Palestine Polytechnic University

College of Engineering & Technology

Architecture Engineering Department

Heating and Sanitary Installations for Buildings

Instructor:
Eng. Ahmad Al Balasie
Year
2012/2013
Hebron, Palestine
Heating and Sanitary Installations for
Buildings 1
Chapter One

WATER AND ITS USES IN BUILDINGS

AND DEVELOPMENTS

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Basic Information's about water

1- Water Quantity and Sources.

2- Water Properties.

3- Water Types.

4- Water Usage in Buildings.

5-Water Tests.

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Water Quantity and Sources

 Water covers approximately 70% of the earth's surface in oceans, lakes,

rivers, and glaciers.
 Over 97% of water on the earth is inaccessible (not suitable for direct
use) because it is salty or frozen in the polar ice caps.
 The water sources can be divided into :
I- surface water
II-ground water sources.
 The primary source of a water supply is rainfall.

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Water Quantity and Sources

 Water constantly circulates, powered by the earth's solar

energy (hydrologic cycle).
 Distilled water, which is very expensive due to price increase
of fuel, has a limited application for water supply.
 Surface water and ground water contain some degree of
impurities. rain or runoff water, when it percolates
down through the soil, may dissolve minerals,
entrap gases and pick up pollution.
 All potable water to be used for human drinking,
cooking and washing must be tested before being
put to use and also be tested periodically during use.
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Water Properties:

 The chemical composition of water is H2O.

 In normal conditions, water is liquid (liquid phase).

 When water is found in small quantities it is colorless, and when water

is found in large quantities its color is blue.

 In general, water has no taste, color neither odor.

 On the contrary of other liquids, water expands when it freezes, and it

changes phase to ice when cooled to 0 ºC (32 ºF). Ice is less density
than water liquid.
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Water Properties:
 When water is heated it changes phase to vapor (or steam).

 Pure water is a poor conductor for electricity.

 The specific heat of water is high compared to other substances

Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg.ºC.

(note that the unit of Cp can be kJ/kg.K since ∆T (°C) = ∆T (K)).

 Specific heat Cp is the amount of heat (energy) required to raise the

temperature of 1kg of the material 1 ºC.

 Density of water ρ = 1000 kg/m3.

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 Water Types:
a) Potable water: which is tested and treated to be suitable for
human drinking, cooking and bathing.

b) Non-potable water: surface water, ground water, or collected

rain water that contains some degree of impurity. This water can be
used for any purpose expect human drinking, cooking and bathing.

c) Gray water: water discharged from dishwashers, washing

machines, bathtubs, sinks and other fixtures except waste water from
toilets or urinals.

d) Black water: water containing toilet's and urinal's wastes.

e) Distilled water: pure water by using distillation, it is commonly

used in laboratories, and is not economical for the use in a water
supply because of its high price. Heating and Sanitary Installations for
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Water Usage in Buildings
Water is necessary for life; it constitutes a great part of the
fundamental substances (protoplasm) of which human, animal, and
plant bodies are composed. The blood of humans and animals and the
sap of plants contain large quantities of water. Since the late 19th
century, water has been used inside structures and buildings for:
1- Drinking.
2- Cooking.

3- Washing and flushing .

4- Bathing .

5- Fire fighting (fire suppression).

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Water Tests

 Hardness.

 Acidity.

 Pollution.

 Color.

 Taste and odor.

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Hardness
Definition of hard water - water that contains mineral salts (as
calcium and magnesium ions) that limit the formation of lather with
soap

Hard drinking water is generally not harmful to one's health, but can
pose serious problems in industrial settings, where water hardness is
monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and
other equipment that handles water. In domestic settings, hard water
is often indicated by a lack of suds formation when soap is agitated in
water.

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Hardness Test Video

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Hardness

Results of hardness p.p.m. (part per

test in water: million)
Soft water 0-50
Moderate soft water 50-100
Slight hard 100-150
Moderate hard 150-200
Hard 200-300
Very hard Over 300

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Solution for the hardness of water

Water softening

is the reduction of the concentration of calcium, magnesium, and certain other

metal cations in hard water.

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Acidity
 Caused by entrapped gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and
oxygen (O2). It can corrode non ferrous pipes, cause rust, and clog
steel pipes.
 This can be corrected by adding sodium silicate which neutralizes
the acid.
 The range of PH is 0 ≤ PH ≥ 14

level Description
PH=7 Neutralized
PH
PH > 7 Alkali water
PH < 7 Acidy water

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Pollution

Caused by sewage and organic matters. This will cause ill

health and disease; this can be corrected by chlorination
(adding chlorine to water).

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Color

Caused by manganese and iron, can be

corrected by ozonation and filtration.

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Taste and odor

Caused by organic matters, normally found in shallow wells,

problems can be corrected by the use of activated carbon
filtration.

