SYNOPSIS

The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground

cable fault from base station in kilometers. The underground cable system is a
common practice followed in many urban areas. While a fault occurs for some
reason, at that time the repairing process related to that particular cable is
difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. The proposed
system is to find the exact location of the fault. The project uses the standard
concept of Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end
through a series resistor (Cable lines), then current would vary depending upon
the location of fault in the cable. In case there is a short circuit (Line to Ground),
the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed to an
ADC to develop precise digital data which the programmed microcontroller of
8051 family would display in kilometers. The project is assembled with a set of
resistors representing cable length in KM’s and fault creation is made by a set of
switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault
occurring at a particular distance and the respective phase is displayed on a LCD
interfaced to the microcontroller. Further this project can be enhanced by using
capacitor in an ac circuit to measure the impedance which can even locate the
open circuited cable, unlike the short circuited fault only using resistors in DC
circuit as followed in the above proposed project.

INTRODUCTION
1
 The increasing electricity demand, together with the complex, dynamic and
distributed electricity supplies have caused serious power grid congestion issues in the
future smart grid. Utilities require advanced monitoring of their assets to ensure
reliable and safety power for their users. However, the improved monitoring, e.g.,
dynamic thermal rating and Partial discharge (PD) monitoring technologies for
overhead and underground lines, and wide area measurement system (WAMS) for
online rotor angle stability and inter-area oscillations monitoring applications, are
based on the accurate measurements of voltages and currents. Traditional current
transformer (CTs), mainly used to measure currents in power systems, are wound on
closed cores of silicon steel sheets; thus, they are easily influenced by magnetic
saturation and hysteresis. Furthermore, the need for a closed iron core and the bulky
volume of traditional CTs further limit the development of an intelligent power
protection system.

Compared with traditional CTs, electronic current transformers (ECTs) are one
of the main technologies for implementing condition monitoring for smart
transmission grids and intelligent substations owing to the ECT’s characteristics of no
saturation, small volume, light weight, good insulation, and easy digitization.
Furthermore, based on the wide current measurement range, the ECT can achieve a
multifunctional design for both measurable and protective purposes. By doing this, the
entire sensing structure, which is based on Rogowski coils or optical Faraday Effect
sensors, becomes lighter and smaller. In practical applications, there is complicated
technology and high cost lead to unpopularity. With the advanced development of
wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies in recent years, wireless sensors with the
advantages of rare geography restrictions, simple engineering design, and flexible
equipment expansion facilitates many smart monitoring applications in power industry
without environmental restrictions. Now several wireless current sensors are already
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exist in the commercial markets and researches, and are widely and massively used for
monitoring overhead lines to master the status of the power system in real-time.

Underground cables have been widely implemented due to reliability and

environmental concerns. To improve the reliability of a distribution system, accurate
identification of a faulted segment is required in order to reduce the interruption time
during fault, i.e., to restore services by determining a faulted segment in timely
manner. In the conventional way of detecting a fault, an exhaustive search in larger-
scale distance has been conducted. This is time-consuming and inefficient. Not only
that the manpower resource is not utilized, but also the restoration time may vary
depending on the reliability of the outage information. As such, deriving an efficient
technique to locate a fault can improve system reliability.

Use of underground power cable is expanding due to safety considerations and

enhanced reliability in the distribution and transmission systems in recent times. Due
to safety reasons and high power requirements in densely populated areas, use of
underground cable has seen a sharp hike in recent times .Till last decade’s cables were
made to lay overhead& currently it is lay to underground cable which is superior to
earlier method. Because the underground cable are not affected by any adverse weather
condition such as storm, snow, heavy rainfall as well as pollution. But when any fault
occur in cable, then it is difficult to locate fault. So we will move to find the exact
location of fault. Now the world is become digitalized so the project is intended to
detect the Location of fault in digital way. The underground cable system is more
common practice followed in many urban areas. While fault occurs for some reason, at
that time the repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not
knowing the exact location of cable fault.

The objective of this method is to determine the distance of underground cable fault
from base station in kilometers using an Arduino board. Generally use overhead lines.

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We can easily identify the faults but in rushed places or familiar cities we couldn’t use
overhead lines. So, moving to underground cables, underground cables used largely in
urban area instead of overhead lines. We can’t easily identify the faults in the
underground cables. This method deals with PIC microcontroller, buzzer and LCD.
This proposes greatly reduces the time and operates effectively. The underground
cabling system is a common practice followed in many urban areas. Many time faults
occur due to construction works and other reasons. At that time it is difficult to dig out
cable due to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. This proposes greatly
reduces the time and operates effectively. The underground cabling system is a
common practice followed in many urban areas. Many time faults occur due to
construction works and other reasons. At that time it is difficult to dig out cable due to
not knowing the exact location of the cable fault.

