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40 MVA Transformer Differential Protection Setting Calculation

Data:
I ). Relay type = 7UT6121-5EB22-1AA0
II ). Transformer Rating = 40 MVA
III ). Voltage at maximum tap Umax = 151.80 kV
IV ). Voltage at minimum tap Umin = 112.20 kV
V ). Transformation Ratio = 132 /12
VI ). Tap changing Range = + 15 % to - 15 %

VII ).Vector Group = YNyn0(d11)

VIII) HV CT Ratio = 200/1 A
IX) LV CT Ratio = 2500/5 A

Calculations:
A ). Rated Current
B ). Differential Initial Setting I - Diff >
C ). Differential Bias Slope Setting SLOPE 1
D ). Differential Bias Slope Limit SLOPE 2
E ). Differential Highest Setting I - Diff >>
F ). Magnetising Inrush Restraint Level

A Load Current:

As per 7UT612 manual , If a transformer winding is regulated, then the

actual rated voltage of the winding is not used as UN for the stabilized side,but the
voltage corresponding to the average current of the regulated range. The following
applies:
UN = 2 x [(Umax x Umin) ÷ (Umax + Umin)] (Refer 7UT manual page 21)

where Umax, Umin are the voltages at the limits of the regulated range.

The voltage set on 132 kV side UHV = 2 x [(151.8 x 112.2) ÷ (151.8 +112.2)]
= 129.03 kV
HV SIDE :
Transformer Rated Current
HV regulated side = 40000 ÷ (√3 x 129.0) = 178.9817

Corresponding rated current

on secondary side of CT I N1 = 178.98172 ÷ 200/1 = 0.895
= 0.895 @ INObj

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LV SIDE :
Transformer Rated Current
LV unregulated side = 40000 ÷ (√3 × 12.0) = 1924.501
Corresponding maximum full load current
on secondary side of CT I N2 = 1924.5009 ÷ 2500 / 5 A = 3.849
= 3.849 @ INObj

B Differential Initial Setting I - DIFF >

Spill current calculation due to following Constant Errors:

● Tap changer regulation
● Magnetizing currents of CTs and Power transformer

Transformer Rated Current

at maximum tap position(1), +15%. = 40000 ÷ (√3 ×151.8 ) = 152.1

Corresponding maximum full load current at max.

tap on secondary side of CT = 152.134 ÷ 200/1 = 0.761
IN1(+15%) = 0.761 @ 0.85 I NObj

Differential current in max. tap position I Diff = IN1(+15%) − INObj (Refer 7UT manual page 34)

Differential current in max. tap position I Diff = 0.85 * I NObj - I NObj

= I NObj 0.850 -1

= -0.150 I NObj

→ Differential current at max. tap position = 0.150 I NObj = 15.0%

Transformer Rated Current

at minimum tap position(25) -15%. = 40000 ÷ (√3 ×112.2 ) = 205.829

Corresponding rated current at min tap

on secondary side of CT = 205.829 ÷ 200/1 = 1.029
IN1(-15%) = 1.029 @ 1.15 I NObj

Differential current in min. tap position I Diff = IN1(-15%) − INObj = 1.15 *I NObj - I NObj

Differential current in min. tap position I Diff = 1.15 *I NObj - I NObj (Refer 7UT manual page 34)

= I NObj 1.150 -1

= 0.150 I NObj

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→ Differential current at min. tap position = 0.150 I NObj

Thus tap changer regulation error is = 15.0%

CT magnetizing errors and mismatching of Cts has been considered as= 0.015 %

Maximum differential current = 15.00% + 0.02% = 15.02%

Considering safety margin based on variations of above factors due to variation in

system condition and environment, the pick up value of differential current is to be
selected as, I - Diff > = 20%
(Available settings: 0.05 … 2.00 I/I no)

C Differential Bias Slope Setting

○ Base Point 1

Considering the differential and restraining currents are equal at normal loading, therefore,
by straight line equation; m = (y2 - y1) ÷ (x2 -x1)
m= 1 - 0 ÷ 1 - 0 = 1
\
-1
tan = (m) = 45°
Since in the beginning, errors in Cts are unaccountable and differential / stabilizing
currents are balance, therefore, base point of slope 1 is to be selected as,
BASE POINT 1 = 0.00
(Available settings: 0.00 … 2.00 I/I no)

○ SLOPE 1

● As per manufacturer's guide line, the tripping characteristic is characterized by two

slopes.
Address 1241 A Slope 1 consider current proportional error which may result from

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e.g.
○ tap changer's regulation range of power transformer and
○ CT transformation manufacturing limitations.

