyone to produce up to two hundred gallons yearly of fruit. juice or
cider. The fruit juice, which was sometimes made into concentrate, was ideal for
making wine. People would buy grape concentrate from California and have it
shipped to the East Coast. The top of the container was stamped in big, bold
letters’ caution: do not add sugar or yeast or else fermentation will take place!
Some of this yield found its way to bootleggers throughout America who did just
that. But not for long, because the government stepped in and banned the sale
of grape juice, preventing illegal wine production. Vineyards stopped being
planted, and the American wine industry came to a halt.
13. Written Language (Most Repeated)
The world engages in improving literacy of reading and writing, but it is not that
important now. What is text/Written language anyway? It is an accident IT for
storing and retrieving information. We store information by writing it, and we
retrieve it by reading it. 6000 to 10,000 years ago, many of our ancestor’s
hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and began what’s known as the
agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private property and
increased production and trade of goods, generating a huge new influx of
information. Unable to keep all this in their memories, our ancestors created
systems of written records that evolved over millennial into today’s written
language.
But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course
and is now rapidly getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-
increasing of emerging IT driven by voice, video, and body movement rather
than the written word. In my view, this is a positive step forward in the evolution
of human technology, and it carries great potential for a total positive redesign
of education. Written language is an ancient IT for storing and retrieving
information, however, written word is becoming obsolete and is now rapidly
getting replaced by voice, video and body movement, which is believed a
positive step forward in the evolution of human technology and redesign of
education.
14. White brothers (Most Repeated)
The world engages in improving literacy of reading and writing, but it is not that
important now. What is text/Written language anyway? It is an accident IT for
storing and retrieving information. We store information by writing it, and we
retrieve it by reading it. 6000 to 10,000 years ago, many of our ancestor’s
hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and began what’s known as the
agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private property and
increased production and trade of goods, generating a huge new influx of
information. Unable to keep all this in their memories, our ancestors created
systems of written records that evolved over millennial into today’s written
language.
But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course
and is now rapidly getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-
increasing of emerging IT driven by voice, video, and body movement rather
than the written word. In my view, this is a positive step forward in the evolution
of human technology, and it carries great potential for a total positive redesign
of education. Written language is an ancient IT for storing and retrieving
information, however, written word is becoming obsolete and is now rapidly
getting replaced by voice, video and body movement, which is believed a
positive step forward in the evolution of human technology and redesign of
education.
15. Indonesian Volcano (Most Repeated)
In 1815 on the island of Sumbawa in Indonesia, a handsome and long-quiescent

mountain named Tambora exploded spectacularly, killing a hundred thousand
people with its blast and associated tsunamis. It was the biggest volcanic
explosion in ten thousand years—150 times the size of Mount St. Helens,
equivalent to sixty thousand Hiroshima-sized atom bombs.
News didn’t travel terribly fast in those days. In London, The Times ran a small
story— actually a letter from a merchant—seven months after the event. But by
this time Tambora’s effects were already being felt. Thirty-six cubic miles of
smoky ash, dust, and grit had diffused through the atmosphere, obscuring the
Sun’s rays and causing the Earth to cool. Sunsets were unusually but blearily
colourful, an effect memorably captured by the artist. J. M. W. Turner, who could
not have been happier, but mostly the world existed under an oppressive, dusky
pall. It was this deathly dimness that inspired the Byron lines above.
Spring never came and summer never warmed: 1816 became known as the year
without summer. Crops everywhere failed to grow. In Ireland a famine and
associated typhoid epidemic killed sixty-five thousand people. In New England,
the year became popularly known as Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death.
Morning frosts continued until June and almost no planted seed would grow.
Short of fodder, livestock died or had to be prematurely slaughtered. In every
way it was a dreadful year—almost certainly the worst for farmers in modern
times. Yet globally the temperature fell by only about 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit.
Earth’s natural thermostat, as scientists would learn, is an exceedingly delicate
instrument.
16. Eye surgery – Blindness

Scientists believe they may have found a way to prevent complications that can
arise following cataract surgery, the world’s leading cause of blindness.
Detailing why complications can occur after surgery, researchers from the
University of East Anglia (UEA) explained that while cataract surgery works well
to restore vision, a few natural lens cells always remain after the procedure.
Over time, the eye’s wound-healing response leads these cells to spread across
the underside of the artificial lens, which interferes with vision, causing what’s
known as ‘posterior capsule opacification’ or secondary cataract.
UEA’s School of Biological Sciences academic, Dr Michael Worm stone, who led
the study, said: “Secondary visual loss responds well to treatment with laser
surgery. But as life expectancy increases, the problems of cataract and posterior
capsule opacification will become even greater in terms of both patient wellbeing
and economic burden. It’s essential that we find better ways to manage the
condition in future.”
As a result, researchers are designing new artificial lenses that can be placed
into a capsular bag that stays open, instead of shrink-wrapping closed, which
currently occurs. It is believed that, through the new approach, fluid in the eye
can flow around the artificial lens, therefore diluting and washing away the cell-
signalling molecules that encourage cell re-growth.
17. Frog in Amber (Most Repeated)
A tiny tree frog preserved in amber is believed to have lived about 25 million
years ago, a Mexican researcher says. The chunk of amber containing the
centimetre-long frog was uncovered by a miner in southern Chiapas state in
2005 and bought by a private collector, who lent it to scientists for study.
Only a few preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber — a stone
formed by ancient tree sap — mostly in the Dominican Republic. Like those, the
frog found in Chiapas was of the genus Craugastor, whose relatives still inhabit
the region. Gerardo Carbot, the biologist with the Chiapas Natural History and
Ecology Institute who announced the discovery on Wednesday, said it was the
first such frog found in amber in Mexico.
Carbot said he would like to extract a sample from the frog’s remains to see
whether they contain well-preserved DNA, in order to identify the frog’s species.
However, he expressed doubt that the stone’s owner would allow researchers to
drill a small hole into the chunk of amber.
18. Twins (Most Repeated)
UCLA neurology professor Paul Thompson and his colleagues scanned the brains
of 23 sets of identical twins and 23 sets of fraternal twins. Since identical twins
share the same genes while fraternal twins share about half their genes, the
researchers were able to compare each group to show that myelin integrity was
determined genetically in many parts of the brain that are key for intelligence.
These include the parietal lobes, which are responsible for spatial reasoning,
visual processing and logic, and the corpus callosum, which pulls together
information from both sides of the body.
The researchers used a faster version of a type of scanner called a HARDI (high-
angular resolution diffusion imaging) — think of an MRI machine on steroids —
that takes scans of the brain at a much higher resolution than a standard MRI.
While an MRI scan shows the volume of different tissues in the brain by
measuring the amount of water present, HARDI tracks how water diffuses
through the brain’s white matter — a way to measure the quality of its myelin.
“HARDI measures water diffusion,” said Thompson, who is also a member of the
UCLA Laboratory of Neuro-Imaging. “If the water diffuses rapidly in a specific
direction, it tells us that the brain has very fast connections. If it diffuses more
broadly, that’s an indication of slower signalling, and lower intelligence.”
19. Electric Vehicle – PEV (Most Repeated)
Here’s a term you’re going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the
acronym PEV. It’s what you and many other people will drive to work in, ten
years and more from now. At that time, before you drive off in the morning you
will first unplug your car – your plug-in vehicle. Its big on board batteries will
have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-100
kilometres through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you’ll plug in your car once again, this time into a
socket that allows power to flow form your car’s batteries to the electricity grid.
One of the things you did when you bought your car was to sign a contract with
your favourite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of
power from your car’s batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a
blackout, or very high wholesale spot power prices. The price you get for the
power the distributor buys form your car would not only be most attractive to
you, it would be a good deal for them too, their alternative being very expensive
power form peaking stations. If, driving home or for some other reason your
batteries looked like running flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient
engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed natural gas, even biofuel, would
automatically cut in, driving a generator that supplied the batteries so you could
complete your journey.
Concerns over ‘peak oil’, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood
that by the middle of this century there could be five times as many motor
vehicles registered world-wide as there are now, mean that the world’s almost
total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for transport is, in every sense of the
word, unsustainable.
20. Multi-life (Most Repeated)
Life expectancies have been rising by up to three months a year since 1840, and
there is no sign of that flattening. Gratton and Scott draw on a 2009 study to
show that if the trend continues, more than half the babies born in wealthier
countries since 2000 may reach their 100th birthdays.
With a few simple, devastating strokes, Gratton and Scott show that under the
current system it is almost certain you won’t be able to save enough to fund
several decades of decent retirement. For example, if your life expectancy is
100, you want a pension that is 50 per cent of your final salary, and you save 10
per cent of your earnings each year, they calculate that you won’t be able to
retire till your 80s. People with 100-year life expectancies must recognise they
are in for the long haul, and make an early start arranging their lives
accordingly.
But how to go about this? Gratton and Scott advance the idea of a multistage
life, with repeated changes of direction and attention. Material and intangible
assets will need upkeep, renewal or replacement. Skills will need updating,
augmenting or discarding, as will networks of friends and acquaintances. Earning
will be interspersed with learning or self-reflection. As the authors warn,
recreation will have to become “re-creation”.
Essays
1. Shopping malls (Most Repeated)
Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do
you think this is a good or bad change?
2. Life and work
Nowadays, people spend too much time at work to the extent that they hardly
have time for their personal life. Discuss.
3. Responsibilities . (Most Repeated)
Parents should be held legally responsible for their children’s acts. What is your
opinion? Support it with personal examples.
4. Advertisement in school
Some people think placing advertisements in school is a great resource for public
schools that need additional funding, but others think it exploits children by
treating them as a captive audience for corporate sponsors. Choose which
position you most agree with and discuss why you choose that position. Support
your point of view with details from your own experiences, observations or
reading.
5. Migrants
In the 18th century due to industrialization, a lot of people migrated to

developed countries. This affected lifestyle and increased problems in developed
countries. What is your opinion about this?
6. Women in the workplace
Most high-level jobs are done by men. Should governments encourage that a
certain percentage of these jobs be reserved for women? What is your opinions?
7. Mass media
The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, influences our society and
shapes our opinions and characters. What is your opinion? / Mass media have an
influence on human, particularly on younger generation. It plays a vital role on
shaping the opinions of people. What do you think about it?
8. Digital age
Some people claim that digital age has made us lazier, others claim it has made
us more knowledgeable. Discuss both opinions, use your own experience to
support.
9. TV
Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is a medium for

disseminating news and information, and for some it acts as a companion. What
is your opinion about this?
10. Formal written examination
Formal written examination can be a valid method to assess students’ learning.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?
11. Decision making
Senior executives should get their employees involved in the decision making
process. What is your opinion in this?
12. Learning
With enough amount of motivation and practice, people can learn anything that
the experts teach in the classroom. Do you agree or not?
13. Packaging
Do you think consumers should avoid over-packaged products or is it the

responsibility of manufacturers to avoid extra packaging? Give your views or any
relevant examples based on your own experience.
14. Voting (Most Repeated)
In some countries around the world, voting is compulsory. Do you agree with the
notion of compulsory voting?
15. Cashless society
Advantages & disadvantages of cashless society Topic: Theatres There are both
problems and benefits for high school students study plays and works of theatres
written centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience
16. Unhealthy lifestyle
Many people are living in poor lifestyle which affected people’s health. List some
unhealthy lifestyles and give some solution suggestions to national health
service.
17. Climate
You are given climate as the field of study. Which area would you prefer? Explain
why you picked this up the particular area of your study?
18. Urbanization (Most Repeated)
Over half of population lives in cities. Is it a positive or negative development?

19. A man’s life
Some people say that a man’s life is defined by the place where he grows up.
What is your opinion? Use a celebrity to support your idea.
20. Pressing problems
The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do
you think is the most pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet and give
the solution?
21. Education (Most Repeated)
The purpose of education is for workers and good members of society, or

individual’s tofu fill their life. Which opinion do you agree with?
22. Fun v.s. money
Different people are successful in different fields. Some people work long hours
to get success, but others feel that we should spend free time for fun than
money. Which style closely related to you and explains your opinion?
23. Xenophobia
Xenophobia has accelerated rapidly in the western countries. According to you

what solutions can be proposed by government and individuals?
24. Tourism (Most Repeated)
Tourism is good for some less developed countries, but also has some
disadvantages. Discuss.
25. Online materials
Online materials like music, movies, xxx are accessible at no cost. Do you think
online material should be accessed at no cost? (Most Repeated)
26. Library (Most Repeated)
With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has
become obsolete. Universities should only procure digital materials rather than
constantly textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of this
position and give your own point of view.
27. Films
For children, use films to study is as important as study literature. To what

extent do you agree?
28. Communication
Communication has changed significantly in the last 10 years. Discuss the

positive and negative impacts of this change.
29. Industrial revolution
Do you believe that the industrial revolution was the main factor for problems in
developed nations?
30. The internet
Does the advent of the Internet change the role of teachers? To what extent do
you agree?
31. Competitive environment
Is a competitive environment in school or university good or bad? Discuss and

give your own experiences as examples.
32. New language
Learning a new language at an early age is helpful for children. It is more

positive for their future prospects, though it can also have some adverse effects.
Do you agree or disagree?
33. Social media
What are the pros and cons of staying connected on social media 24 hours a
day?
34. Invention
Talk about an invention that you think beneficial or harmful.
35. Learn and exams
Some people claim that instead of having to prepare for huge numbers of exams
in school, children should learn more. To what extent do you agree with this
statement?
36. Medical technology (Most Repeated)
The advanced medical technology will expand human’s life. Do you think it is a
blessing or a curse?
37. Experiential learning (Most Repeated)
Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing it) can work
well in formal education. However, others think a traditional form of teaching is
the best. Do you think experiential learning can work well in high schools or
colleges?
38. The government should not commit to sustained economic growth

(Most Repeated)
Governments promise continuous economic growths, but it’s actually an illusion.