Voltage
Transformer Bridge rectifier Display Unit
Regulator

HEX
KEYPAD LCD Driver LCD

BLUETOOTH Microcontroller CURRENT

SENSOR
RFID FAULT
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
RELAY SWITCH
DRIVER
BUTTON

MULTIPLEXED
RELAYS
 Fig. Block Diagram

2.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

In this cable fault detection system used PIC microcontroller for controlling the
whole process of this underground cable fault detection. In this monitoring system
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consists of PIC microcontroller, LCD-display, power supply unit, voltage sensor,
Current sensor, GSM and Android mobile. The power supply unit is given to the circuit
for supply input voltage of 12v. PIC microcontroller is used to control the connected
components. Voltage sensor is used to measure the voltage in power line and it given to
the controller. Current sensor is used to measure the current in power line and it given
to the controller. GSM modem is used to interface the mobile device to the controller.
The mobile device displays the fault detection in the underground power lines.
Components are interfaced with PIC microcontroller. PIC microcontrollers are widely
used for industrial purpose due to its high performance ability at low power
consumption. It is also very famous due to moderate cost and easy availability of its
supporting software and hardware tools like compilers, simulators, debuggers.

3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 Fig. Circuit Diagram

3.2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

The proposed underground cable fault detection system design was the choosing
of a suitable micro-controller. The requirements for the micro-controller are
PIC16F877A; a RS232 port, a fair amount of output Digital I/O, and a reasonable
speed. The sensors are connected in the analog pins of controller. Also a reasonable
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amount of EEPROM was needed to enables the system to store device status. PIC is a
readymade and open source evaluation Kit based on an 8-bit microcontroller. PIC
Microcontroller is the core of hardware interface module, in which GSM for
exchanging data between controller from one side, and mobile from the other side. PIC
communicates with GSM modem through RS232 protocol. If components are directly
connected to hardware interface module, an isolating interface is needed to protect
controller from interference.

COMPONENTS DETAILS

PIC MICRO CONTROLLER

POWER SUPPLY

8
TRANSFORMER

LCD DISPLAY

RELAY

4.1 PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLER

The PIC microcontroller PIC16f877a is one of the most renowned microcontrollers

in the industry. This controller is very convenient to use, the coding or programming of this
controller is also easier. One of the main advantages is that it can be write-erase as many
times as possible because it use FLASH memory technology. It has a total number of 40

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pins and there are 33 pins for input and output. PIC16F877A also have many applications
in digital electronics circuits.

Pin Diagram

Fig. Pin Diagram of PIC 16F877A.

4.1.1 High Performance RISC CPU

 Only 35 single word instructions to learn.

 All single cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle.

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  Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input.

DC - 200 ns instruction cycle.

 2K x 14 words of Program Memory, 128 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM).

 Pin out compatible to PIC16C72/72A and PIC16F872.

 Interrupt capability.

 Eight-level deep hardware stack.

 Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes.

4.1.2 Peripheral Features

 High Sink/Source Current: 25 Ma.

 Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler.

 Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler can be incremented during. SLEEP via
external crystal/clock.

 Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler.

 Capture, Compare, PWM (CCP) module.

 Capture is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 12.5 ns.

 Compare is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 200 ns.

 PWM max. Resolution is 10-bit.

 8-bit, 5-channel analog-to-digital converter.

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  Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master/Slave) and I2C™ (Slave).

 Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR).

4.1.3 Special Microcontroller Features

 1,000 erase/write cycle FLASH program memory typical.

 Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer
(OST).
 Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation.
 Programmable code protection.
 Power saving SLEEP mode.
 Selectable oscillator options.
 In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via 2 pins.
 Processor read access to program memory.

4.1.4 Memory Organization

There are two memory blocks in the PIC16F72 device. These are the program
memory and the data memory. Each block has separate buses so that concurrent access can
occur. Program memory and data memory are explained in this section. Program memory
can be read internally by the user code.

The data memory can further be broken down into the general purpose RAM and the
Special Function Registers (SFRs). The operations of the SFRs that control the “core” are
described here. The SFRs used to control the peripheral modules are described in the
section discussing each individual peripheral module.