These errors increases with increase in load, to find the suitable slope consider I diff = 20 %
Therefore at full load, current I 1 = 1 and due to 20% errors I2= 0.8
Then according to stabilising current equation,
I stab, x = I1 + I2 = 1 + 0.8 = 1.8
(Refer 7UT manual page 258)

If the slope selected is 0.1, then

I diff, y = m.X+b ( slope equation )
= 0.10 x 1.8
I diff = 0.180
Though we have 20 % differential current but relay shall give tripping at 18%
, therefore this value is not suitable.

Now, the slope selected is 0.15 at full load

\ I stab
x, = I1 + I2 = 1 + 0.8 = 1.8
I diff, y = m.X+b ( slope equation )
= 0.15 x 1.8
I diff = 0.270

Therefore, from the above calculations we found that slope 0.150 is better
compensated for errors.

But as per client's recommendation the slope setting is set 0.3 at full load.

\ I stab
x, = I1 + I2 = 1 + 0.8 = 1.8
I diff, y = m.X+b ( slope equation )
= 0.30 x 1.8
I diff = 0.540

Thus Slope 1 setting SLOPE 1 = 0.30

(Available settings: 0.10 … 0.50)

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○ Base Point 2
This produces higher stabilization in the range of high currents which may lead to
current transformer saturation.
To consider base point for slope 2;
For higher load currents 25% overloading is considered, therefore,

Istab = I1 + I2 = 1.25 + 1.25 = 2.5 (Refer 7UT manual page 258)

As the CT saturation criteria starts at this value, therefore, it is to be set at the

value of = 2.5 I/Ino
(Available settings: 0.00 … 10.00 I/I no)

○ SLOPE 2
● Address 1243 A Slope 2 provides stabilization in differential scheme in case of higher
through fault currents resulted current transformer saturation. The stability of the protec-
tion can be influenced by these settings.

To find the suitable slope consider the stabilization current, I stab y = m.X+b
For through fault current under heavy load, following satisfies

Transformer 1: If = 214247 ÷ (√3× 112 ) = 1104.4 A

In = 40000 ÷ (√3× 132 ) = 175.0 A

Since I1 = If ÷ In = 1104.43 ÷ 175.0 = 6.313

Consider that degree of differential current at this point = 50% and fault is out side the
zone, therefore,
I diff(act), y = I1 + I2  I1 − I2 (Refer 7UT manual page 258)

I diff(act), y = I1 + I2  I1 − I2 = 6.31 − 6.31 x 0.5

I diff(act), y = -3.156 @ -3.2
Istab = I1 + I2 = 6.31 + 3.16 = 9.469

Now we set slope at 0.4 and check the suitability and veryfying the relation by;
I diff(act) < I diff(set)
I diff(set), y = m.X+b at m = 0.4 X = 9.469 b = -1
= 0.40 x 9.469 - 1
I diff(set) = 2.788

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But as per client's recommendation the slope setting is set at 0.7,

I diff(set), y = m.X+b Now taken m = 0.7 x = 9.469 b= -1.75
= 0.70 x 9.469 -1.75
= 4.878
This I diff(set) value confirms the relation, I diff(act) < I diff(set) therefore the set value of
(Available settings: 0.25 … 0.95) SLOPE 2 = 0.70

D Differential Highest Setting I - DIFF >>

Rated current of transformer

at normal tap. = 178.98 A

Transformer

Percentage impedance of transformer = 18.67 %

= 0.1867 pu
\ Fault MVA at this impedance = 40 ÷ 0.187 = 214 MVA
Considering maximum fault MVA gives
maximum through fault current If = 214 × 1000 ÷ ( √3 × 112.2 )
= 1102.46 A
Corresponding current at CT secondary = 5.51 A