Some people think that governments should abandon this. Please discuss the
validity and the implications.
39. Education system in your country (Most Repeated)
What do you think are the strengths and weakness of the education system in
your own country? Use your own experience to support your idea.
Reading Writing Blanks
1. Stress Management
Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to.
When you are stressed, your body responds as through you are in danger. It
makes hormones that speed up your heart, make you breathe faster, and give
you a burst of energy. This is called the fight-or-flight stress response. Some
stress is normal and even useful. Stress can help if you need to work hard or
react quickly. For example, it can help you win a race or finish an important job
on time. But if stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can have bad effects.
It can be linked to headaches, an upset stomach, back pain, and trouble
sleeping. It can weaken your immune system, making it harder fight off
disease.
2. My Father’s Bookshelf (Most Repeated)
None of the books in my father’s dusty old bookcase were forbidden. Yet while I
was growing up, I never saw anyone take one down. Most were massive
tomes—a comprehensive history of civilization, matching volumes of the great
works of western literature, numerous others I can no longer recall—that
seemed almost fused to shelves that bowed slightly from decades of steadfast
support. But way up on the highest shelf was a thin little text that, every now
and then, would catch my eye because it seemed so out of place, like Gulliver
among the Brobdingnagians. In hindsight, I’m not quite sure why I waited so
long before taking a look.
Reading blanks
1.
Digital media and the internet have made the sharing of texts, music and images
easier than ever, and the enforcement of copyright restriction harder. This
situation has encouraged the growth of IP law, and prompted increased
industrial concentration on extending and 'policing' IP protection, while also
leading to the growth of an 'open access', or 'creative commons' movement
which challenges such control of knowledge and creativity.
2. (Most Repeated)
Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and soybeans may
sometimes run off farmland and enter surface water bodies such as lakes and
streams. If a surface water body that is used as a drinking water supply
receives excess amounts of these herbicides, then the municipal water treatment
plant must filter them out in order for the water to be safe to drink. This added
filtration process can be expensive. Farmers can help control excess herbicides in
runoff by choosing chemicals that bind with soil more readily, are less toxic, or
degrade more quickly. Additionally, selecting the best tillage practice can help
minimize herbicide pollution.
3. (Most Repeated)
The rocket lofted an unscrewed mock-up of SpaceX’s Dragon Capsule, which is

designed to one-day carry both crew and cargo to orbit. “This has been a good
day for SpaceX and a promising development for the US human space flight
programme,” said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch.
In a teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX’s CEO, Paypal co-

founder Elon Musk, said he would consider the flight 100 per cent successful if it
reached orbit. ”Even if you prove out just that the first stage functions correctly,
I’d still say that’s a good day for a test,” he said. “It’s a great day if both stages
work correctly.”
SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to launch astronauts to the International

Space Station using the Falcon 9. US government space shuttles, which currently
make these trips, are scheduled to retire for safety reasons at the end of 2010.
4. (Most Repeated)
Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon own their great diversity to ancestors that
leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10
million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests.
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of
diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological
diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian
diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself.
“Basically, the Amazon basin is a ‘melting pot’ for South American frogs,” says
graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. “Poison frogs there have
come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many
millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian
biodiversity by looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major
role.”
5. (Most Repeated)
Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she
always thought she “was growing a nice little business.” And that it is. A little
business that controls45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores.
A little business that sells in 118 countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billion
big in sales. The Lauder family’s shares are worth more than $6 billion.
But early on, there wasn’t a burgeoning business, there weren’t houses in New
York. Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there
was one person to answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the
shipping or billing department as needed.
You more or less know the Estee Lauder story because it’s a chapter from the
book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer,
daughter of immigrants, lived above her father’s hardware store in Corona, a
section of Queens in New York City. She started her enterprise by selling skin
creams concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and
resorts.
No doubt the potions were good – Estee Lauder was a quality fanatic – but the
saleslady was better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in
the cosmetics industry. She stalked the bosses of New York City department
stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once
in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach that proved as potent as
the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.
6. . (Most Repeated)
Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our

experiences. To one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us
hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-day
life; it’s easy to be seduced by the face nature which reveals directly to our
senses. Yet, in the decades since first encountering Camus’ text, I’ve learned
that modern science tells a very different story.
7.
Buying a house can seem like a daunting process —First you need to work out
how much you can borrow. This is where our services will really help you. Make
sure you have an accurate and detailed budget that takes into account all
associated with purchasing a property, including stamp duty, council rates, and
other fees. We can help you identify these extra costs. Ask us for our budget
planner if you don’t already have one. Interest rates move constantly, so you will
need to allow room in your budget for interest rate increases and for other
unforeseen events. All purchase funds are paid at settlement. In the ordinary
course of events, settlement takes place, the purchase price is paid in full and
the deposit bond simply lapses group certificates for the past two years.
8. (Most Repeated)
Education is generally considered to be a key factor in improving outcomes for

Indigenous Australians, with many studies showing that improved health and
socioeconomic status are directly linked to educational participation and
achievement. There is a range of issues affecting participation in education for
Indigenous Australians, including access to educational institutions, financial
constraints, and community expectations.
9. The Alpine Newt is native to much of central, continental Europe and occurs
up the coasts of northeast France through to Holland but it does not appear to
have been native to the British Isles. As its name suggests it can be found in
montane habitats up to 2,500 metres in altitude but it can also be abundant in
lowlands, and it will use variety of waterbodies including both shallow and deep
ponds and slow flowing streams (Griffiths, 1995).
10.
The purpose of this study was to: (1) determine energy expenditure (EE) during
a range of active video games (AVGs) and (2) determine whether EE during
AVGs is influenced by gaming experience or fitness. Twenty-six boys (11.4±0.8
years) participated and performed a range of sedentary activities (resting,
watching television and sedentary gaming), playing AVGs (Nintendo® Wii
Bowling, Boxing, Tennis, and Wii Fit Skiing and Step), walking and running
including a maximal fitness test. During all activities, oxygen uptake, heart rate
and EE were determined. The AVGs resulted in a significantly higher EE
compared to rest (63-190%, p≤0.001) and sedentary screen-time activities (56-
184%, p≤0.001). No significant differences in EE were found between the most
active video games and walking. There was no evidence to suggest that gaming
experience or aerobic fitness influenced EE when playing AVGs. In conclusion,
boys expended more energy during active gaming compared to sedentary
activities. Whilst EE during AVG is game-specific, AVGs are not intense enough
to contribute towards the 60min of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
that is currently recommended for children.
11. (Most Repeated)
Matthew Josephson does an excellent job of covering the life and works of
Thomas Alva Edison. The author of the book covered every aspect of Thomas
Edison’s life from the time his grandparents lived in the original thirteen colonies
to the point where he was born in Milan, Ohio and later up to the point where he
died in 1931. Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. When he
was born in 1847, Edison would see tremendous change take place in his
lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur.
When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad.
By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity.
Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison
patented 1,093 inventions, earning him the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo
Park.” The most famous of his inventions was the incandescent light bulb, which
was quite a time consuming process and quite interesting how Thomas Edison
went about finding the right fibre for his incandescent bulb. He went so far as to
send people around the world after various fibers to be tested as possible fibers
for his light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and
the “kinetoscope,” a small box for viewing moving films. Thomas Edison is also
the first person in the US to make his own filmstrip. He also improved upon the
original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s
telephone. He believed in hard work, sometimes working twenty hours a day or
more, depending upon the situation.
He has been known to spend several days working on I project without sleep
until it worked. Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one percent inspiration
and 99 percent perspiration.” In tribute (option: memory/ honour / tribute) to
this important American, electric lights in the United States were dimmed for
one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death. Bibliography.
12. (Most Repeated)
Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of

TREMENDOUS intricacy and energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists
were AWED by the beauty of the Neotropics, where they collected tens of
thousands of SPECIES new to science. But they couldn't have guessed at the
complete contents of the rain forest, and they had no idea of its VALUE to
humankind.
13. (Most Repeated)
The Roman people had at first been inclined to regard the French Revolution with
either indifference or derision. But as the months went by and the emigres
who remained in the city were less and less hopeful of an early return home,
the mood of the Romans became increasingly antagonistic towards the
‘assassins of Paris’. The nationalization of Church property in France, the
confiscation of papal territories, the dwindling of contributions and the paucity of
tourists and pilgrims all contributed to an exacerbation of this antagonism. When
the French Convention, determined to gain international recognition for the
Republic, dispatched envoys to Rome, the people turned upon them in fury.
14.
Promoting good customer service must start at the top. If management doesn’t
realize how important this aspect of their businesses, they will be at an instant
disadvantage in their industry. Good customer response equates to loyal
customers, which are the cornerstone of any successful business. No matter how
money you invest in your marketing, if you don't much have the fundamental
elements of your business right, it's wasted money.
15.
In an often-cited study about counter-factuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich

(1995) found that bronze medallists appeared happier than silver medalists in
television coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics. Medvec et al. argued that
bronze medallists compared themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver
medallists compared themselves to gold medallists. These counter-factuals were
the most salient because they were either qualitatively different (gold vs. silver)
or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from what actually occurred.
Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic
athletes (among others) are more likely to make counter factual comparisons
based on their prior expectations, consistent with decision affect theory. Silver
medallists are more likely to be disappointed because their personal expectations
are higher than those of bronze medallists. We provide a test between
expectancy-based versus category-based processing and discuss circumstances
that trigger each type of processing.
16.
Arguably the greatest mystery facing humanity today is the prospect that 75%
of the universe is made up of a substance known as “dark energy”, about which
we have almost no knowledge at all. Since a further 21% of the universe is
made from invisible “dark matter” that can only be detected through its
gravitational effects, the ordinary matter and energy making up the Earth,
planets and stars is apparently only a tiny part of what exists. These
discoveries require a shift in our perception as great as that made after
Copernicus’s revelation that the Earth moves around the Sun.
17.
Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in
the aisles, balancing books on their knees? No more, it seems. E-learning is as
likely to stand for empty lecture theaters as for the Internet revolution, which
has greatly increased the volume and range of course materials available online
in the past five years. The temptation now is to simply think, 'Everything will be
online so I don't need to go to class'," said Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for
the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne. The nation's
universities are in the process of opening the doors for the new academic year
and, while classes are generally well attended for the early weeks, it often does
not last. "There is concern at the university level about student attendance
dropping and why students are not coming to lectures." Dr Krause said. But
lecturers' pride - and fierce competition among universities for students - mean
few are willing to acknowledge publicly how poorly attended many classes are.
18.
In our studies, those people on a high-protein diet lost the same amount of
weight as those on a higher-carbon hydrate diet, since the two diets offered an
equal amount of kilojoules and the same amount of fat. However, body
composition (that is, the ratio of fat to muscle) showed greater improvement
among those people on the higher-protein diet. When the participants in other
studies were allowed to eat until they were no longer hungry, those on the
higher-carbon hydrate diet, even after more than a year. The reduction in
hungry and beneficial effect on muscle provided by the higher-protein diet is
mostly related to its protein content, while the reduced triglyceride levels and
enhanced fat-loss seem to be related to its lower amounts of carbon hydrate.
The diet is healthy because its protein comes from lean red meat, fish, chicken
and low-fat dairy products, all of which provide good nutrition. A high-protein
diet in which the protein comes from protein powders and supplements is
unlikely to be healthy, unless the supplements are fortified with vitamins and
minerals.
19. (Most Repeated)
The American executive, unlike the British, has no connection with the
legislature, and this lack of coordination between executive and legislature is
one of the distinctive features of American federal government. The
Constitution guarded against executive control by disqualifying federal officials,
whether civil or military, from membership in Congress.
20. (Most Repeated)
Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of

designing for the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site
look the same in every browser, we should provide a core set of functionality
and information to all users, and then progressively enhance the appearance
and behavior of the site for users of more capable browsers. It’s very productive
development practice. Instead of spending hours working out how to add drop
shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the
standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don’t even attempt to
implement it in browsers that don’t. After all, the users of older and less capable
browsers won’t know what they are missing. The biggest challenge to
progressive enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that
websites should look the same in every browser. As a developer, you can
simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if you let
go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.
21.
The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All
announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change
without notice and do not constitute an agreement between the University of
Washington and the student. Students should assume the responsibility of
consulting the appropriate academic unit or adviser for more current or specific
information.
22.
Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles said: ‘A painter just needs a
brush and the writer just needs a pen, but the producer needs an army. And an
army needs money. A producer is just like an entrepreneur; we raise money to
make films. First, we need to find an original idea or a book or a play and
purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that idea often a
reasonably small sum. Besides, to commission a writer for the screen play isn’t
something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you find a partner.
We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film
council, all of these are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is
very different to producing in America or EVEN Europe because the economic
dynamic is different.
23.
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring
at the prospect of the annual influx of tourists. From May to October, the
hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted shikaras
carrying Indian families. Then, in 1989, everything changed Hindus and
countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in
a decade, the lake stagnated and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners
venturing there risked their lives - proved in 1995 when five young Europeans
were kidnapped and murdered.
24. (Most Repeated)
Legal deposit has existed in English law since 1662. It helps to ensure that the
nation’s published output (and thereby its intellectual record and future
published heritage) is collected systematically, to preserve the material for the
use of future generations and to make it available for readers within the
designated legal deposit libraries. The Legal Deposit Libraries are the British
Library, the National Library of Scotland, the National Library of Wales, the
Bodleian Libraries, Oxford and the University Library, Cambridge.
The legal deposit system also has benefits for authors and publishers:
Deposited publications are made available to users of the deposit libraries on
their premises, are preserved for the benefit of future generations, and became
part of the nation’s heritage.
Publications are recorded in the online catalogs and become an essential

research resource for generations to come.
In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind
Works, Pinker has argued the swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives
may have originated as evolutionary adaptions, well suited to the lives our
ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if
nothing is immune from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery,
marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices
on the top floor, and the smaller number of women who become mechanical
engineers—all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The
controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might differ in
their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting
may have little influence on personality.
26. (Most Repeated)
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose

association of Paris — based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in
the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes,
light colours, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities
(often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter,
and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is derived from Claude
Monet’s Impression, Sunrise (Impression, solelllevant). Critic Louis Leroy
inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.
Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting.
They began by giving colours, freely brushed primary over line, drawing
inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took
the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still
lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the
Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient
effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).
27. (Most Repeated)
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1,
Kimbell (Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs
as formalistic and conventional stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than
hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains
three parts that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities,
investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-
based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a
structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital
photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but
does not recognize students as design innovators. The assessment sheet
includes holistic impressions as well as details about "having; growing, and
proving" ideas. Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such as "wow" and
"yawn" and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term, "sparkiness"
(p. 28), which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb
packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or
complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just
generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as "technical" and
"aesthetic” pertaining to users, are too narrow and ill-defined. The author
provides examples of the project, its features and structures, students' notes
and judgments, and their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb
packages, in the Appendix.
28. (Most Repeated)
The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate.