4.1.5 Analog-To-Digital Converter (A/D) Module

The analog-to-digital (A/D) converter module has five inputs for the PIC16F72. The
A/D allows conversion of an analog input signal to a corresponding 8-bit digital number.
The output of the sample and hold is the input into the converter, which generates the result
via successive approximation. The analog reference voltage is software selectable to either
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the device’s positive supply voltage (VDD) or the voltage level on the RA3/AN3/VREF
pin. The A/D converter has a unique feature of being able to operate while the device is in
SLEEP mode. To operate in SLEEP, the A/D conversion clock must be derived from the
A/D’s internal RC oscillator. The A/D module has three registers:

 A/D Result Register ADRESS.

 A/D Control Register 0 ADCON0.
 A/D Control Register 1 ADCON1.

A device RESET forces all registers to their RESET state. This forces the A/D
module to be turned off and any conversion is aborted. The ADCON0 register, shown in
Register 10-1, controls the operation of the A/D module. The ADCON1 register, shown in
Register 10-2, configures the functions of the port pins. The port pins can be configured as
analog inputs (RA3 can also be a voltage reference) or a digital I/O.

4.2 POWER SUPPLY

The power supply is very important section of all electronic devices as all the
electronic devices works only in DC. One important aspect of the project is that the
power supply should be compact. Most electronic devices need a source of DC power.

Power supply unit consists of following units:

1. Step down transformer.

2. Rectifier unit.

3. Input filter.

4. Regulator unit.

5. Output filter.

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 Fig. Power supply circuit

The circuit is powered by a 12V dc adapter, which is given to LM7805 voltage

regulator by means of a forward voltage protection diode and is decoupled by means of
a 0.1uf capacitor. The voltage regulator gives an output of exactly 5V dc supply. The
5V dc supply is given to all the components including the Micro controller, the serial
port, and the IR transmitters and sensors.

The AC supply which when fed to the step down transformer is leveled down to
12 volts AC. This is then fed to full wave rectifier which converts it in to 12 volts DC.
This is then passed to a filter to remove the ripples. Then it is fed to a voltage regulator
that converts 12 V to 5 V stable voltages and currents.

4.2.1 Step-down Transformer

The step down transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from
230AC to lower value. This 230AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus its stepped
down. The transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step
down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in its

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secondary core. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is essential. This conversion is
achieved by using the rectifier circuit.

4.2.2 Rectifier Unit

The Rectifier circuit is used to convert AC voltage into its corresponding DC

voltage. There are Half-Wave and Full-Wave rectifiers available for this specific
function. The most important and simple device used in rectifier circuit is the diode.
The simple function of the diode is to conduct when forward biased and not to conduct
when reverse biased. The forward bias is achieved by connecting the diode’s positive
with of positive of battery and negative with battery’s negative. The efficient circuit
used is full wave bridge rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled
form, the ripples from the obtained DC voltage are removed using other circuits
available. The circuit used for removing the ripples is called Filter circuit.

4.2.3 Input Filter

Capacitors are used as filters. The ripples from the DC voltage are removed and
pure DC voltage is obtained. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging
and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will discharge
in its negative half cycle, so it allows only ACC voltage and does not allow the DC
voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Thus the output is free from ripples.

4.2.4 Regulator Unit

Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output voltage
is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage. As and then the
AC voltage changes, the DC voltage also changes. To avoid this, regulators are used.
Also when the internal resistance of the power supply is greater than 30 ohms, the pull

15
up gets affected. Thus this can be successfully reduced here. The regulators are mainly
classified for low voltage and for high voltage.

IC Voltage Regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device and
overload protection all in a single IC. Although the internal construction of the IC
somewhat is different from that described for discrete voltage regulator circuits, the
external operation is much the same. IC units provide the regulation of a fixed positive
voltage, a fixed negative voltage or an adjustably set voltage.

A Power Supply can be built using a transformer connected to the AC supply

line to step the ac voltage to desired amplitude, then rectifying that ac voltage using IC
regulator. The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from
hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from
milli watts to tens of watts.

The purpose of the regulator is to maintain the output voltage constant

irrespective of the fluctuations in the input voltage. The Micro controller and PC work
at a constant supply voltage of +5V,-5Vand +12V and -12V respectively. The regulators
are mainly classified for positive and negative voltage.

LM 7805 Voltage Regulator

The MC78XX/LM78XX series of three-terminal positive regulators are

available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages,
making them useful in a wide range of application.

16
 Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe
operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking
is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.

Features

1. Output Current up to 1A.

2. Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 24V.