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Domestic Water Usage

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Plumbing systems

 Plumbing : Is the art of installing

the pipes in building fixtures and other apparatus for
bringing in the water supply and removing liquid and
water-carried wastes.
 A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which can
be connected to an existing plumbing system to deliver
and drain away water but which is also configured to
enable a particular use.

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The most common plumbing fixtures are:
 Bathtubs
 Bidets
 Channel drains (also called trench drains)
 Drinking fountains
 Kitchen sinks

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 The most common plumbing fixtures are:

 Lavatories (also called bathroom sinks)

 Showers

 Terminal valves for dishwashers, ice makers, humidifiers, etc.

 Urinals.

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Modern plumbing engineering and design covers
the following areas:

1- Water supply systems.

2- Sanitary (water disposal) systems.
3- Storm drainage system.
4- Fire fighting system.
5- Specialized water systems (chilled, distilled,
deionized).
6- Gas systems (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon oxide, cooking gas PLG,
nitrogen, helium… etc).

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Modern plumbing engineering and design covers the
following areas:

7- Extended fire protection (standpipes, halon, etc).

8- Compressed air.
9- Vacuum systems (clinical, oral, laboratory and cleaning).
10- Soap and disinfectant dispensing.
11- Decorative fountains and swimming pools.
12- Irrigation systems.
13- Water treatment and purification systems.
Note:-In this course we will concentrate on first four systems.

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Basic principles of plumbing:

 The main goal of plumbing design for buildings, is to

safely and reliably provide domestic water, cooking gas
and water for fire fighting and removing sanitary wastes.

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Effective system:

 Flexibility system design is required in HVAC (heating,

ventilation, and air conditioning) and electrical designs.

 Modernization in plumbing systems is required.

 Unfortunately, development in plumbing systems and technologies

slow

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A competent plumbing technologist-designer has
a knowledge of the followings:

a) Hydraulic principles as applied to plumbing systems

b) Materials used in plumbing systems for conveyance (piping and
fittings), control (vales and flow controls), measurement (meters)
and usage (plumbing fixtures).
c) Design techniques for all systems with which he or she will be
concerned.
d) Installation procedures and techniques.
e) Field inspection procedures.

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 The principles of plumbing system

1- Potable water.

2- Plumbing fixtures.

3- Sanitary drainage system.

4- Storm drainage.

5- General considerations.

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1- Potable water:

All premises intended for extended, continuous human occupancy should be

provided with an adequate supply of potable water. Supply of water shall be

such that the purity of the water is always maintained and that contamination

of the potable water system from backflow or reverse flow of any sort is

prevented.

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2- Plumbing fixtures:
1- Every dwelling unit should have at least one water closet, one

lavatory, one kitchen-type sink moreover, one shower or bathtub.

2 - Every plumbing fixture is any structure must be supplied with

water at the flow rate and pressure required for proper operation.

3- Where hot water is required, it should be furnished at a

temperature of not less than 95 ºF (35ºC) and not more than 140 ºF

(60 ºC) expect for commercial fixtures that require higher

temperature water.
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 2- Plumbing fixtures:

4 - Each fixture should be directly connected to the drainage system

and should be equipped with a water seal trap. Trap may be integral or
separate.
5-All plumbing fixtures must be made of smooth, non absorbent for
water, corrosion-resistance material and shall be installed so that
maintenance and cleaning are readily accomplished.

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 3- Sanitary drainage system:
Must be designed to prevent clogging in pipes and prevent foul odors

from entering the building by utilizing an effective venting system. It

must be connected to the main drainage network, and in case there is

no main network it must be connected to water treatment unit or

septic tank.

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 4- Storm drainage:
Every structure shall be provided with a storm drainage system that will

conduct storm water from roofs and all paved areas into an approved

sewer system. The storm water drainage system within or on a building

must be completely separate from the sanitary drainage system.

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 5- General considerations:
- Engineer must choose a durable material.

- Maintenance-free.

- Well installation.

- Shut off valves.

- Safety devices (pressure and temp. relief valves).

- Testing the entire system before being put into service.

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 Plumbing system design constraints:
Plumbing system design is carefully controlled and tightly regulated by the:
1- Administrative constraints: One of the four major plumbing codes.
(National Standard Plumbing Code Constraints)
2- External constraints: placed by;
 Insurance companies.
 Environmental regulations.
 Regulations governing facilities for the handicapped.

3- Physical constraints: The most important constraint of these constraints

because the designer has some natural limitations (physical) of the building
in terms of available space and he must sure there is no any available
overlap between plumbing system and with other systems such a electrical
network, and air conditioning systems. This requires a cooperation between
civil engineer, electrical engineer and mechanical engineer
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 Minimum plumbing facilities:
- All codes state the minimum plumbing facilities that are required in
each building type.