Through fault current with respect to I n = 5.51 ÷ 0.895 = 6.160 I/In

It is set to be as
(Available settings: 0.5 … 35 I/I no) I - Diff >> = 7.5 I/Ino

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● 1226A Trip time delay Idiff >

● 1236A Trip time delay Idiff >>

In special cases it may be advantageous to delay the trip signal of the protection.
But for this case we will not use this delay time, and relay will give tripping command
as soon as it senses differential condition above threshold.
Therefore Time delay is set zero.

E Add-on stabilization I - ADD ON STAB.

During an external fault which produces as high through flowing short circuit current
causing current transformer saturation, a considerable differential current can be
simulated, especially when the degree of saturation is different at the two measuring
points.
7UT612 provides a saturation indicator which detects such phenomena and initiates
add-on stabilization measures. The saturation indicator operates dynamically in the
area which is designated with "add-on Stabilization".
Current Transformer saturation during external faults is detected by a high initial
stabilizing current which moves the operating point briefly into the "add-on
stablization"area. In contrast, the operating point moves immediately along
the fault characteristic when an internal fault occurs since the stabilization current
will barely be higher than the differential current. The saturation indicator makes
its decision within the first half period after fault inception.
Transformer through fault current is calculated as;

Transformer : If = 214247 ÷ (√3× 112.2 ) = 1102.5 A

In = 40000 ÷ (√3× 132 ) = 174.95 A
since, (I f / I n) of I n = 1102.4583 ÷ 174.954627 = 6.3014 of I no

The Value is set as = 6.50 I/Ino

(Available settings: 2.00 … 15.00 I/I no)

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F 2nd HARMONIC
The Inrush current can amount to a multiple of the rated current and is characterized
by a considerable 2nd harmonic content which is practically absent in the case of short-
circuit. Stabilization during inrush condition via 2nd harmonic content in differential current
is also detected by relay which just initiates blocking of the tripping.

\ Selected value = 15 %
( It is recommended by manufacturer which is sufficient in 90 % cases)
(Available settings: 10 … 80%)

G Cross blocking for 2nd Harmonic

Since the inrush stabilization operates individually per phase, the protection is fully
operative even when the transformer is switched on a single phase fault, whereby
inrush currents may possibly be present in one of healthy phases. However, it is also
possible to set the protection such that not only phase with inrush current exhibiting
harmonic content in excess of the permissible value is stabilized but also the other
phases of the differential stage I Diff> are blocked (so called "Cross block function).

This cross-block can be limited to a selectable duration and can be set from 0 to
1000 AC period. Normally this function is set ineffective, however, in abnormal inrush
condition this can be set to block in a defined ac period.
According to the inrush current report of the transformer we suggest the setting of

Cross block function Set at = 25 Cycles

(Available settings: 2 … 1000Cycle; 0; 

H nth Harmonic
Steady-state over excitation of transformer is characterized by odd harmonic
content. The 3rd or 5th Harmonic is suitable to detect over excitation as the
third harmonic is offered eleminated in the transformer windings (e.g. In a delta
connected winding group), The fifth harmonic is usually used to avoid trip during
over excitation, since the trafo is being used as distribution transformer, therefore,
nth Harmonic function is set
(Available settings: 10 … 80 % = 30%

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I. Transformer parameter settings:

○ Rated primary voltage side 1

As per 7UT612 manual section 2.1.2, If a transformer winding is regulated, then the
actual rated voltage of the winding is not used as UN for the stabilized side,but the
voltage corresponding to the average current of the regulated range. The following
applies:
UN = 2 x [(Umax x Umin) ÷ (Umax + Umin)] (Refer 7UT manual page 21)
where Umax, Umin are the voltages at the limits of the regulated range.
The voltage set on 132 kV side UHV = 2x [(151.8 x 112.2) ÷ (151.8 +112.2)]
= 129.03 kV
\ the rated primary voltage = 129.0 kV