3. Thermal Overload Protection.

4. Short Circuit Protection.

5. Output Transistor Safe Operating area Protection.

4.2.5 Output Filter

The filter circuit is often fixed after the regulator circuit. Capacitor is most often
used as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It charges
during the positive half cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the negative half
cycle. So it allows AC voltage and not DC voltage. This filter is fixed after the
regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally.

4.3 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two

or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a
varying electromotive force or voltage in a second coil. Power can be transferred
between the two coils through the magnetic field, without a metallic connection
between the two circuits. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating
voltages in electric power applications.
17
4.3.1 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Voltage transformers, also referred to as potential transformers, are designed to

have an accurately known transformation ratio in both magnitude and phase,
over a range of measuring circuit impedances. A voltage transformer is intended to
present a negligible load to the supply being measured. The low secondary voltage
allows protective relay equipment and measuring instruments to be operated at lower
voltages.

4.3.2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

In electrical engineering, a current transformer is used for measurement of

electrical currents. Current transformers, together with potential transformers, are
known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly
apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current
accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently
connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates
the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored
circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering
and protective relays in the electrical power industry.

4.4 16X2 LCD DISPLAY

To establish a good communication between human world and machine world,

display units play an important role. And so they are an important part of embedded
systems. Display units - big or small, work on the same basic principle. Besides
complex display units like graphic displays and 3D displays, one must know working
with simple displays like 16x1 and 16x2 units.

18
 Fig. LCD Display

The 16x1 display unit will have 16 characters and are in one line. The 16x2 will
have 32 characters in total 16in 1st line and another 16 in 2nd line. Here one must
understand that in each character there are 5x10=50 pixels so to display one character
all 50 pixels must work together. But we need not to worry about that because there
is another controller (HD44780) in the display unit which does the job of controlling
the pixels.

4.5 CURRENT SENSOR

Measuring a voltage in any system is a passive activity as it can be done easily

at any point in the system without affecting the system performance. However, current
measurement is intrusive as it demands insertion of some type of sensor which
introduces a risk of affecting system performance.

Current measurement is of vital importance in many power and instrumentation

systems. Traditionally, current sensing was primarily for circuit protection and
control. However, with the advancement in technology, current sensing has emerged as
a method to monitor and enhance performance. Knowing the amount of current being
delivered to the load can be useful for wide variety of applications. Current sensing is
used in wide range of electronic systems, viz., Battery life indicators and chargers, 4-20
19
mA systems, over-current protection and supervising circuits, current and voltage
regulators, DC/DC converters, ground fault detectors, programmable current sources,
linear and switch-mode power supplies, communications devices , automotive power
electronics, motor speed controls and overload protection, etc.

Fig. Current sensor

4.5.1 Advantages of Current Sensor

 Low cost

 High measurement accuracy

 Measurable current range from very low to medium

 Capability to measure DC or AC current

4.6 VOLTAGE SENSOR

A voltage sensor is going to be able to determine and even monitor and measure
the voltage supply. It is then able to take those measurements and turn them into a
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signal that one will then be able to read. The signal will often go into a specialized
electronic device for recording, but sometimes, an observer will be present to manually
read the sensor output.

Fig. Voltage sensor

4.6.1 Features

Electrical voltage sensors vary in terms of performance specifications, optional

features, and environmental operating conditions. Performance specifications include:

 Maximum AC voltage frequency

 Response time

 Accuracy

4.6.2 Application

There are a variety of applications for electrical voltage sensors. For example,
devices that measure AC voltage levels are used in applications such as power demand
control, power failure detection, load sensing, safety switching, and motor overload
control. Electrical voltage sensors that measure DC voltages are used in energy

21
management control systems (EMCS), building control systems (BCS), fault detection,
data acquisition, and temperature control.

4.7 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of

the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and most
have double throw switch contacts. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit
which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery
circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical
connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and
mechanical. The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a
12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower
voltages. Most ICs cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to
amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The
maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can
supply relay coils directly without amplification.

Fig. Relay

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch
contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available.
22
For further information about switch contacts and the terms used to describe them
please see the page on switches. Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you
can solder wires directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the
plastic case of the relay. The supplier's catalogue or website should show the relay's
connections. The coil will be obvious and it may be connected either way round. To
prevent damage you must connect a protection diode across the relay coil. The
animated picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch contacts. This lever
moves the switch contacts. There is one set of contacts in the foreground and another
behind them, making the relay DPDT. The relay's switch connections are usually
labeled COM, NC and NO.

COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the switch.

NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.

NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

ADVANTAGES

This includes aesthetics, higher public acceptance, and perceived benefits of

protection against electromagnetic field radiation (which is still present in underground
lines), fewer interruptions, and lower maintenance costs. Failure rates of overhead lines
and underground cables vary widely, but typically underground cable outage rates are
about half of their equivalent overhead line types. Potentially far fewer momentary
interruptions occur from lightning, animals and tree branches falling on wires which
de-energize a circuit and then reenergize it a moment later. Primary benefits most often
cited can be divided into four areas:

 Potentially-Reduced Maintenance and Operating Costs

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  Lower storm restoration cost
 Lower tree-trimming cost

 Improved Reliability
 Increased reliability during severe weather (wind-related storm damage will be
greatly reduced for an underground system, and areas not subjected to
flooding and storm surges experience minimal damage and interruption of
electric service.
 Less damage during severe weather
 Far fewer momentary interruptions
 Improved utility relations regarding tree trimming

 Improved Public Safety

 Fewer motor vehicle accidents
 Reduced live-wire contact injuries
 Fewer Fires
 Improved Property Values
 Improved aesthetics (removal of unsightly poles and wires, enhanced tree
canopies).
 Fewer structures impacting sidewalks

Advantages of proposed system

 Low transmission rate

 High-speed communication
 High security
 Ultra-low power consumption
 Low cost
 Less maintenance
 It has higher efficiency
 Less fault occur in underground cable
 Underground cable fault location model is applicable to all types of cable
ranging from 1kv to 500kvand other types of cable fault such as-Short circuit
fault, cable cuts, Resistive fault, Sheath faults, Water trees, Partial discharges.

APPLICATIONS
24
  This system can be implemented in road ways.

 This system can be used to identify the fault variations.

CONCLUSION

The underground cable fault detection system has been successfully designed
and tested. This system is intended to detect the circuit fault in the underground cables
by using a PIC microcontroller. The PIC microcontroller is works based on the output
of the sensor values. By using PIC controller find out exact fault location. Once faults
occur in the cable, the display unit displays the exact fault location. In this method, the
measured current is detected as being in the small or medium current range. The RMS
value per current cycle is transmitted to a back-end monitoring system to accomplish
real-time monitoring. This system detect only the location of short circuit fault in
underground cable line, and also detect the location of open circuit fault, to detect the
open circuit fault capacitor is used in ac circuit which measure the change in
impedance & calculate the distance of fault.

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 CODING

#include<pic.h>

#define _XTAL_FREQ 10000000

#define rs RE2

#define en RE0

#define sw RC1

#define app RB1

#define led RB0

#define relay RB2

#define relay1 RB3

#define fan RB4

#define pump RB5

void lcd_init();

26
void command(unsigned char);

void lcd_condisp(unsigned char);

void lcdcmd(unsigned char);

void lcd_data(unsigned char);

void adc_init();

void adc0();

void ser_init();

void ser_dis(const unsigned char*da);

void ser_out(unsigned char ss);

void ser_data_out(unsigned int);

void hex_dec1(unsigned int);

void delay(unsigned char del)

unsigned int i,j;

for(i=0;i<=del;i++)

for(j=0;j<=100;j++);

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}

void lcd_condis(const char *q)

while(*q)

lcd_condisp(*q++);

delay(10);

void lcd_init()

command(0x02);

command(0x28);

// command(0x38);

command(0x0C);

command(0x06);

command(0x01);

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void command(unsigned char cmd_value)

unsigned char cmd_value1;

cmd_value1 = (cmd_value & 0xf0);

lcdcmd(cmd_value1);

cmd_value1 = ((cmd_value & 0x0f)<<4);

lcdcmd(cmd_value1);

void lcd_condisp(unsigned char data_value)

unsigned char data_value1;

data_value1=((data_value & 0xf0));

lcd_data(data_value1);

data_value1=((data_value & 0x0f)<<4);

lcd_data(data_value1);

void lcdcmd(unsigned char cmdout)

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 PORTD=cmdout;

rs=0;

en=1;

delay(10);

en=0;

void lcd_data(unsigned char dataout)

PORTD=dataout;

rs=1;

en=1;

delay(10);

en=0;

delay(10);

rs=0;

void lcd_disp(unsigned char data_value)

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 unsigned char data_value1;

data_value1=((data_value&0xf0)>>4);

lcd_data(data_value1);

data_value1=(data_value& 0x0f);

lcd_data(data_value1);

void cpu_seq(const unsigned char *word)

while(*word)

ser_out(*word++);

void mob_init();

void sms1();

void sms2();

void mcu_init();

void adc0();