-One of the main tasks for the architect designer is to select the proper
plumbing systems and the suitable equipment's.
Architect engineer can use : -

a) International Standards Plumbing Codes.

b) National Standard Plumbing Code.

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 National Standard Plumbing Code
Type of Water closets lavatories Drinking water Bathtubs or Kitchen or
building facilities showers Service sink

Schools 1 WC for 1-15 persons 1

no. of water 1/30 people 1 service sink --
2
Add 1 for each add'n 15 per floor
closets

Dwelling
units
Single 1 WC 1 WC 1 WC 1 K.S.
multiple 1 WC / unit 1 WC / unit 1 WC / unit 1 K.S / unit
Workplaces 1 WC for 1-15 employees 1 1/100 people -- 1 K.S/floor
2 WC for 16-40 1
employee

Minimum Number of Plumbing Fixtures

The above table is part of the main Table 8-1 (page 405).
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plumbing piping symbols

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plumbing piping symbols

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plumbing piping symbols

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 Hydraulics:
Hydraulics: is the study of the physical principles that govern the behavior

of liquids at static and in dynamic mode. There are two separate and

distinct types of liquid flows with which we are concerned:

1- Flow in a closed pressurized system.

2- Flow occurs in all drainage systems (gravity flow).

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 Types of liquid flows
1- Flow in a closed pressurized system: a system that is nowhere open to
the atmosphere and operates above the atmospheric pressure. This is the
type of flow that occurs in domestic water systems.
- Cold water system.
- Hot water system.
2- Flow occurs in all drainage systems (gravity flow).
- Sanitary drainage system.
- Storm drainage system.
This type of flow (gravity flow) is caused simply by the slope of the pipe
containing the liquid. These systems are open to the atmosphere. The
pipes containing the liquids in gravity flow almost always run only partially
full (as compared to completely full in pressurized systems).

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 Static Pressure:
Static pressure is caused by the weight of water above any pint
in the system.
P = F/A=W/A , where W = weight

Note 1:- English units will be used throughout this course since
they are the units generally used in plumbing work in USA.

Note 2: You can convert all calculations to SI units with the help
of the conversion tables in the appendix- page 975.

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 The specific weight:
Definition: The specific weight (also known as the unit weight) is
the weight per unit volume of a material. The symbol of
specific weight is γ (the Greek letter Gamma).
A commonly used value is the specific weight of water on Earth at
5°C which is 62.43 lbf/ft3 or 9807 N/m3.
γ=ρ∗g
where
𝛾 :is the specific weight of the material (weight per unit volume,
typically N/m3 or lbf/ft3 units)
𝜌 :is the density of the material (mass per unit volume typically
kg/m3)
g :is acceleration due to gravity (rate of change of velocity, given in
m/s2 or ft/s2 )

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 Example about Static Pressure:
calculate the pressure at point 1 existing at the bottom of the 10-ft high
column of water in the following three cases shown below:
Note:- g= 32.174 ft/sec2 ,the specific weight( 𝛾 )= 62.43 lbf/ft3
Case 1: L=1 ft W=1 ft h=10 ft

Case2: L=6 inch W=6 inch h=10 ft

Case3:L=1 inch W=1 inch h=10 ft

What is the conclusion from this question?

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 Static Pressure:
 static pressure in a water system is caused by the weight of water, it
is also referred to as hydrostatic pressure. Also, since it is expressed
in feet of height of column of water, it is also referred to as static
head or hydrostatic head, where head is a synonym of pressure.

 The term pressure head is also used despite the fact that it is
basically repetitive. Head is the distance from the point of water to
be used up or down to the level of water supply.

 Static pressure at the surface (depth = H=0) is equal to zero, but it is

equal to atmospheric pressure which is 14.7 psi at sea level.

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 Atmospheric pressure, and Gauge pressure,
 Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted on a
surface by the weight of air above that surface in the atmosphere of
Earth (or that of another planet).
Pabs = Patm + Pg , Pg is the gauge pressure.
 Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, so
it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.
 Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so
it is equal to absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure.
Negative signs are usually omitted. To distinguish a negative pressure,
the value may be appended with the word "vacuum" or the gauge
may be labeled a "vacuum gauge.“
 Differential pressure is the difference in pressure between two
points.

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Absolute pressure, and Gauge pressure,
PA = PE , PB = PC = PD ( Same depth ).
Pabs = Patm + Pg , Pg is the gauge pressure.
Patm = 14.7 psi = 14.7 x 2.31 (ft/psi) = 33.9 ft of water.
Note that; 1atm = 0 psig ( gauge pressure).
= 14.7 psia ( absolute pressure).
= 33.9 ft of water.
= 760 mm of Hg.
= 1.01 bar.
= 101.325 kPa.
= 9.81 m of water.

