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Equation
Theory of Structure - I
Introduction
Department of 2
Introduction
Developed by French Engineer Clapeyron in
1857.
This equation relates the internal moments in
a continuous beam at three points of support
to the loads acting between the supports.
By successive application of this equation to
each span of the beam, one obtains a set of
equations that may be solved simultaneously
for the unknown internal moments at the
support.
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Proof: Real Beam
A general form of three moment equation can
be developed by considering the span of a
continuous beam.
P1 P2 P3 P4
WL WR
ML MC MC MR
L C R
LL LR
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Conjugate Beam (applied
loads)
The formulation will be based on the
conjugate-beam method.
Since the “real beam” is continuous over the
supports, the conjugate-beam has hinges at
L, C and R.
AL /EIL AR /EIR
L’ LL CL 1 CR 1 LR R’
XL XR
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Conjugate Beam (internal
moments)
Using the principle of superposition, the M /
EI diagram for the internal moments is
shown.
MC /EIL
MR /EIR
ML /EIL MC /EIR
L’ LL CL2 CR2 LR R’
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In particular AL/EIL and AR/EIR represent the
total area under their representative M / EI
diagrams; and xL and xR locate their centroids.
Since the slope of real beam is continuous
over the center support, we require the shear
forces for the conjugate beam.
C L1 C L2 (C R1 C R2 )
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Summing moments about point L’ for left
span, we have
1 AL 1 1 ML 1 1 MC 2
C L1 C L2 ( xL ) LL LL LL LL
LL EI L LL 2 EI L 3 2 EI L 3
A x M L M L
L L L L C L
EI L 6 EI L 3EI L
Summing moments about point R’ for the
right span yields
1 AR 1 1 MR 1 1 MC 2
C R1 C R2 ( xR ) LR LR LR LR
LR EI R LR 2 EI R 3 2 EI R 3
A x M L M L
R R R R C R
EI R 6 EI R 3EI R
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General Equation
Equating
C L1 C L2 (C R1 C R2 )
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Eq. Modification for point load
and uniformly distributed load
Summation signs have been added to the
terms on the right so that M/EI diagrams for
each type of applied load can be treated
separately.
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PL PR
w
L KLLL C C KRLR R C R
LL
If the areas and centroidal distances for their
M/EI diagrams are substituted in to 3-Moment
equation,
LL LR M R LR
2 2 3 3
M L LL PL PL wL wL
2M C L L k L k L R R k R k R L L R R
3 3
IL IL IR IR IL IR 4I L 4I R
(2)
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Special Case:
If the moment of inertia is constant for the
entire span, IL = IR.
3 3
wL LL wR LR
M L LL 2M C LL LR M R LR PL LL k L k L PR LR k R k R
2 3 2 3
4 4
(3)
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Example:
Determine the reactions at the supports for
the beam shown. The moment of inertia of
span AB is one half that of span BC.
3 k/ft
15k
A C
0.5 I B I
25 ft 15 ft 5 ft
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Data
ML =0 MC = MB MR =0
LL = 25ft LR = 20ft
IL = 0.5I IR =I
PL =0 PR = 15k
wL = 3k/ft wR =0
kL = 0 kR = 0.25
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Substituting the values in equation 2,
15 * 20 2
3
25 20 3 * 25
0 2M B 0 0 0.25 0.253 0
0.5I I I 4 * 0.5I
M B 177.5k . ft
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For span AB:
F 0; A
x x 0
75 k
M 0;B
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For span BC:
M B 0;
15 k
C y (20) 177.5 15(15) 0
C y 2.38k VBR
F y 0; B
15 ft 5 ft
C
177.5k.ft
2.38 15 VBR 0 Cy
VBR 12.6k
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A free body diagram of the differential
segment of the beam that passes over roller
at B is shown in figure.
F y 0 177.5k.ft 177.5k.ft
B y 44.6 12.6 0
B y 57.2k 44.6 k 12.6 k
By
Department of 18
Practice Problems:
Chapter 9
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