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void ser_init();

void ser_out(unsigned char ss);

void ser_dis(const unsigned char*da);

unsigned int temp1,temp0,AA,BB,a,b,val;

unsigned char j,val1,val2;

unsigned char hh,cv;

unsigned int th,thr,h,hr,t,o;

unsigned int temp,ii;

unsigned int t,cnt,val;

unsigned int th,thr,h,hr,tt,o,count;

unsigned int a,b,AA;

bit g,c,fi;

void main()

ADCON1=0x07;

TRISE=0X00;

TRISB=0X00;

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TRISC=0XC0;

TRISD=0X00;

TRISA=0XFF;

PORTA=0X00;

PORTB=0X00;

PORTC=0X00;

PORTD=0X00;

PORTE=0X00;

int n=0;

RB0=0;

mcu_init();

AA=1;

lcd_init();

ser_init();

mob_init();

command(0x01);

command(0x80);

lcd_condis("MULTITRANSFORMER");

33
 command(0xc0);

lcd_condis(" OIL MONITORING ");

delay(500);

while(1)

relay=1;

adc0();

command(0xc0);

lcd_condis("Temprature:");

command(0xcb);

hex_dec1(val);

command(0xcE);

lcd_condis("C");

if(val>=35)

relay=0;

relay1=1;

led=1;

34
app=1;

sms1();

n=1;

else{

led=0;

relay1=0;

if(sw==1 && n==0)

command(0x01);

command(0x80);

lcd_condis(" LOW OIL LEVEL ");

pump=1;

app=1;

sms2();

n=1;

35
else if(sw==0 && n==1)

pump=0;

app=0;

n=0;

void mob_init()

ser_dis("AT");

ser_out(0x0d);

delay(500);

ser_dis("AT");

ser_out(0x0d);

delay(500);

ser_dis("AT+CMGF=1");

ser_out(0x0d);

36
 delay(500);

void mcu_init()

TRISB = 0X0F;

TRISE = 0X00;

TRISD = 0X00;

TRISC = 0X00;

TRISA = 0X0F; // analog input(4 ch)

ADCON1= 0X82; // A/D Input sel

void adc0()

ADCON0=0XC5;

while(ADGO);

__delay_ms(100);

a=ADRESL;

37
b=ADRESH;

b=b*256;

val=(b+a)/2;

void sms1()

ser_dis("AT+CSCS=");

ser_out('"');

ser_dis("GSM");

ser_out('"');

delay(500);

ser_out(0x0d);

ser_dis("AT+CMGS=");

ser_out('"');

ser_dis("9876543210");

ser_out('"');

delay(500);

ser_out(0x0d);

38
 ser_dis("TEMPERATURE HIGH");

ser_out(0x1A);

delay(500);

void sms2()

ser_dis("AT+CSCS=");

ser_out('"');

ser_dis("GSM");

ser_out('"');

delay(500);

ser_out(0x0d);

ser_dis("AT+CMGS=");

ser_out('"');

ser_dis("9876543210");

ser_out('"');

__delay_ms(500);

ser_out(0x0d);

39
 ser_dis("LOW OIL LEVEL");

ser_out(0x1A);

delay(2000);

void ser_init()

SPBRG= 64; // for 9600 baud rate 10MHz crystal

BRGH = 1; // baud rate high

SYNC = 0; // asynchronous mode

SPEN = 1; // serial port enable

RCIE = 1; // interrupt set

CREN = 1; // Rx ENable

TXEN = 1; // Tx enable

GIE=1;PEIE=1;

void ser_data_out(unsigned int val)

40
h=val/100;

hr=val%100;

t=hr/10;

o=hr%10;

ser_out(h+0x30);

ser_out(t+0x30);

ser_out(o+0x30);

void ser_out(unsigned char ss)

TXREG = ss;

while(!TXIF);

TXIF = 0;

delay(4000);

void ser_dis(const unsigned char*da)

while(*da)

41
 {

ser_out(*da++);

void adc_init()

ADCON1=0X80;

void hex_dec1(unsigned int val)

h=val/1000;

hr=val%1000;

t=hr/100;

o=hr%100;

th=o/10;

thr=o%10;

//lcd_disp(h+0x30);

lcd_disp(t+0x30);

lcd_disp(th+0x30);

42
lcd_disp(thr+0x30);

PHOTOGRAPH

43
BIBLIOGRAPHY

44
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