One-third of the water used worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton
of cloth produced, 200 tons of water is polluted with chemicals and heavy
metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity powers the factories
that card and comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch materials into
everything from T-shirts to towels, leaving behind mountains of solid waste and
a massive carbon footprint. “Where the industry is today is not really sustainable
for the long term,” says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief executive of
PratibhaSyntex, a textile manufacturer based outside Indore, India. With
something of an “if you build it, they will come” attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has
steered Pratibha toward the leading edge of eco-friendly textile production.
Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with organic cotton in 1999.
Initially, the company couldn’t find enough organic farms growing cotton in
central India to supply its factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary’s
team had to convince conventional cotton farmers to change their growing
methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a guarantee of fair
trade prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic
cotton growers across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and
Orissa.
29.
Drive down any highway, and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants-most
likely, if you travel long and far enough, you’ll see McDonald’s golden arches as
well as signs for Burger King, Hardee’s and Wendy’s, the “big four” of burgers.
Despite its name, though, Burger King has fallen short of claiming the burger
crown, unable to surpass market leader MacDonald’s No.1 sales status. Always
the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King Remains No.2.
Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in

customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the
other three contenders have increased. The decline has been attributed to in
consistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends
to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated
Marketing Communications theory would suggest that internal management
problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified,
long-term strategy can be put in place.
The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, not all levels of
communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The
person who takes the customer’s order must communicate the same message a
Burger King’s famous tagline, “have it your way,” or the customer will just buzz
up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore,
more reliable.
30. (Most Repeated)
C. S. Lewis, or Jack Lewis, as he preferred to be called, was born in Belfast,

Ireland (now Northern Ireland) on November 29, 1898. He was the second son
of Albert Lewis, a lawyer, and Flora Hamilton Lewis. His older brother, Warren
Hamilton Lewis, who was known as Warnie, had been born three years earlier in
1895.Lewis's early childhood was relatively happy and carefree. In those days
Northern Ireland was not yet plagued by bitter civil strife, and the Lewises were
comfortably off. The family home, called Little Lea, was a large, gabled house
with dark, narrow passages and an overgrown garden, which Warnie and Jack
played in and explored together. There was also a library that was crammed
with books—two of Jack's favorites were Treasure Island by Robert Louis
Stevenson and The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett. This somewhat
idyllic boyhood came to an end for Lewis when his mother became ill and died of
cancer in 1908. Barely a month after her death the two boys were sent away
from home to go to boarding school in England. Lewis hated the school, with its
strict rules and hard, unsympathetic headmaster, and he missed Belfast
terribly. Fortunately for him, the school closed in 1910, and he was able to
return to Ireland. After a year, however, he was sent back to England to study.
This time, the experience proved to be mostly positive. As a teenager, Lewis
learned to love poetry, especially the works of Virgil and Homer. He also
developed an interest in modern languages, mastering French, German, and
Italian.
31.
When humans began farming some 12,000 years ago, they altered the future of
our species forever. Our ancestors were ecological pioneers, discovering and
cultivating the most valuable crops, sealing them up to feed entire communities
and transforming wild crops so fundamentally that they became dependent on
humans for their survival. Farming, in the words of National Geographic’s
Genographic Project, “sowed the seeds for the modern age.”
32. (Most Repeated)
Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over
100 miles an hour. Winds can travel around the world. Wind can make you feel
cold because you lose heat from your body faster when it is windy. Weather
forecasters need to know the speed and direction of the wind. the strength of
wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force when there is no
wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and buildings and is called
hurricane force.
33.
When people worry about a glut of liquidity, they are thinking of the first of
these concepts. If money is too abundant or too cheap, inflationary pressures
may build up or bubbles may appear in financial markets — until central banks
tighten policy or market opinion suddenly changes. A slackening of economic
activity or a drop in asset prices can leave households, businesses and financial
institutions in trouble if their balance sheets are not liquid enough (the second
concept) or if they cannot find a buyer for assets.
34. (Most Repeated)
Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until
photography finally supplanted illustration as the “primary means of advertising
clothing” in the 1950s, glamour inhered less in the face of the drawing, which
was by necessity schematic and generalized, than in the sketch’s attitude,
posture, and gestures, especially in the strangely dainty positions of the hands.
Glamour once resided so emphatically in the stance of the model that the faces
in the illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but angles or
tilts. Illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but angles or
tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered in an attitude
of introspection; the head cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish angle: or the
profile presented in sharp outline, emanating power the severity like an
emperor's bust embossed on a Roman coin.
35.
Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as

Johnson said. is of two kinds you may know a thing yourself, and you may know
where to find it. Now the amount which you may actually know yourself must, at
its best, be limited, but what you may know of the sources of information may,
with proper training, become almost boundless. And here come the value and
use of reference books the working of one book in connexion with another-and
applying your own intelligence to both by this means we get as near to that
omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the
single volume or work which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast
number of reference books in existence a knowledge and proper use of which is
essential to every intelligent person Necessary as I believe reference books to
be, they can easily be made to be contributory to idleness and too mechanical
a use should not be made of them.
36. (Most Repeated)
Sports women's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the
paper records don't exist, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not
to put too fine a point on it, while we still have a chance. After all, if the records
aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost too.
37.
It is important to keep the quantities here in perspective. The volume of

radioactive waste is very small – even smaller if the used material is chemically
re-processed – but it has to be managed carefully. Most countries accept that
they are responsible for their own.
38.
A dog may be man’s best friend. But man is not always a dog ‘s over the
centuries selective breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce
what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of
these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies Dog
breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand
how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded
their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is
plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition inbred, and
this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America’ s
National Human Genome Research Institute who wish to identify the genetic
basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental.
39. (Most Repeated)
People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the general
population, because illness increases with age. However, the proportion of the
population who visited complementary health therapists was highest between
the ages 25 and 64 years. The lower rates for people aged 65 years and over
contrasted with the rate of visits to other health professionals which increased
steadily with increasing age. The reason for this difference might include lower
levels of acceptance of complementary therapies by older people.
Alternatively, older people may have different treatment priorities than do
younger people because their health on average is worse while their incomes are
generally lower.
40.
The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual
guilt and responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal
responsibility and culpability, to which the state responds by way of policing,
prosecution, adjudication and punishment. This is but one level at which crime
and criminal justice can be analysed. The problem is that so often analysis ends
there, at the level of individual action, characterized in terms of responsibility,
guilt, evil.
41. (Most Repeated)
Away from the rumble of Shanghai’s highways and the cacophony of the
shopping districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall BRICK
HOUSES. In the early evening or on a weekend morning, you’ll hear the SOUND
of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a
grandmother in her seventies. Wander down another alley toward drab HIGH-
RISES/SKYSCRAPERS and you’ll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a
violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute.
In China, classical music is BOOMING as mightily as the 1812 Overture. It’s

fortissimo in Shanghai, home to China’s oldest orchestra, forte in Beijing and
other lively cities, and on a crescendo in farther-flung areas. Commanding 100-
200($12.50-$25) per hour, private music teachers in Shanghai can readily earn
more than five times the average per capita monthly income.
42. (Most Repeated)
A locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but else where it’s a
different story. Edible insects – termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers
and giant water bugs – are on the menu for an estimated 80 per cent of the
world’s population.
More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example,
“kungu cakes” – made from midges – are a delicacy in part of Africa. Mexico is
an insect-eating – or entomophagous- hotspot, where more than 200 insect
species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat,
including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper
butterfly fetch around $250 a kilogram.
Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat
or fish. The female gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 per cent protein.
Insects can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of caterpillar
(Usta terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine. What do
they taste like? Ants have a lemon tanq, apparently, whereas giant water bugs
taste of mint and fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably,
inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects are often
accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration
even issues guidelines for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods.
For example, it is acceptable for 225 grams of macaroni to contain up to 225
insect fragments.
43. (Most Repeated)
None of the books in my father’s dusty old bookcase were forbidden. Yet while I
was growing up, I never saw anyone take one down. Most were massive tomes
– a comprehensive history of civilization, matching volumes of the great works of
western literature, numerous others I can no longer recall – that seemed almost
fused to shelves that bowed slightly from decades of steadfast support.
44.
In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools – including

Harvard, Stanford, the University of Chicago and Wharton – have moved away
from the unofficial admissions and prerequisite of four years’ work experience
and instead have set their sights on recent college graduates and so-called
“early career” professionals with only a couple years of work under their belt.
45. (Most Repeated)
By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheet metal, primarily
bronze or gold. However, the peak of feasting – and in particular, of the ‘political’
type of feast – came in the late Hallstatt period (about 600-450 BC), soon after
the foundation of the Greek colony of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the
Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the grape began to make its way north
and east along major river systems together with imported metal and ceramic
drinking vessels from the Greek world.
Wine was thus added to the list of mood-altering beverages – such as mead
and ale (see coloured text below) – available to establish social networks in Iron
Age Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneburg in
Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze
krater (or wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological
evidence of this interaction. Organic containers such as leather or wooden
wine barrels may also have travelled north into Europe but have not survived.
It is unknown what goods were traded in return, but they may have included
salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.
46.
Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do experiments. After

these have been done, he got his results. Then there are a lot of data from
scientists. The scientists around the world have a picture of world.
47.
Since nutrition scientists are constantly making new discoveries, we need to

revise our recommendations for healthy eating from time to time. However,
nutrition is an art as well as a science. It's an art because it requires creativity
to develop a healthy eating plan for people who differ in their food preferences,
beliefs and culture, let alone in their nutritional needs according to their genes
and life stage. As we discover more about how our genes and our environment
interact it's becoming increasingly difficult to provide a single set of dietary
recommendations that will be suitable for everyone.
48. (Most Repeated)
In the process of studying these techniques, I learned something remarkable:

that there’s far more potential in our minds than we often give them credit for.
I’m not just talking about the fact that it’s possible to memorize lots of
information using memory techniques. I’m talking about a lesson that is more
general, and in a way much bigger: that it’s possible, with training and hard
work, to teach oneself to do something that might seem really difficult.
49. (Most Repeated)
In 1959, the partial skeletal remains of an ancient woman estimated to be

10,000 years old were unearthed in Arlington Springs on Santa Rosa Island, one
of the eight Channel Islands off the southern California coast. They were
discovered by Phil C. Orr, curator of anthropology and natural history at the
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. The remains of the so-called Arlington
Springs woman were recently reanalysed by the latest radiocarbon dating
techniques and were found to be approximately 13,000 years old. The new date
makes her remains older than any other known human skeleton found so far in
North America. The discovery challenges the popular belief that the first
colonists to North America arrived at the end of the last ice age about 11,500
years ago by crossing a Bering land bridge that connected Siberia to Alaska and
north western Canada. The earlier date and the location of the woman's remains
on the island adds weight to an alternative theory that some early settlers may
have constructed boats and migrated from Asia by sailing down the Pacific coast.
50. (Most Repeated)
Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and
use it as a way of protecting our self-identities to the people around us. The
music we enjoy – whether it’s country or classical, rock n’ roll or rap –
REFLECTS who we are.
But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that
may not have a definitive answer. One LEADING researcher, however, has
proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in
the loving bond between mother and child. In a lecture at the University of
Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic
musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from ‘motherese’ –
the playful voices mothers ADOPT when speaking to INFANTS and toddlers.
51. (Most Repeated)
Part of the fun of experimenting with granular materials, says Stephen W.

Morris, is the showmanship. In one stunt that he has demonstrated in settings
ranging from high school classrooms to television studios, the University of
Toronto physicist loads clear plastic tubes with white table salt and black sand
and starts them rotating. What transpires in the tubes usually knocks the socks
off of any unsuspecting by stander? Instead of mixing into a drab gray
sameness, the sand particles slowly separate into crisp black bands cutting
across a long, narrow field of salt. As the spinning continues, some bands
disappear and new ones arise. "It's a parlor trick," Morris says. Not to deny its
entertainment value, this demonstration of how strangely granular materials
can behave is also an authentic experiment in a field both rich in fundamental
physics and major practical consequences.
What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but
what historians have selected. They cannot put in everything: choices have to
be made. Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should
be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school history lessons.
So, for example, when a national school curriculum for England and Wales was
first discussed at the end of 1980s, the history curriculum was the subject of
considerable public and media interest. Politicians argued about it; people wrote
letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time, Margaret Thatcher,
intervened in the debate. Let us think first about the question of content. There
were two main camps on this issue – those who thought the history of Britain
should take pride of place, and those who favored what was referred to as
‘world history’.
53. (Most Repeated)
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society examines U.S. history as
revealed through the experiences of all Americans, both ordinary and
extraordinary. With a thought-provoking and rich presentation, the authors
explore the complex lives of Americans of all national origins and cultural
backgrounds, at all levels of society, and in all regions of the country.
54. (Most Repeated)
Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are,
not surprisingly, a favorite pursuit for many divers. But as well as being
physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also support the livelihoods of
over half a billion people. What is more, this number is expected to double in
coming decades while the area of high-quality reef is expected to halve. In
combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to
increased seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at
some quite frightening scenarios.
55.
On average, Iceland experiences a major volcanic event once every 5 years.