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 Liquid pressure formula

P=𝜌 ∗h*g
where:
P: is liquid pressure
g: is gravity at the surface of overlaying material
𝜌: is density of liquid
h is height of liquid column or depth within a substance.
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Continuity equation:
1- Q = AV , where;
Q : flow rate (discharge rate) in [ft3/s].
A : cross-sectional pipe area in [ft2].
V : fluid velocity in [fps].
2- Q=2.5*𝑑 2 *V approximate formula
Q: discharge rate [gallons per minute]
d: pipe diameter [inches]
V: fluid velocity in [fps]
Note: 1ft3 = 7.481 gallon.
Note: the maximum water velocity in piping systems is 8ft/s. Except for
sudden open [hose bibb, electrically driven valves, flush meter valve…
etc]
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Example 1:

 What is the discharge rate of a (3/4)" copper pipe type L if the water
velocity in the pipe is 8fps?

Note: From Table 8.3 page 431 the outside pipe diameter is 0.875 inch,
and the wall thickness = 0.045 inch.

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Example 1:
 What is the velocity in every stage if the discharge rate is 4 gpm?

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Thermal expansion:
 For hot water and steam piping, the problem of thermal expansion is
important, especially in high-rise buildings or in structures with long
horizontal runs.
 Due to the temperature difference, the length of pipe expands depends
on the pipe type, Expansion joints and loops are installed approximately
every 50 ft, depending on pipe size and material.
 Table 8.4 page 438. lists the expansion coefficients and typical expansions
for common piping materials.
 ∆𝐿 = 𝐿 ∗ ∆𝑇 ∗ 𝛼𝐿
∆𝐿: change in the linear dimension
L:The Length of the pipe b/w point A and point B
∆𝑇:difference in temperature b/w point A and point B
𝛼𝐿 : linear-expansion coefficient

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Thermal expansion:
 For example: When using copper tubing, the maximum length of
straight run that can be installed without an expansion loop, joint or
fitting, is roughly as follows:
Average water temp (F) Max. length of straight
run for copper pipe (ft)
210 28
200 30
190 33
180 35
170 39
160 42
150 47
F = 9 / 5 C + 32. Heating and Sanitary Installations for
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Example
 In a school building the distance b/w the hot water boiler and the cafeteria
dishwasher is 120 ft.What is the increase in length of the hot water piping
from a “resting condition” (shutdown) of 50 F to an operating condition
carrying 140 F water using
a) copper pipe
b) CPVC plastic pipe
Note: 𝛼𝐿 : linear-expansion coefficient for copper =11.28 ∗ 10−5 in/(ft.F)
𝛼𝐿 : linear-expansion coefficient for CPVC =4.2 ∗ 10−5 in/(ft.F)
See Table 8.4 page 438
The Effect: - If this expansion is not provided in some way, it will cause
high physical stress in pipe, moreover, the pipe will buckle laterally.

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How to Compensate the Expansion
 There are two ways to compensate for this expansion:
a- Linear expansion joints: bellows types or
sliding action.
b- Expansion loop in the pipe itself
(Figure 8.19, page 441).The following
figure show the detail of these two ways.

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Flow Measurement:
 The main purpose of water meters is to measure the flow rate.
 Most frequently type for water meter is positive displacement type.
 This meter is placed at the building service point. This water meter
causes a pressure loss ( friction head loss) depending on its diameter
as shown in figure 9.8.
 In case of the absence of such data, we can assume that the pressure
loss in water meter is approximately = 5 psi.

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Flow Measurement:

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Plumbing Materials:
1) The knowledge of plumbing materials is necessary for the proper design of
efficient, safe, reliable and economic plumbing systems.

2) All materials used in plumbing systems should meet the requirements of at

least one of the standards related to this topic.

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Piping materials and standard fittings:
1- Ferrous metal pipes, (iron and steel) (Table 8.2) page 415.
2- Nonferrous metallic pipes, (copper, brass) (Table 8.3) page 431.
3- Plastic pipes: - ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene).
- PE (polyethylene).
- PVC (polyvinyl chloride).
- CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride).
4- Nonmetallic pipes other than plastic: - Vitrified clay (terra cotta).
- Asbestos cement.
- Concrete pipes
5- Joints between dissimilar materials.

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Piping installation (General Rules):
 Vertical pipes in high buildings are installed and assembled in a
bundle.
 Horizontal pipes are installed with a specified slope to ease
emptying during maintenance.
 Pipes should not be installed and pass above electrical boards and
devices.
 Ferrous pipes buried underground must be covered with asphalt or
equivalent PE layer.
 Pipes in cold places should be isolated to prevent water from being
frozen.
 Pipes carrying cold liquids should be insulated to prevent
condensation of water vapor on pipe surfaces.

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