○ Rated Secondary voltage side 2

The rated voltage of transformer side 2 in kV (phase to phase) is set under this address.
\ the rated primary voltage = 12.0 kV

○ Rated apparent power of the transformer(side 1 & 2)

The primary rated apparent power of transformer is set under this address. The power
must always be entered as a primary value, even if the device is generally configured
in secondary values.
The apparent of transformer is = 40.00 MVA
(Available settings: 0.20 to 5000.00 MVA)

○ Starpoint of transformer

the starpoint of side 1 is = Solid grounded

the starpoint of side 2 is = Resistor grounded

As the starpoint of transformer`s side 2 is earthed through NGR.

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J. CTs parameter settings:

○ CT starpoint in direction of object side 1

In order to ensure the correct polarity for the differential currents, the CT starpoint
in direction of protected object is set under this address.
Selected setting = (Towards object)
(Furhter to be confirmed at site)

○ CT rated primary current side 1

This parameter is set to the rated primary current of the CT.

Selected setting = 200

○ CT rated secondary current side 1

This parameter is set to the rated secondary current of the CT.

Selected setting = 1A

○ CT starpoint in direction of object side 2

In order to ensure the correct polarity for the differential currents, the CT starpoint
in direction of protected object is set under this address.
Selected setting = (Towards object)
(Furhter to be confirmed at site)

○ CT rated primary current side 2

This parameter is set to the rated primary current of the CT.
Selected setting = 2500

○ CT rated secondary current side 2

This parameter is set to the rated secondary current of the CT.
Selected setting = 5A

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Setting Parameters

General Data:
Address Function Value
0270 Rated Frequency 50 Hz
0271 Rated Sequence L1,L2,L3
0312 Rated Apparent Power of Trafo side.1 40MVA
0322 Rated Apparent Power of Trafo side.2 40MVA
0311 Rated Primary Voltage side.1 129kV
0321 Rated Primary Voltage side.2 12kV
0313 Starpoint of side.1 Solid Grounded
0323 Starpoint of side.2 Resistor Grounded
0314 Trafo Winding Connection Side.1 Y(Wye)
0324 Trafo Winding Connection Side.2 Y(Wye)
0325 Vector Group Numeral of Side.2 0

Towards Object
0511 CT Starpoint in direction of object side.1
(Further to be confirmed at site)

0512 CT rated Primary current Side.1 200A

0513 CT rated Seconadry current Side.1 1A

Towards Object
0521 CT Starpoint in direction of object side.2
(Further to be confirmed at site)

0522 CT rated Primary current Side.2 2500A

0523 CT rated Seconadry current Side.2 5A

Differential Protection

Address Function Value Range

1201 Differential Protection ON On,OFF,BLK
1206 Inrush with 2. Harmonic Restraint ON On,OFF
1207 n-th Harmonic Restraint 5th Harm 3.Harm,5.Harm,OFF
1221 Pickup Value of Differential Curr. 0.2 I/Ino 0.05 to 2.00
1226A T I-DIFF> Time Delay 0.00 s 0.00 to 60.00
1231 Pickup Value of High Set Trip I-DIFF>> 7.5 I/Ino 0.5 to 35.0
1236A T I-DIFF>> Time Delay 0.00 s 0.00 to 60.0
1241A Slope 1 of Tripping Characteristic 0.30 0.1 to 0.5
1242A Base Point for Slope 1 of Charac. 0.0 I/Ino 0.0 to 2.0
1243A Slope 2 of Tripping Characteristic 0.70 0.25 to 0.95
1244A Base Point for Slope 2 of Charac. 2.5 I/Ino 0.0 to 10.0
1256A Pickup for Add-on Stabilization 6.5 I/Ino 2.00 to 15.0
1257A Duration of Add-on Stabilization 15 cycles 2 to 250
1261 2nd Harmonic Content in I-DIFF 15 % 10 to 80
1262A Time for Cross-blocking 2nd Harm. 25 cycles 2 to 1000
1271 n.HARMONIC 30 % 10 to 80
1272A Time for Cross-blocking n. Harm. 0 cycles 2 to 1000

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