Since the Middle Ages, a third of all the lava that has covered the earth's
surface has erupted in Iceland. However, according to a recent geological
hypothesis, this estimate does not include submarine eruptions, which are
much more extensive than those on the land surface.
56. (Most Repeated)
A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead.
Evan Ulrich and colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park turned
to the biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down helicopter that could
mimic the properties of full-size aircraft.
The complex design of full-size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk,
meaning that standard mini helicopters expend most of their power simply
fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realised that a simpler aircraft
designed to stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce
manufacturing costs to boot.
It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of trees such as the
maple have a single-blade structure that allows them to fly far away and drift
safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to spin
through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analysing the
behaviour of the samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able
to copy its design.
The samara copter is not the first single-winged helicopter – one was flown in
1952, and others have been attempted since – but it is the first to take
advantage of the samara’s autorotation. This allows Ulrich’s vehicle to perform
some neat tricks, such as falling safely to the ground if its motor fails or using
vertical columns of air to stay aloft indefinitely. “We can turn off the motor and
auto rotate, which requires no power to sustain,” says Ulrich.
57.
Since biological systems with signs of complex engineering are unlikely to have
arisen from accidents or coincidences, their organization must come from
natural selection, and hence should have functions useful for survival and
reproduction in the environments in which humans evolved.
If consciousness comes in degrees, then how far along on the spectrum is the
octopus? Octopuses almost certainly feel pain. They nurse and protect injured
body parts, and slow a preference not to be touched near wounds. In addition to
feeling pain, octopuses also have sophisticated sensory capacities: excellent
eyesight, and acute sensitivity to taste and smell. This, together with their large
nervous systems and complex behavior makes it all but certain. The question of
what subjective experience might be like for an octopus is complicated by the
odd relationship between its brain and body.
59. (Most Repeated)
The emperor is the giant of the penguin world and the most iconic of the birds of
Antarctica. Gold patches on their ears and on the top of their chest brighten up
their black heads. Emperors and their closest relative, the king penguin, have
unique breeding cycles, with very long chick-rearing periods. The emperor
penguins breed the furthest south of any penguin species, forming large colonies
on the sea-ice surrounding the Antarctic continent. They are true Antarctic birds,
rarely seen in the sub Antarctic waters. So that the chicks can fledge in the late
summer season, emperors breed during the cold, dark winter, with temperatures
as low at - 50°C and winds up to 200 km per hour. They trek 50–120 km (30–
75 mills) over the ice to breeding colonies which may include thousands of
individuals. The female lays a single egg in May then passes it over to her mate
to incubate whilst she goes to sea to feed. For nine weeks the male fasts, losing
45% of his body weight. The male balances the egg on his feet, which are
covered in a thick roll of skin and feathers. The egg can be 70°C warmer than
the outside temperature.
60. (Most Repeated)
Gauss was a child prodigy. There are many anecdotes concerning his precocity
as a child, and he made his first ground-breaking mathematical discoveries
while still a teenager. At just three years old, he corrected an error in his father
payroll calculations, and he was looking after his father’s accounts on a regular
basis by the age of 5. At the age of 7, he is reported to have amazed his
teachers by summing the integers from 1 to 100 almost instantly (having quickly
spotted that the sum was actually 50 pairs of numbers, with each pair summing
to 101, total 5,050). By the age of 12, he was already attending gymnasium and
criticizing Euclid’s geometry.
61. (Most Repeated)
Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today.

The report is the first snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the Measuring
National Well-being programme and will be updated and published annually.
Well-being is discussed in terms of the economy, people and the environment.
Information such as the unemployment rate or number of crimes against the
person are presented alongside data on people’s thoughts and feelings, for
example, satisfaction with our jobs or leisure time and fear of crime. Together,
a richer picture on ‘how society is doing’ is provided.
62.
Capital has often been thought of narrowly as physical capital – the machines,
tools, and equipment used in the production of other goods, but our wealth and
well-being also relies on natural capital. If we forget this, we risk degrading the
services that natural ecosystems provide, which support our economies and
sustain our lives. These services include purifying our water, regulating our
climate, reducing flood risk, and pollinating our crops.
The Natural Capital Project—a partnership among WWF, The Nature

Conservancy, University of Minnesota and Stanford University—works to provide
decision makers with reliable ways to assess the true value of the services that
ecosystems provide.
An essential element of the Natural Capital Project is developing tools that help
decision makers protect biodiversity and ecosystem services.
63.
Look at the recent "Most Respected Companies" survey by the Financial Times.
Who are the most respected companies and business leaders at the current
time? Rather predictably, they are Jack Welch and General Electric, and Bill
Gates, and Microsoft. Neither has achieved their world-class status through
playing nice. Welch is still remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his
business through, and for the environmental pollution incidents and
prosecutions. Microsoft has had one of the highest profile cases of bullying
market dominance of recent times - and Gates has been able to achieve the
financial status where he can choose to give lots of money away by being
ruthless in business.
64. (Most Repeated)
Sharks killed four people and bit 58 others around the world in 2006, a
comparatively dull year for dangerous encounters between the two species,
scientists said in their annual shark attack census on Tuesday. Shark bite
numbers grew steadily over the last century as humans reproduced
exponentially and spent more time at the seashore but the numbers have been
flat over the past five years as over-fishing thinned the shark population near
shore and swimmers got smarter about the risks of wading into certain areas,
Burgess said.
65.
The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their
most effective recruitment tool, particularly because it typically yields
candidates who are similar to previously successful candidates. Moreover,
satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to spread the word without
any special effort on the part of their program. Other, less personal advertising
approaches, such as radio and television spots and local newspaper
advertisements, have also proven fruitful, especially for newer programs. New
York uses a print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to
become teachers. Subway posters send provocative messages to burned-out or
disillusioned professionals. "Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in NYC kids" was
just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired invitations. News coverage has also
proven to be a boon to alternative programs. When the New York Times, for
example, ran a story about the district's alternative route program, 2,100
applications flooded in over the next six weeks.
66.
Chimpanzees’ posture, gesture, and facial expressions communicate many

messages and emotions between various individuals. When greeting a
dominant individual following an absence or in response to an aggressive
gesture, nervous subordinates may approach with submissive signals-
crouching, presenting the hindquarters, holding a hand out -accompanied by
pant-grunts or squeaks. In response, the dominant individual may make gesture
of reassurance, such as touching, kissing, or embracing.
67. (Most Repeated)
There has been increased research interest in the use of active video games (in
which players physically interact with images on screen) as means to promote
physical activity in children. The aim of this review was to assess active video
games as a means of increasing energy expenditure and physical activity
behavior in children. Students were obtained from computerized searches of
multiple electronic bibliographic databases. The last search was conducted in
December 2008. Eleven studies focused on the quantification of the energy cost
associated with playing active video games, and eight studies focused on the
utility of active video games as an intervention to increase physical activity in
children. Compared with traditional non-active video games, active video games
elicited greater energy expenditure, which was similar in intensity to mild to
moderate intensity physical activity. The intervention studies indicate that active
video games may have the potential to increase free-living physical activity and
improve body composition in children; however, methodological limitations
prevent definitive conclusions. Future research should focus on larger,
methodologically sound intervention trials to provide definitive answers as to
whether this technology is effective in promoting long-term physical activity in
children.
68.
Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As
long as a human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can
help the police to identify an individual to crack a case. An institute in London
can help reserve DNA and be used to match with the samples taken from the
crime scenes.
69.
In the fast-changing world of modern health care, the job of a doctor is more
and more like the job of a chief executive. The people who run hospital and
physicians’ practices don’t need to know medicine. They must also be able to
balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult
marketing and legal decisions.
70. (Most Repeated)
Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs.
Some eat only bird's eggs, which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has
no teeth. Instead, these snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone.
The spines crack the egg open a sit as it passes through the throat.
71.
What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feel separate
winners from losers? And is it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur
can possess? My observations of successful company owners lead me to
believe that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback. At critics； junctures
in commercial life, risk-taking is more an act of faith than a carefully balanced
choice. Frequently, such moments require decisiveness and absolute conviction
above all else. There is simply no time to wait for all the facts, or room. for
doubt. A computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a new
product. That journey involves too many unknowns, too much luck – and too
much sheer intuition, rather than the infallible logic that machines deliver so
well. As Chekhov said: “An artist’s flair is sometimes worth a scientist’s brains” –
entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been considering whether
to buy a company and what price to offer, I have been blinded too often by
reams of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers. Usually it pays to
stand back from such mountains of gray data and weigh up the really important
issues – and decide how you feel about the opportunity.
72.
An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French
impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada
this June. The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and
the Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir
paintings from 45 public and private collections.
73.
Folklore - a modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions,

stories, dances, and songs that have been adopted and maintained within a
given community by processes of repetition not reliant on the written word.
Along with folk songs and folktales this broad category of cultural forms
embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens,
spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes.
Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or
locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition.
74. (Most Repeated)
If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an

unusual way, it was probably made using technology based on the work of a
Monash researcher. Professor Joseph Monaghan who pioneered an influential
method for interpreting the behaviour of liquids that underlies most special
effects involving water has been honoured with election to the Australian
Academy of Sciences. Professor Monaghan, one of only 17 members elected in
2011, was recognised for developing the method of Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics,
engineering and physiology, as well as movie special effects. His research
started in 1977 when he tried to use computer simulation to describe the
formation of stars and stellar systems. The algorithms available at the time were
incapable of describing the complicated systems that evolve out of chaotic
clouds of gas in the galaxy. Professor Monaghan, and his colleague Bob Gingold,
took the novel and effective approach of replacing the fluid or gas in the
simulation with large numbers of particles with properties that mimicked those
of the fluid. SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics, where it is currently
used to simulate the evolution of the universe after the Big Bang, the formation
of stars, and the processes of planet building.
75.
Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since

the early 1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding
for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full responsibility for
funding higher education --- abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making
university accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to
participate in higher education. (SEE ENDNOTE 1) Since the late 1980s, there
has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees.
In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education
Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included a loans scheme to help students
finance their contributions. These enabled universities to remain accessible to
students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans.
In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for
postgraduate students --- the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS).
Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines
the three main sources --- Australian Government funding, student fees and
charges, and HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised through HECS
is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students'
university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years
after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university
students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS
debt
76.
You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others.
Libraries, study lounges or private rooms are best. above all, the places you
choose to study should not be distracting Distractions can build up, and the
first thing you know, you’ re out of time and out of luck. Make choosing a good
physical environment apart of your study habits.
77. (Most Repeated)
No two siblings are the same, not even identical twins. Parents often puzzle
about why their children are so different from one another. They’ll say, I
brought them up all the same. They forget that what determine our behavior
isn’t what happens to us but how we interpret what happens to us, and no two
people ever see anything in exactly the same way.
78.
In an often -cited study about counterfactuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich

(1995) found that bronze medallists appeared happier than silver medallists in
television coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics. Medvec et al. argued that
bronze medallists compared themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver
medallists compared themselves to gold medallists. These counterfactuals were
the most salient because they were either qualitatively different (gold vs. silver)
or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from what actually occurred.
Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic
athletes (among others) are more likely to make counterfactual comparisons
based on their prior expectations, consistent with decision affect theory. Silver
medallists are more likely to be disappointed because their personal expectations
are higher than those of bronze medallists. We provide a test between
expectancy-base versus category-based processing and discuss circumstances
that trigger each type of processing.
79.
Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to perpetrate

serious violence in the next two years, according to a University of Michigan
study. Researchers found there is a substantial cause and effect relationship
between exposure and perpetration of violence. Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a
doctoral student in health behavior and health education, analysed five years of
data from adolescents living in 78 neighbourhoods in Chicago. Bingenheimer is
lead author on a paper in this week’s journal Science.
80. (Most Repeated)
More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art

form in which nature and humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of
a particolored or multi-coloured arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often
emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts
emphasis on shapes, line, and form.
Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The
artist’s intention behind each arrangement is shown through a piece’s colour
combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied meaning of the
arrangement.
81.
Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of
his professional life listening to children, watching children and poring over
reports of researchers around the world who were doing the same. He found, to
put most succinctly, that children don’t think like grownups. After thousands of
interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to
suspect that behind their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought
processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein
called it a discovery “so simple that only a genius could have thought of it.”
Piaget’s insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By
the end of a wide-ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned
nearly 75 years—from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in
progress when he died at 84.
82.
UWS graduates Racha Abboud and Anna Ford, whose story first appeared in
Grad Life in December 2009, have successfully risen through the ranks to be
appointed Associates at leading western Sydney law firm, Coleman Greig
Lawyers. The promotion marks the culmination of many years of hard work for
these legal eagles who are the first to rise to this level from the firm’s Cadet
Lawyer program with UWS.
83. (Most Repeated)
Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans

Christian Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth
Grahame), Andersen was near-pathologically uncomfortable in the company of
adults. Of course all three had to work and interact with adults, but all three
really related well to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran
a puppet theater and was incredibly popular with children, and, of course, he
wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands
of editions since the 19th century.
Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of Andersen’s
works: “The Ugly Duckling,” The Emperor’s New Clothes,” The Nightingale, “The
Little Mermaid,’ The Match Girl, “and many others. Though, as with most folk
and fairy tales, they strike adult re-readers much differently than they do young
first-time readers.
Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t fit in, only to
exult in the discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-
identifiable messages: don’t tease people because they’re different; don’t fret
about your being different because some day you’ll discover what special gifts
you have.
A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen’s tales (including “The Ugly Duckling,”
which is not on our reading st), reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread.
People are often cruel and unfeeling, love is torturous–in general, the things of
the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy ending, but it’s not
conventionally happy. Characters are rewarded, but only after they manage
(often through death) to transcend the rigors of the mortal world.
84. (Most Repeated)
Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late
nineteenth century. During this period there has been an emphasis on scientific
thinking. Because of this emphasis, there have been many scientific studies in
psychology which explore different aspects of human nature. These include
studies into how biology (physical factors) influence human experience, how
people use their senses (touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know
the world, how people develop, why people behave in certain ways, how memory
works, how people develop language, how people understand and think about
the world, what motivates people, why people have emotions and how
personality develops. These scientific investigations all contribute to an
understanding of human nature.
85. (Most Repeated)
Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere every year but the gas is usually harmless. When a volcano erupts,
carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and isn’t concentrated in one
spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped underground under enormous
pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense cloud, it can push out oxygen-
rich air and become deadly.
86.
Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity
of its cross-cultural and marketing and partly because its utopian aspects
appeal powerfully to real needs in the capitalist society. Disney’s marketing is
unique because it captured the symbolic essence of childhood but the company
has gained access to all public shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and
educational film strips all point to the parks and each other.
87.
Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically
harmless to most people. When you’re allergic to something, your immune
system mistakenly believes that this substance is harmful to your body.
(Substances that cause allergic reactions- such as certain foods, dust, plant
pollen, or medicines- are known as allergens.)
In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system produces IGE antibodies
to that allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to
release chemicals into the blood stream, one of which is histamine.
The histamine then acts on the eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or
gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future
exposure to that same allergen will trigger this antibody response again. This
means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you’ll have
some form of allergy symptoms.
Re-order
(All are in Correct Order)
1. (Most Repeated)
1) SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru’s Amazon jungle, nestles in

a pocket on the map where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
2) That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally log gable land sandwiched
between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the
town. “Boundaries are on maps,” says a local logger, “maps are only in Lima,”
the capital.
3) In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate

logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.
4) It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
5) Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with

the right to log 5% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict
management plans and sustainable extraction.
2.
1) Take an underperforming company
2) Add some generous helping of debt, a few spoonful of management

incentives and trim all the fat.
3) Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
4) That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.
3. (Most Repeated)
1) Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills,

says Arun Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting Group in India.
2) Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable
them to provide services in a more cost effective way.
3) This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.
4) He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource

research to foreign universities if the capability is not available locally.
5) “This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having
to produce them myself,” said Mr. Maria.
4. (Most Repeated)
1) It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to vacate
her seat in the middle of the bus so that a white man could sit in her place.
2) She was arrested for her civil disobedience.
3) Parks’ arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots movement,

succeeded in catalyzing the Montgomery bus boycott.
4) Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because of Parks’
good standing with the community, her employment, and her marital status.
5) Earlier in 1955, Claudette Colvin, a 15-year old African American girl, had
been arrested for the same crime. However, King and his civil rights compatriots
did not feel that she would serve as an effective face for the civil rights
campaign.
5. (Most Repeated)
1)Whatever happened to the idea of progress and a better future? I still believe
in both.
2)The Brundtland Report, Our Common Future (1987), defines sustainable

development as “development which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
3)Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development could
not be sustained. Is this true?
4)Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to new
technologies and huge improvements in living standards.
5)To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of future

generations will be is mistaken and inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that
we are living on borrowed time.
6. Financial crisis at young age
1). Many people face serious financial crisis when they are only 20-30 years old.
2). This is because they do not really pay attention to their daily spending, and
has poured their spending on buying.
3). This will lead to them paying piling credit card loan and monthly payments.
4). Although they can have student loan, people should…(giving suggestion)
7. Bankruptcy
1). In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines respond
to demands to pay for clean-up in either of two ways.
2). Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company
bankrupt, in some cases conceal its assets, and transfer their business efforts to
other companies or to new companies that do not bear responsibility for clean-
up at the old mine.
3). If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be bankrupted
by clean-up costs, the company instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to
minimize the costs.
4). In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain toxic,
thereby endangering people, or else the U.S. federal government and the
Montana state government pay for the clean-up through the federal Superfund
and a corresponding Montana state fund.
8. Sustainable Development (Most Repeated)
1). Whatever happened to the idea of progress and a better future? I still believe
both
2). The Brundtland Report, our Common Future (1987) defines sustainable
development as” development which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
3). Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development
could not be sustained. Is this true?
4). Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to new
technologies and huge improvements in living standards.
5). To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of future

generations will be is mistaken and inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that
we are living on borrowed time.
9. Music record in Brazil
1). Early in 1938, one Folklore Research Mission dispatched to the north-eastern
hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission.
2). His intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible,
before encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the
region’s distinctive culture.
3). They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano

carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance
troupes and even children at play.
4). But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
10. Science and technology (Most Repeated)
1). It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and technology are
important.
2). Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some fairly
recent developments in science and technology.
3). Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument
4). But the fact that science underlies our lives, our health, our work, our
communications, our entertainment and our transport is undeniable.
11. Accounting System
1). Are there any systems that can measure the Accounting system?
2). Well, there is accounting software describes a type of application software

that records and processes accounting transactions within functional modules
such as accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance.
3). This enables the access anywhere at any time with any device which is
Internet enabled, or may be desktop based. It varies greatly in its complexity
and cost.
4). These tools combine together to provide quality customer service and create
a climate of confidence, a customer service strategy that helps meet the specific
needs.
12. Copernicus’s Heliocentric Theory (Most Repeated)
1). Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and
1514.
2). For years, however, he delayed publication of his controversial work, which
contradicted all the authorities of the time.
3). The historic book that contains the final version of his theory, De
Revolutionbus Orbium Coelestium Libri VI (“Six Books Concerning the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”), did not appear in print until 1543, the year
of his death.
4). According to legend, Copernicus received a copy as he was dying, on May

24, 1543.
5). The book opened the way to a truly scientific approach to astronomy. It had
a profound influence on later thinkers of the scientific revolution, including such
major figures as Galileo, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton.
13. (Most Repeated)
1) Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased, they invariably

share the system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which they work.
2) Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular

issue.
3) Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an
issue as it is to invite candidates from all political parties to a presidential
debate.
4) Some perspectives ultimately are not included.
14.
1)At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were awakened
by an earthquake that would devastate the city.
2)The main temblor, having a 7.7–7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and
was the result of the rupturing of the northernmost 296 miles of the 800-mile
San Andreas fault.
3)But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the
great fire that followed.
4)The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines (and, in
some cases, was helped along by people hoping to collect insurance for their
property—they were covered for fire, but not earthquake, damage).
15. (Most Repeated)
1) Vegetarians do not eat meat or fish in their diet.
2) This diet is not only unattractive but also may cause nutritional imbalance if
not managed well.
3) Restaurants and school cafeteria adjust and amend their menus to adapt to
this special diet.
4) Menus in all of these places have become more balance in nutrients, and also
attract those who are not vegetarians.
5) These developments/improvements won’t succeed without the effort of

vegetarians
1)Humans appear to be the only species which is able to translate their

communication into another medium, and in this case the medium provides a
semi-durable record of the elements of the communication.
2)So reading is a very special ability that we have.
3)Reading also is special because, unlike language, most children have to be

taught to read, write and spell.
4)So though we may be predisposed to being able to read and usually have the
abilities necessary to master reading, it is something that most of us only
accomplish through the direct help of others.
17. (Most Repeated)
1) New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world’s

most dynamic, emerging economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia
and Mexico.
2) We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with
250 innovative businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable
environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient water use, and
sustainable agriculture.
3) Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world’s poor.
4) For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Ecostar,
refurbishes copy machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for
20 percent less than a branded photocopier.
18. (Most Repeated)
1) Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging
from 7 to 8mi (11.3–12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.
2) They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air

masses. There are four major jet streams.
3) Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike
fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds
considerably slower than the wind speed itself.
4) Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether

tail windsor head winds are encountered.
5) In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in

order to gain speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
19.
1) Yet my study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are
spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also
Homo religious.
2) Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became

recognizably human; they created religions at the same time as they created
works of art.
3) This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
4) But these early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always
to have been an essential component of the human experience of this beautiful
yet terrifying world.
20. (Most Repeated)
1) Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help – if they
exist. But even prehistoric sites contain records – written in nature’s hand.
2) The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date

recovered objects relatively, if not absolutely.
3) However, when archaeologists want know the absolute date of a site, they
can often go beyond simple stratigraphy.
4) For example, tree ring, Dendrochronology (literally, ―tree time‖) dates

wooden artefacts by matching their ring patterns to known records, which, in
some areas of the world, span several thousand years.
21.
1)It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by
its biggest single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first
business in Indonesia.
2)The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor’s bosses finally
listened to shareholders who wanted the board to accept Mittal’s third offer.
3)The story tells us two things about European business, both positive.
4)Moreover, shareholder activism is increasing in a continent where until

recently it was depressingly rare.
5)General, and more important, the Arcelor Mittal deal demonstrates Europe’s
deepening integration into the global economy.
22. (Most Repeated)
1) Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and
1514.
2) For years, however, he delayed publication of his controversial work, which

contradicted all the authorities of the time.
3) The historic book that contains the final version of his theory, De
Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Libri VI (“Six Books Concerning the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”), did not appear in print until 1543, the year
of his death.
4) According to legend, Copernicus received a copy as he was dying, on May 24,

1543.
5) The book opened the way to a truly scientific approach to astronomy. It had a
profound influence on later thinkers of the scientific revolution, including such
major figures as Galileo, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton.
23. (Most Repeated)
1)The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century

transformed not only the natural philosophic leanings of astronomers but also
the store of conceptual material accessible to writers of fiction.
2)During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely
that of the scientific cosmic voyage.
3)Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional

characters’ journey to the moon, sun, and planets.
4)In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves
earth-like in character.
5)Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the

seventeenth-century intellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican
framework.
24.
1) A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of

your choice.
2) The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources.
3) The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be
written in APA styles.
4) The final draft is due one week before the final exam.
25. (Most Repeated)
1) There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those
emissions.
2) There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of

carbon pricing.
3) If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that
Canadian factories will relocate to other countries to avoid the regulation.
4) Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects
will be uneven across sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected
sectors might threaten the political viability of the policy.
26. (Most Repeated)
1) International Date Line, imaginary line on the earth’s surface, generally

following the180° meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement,
travelers change dates.
2) The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
3) For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr would
elapse a sit circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the
airplane while it would be one day later for those on the ground below them.
4) The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite

directions to a point on the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
5) The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the
date line change his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement when they
meet.
27.
1) After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as
the chief pilot of an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert
Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
2) He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Peoria and

Chicago, Illinois.
3) During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail
under any circumstances.
4) After a crash, he even salvaged stashes of mail from his burning aircraft and
immediately phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria’s airport manager, to advise him
to send a truck.
28. (Most Repeated)
1) Early in 1938, Mário de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here,

dispatched a four-member Folklore Research Mission to the northeastern
hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission.
2) His intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible,

before encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the
region’s distinctive culture.
3) Traveling by truck, horse and donkey, they recorded whoever and whatever
seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo priests,
quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play.
4) But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
29.
1)Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first semester of this

year studying at the University of California, Berkeley as part of the Monash
Abroad program.
2)Ne (Tan), an international student from Shanghai, China, began her Monash
journey at Monash College in October 2006.
3)There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter Monash University
as a second-year student.
4)Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her
complete four units of study in the US before returning to Australia in May 2009.
30. (Most Repeated)
1)Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or

academia (but possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a pretty
high level.
2)Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high
achievers needs to know how to talk without baffling them.
3)Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea
how difficult it is to master another language.
4)Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and
informal.
5)This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial

expressions, it makes comprehension harder.
31. (Most Repeated)
1) Numbers of staff who wish to turn up and do a simple job and go home is
relatively happy if they believe their work is secure.
2) However, any employee who wants to acquire more varied and responsible
duties will not feel satisfied for long staying with the same and boring job.
3) People want to keep working hard only if there are opportunities for
promotion to a more challenging job.
4) If this opportunity does not exist, they are most likely to be demotivated.
32.
1) Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and
stylistic contexts.
2) The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and

other decorative objects.
3) Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture
represented throughout their artwork.
4) Art historians compare different time periods in art history.
5) As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses several
methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art
and architecture.
33.
1) To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment

involving 22 calves.
2) Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand
which of their choices would lead to a reward.
3) In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes
arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart.
4) The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the
opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves'
faces.
5) The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.
34. (Most Repeated)
1) The Newnes railroad was closed in 1 932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale.
2) The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored
through the sandstone in the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to
its own devices.
3) For Newnes, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow
worms.
4) The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various
species, in this case, the Arachnocamparichardsae, a type of fungus gnat. Found
in massive numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of
the abandoned tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of sticky mucus.
35.
1) Hip hop emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the South
Bronx in the 1970s, and daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime,
violence, and neglect.
2) It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community and

social justice.
3) Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because
these values remain at its core that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive
social change around the world.
4) Yet, the hip hop project is not yet free from these difficult circumstances.
36. (Most Repeated)
1) According to experts, feeding birds is probably the most common way in

which people interact with wild animals today. More than 50 million Americans
engage in the practice, collectively undertaking an unwitting experiment on a
vast scale.
2) Is what we’re doing good or bad for birds?
3) Recently, researchers at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology sought to answer this

question, analysing nearly three decades’ worth of data from a winter-long
survey called Project Feeder Watch.
4) Preliminary results suggest the species visiting our feeders the most are
faring exceptionally well in an age when one-third of the continent’s birds need
urgent conservation.
5) Still, what are the consequences of skewing the odds in favor of the small
subset of species inclined to eat at feeders? What about when the bird we’re
aiding is invasive, like our house finch?
37. (Most Repeated)
1)Why Applied Computer Science?
2)Our Applied Computer Science major is all about giving you the skills to solve
computer-related problems.
3)With rapid advances in technology and new applications being developed

constantly, it is hard to say what those problems will be.
4)One thing is for sure, though, it is going to be exciting finding out.
38. (Most Repeated)
1)Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts, but
they are starting to utter warnings.
2)Last summer the editors of the Harvard educational review warned that
mayoral control can reduce parents' influence on schools.
3)And they pointed to mrbloomberg's aggressive style as an example of what

not to do.
4)All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when
mayoral control is up for renewal—or scrapping.
39.
1)Majority of Walmart customer have less money ‘at the end of the month.’
2)This was cause from lending of U.S.
3)This trend if confirmed will cause more trouble.
4)This damage is manageable.

40.
1) In ‘Easier Said than Done’, we set out some of the reasons why we might find
it hard to live in a healthy way, exercising, eating well, getting adequate sleep,
and checking for early warning symptoms.
2) Perhaps most importantly, we look the field of behavioral science for

strategies that people can use to overcome those hurdles and to initiate lifestyle
changes.
3) These include Commitment devices, where we make it very unattractive to

not follow through on an intention.
4) Changing exiting behaviors can be a difficult task, but with the help of these
strategies new behaviors can become habitual, facilitating a long-term sustained
healthy lifestyle.
41.
1) It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and technology are
important.
2) Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some fairly

recent developments in science and technology.
3) Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument.
4) But the fact that science underlines our lives, our health, our work, our
communications, our entertainment and our transport in undeniable.
42.
1) International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven approach in which

each half of the book leads with an intuitive introduction to theory and follows
with self-contained chapters to cover key policy applications.
2) The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and policy in hot
topics such as outsourcing, economic geography, trade and environment,
financial derivatives, the subprime crisis, and China’s exchange rate policies.
3) New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter problems are integrated into
MyEconLab, the online assessment and tutorial system that accompanies the
text.
4) Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can encourage

practice without needing to grade work by hand. For more information, visit
MyEconLab.
1) Unlike Barnes' previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of
viewpoint characters.
2) This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their interactions are
well-handled and informative, although occasionally in moving those about the
author's manipulations are a bit blatant. (Especially when one character's ex-
girlfriend, who has just undergone a sudden and not entirely credible change in
personality, is swept up by a Plot Device in Shining Armor and transported
directly across most of Mexico and a good bit of the States to where she happens
to bump into another viewpoint character.)
3) They're not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes
wreaking wholesale destruction upon the world's coastal areas, ethical categories
tend to become irrelevant.
4) But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.
44.
1) During the school year, we had the benefit of being both unaccountable and
omnipotent.
2) We could engage in impassioned debates about how as chief executive of a

certain company we would have done this, or if we had been the banker on that
deal we would have structured it like that.
3) Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical
information about the case, we were able to solve complex business problems
with relative ease.
4) We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the
case.
5) The information would be more nebulous and the outcomes of our decisions
would be unpredictable. (Any seriously bad choices could cost a lot of money.
6) So in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered in the back

of our minds was a collectively felt, unspeakable thought: "Were we really up to
the challenge?
45. (Most Repeated)
1)The European Union has two big fish problems.
2)One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own
fisheries can no longer meet European demand.
3)The other is that its governments won’t confront their fishing lobbies and
decommission all the surplus boats.
4)The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West
Africa. Since 1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal,
granting our fleets access to its waters.
5)As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as
ours.
46.
1)The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even to 500
individuals
2)And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen quarrel between any two
ants belonging to the same community.
3)However, it must be admitted that they are in hostility not only with most
other insects, including ants of different species, but even with those of the
same species if belonging to different communities.
4)I have over and over again introduced ants from one my nets into another
nest of the same species; and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or
an antenna, and dragged out.
5)It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one
another, which is very remarkable.
47.
1) When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on Harvard
Business Review in August 2010 mooting the idea of a “$300-house for the poor
were merely expressing a suggestion. “.
2) Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment,” wrote Prof

Govindarajan, a professor of international business at the Tuck School of
Business at Dartmouth and Mr Sarkar, a marketing consultant who works on
environmental issues an almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a “far-out”
idea.
3) Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn’t it been
done before?
4) Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: “We ask chief
executives, governments, NGOs, foundations: Are there any takers?”
48. (Most Repeated)
1) Are there any systems that can measure the Accounting system?
2) Well, there is accounting software describes a type of application software

that records and processes accounting transactions within functional modules
such as accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance.
3) It is a system in which functions as an accounting information system.
4) This enables the access anywhere at any time with any device which is
Internet-enabled, or maybe desktop based. It varies greatly in its complexity
and cost.
5) These tools identify quality customer service and create a climate of
confidence, a customer service strategy that helps meet the specific needs.
49.
1) When I was a young scholar, I do a ... research that change my perception.
2) I invited one student from their school each time, set them comfort and then
give them a puzzle.
3) One is very easily; another is very hard.
4) The students do the question with confuse and ...
5) I observe their behavior and record their strategies.
50. (Most Repeated)
1) Psychologists measure results in terms of validity and reliability.
2) Validity is defined as …
3) For example, when a survey is asking about someone’s personality, it

shouldn’t ask him chemistry questions.
4) Meanwhile, a survey also values reliability.
51.
1) Language can convey message
2) Especially written language
3) Music was conveyed orally only, until the 11th century when physical
instruments were invented to perform music.
4) It was hard to teach music
5) But now it’s easy.
52.
1)Frequently, car accidents occur in the morning;
2)Particularly, accidents occur from 5 am to 7 am;
3)During this time, teenage drivers
4)Raise concerns about this age group;
5)The system also to address; New measures more qualifications for teenager to
get license. (Also there is a system)
53. (Most Repeated)
1) A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of

your choice.
2) The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources.
3) The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be
written in APA styles.
4) The final draft is due one week before the final exam.
54. (Most Repeated)
1) A campaign has been launched to help people find out their ‘heart age’.
2) Ministry of Health has created an online test in an effort to reduce the

number of deaths from heart disease or stroke.
3) The free online heart age test asks people some basic lifestyle questions,
including blood pressure, and will give an instant estimation of someone’s heart
age.
4) In the urban areas, 75 percent of individuals who have taken the test have a
heart age that is at least one year older than their real age.
5) Those who have a heart age higher than their real age are at an increased
risk of heart attack or stroke.
55.
1) The Southern Pike is a big obnoxious fish species which inhabits Lake Erie.
2) This enormous hungry fish eats up little fishes such as trout and perch that
live in the lake.
3) As it kills all the smaller fishes, this gigantic predator poses a genuine risk to
the environment.
4) As a result, many species of fishes in the lake face extermination which is

unhealthy for the ecosystem.
56. (Most Repeated)
1) Freshwater fishes eat hundreds of plant species.
2) The largest fruit-eating fish are primarily responsible for seed distribution and
the growth of wetland habitat.
3) During summers, trees adjacent to the wetlands drop fruit into the water.
4) The greatest propagators of seeds are the large fishes which swallow these
fruits which then pass through their excreta.
5. Most plant species in tropical forests are dispersed in this way.
57.
1) Apple, cherry and apricot seeds are not considered to be edible.

2) They are hard, bitter, and unpleasant.
3) This bitter taste is a defensive feature which the plant produces to keep
animals like us from destroying it.
4) It comes from a substance called amygdalin.
5. This chemical turns into cyanide when it comes into contact with acids in the
human digestive system.
58. (Most Repeated)
1) Singapore Standard Time (SST) is used in Singapore and is 8 hours ahead of

UTC.
2)Singapore initially adopted the Malayan time, which was UTC+07:30, when it
was part of British Malaya in 1941,
3) Malaya adopted UTC+09 Tokyo time on 15 February 1942 after the Japanese
occupation.
4) While official appointments were made according to Tokyo time, it was

common practice to keep two separate times: pre-occupation time at home and
on personal watches, time in Tokyo.
5) At the end of the Second World War and Malaya ‘s returns to the British,
Singapore reverted to its pre-war time zone.
6) “Singapore Standard Time” (SST) was created on 1 January 1982, when

Singapore moved half an hour forward from the pre-war time zone, on 31
December 1981 at 11:30 pm.
59. (Most Repeated)
1) Goldfields is a spring flower that belongs to the sunflower family.
2) Covering vast stretches of open desert, this flower is found at elevations

below 4,500 feet.
3) The low-growing plant produces small but attractive blossoms on plains,

March to May.
4) Horses graze these blossoms avidly but are annoyed by a small fly that
frequents the fragrant blossoms, giving the plant the name “fly flower”.
59.
1) Chess is one of the oldest, and probably the most scientific game.
2) The origins of this game are mysterious.
3) It was first mentioned in Asian literature about 2000 B.C.
4) It was originally played by kings in India, Persia, and Arabia.

5) It is said that it was invented in order to teach the royals the art of war.
60.
1) Wal-Mart’s core shoppers are running out of money much faster than a year
ago due to rising gasoline prices, and the retail giant is worried, CEO Mike Duke
said Wednesday.
2) “We’re seeing core consumers under a lot of pressure,” Duke said at an event
in New York. “There’s no doubt that rising fuel prices are having an impact.”
3) Wal-Mart shoppers, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck, typically shop

in bulk at the beginning of the month when their paychecks come in.
4)Lately, they’re “running out of money” at a faster clip, he said.
5)“Purchases are really dropping off by the end of the month even more than
last year,” Duke said. “This end-of-month [purchases] cycle is growing to be a
concern.
61. (Most Repeated)
1) Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent

over millions of years.
2) Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of

introduced animals for habitat, food and shelter.
3) Some have also had to face new predators.
4) These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country’s soil
and waterways and on its native plants and animals.
62. (Most Repeated)
1) In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that
wiped outhis memory.
2) Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day
he didn’t have the foggiest idea.
3) Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the
kitchen to get something to eat.
4) Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains
where habits are stored has nothing to do with memory or reason. It offered
proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed more than a century
agothat humans “are mere walking bundles of habits.
63.
1) In language learning there is a distinction between competence and

performance. Competence is a state of the speaker’s mind. What he or she
knows?
2) Separate form actual performance-what he or she does while producing or
comprehending language. In other words, competence is put to use through
performance.
3) An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the
Code and have indeed been tested on it to obtain a driving license.
4) In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the Code to a continuous
flow of changing circumstances, and may even break it from time to time.
5) Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.
64. (Most Repeated)
1) A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father-led

literacy project, to encourage fathers to become more involved in their children’s
literacy.
2) Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number
of fathers participating as literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at
Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
3) Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking saw the need
for good attitudes towards reading to be formed early on – with the help of more
male role models.
4) She said. “A male that values reading sets a powerful role model, particularly
for young boys, who are statistically more likely to end up in remedial literacy
program.
65. (Most Repeated)
1) Fibers suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat
protein gluten.
2) The fibers are as strong and soft as wool and silk.
3) However, up to 30 times cheaper.
4) Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibers at the University of
Nebraska in Lincoln. He says that because they are biodegradable, they might be
used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
66.
1）The “Festival in The Desert” is a celebration of the musical heritage of the

Touareg, a fiercely independent nomadic people.
2）It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of

Timbuktu, the ancient city on the Niger River.
3）Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to
negotiate.
4）The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day
feast of music and dance.
67. Hip Hop Culture
1). Hip Hop culture emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of
the South Bronx in the 1970s, and daily experiences of poverty, racism,
exclusion, crime, violence, and neglect.
2). It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community

and social justice.
3). Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because
these values remain at its core that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive
social change around the world.
4). Yet, the Hip Hop project is not yet free from these difficult circumstances.
68. Copernicanism (Most Repeated)
1). The expending influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century

transformed not only the natural philosophic leaning of astronomers but also the
store of conceptual material accessible to writers of fiction.
2). During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely
that of the scientific cosmic voyage.
3). Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional
characters’ journey to the moon, sun, and planets.
4). In do doing, they discover that these once remote world are themselves
earth-like in character.
5). Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the

seventeenth-century intellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican.
69. EU Fish Problems
1). The European Union has two big fish problems.
2). One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own
fisheries can no longer meet European demand.
3). The other is that its governments won’t confront their fishing lobbies and
decommission all the surplus boats.
4). The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West
Africa. Since 1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal,
granting our fleets access to its waters.
5). As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as
ours.
70. New Ventures (Most Repeated)
1). New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world’s
most dynamic, emerging economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia
and Mexico.
2). We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with
250 innovative businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable
environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient water use, and
sustainable agriculture.
3). Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world’s poor.
4). For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Eco-star,
refurbishes copy machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for
20 percent less than a branded photocopier.
71. Internship (Most Repeated)
1). During the school year, we had the benefit of being both unaccountable and
omnipotent.
2). Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical
information about the case, we were able to solve complex business problems
with relative ease.
3). We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the
case.
4). The information would be more nebulous and the outcomes of our decisions
would be unpredictable.
5). So in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered in the back
of our minds was a collectively felt, unspeakable thought: "Were we really up to
the challenge?"
SST
1. Fight-or-flight response
The Fight or Flight response can be understood through the role of emotions in
our lives. Basic emotions like fear or anger have evolved as signals to help meet
our need for self-preservation. Upon encountering a survival threat, the brain
runs information from our senses through primitive parts of our brain. These
areas communicate with the rest of our brain and our body to create signals we
can’t ignore easily.
2. Prevention of pandemic Transmitting (Most Repeated)
The impact of the pandemic would be catastrophic if it is similar to what we had

in 1918. There has been unprecedented amount of preparation in the US with
efforts for treatment, better prevention and clinical management. However, the
real challenge lies with developing countries who do not have the level of
resources found in more developed countries.
3. Industrialization
Notions of pragmatism and democracy have succeeded in tempering the market

economy. The Industrial Revolution had a negative effect on people, particularly
on the working class. But eventually, a legislation about working conditions
circumscribed some of the worst behavior. In the 20th century, we put
regulations that composed better environmental conditions. Some of the damage
was reversed and we have made the market economy work.
4. Management and leadership (Most Repeated)
According to the Education Leadership Initiative, education leaders need to be

dynamic and entrepreneurial people who can create change. Force are combining
from Stanford’s School of Business and School of Education to support the
development of central office leaders’ management and leadership skills. The
program incorporates case-studies, research-based presentation, and group
collaboration. However, they must also realize that it is their own responsibility
to achieve and accomplish.
5. Talent war V1 (Most Repeated)
There is an intense competition to hire the most talented workers due to a talent
shortage. Although we have this sense that countries are battling to keep
immigrants out, countries are really trying to lure bright young people in. The
talent shortage means that organizations are competing to hire the best and the
brightest. Talent is a premium because of an aging baby-boom population and
an increasingly sophisticated economy.
6. Talent war V2
There was a war for talents in the 1990s due to talent shortage. In this war,
immigrants competed with local students. The collapse of loyalty also meant that
employees were willing to change their workplace for higher incomes. Some
reasons were the changing economy and the shrinking labour force. There was
also a mismatch between what schools were producing and what companies
needed.
7. Children literature
Although Britain has perhaps the longest and distinguished tradition of creating
books for children, these books are often taken for granted. Children’s books do
cultural work by being a place where children learn vocabularies and get
vicarious experiences. They are also a source of information about the views and
opinions of a particular period in time.
8. Smile of mother and baby (Most Repeated)
Researchers have found that when babies smile, they want the person they’re
interacting with to smile back. In the study, interactions between mothers and
their infants were quantified. The researchers found that for mothers, the goal
70% of the time was to be smiling simultaneously. For babies however, 80% of
the time they just wanted their mother smiling at them.
9. Indian peasants’ debt V1 (Most Repeated)
Farmers in India have committed suicide due to debt created by the high cost of
replacing destroyed seeds. Community seed banks have been established to
collect, save and multiply seeds, and then distribute them according to farmers’
needs. These seed banks allow us to respond to the new crises of globalization
ad climate change.
10. Vitamin D V2
Understanding what Vitamin D does requires understanding the central concept.

Although Vitamin D also maintains strong bones and teeth, its real function is to
maintain blood calcium levels. Blood calcium is important for muscle contraction
and nerve transmission. Without enough blood calcium, you can’t contract
muscles normally and there can’t be normal nerve impulses. This results in
tetany, where you get uncontrolled convulsions followed by rapid death.
11. Children’s depression
10-Points Answer (Most Repeated)
Research from the 16thcentury found that a dramatic increase in children's

depression can increase risk of life. For example, long-term illnesses like heart
disease are caused by depression. Since children with depression respond
differently to medical treatment, specialists have struggled to find a perfect
medicine. Thus, even the number of children suffering from depression has
increased, it remains a mystery for scientists and needs to be resolved soon.
12. Global Warming (Most Repeated)

The increasingly apparent effects of global climate change have raised concerned
among commercial interests, individuals and national governments. Many think
that Ehrlich's Malthusian "Population Bomb" of 1968 involving a three-part crisis
scenario bears resemblance to today’s climate change crisis. Although Ehrlich's
work has been criticized and much of what he predicted did not occur, it is in
everyone’s interest to apply the Precautionary Principle now rather than later.
13. Translator and interpreter
It's a common misconception that translators and interpreters do the same

thing. However, translation refers to written communication whereas interpreting
refers to verbal communication. Further, both jobs require different skills. For
instance, translating requires the ability to write well and comprehensively, while
interpreters need to be able to speak both languages proficiently Finally,
although both roles acquire years of training, what they can learn from training
will be completely different.
14. Fossil fuels
The developed world’s dependence on fossil fuels as a source of energy is

unsustainable as it is a finite resource. Further, setting fire to fossil fuels has
climate change implications. And even if you don’t find the first two motivations
compelling, you might depend on other places for fossil fuels in the future. So
you have a security of supply motivation for taking fossil fuel dependence
seriously.
15. Citizenship curriculum (Most Repeated)
The speaker’s subject report celebrates schools with substantial developments in

the citizenship curriculum. It is also critical of schools who have not taken
citizenship seriously. Citizenship is marginalized in the curriculum in one-fifth of
schools. For instance, it is less-established than other subjects. However, the
progress made by more committed schools shows that introducing citizenship is
worthwhile. It can address cores kills, attitude sand values needed by young
people.
16. Flower Colour
Why the bumble bees pick some flowers over others? Researchers have known for a while
that flower’s colour can be a signal. Colour in short hand that says to a bee: hey, I get some
good quality nectar here, want to stop by for a visit. But new findings show that bees also
use colour to get clues about a flower’s temperature. And according to a study from a British
research team published in the journal Nature, some like it hot. Bees use up a lot of energy
just stay in warm on some days. In fact, they can’t even fly if they are too cold. So if one
flower is warmer than another, a bee can save some of its fuel by basking on that flower
while it’s doing its pollinating business. And it turns out that bumble bees consistently do
choose warmer flowers over cooler ones, even when the two flowers offer up the same
quantity and quality of nectar. Some plants seem to be evolutionarily adapted to be slightly
warmer because the warmer ones get visited more by the chilly bees. When it comes to
getting pollinated, apparently the heat is on, and that is the buzz.
17. Cocoa
Although cocoa was mainly used as a beverage during the time of the Aztecs, it
also had other uses. Cocoa beans were used as currency and as tribute tax.
Cocoa butter, which was the oily layer floating in the chocolate drink, was used
to protect skin against the sun. Cocoa also had a religious significance for the
Aztecs, believed to be a bridge between earth and heaven.
18. Talent war . (Most Repeated)
The war for talent refers to an increasingly competitive landscape for recruiting
and retaining talented employees. It is intensified by increasing demand with
decreasing supply demographically. There is an underlying assumption that
knowledge workers are the key competitive resource in knowledge- intensive
industries. Although the book never explicitly defines talent, it describes
managerial talent as some combination of a sharp strategic mind, leadership
ability, emotional maturity, and communication skills.
19. Benefit of laughter
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combatting adversity. For example,

for nearly thirty years until the Berlin wall was dismantled, wall jokes
proliferated because laughter was all that was left. Jokes about the ruling class
are also a form of folklore that existed in societies such as Czarist Russia,
12thcentury Persia and modern-day Iran. Humor can also be subversive as it can
protect self-resect and identity.
20. A mother’s loan (Most Repeated)
The speaker is 43 years old, but still owes tens of thousands in student loans.
Fifteen years after college, she still worries extensively about her family’s
financial situation. Her loans have been accruing at a rate of 10% and she
doubts they will ever get paid off. Her kids will also have to rely on parents for
college support. She wishes she had chosen another educational route.
21. Globalization
Globalisation is a process embodying the transformation of the spatial

organization of social relations and transactions. It involves four changes. First,
it involves the stretching of social, political and economic activities. Second, it
suggests the intensification of interconnectedness. Third, this interconnectedness
can be linked to a speeding up of global interactions and processes. Finally, the
growing extensity, intensity and velocity of global interactions can be associated
with their deepening impact.
22. Vitamin D
Vitamin D is involved in increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, and

magnesium. Very few foods contain Vitamin D, and its major source is synthesis
through the skin. Although Vitamin D from sunlight contributes to preventing
toxicity, there are no recommendations regarding the amount of sun exposure
needed due to cancer risks. Thus, the Dietary Reference Intake for vitamin D
assumes no synthesis occurs, even though this is rarely true.
23. Universities’ competition
LSE is not only in competition for the best students, it’s also in competition for
staff. The academic market is highly global, and due to the widespread use of
English, universities in English-speaking countries are exposed to even more
intensive competition. LSE is in competition for government funding, research
contracts, and philanthropic pounds. Further, many donors think of the LSE’s
request alongside other charities to which they are committed.
24. Animal survive
There are some factors that species and animals need to survive and reproduce.
These include environmental conditions, tolerance range and altitude. Animals
migrate to find a new habitat because of changes in the environment. Humans
are the only organism that extensively uses technology to extend the limits of its
natural tolerance range.
26. Biology
Although butterflies, flowers and dolphins look different, they are interconnected
as all creatures are based on genetic and inherited information. Cells are the
foundation of building organs, and they contain the same chemicals. All cells
have DNA and RNA, used for storing and transmitting genetic and inherited
material. All organs have metabolism systems, which convert energy through
chemical reaction.
27. Welsh language (Most Repeated)
Welsh is spoken in Wales and the Welsh colony of Patagonia, Argentina. In the
early 20th century, about half the population of Wales spoke Welsh as an
everyday language. However, this fell to around 20% towards the end of the
century. The 2001 census revealed that 582, 369 people can speak Welsh and
659, 301 people can either speak, read or write it.
28. ATM
People forget to their cards from the ATM, commonly because they take their
money and walk away. However, this is becoming less common in the UK where
theATMhasbeenrestructuredsothatpeoplenowhavetotaketheircardsbefore they get
their money. Although it is undesirable to forget your money, it is more
catastrophic to lose your cards as this can access your bank account.
29. Kid museum (Most Repeated)
The speaker and her children were once thrown out of a museum for being too
noisy. She wrote a big piece about it on The Guardian that garnered readers’
attention. As such, the Guardian set up a campaign called ‘Kids in Museums’.
The speaker also began touring and speaking about how to make museums
family- friendly. The National Gallery director even contacted her, saying that he
wanted to work together.
30. Hans Krebs (Most Repeated)
Hans Kreb published a paper showing the sequence of chemical reactions by

which energy is released in individual cells. This is now called the Krebs cycle.
Krebs shows how determination can overcome many obstacles. His father
constantly discouraged him and told him he had mediocre intelligence. The great
biochemist Otto Warburg similarly told him that he only had mediocre ability and
would never be a great scientist.
31. Endangered language
Language death isn’t in the mainstream of anything. Most people have difficulty
appreciating what the crisis is all about because they aren’t used to thinking
about language as an issue itself. We need to change these mind-sets and get
people thinking about language more explicitly and intimately. Although people
are interested in topics such as where words come from, a willingness to focus
that interest on general issues is rare.
32. Living things
Too many people make statements that assume we are not animals. However, if
we are not animals what are we? We are not plants, trees, flowers, or
microorganisms. Then the natural conclusion must be that we are not living
things, which is not true. Thus, we are animals. To understand human nature,
we can look into animal behavior to find out about what made us who we are.
33. Light bulb
This 40-watt lightbulb uses one kilowatt everyday if left on all the time. It’s
possible to express all forms of power consumption using the unit of a
lightbulb. Plugging in a phone charger uses one hundredth of a lightbulb of
power. However, taking one bath everyday uses the same energy as five
lightbulbs on non-stop. Today, the average British person is using 125 light
bulbs of power.
34. Different spectacles (Most Repeated)
In fashion terms, spectacles are classes of accessories, along with shoes,

jewellery and handbags. In healthcare terms, they are a medical device often
described as prosthesis or an artificial part of the body. Lifestyle dispensing
refers to people owning two or more pairs for different occasions or times of day.
This idea that you wear different types of spectacles in the workplace and the
beach dates back to the 1950s.
35. Safe drinking water (Most Repeated)
Water is a critical part of our environment and our bodies- in fact, your body is
almost 70% water. Although you can go for weeks without food, you can only go
four or five minutes without air. And you can only go four or five days without
water. Problematically, however, water is a largely neglected area of
environmental law, given our increasing knowledge about chemical threats to
water quality.
36. Voynich manuscript
There are many different theories about the Voynich transcript. Although it’s now
been carbon dated from the 15thcentury, some think that somebody just made
this invention to fool people and make money. Others also believe that someone
encoded lots of secrets in it, hoping no one would find out. However, the speaker
believes it’s a human-devised script masking a genuine human language.
37. Language and music (Most Repeated)
Music and language have a lot of similarities- for instance, they are both forms
of communication. Darwin and Leonard Bernstein have written about the
possible evolutionary links between music and language. This topic continues to
interest scientists today but there are some obvious similarities. Both music and
language have rhythmic systematic patterns of timing, accent and grouping.
They also both convey affect, which means emotion though sound.
38. Contracts
A contract is an agreement between two parties. Proponents of the social

contract theory argue that people benefit from living together in society under
government oversight. Since living together requires rules and laws, social
contracts provide the framework for how people and governments interact. In
exchange for gaining protection from outsiders, individuals must give up certain
freedoms and contribute to making the society stable, wealthy and happy.
Write from dictation
1. City planners recognize the needs for accessible public transport options.
2. Sugar is a solid carbohydrate which is always used to sweeten food.
3. A scholarship is available for both local and international students.
4. Leave the building immediately if the fire alarm goes off.
5. Rivers provide habitat and migration pathways for numerous species. (Most
Repeated)
6. The finding shows that chocolate can improve memory, immunity and mood.
(Most Repeated)
7. Accommodation on campus is limited but there are more options nearby.
8. Career mobility is very important for new graduates.
9. The key difference between courses is the kind of assessment.
10. The theme of the issue was the estimation of the problem. (Most
Repeated)
11. Doctoral writings have the structure in place as well as scientific papers.
12. The meeting has some struggling overlaps. (Most Repeated)
13. Listening is the key skill to succeed in this course. (Most Repeated)
14. All answers must be examined and supported by relevant theory.
15. This course is very integrated because it has several parts.
16. The properties should be appropriately distributed. (Most Repeated)
17. The curriculum needed to be adjusted for development.
18. The lecture will cover the reason of climate change. (Most Repeated)
19. When launching a product, researching and marketing are very vital.
20. We can have a lecture on the morning of Thursday.
21. Organizational failure is considered in various perspectives in academic

literature. (Most Repeated)
22. The extent of advertising for children is open to much debate.
23. The early works of this research are more experimental. (Most Repeated)
24. It is a slash to debate about the value of the knowledge.
25. The report contains the most important information. (Most Repeated)
26. Rising sales figures mean a rise in demand.

27. Behind the group, there is a flat cart drawn by the mules. (Most Repeated)
28. When met with high potential risks, companies will raise their prices.
29. It is absolutely vital to allocate your resources.
30. Software companies design and create new products. (Most Repeated)
31. The commissioner will collect fines for the sovereignty.
32. Identity theft happens to thousands of people every year.
33. And in that regard, as well as in other regards, it stands as an important

contribution. (Most Repeated)
34. Climate change is a fierce phenomenon concentrated by scientists.
35. They have struggled since last year to make their services paid.
36. The glimpse of something is an enormously rewarding experience.
37. A party is thrown in the small meeting room. (Most Repeated)
38. Higher numbers of patients were infected than previous during outbreaks of
illness.
39. Students were instructed to stand in a straight line outside the classroom.
40. Your agents will collect the commission for each house they sell.
41. Article numbers are collected through interesting experiments.
42. The elective course introduces engineering students to construct practices

and concepts.
43. The coffee house has special student discounts throughout the week.
44. Our group is going to meet tomorrow in the library conference room. (Most
Repeated)
45. Interim grades will be posted on the board outside the student lounge.
46. The time of the math lecture has been changed to ten thirty.
47. In spite of the differences, all the species of life share certain characteristics.
48. It is hard to observe the reaction of the character.
49. Try to work with each other to build up a sense of cooperation and team
spirit.
50. There is a strict eligibility criterion to undertake background speaker studies.

(Most Repeated)
51. If it helps to take notes in order to concentrate, please do so.
52. Materials and resources are on hold at the library's front desk.
53. Lectures' outlines are available on the college internal website. (Most
Repeated)
54. You are required to submit your assignment by Friday.
55. Climate change is being acknowledged by many scientists.
56. The toughest part of the research for postgraduate students is the funding.
57. The importance of this event was not yet fully understood. (Most
Repeated)
58. I thought we would meet in the small meeting room.
59. You can contact all your tutors by email. (Most Repeated)
60. Our class is divided into two groups, you come with me, others stay here.
61. The results of the experiment are reported in the table below.
62. Sales figures for last year were better than expected. (Most Repeated)
63. Avoid confusing the cause and effect of these changes.
64. They were struggling last year to make their service payments. (Most
Repeated)
65. Please note that the college laboratory will be closed for cleaning next week.
66. A number of students have volunteer jobs.
67. If you are not sure, phone student services for help.
68. The celebrated theory has a great degree of controversy.
69. The morning’s lecture on economic policy has been cancelled. (Most
Repeated)
70. Successful applicants will work with a large team of researchers.
71. Presidential elections are held once every four years.
72. Preparation is important to avoid mishaps in the lab. (Most Repeated)
73. Your task is to create demand for the product.
74. The decision was made with the support of several faculty members.
75. All staff must leave from the fire hydrant exit. (Most Repeated)
76. The cart carries a single object.
77. The company needs to polish its image.
78. In a written assignment/course, a detail review of literature is very

important. (Most Repeated)
79. The qualification will be assessed with criterion to approach.
80. The article illustrates a large number of very interesting experiments.
The article reflects a number of very interesting experiments. (Most Repeated)
81. Our study program equips students with essential skills for university.
82. Salt is produced from the sea water or extracted from the ground. (Most
Repeated)
83. You must hand in your essays by midday on Friday.
84. The transformation of media has changed the way information both used
and studied.
85. Purity is one feature that makes gold expensive. (Most Repeated)
86. The commissioner will portion the funds among all the sovereignties.
87. His appointment as the Minister of Culture was seen as a demotion.
88. A series of lectures shown us in economics have been recorded. (Most

Repeated)
89. A laptop computer has been found at biology labs.
A laptop computer has been found in the biology labs.
90. Fruits containing too much sugar have little or no value.
91. The research has produced some other unexpected results.
92. All medical students must clean their hands before entering the room. (Most
Repeated)
93. Food cannot be eaten in the main library. (Most Repeated)
94. The north campus car park could be closed on Sunday. (Most Repeated)
95. Students should leave their bags on the table by the door.
96. Scientists recognized the different ice types according to the water molecule
content. (Most Repeated)
Scientists recognize differences among water molecule content.
97. Animals and plants have a number of cells in common.
Animals and plants have cells have a number of structures/cells in common.
98. The opening hours of the library are reduced during summer.
99. The researchers are disappointed that their materials are proved to be
inconclusive.
100. Statistically speaking, the likelihood of result is extremely low.

101. Resources are hold on at the library desk. (Most Repeated)
102. International students come from all around the world.
103. Growing population has posed a challenge to many governments. (Most

Repeated)
Dealing with the growing population is a challenge for many governments.
104. There is an important difference between mass production and batch

production.
105. Artists played their own roles as critics of culture. (Most Repeated)
Artists, other than politicians, played their own roles as critics of the
culture.
106. One of the functions of the internal organ is to keep the body warm.
One function of the body fat is to keep (all) internal organs warm.
107. The railway makes long distance travel possible for everyone.
108. That means they have so many struggling overlaps. (Most Repeated)
109. A celebrated theory is still the source of a great controversy.
110. The teacher asks the group to commence the task.
111. The coffee machine on the third floor is not working today.
112. We study science to understand and appreciate the world around us.
113. All of the assignments should be submitted in person to the faculty office.
114. Scientists are always asking the government for money.
115. The library holds a substantial collection of materials on economic history.

(Most Repeated)
116. The evaluation forms will be reviewed by university personnel.
117. Behind the garage is a secret storage room.
Behind the group, there is a flat cart drawn by mules.
118. I thought it was thrown in a small meeting room. (Most Repeated)
119. If finance is/finances are the cause of a concern, scholarships may be

available.
120. It is absolutely vital that you acknowledge all your sources.
121. Resources of materials are on hold on the library reference desk. (Most
Repeated)
122. The first assignment is due on the fourteenth of September.

123. When workers ask for higher wages, companies often raise their prices.
124. Extracurricular activities can help students to develop more talents.
125. The history of economics is a tricky subject to research. (Most

Repeated)
126. Students must attend the safety course before enter the engineering
workshop.
127. Field trips are essential parts of most geography courses. (Most
Repeated)
128. A new collection of articles has just been published. (Most Repeated)
129. Physical health/strengths can be improved by regular training/exercise.
130. Students are required to have an undergraduate degree in Biology to be

enrolled in this course. (Most Repeated)
131. Philosophers need logical and rational to analyse human experience.
132. A good abstract shows the key points of a paper. (Most Repeated)
133. You will be tested via quiz and dissertation.
134. Since the problems we face are global, we need to find the relative global
solutions. (Most Repeated)
135. Relying on natural abilities will not follow in natural science.
136. Students are encouraged to think carefully about their accommodation

needs.
137. Babies can distinguish between what is language and what is not.
138. Undergraduates may pursue their specific interests within certificate

programs.
139. You need finish your research paper by Monday. (Most Repeated)
140. Two sides have disagreed on how to solve the problem.
141. This course involves a combination of pure and applied mathematics.
142. So let me know if anyone struggles in the lab/labs. (Most Repeated)
143. You will study three courses and four studying modules.
144. The summer course was cancelled due to insufficient enrolments.
145. Good research delivers practical benefits for real people. (Most Repeated)
146. Undergraduates may pursue their specific interests within certificate

programs. (Most Repeated)
147. The orchestra will be led by the visiting conductor.
148. The history course will be assessed via three written assignments.
149. The effective business management is always happened with new ideas.
150. The government is funding a research study about the consequences of

unemployment.
151. The temperature is assigned to climate change.
152. The skills of great stage actors cannot be taught. . (Most Repeated)
153. Linguists is the scientific study and analysis of the language.
154. The rest of the materials were deposited partway down the catchment.
155. It is hard to anticipate how all the different characters would react.
156. Students have the options to live in college residences or apartments.
157. The qualification will be assessed by using a criterion reference to

approach.
158. She used to be an editor of the student newspaper. (Most Repeated)
159. The chemistry building is located near the entrance of the campus. (Most
Repeated)
160. The paper challenged many previously accepted theories.
161. Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the

deadline.
162. Radio is one of the most popular forms of entertainment throughout the
world.
163. A laptop computer has been found in the computer labs.
A laptop computer has been found at biology labs. (Most Repeated)
164. The placement test of mathematics and science is opened to every

semester. (Most Repeated)
165. Native speakers are exempt from the language tests in their own language.
166. While reconciliation is desirable, basic underlying issues must first be

addressed.
167. Animals raised in captivity behave differently than their wild counterparts.
168. Resources and materials are on hold at the library’s front desk. (Most
Repeated)
169. The students were instructed to submit their assignments before Friday.
170. The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
171. Our professor is hosting the business development conference. (Most

Repeated)
172. You are required to complete your research paper by next Monday.
173. Observers waited nervously and with bated breath for the concert.
174. The chemical building is in the interior of the campus. (Most Repeated)
175. Traffic is the main cause of pollution in main cities.
176. The following morning's economic lectures will be cancelled. (Most

Repeated)
The following economic policy lecture has been cancelled.
177. This morning's lecture on economic policy has been cancelled.
178. Students are instructed to hand in their assignments by the end of this
week.
179. Undergraduate students may participate in specific stages within the

program.
180. The theme of the instrumental work exhibits more of a demure,

composition style. (Most Repeated)
The theme of the work requires a demure composition style.
181. Computer system provides manufacturing a high level of accuracy. (Most

Repeated)
Control systems in manufacturing require a high level of accuracy.
182. The ways in which people communicate are constantly changing.
183. We can't consider any increase in price at this stage. (Most Repeated)
184. Participants initially select from a range of foundation subjects.
185. The artists tied with the conservative politicians earned the roles of critics.
(Most Repeated)
186. Mutually exclusive events are neither complementary nor opposing.
Mutually exclusive events are either complementary or opposing.
187. Mutually exclusive events can be described as either complementary or

opposite.
188. Synopsis contains the most important information.
189. You can contact all your tutors by email. (Most Repeated)
190. Those seeking a formal extension should contact their faculty for more
information.
191. The teacher asked the group to commence the task.
192. The sociology department is highly regarded worldwide.
193. Before submitting your dissertation, your advisor must approve your
application. (Most Repeated)
194. Clinical placement in nursing prepares students for professional practice.
Clinical placement for nursing prepares students for professional

practice/work. (Most Repeated)
195. Most of these features were part of the previous system.
196. The massive accumulation of data was converted into a communicable

argument.
197. Many graduates studying journalism get jobs in communication field.
198. Teaching assistants will receive a monthly stipend for housing.
199. Tribes vied with each other to build up monolithic statues. (Most
Repeated)
Please work with each other to build monolithic status.
200. Review all your sources before drawing any conclusions.
201. The nation achieved prosperity by opening its exports for trade/trading.
202. You will need to purchase an academic gown before the commencement.
203. Free campus tours run daily during the summer for prospective students.
(Most Repeated)
204. Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among reputable

scientists.
205. Everyone must evacuate from the premises during the fire drill.
206. Most of students have not considered these issues before.
207. Students' concession cards can be obtained by completing an application

form.
208. Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental concepts in economics.
(Most Repeated)
209. The aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough evaluation.
210. The city’s founder created a set of rules that became to law. (Most
Repeated)
211. The same issue featured both explanations of the problem.
212. The toughest part of public transport is funding. (Most Repeated)
The toughest part of research for postgraduate students is funding.
213. They have struggled since last year to make their services paid.
They were struggling last year to make their service pay.
214. University departments should carefully monitor articles and publications

by faculty. (Most Repeated)
215. Your lowest quiz grade has been omitted from the calculations. (Most
Repeated)
216. Many universities' lectures can now be reviewed on the Internet. (Most
Repeated)
217. The university provides excellent facilities for the students and staffs.
218. Children start producing words before they are able to walk.
219. Psychologists say what we have experienced influences our behaviors.
220. This course aims to develop your knowledge of statistics. (Most

Repeated)
221. Designers need to keep up with the social trend.
222. Eating fish twice a week is recommended for a healthy diet.
223. There are many different styles of business management. (Most

Repeated)

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Read loud

1. Girls Outperform Boys

2. The Only Family

3. Elephant (Most Repeated)

6. Carbon Emission (Most Repeated)

First-year university students have designed and built a groundbreaking electric

The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on

10. Akimbo (Most Repeated)

12. Online Shopping Environments

A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow

14. The Most Measurable Benefit

15. Preparation of abstract

The preparation of abstract is an intellectual effort, requiring general familiarity

16. Domestic Work

Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist because of the

17. Recycle used materials (Most Repeated)

18. Brain’s working (Most Repeated)

20. Brain Hemispheres

21. Fast food (Most Repeated)

23. Private Equity

24. Productive Capacity

25. Plants (Most Repeated)

The maximum yield of plants, determined by their genetic potential, is seldom

26. Projects (Most Repeated)

This year the National Environmental Science Competition received excellent

27. No ordinary book

28. Hybrid electric vehicles (Most Repeated)

29. Training process of actor (Most Repeated)

The training of an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity, courage

30. Statistical Information

The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens

32. Population Growth (Most Repeated)

33. Museum of art

35. Marijuana (Most Repeated)

Another administration option is to bake marijuana at a relatively low

36. Literature (Most Repeated)

38. Learning (Most Repeated)

3. Chapter one provides the historical background to the topic.

Children are not allowed in the chemical labs.

5. The study of archaeology requires extensive international fieldwork.

6. All lectures’ handouts are downloadable on the university website. (Most

7. I will be in my office every day from ten to twelve.

I will be in my office every day from 11 o'clock to 2 o'clock.

8. The US ranks 22nd in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP.

10. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic selection clash on my

13. Our university has strong partnerships with industries as well as

14. This part of session is not supported by documentation.

18. A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight.

23. Companies need to satisfy customers’ needs if they want to be successful.

27. You can pay by cash or using a credit card.

28. The seminar on writing has been canceled.

29. It is interesting to observe the development of the language skills of

31. Company exists to make money, not to change world.

32. Many of the university’s original buildings are still in use.

34. In marketing, short-term thinking leads to many problems.

37. We didn't mean to ask him to do it because he cannot manage it.

44. In 1880, cycling became a phenomenon in the United States.

49. This hypothesis on black hole is rendered moot as explanation of the

50. Don’t forget to hand in your assignment by next Tuesday.

52. I could not save my work as my computer got crashed.

55. There is no noticeable variance between 2 and 3 tests.

59. Negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussion of gender.

69. The most modern agricultural equipment is now extremely expensive.