Solar Tracking System

Shriram Shikshan Sanstha’s

Shriram Institute of Engineering &Technology

(Polytechnic), Paniv

Instt. Code: 0994

Project Report

On

“Solar Tracking System”

Submitted By,

Name Roll No.

Mr. Mane Anil Sitaram 3503

Mr. Tikote Taufik Rasul 3506

Mr. Ingale Suraj Bhagwat 3507

Mr. Davkare Akash Prakash 3509

Mr.Phadtare Ajinkya Dattatray. 3512

Under The Guidance of

Mr.Patil.S.B

Electrical Department

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 1
 Solar Tracking System

Academic Year – 2018-19

Shriram Shikshan Sanstha’s Shriram Institute of Engineering &

Technology (Polytechnic), Paniv

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that,

Name Roll No.

Mr. Mane Anil Sitaram 3503

Mr. Tikote Taufik Rasul 3506

Mr. Ingale Suraj Bhagwat 3507

Mr. Davkare Akash Prakash 3509

Mr.Phadtare Ajinkya Dattatray. 3512

Students of Third Year Electrical Engineering have completed project

entitled

“Solar Tracking system”

In the partial fulfilment of Diploma in T.Y. Electrical Engineering
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai During
academic year 2019-2020

Mr.Patil.S.B Mr. Lawand .A.S

(Project Guide) (HOD Electrical Dept.

Mr. Khandare P.P

(PRINCIPAL)

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 2
 Solar Tracking System

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost we would like to thank, God the Almighty for being the
unconditional guiding light throughout our endeavor.

We would like to express gratitude to our principal Prof P.P.Khandare, for providing
us with support and best facilities for the completion of this project. We would like to thank
Prof. A.S.Lawand, Head of Electrical department for his constant encouragement.

We are eternally debited to Mr.Patil.S.B, Mr.Chaugule.S.G, and Ms.Salunkhe , our

project guides for patiently clearing all our doubts and guiding us over each obstacle.

We are also grateful to all teachers and staff of the department for being actively
involved in our step by step progress.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 3
 Solar Tracking System

ABSTRACT

Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding

renewable energy resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the
technologies associated with this area. This project includes the design and construction of a
microcontroller-based solar panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be
produced because the solar array is able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon
topics learned in this course.

To make solar energy more viable, the efficiency of solar array systems must be
maximized. A feasible approach for maximizing the efficiency of solar array systems is sun
tracking. This is a system that controls the movement of a solar array so that it is constantly
aligned towards the direction of the sun. Solar modules are devices that cleanly convert
sunlight into electricity and offer a practical solution to the problem of power generation in
remote areas. The solar tracker designed and constructed in this project offers a reliable and
affordable method of aligning a solar module with the sun in order to maximize its energy
output.

Automatic Sun Tracking System is a hybrid hardware/software prototype, which

automatically provides best alignment of solar panel with the sun, to get maximum output
(electricity) ideate the design. Problems and possible improvements will also be presented.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 4
 Solar Tracking System

Content

..

.....

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 5
 Solar Tracking System

List of Figures

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 6
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.1

INTRODUCTION

Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of work by human
beings and nature. Primarily, it is the gift of the nature to the mankind in various forms. The
consumption of the energy is directly proportional to the progress of the mankind. With ever
growing population, improvement in the living standard of the humanity, industrialization of
the developing countries, the global demand for energy increases day by day.

The primary source of energy is fossil fuel, however the finiteness of fossil fuel
resources and large scale environmental degradation caused by their widespread use,
particularly global warming, urban air pollution and acid rain, strongly suggests that
harnessing of non-conventional, renewal and environmental friendly

As the sources of conventional energy deplete day by day, resorting to alternative

sources of energy like solar and wind energy has become need of the hour.

Solar powered lighting systems are already available in rural as well as urban areas.
These include solar lanterns, solar home lightning system, solar street lights, solar garden
lights and solar power packs. All of them consist of four components; solar photovoltaic
module, rechargeable battery, solar charge controller and load.

In the solar powered lightning systems, the solar charge controller plays an important
role as the system’s overall success depends mainly on it. It is considered as an indispensible
link between the solar panel, battery and load.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 7
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 8
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.3

BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

Power supply:

Power supply is the first & the most important part of our project. For
our project required +5V & +12 V regulated power supply with maximum
current rating 50mA. Following basic building blocks are required to generate
regulated power supply.

Fig: Power supply

Step Down Transformer:

 Step down transformer is the first part of regulates power supply. To step
down the mains 230v AC. We require step down transformer. Following are the
main characteristics of electronic transformer.
1. Power transformers are usually designed to operate from source of low
impedance at a single frequency.
2. It is required to construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectric
strength.
3. Transformer rating are expressed in volt –amp. The volt-amp of each
secondary windings or windings is added for the total secondary VA.T this are
added the load losses.
4. Temperature rise of transformer is decided on two well-known factors are
losses of transformer and heat or cooling facility provided unit.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 9
 Solar Tracking System

Rectifier Unit:

Rectifier unit is a circuit which converts alternating current into pulsating DC

generally semi-conducting diode is used as a rectifying element due to this
property of conducting current in one direction only. Generally there are two
types of rectifier.
A. Half Wave Rectifier.

B. Full Wave Rectifier.

In half wave rectifier only half cycle of mains is rectified so its efficiency is very
poor. So we use full wave bridge rectifier, in which 4 diodes are used. In each
half cycle, two diodes conduct at a time and we get maximum efficiency at
output.

Following are the main advantages and disadvantages of full wave bridge type
rectifier circuit.
Advantages:

1. The need of center tapped transformer is eliminated.

2. The output voltage is twice that of centered tap circuit for the same secondary
voltage.
3. The PIV rating of diode is half of the center taps circuit.

Disadvantages:

1. It requires 4 diodes.
2. As during each half cycle of AC input, 2 diodes are conducting therefore
voltage drop is resistance of rectifying unit will be twice as compared to center
tap circuit

Filter Circuit:

Generally a rectifier is required to produce pure DC supply for using at various

places in the electronics circuit. However, the output of rectifier has pulsating
character i.e. if such a DC is applied to electronic circuit it will produce a hum
i.e. it will contain AC, DC components. The AC components are undesirable and
must be kept away from the load. To do so a filter circuit is used which is used to
remove AC components obviously filter circuit is installed between rectifier and
voltage regulator. In our project we use capacitor as a filter because of its low

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 10
 Solar Tracking System

cost, small size and little weight and good characteristics. Capacitor is connected
in parallel to the rectifier output because it passes AC and blocks DC at all.

Three terminal voltage regulators:

A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies constant voltage regardless of change

in load current. IC voltage regulators are versatile & relatively cheaper. The 7800
series consist of three terminal positive voltage regulator s. These IC‟s are
designed to as fixed voltage regulator & with adequate heat sink, can deliver
output current in excess of 1A. These devices do not required external
component. This IC also has internal thermal overload protection and internal
short circuit and current limiting protection. For our project 7805 as a voltage
regulator IC. This is shown in bellow fig.

Circuit diagram of power supply:

The controller PIC16F877A requires the supply of 5V and hence there is need of
a regulator whose output is 5V regulated dc voltage so we have used a three
terminal regulator LM7805CT.

Arduino (ATmega328P) :
Since ATmega328P is used in Arduino Uno and Arduino Nano boards, you
can directly replace the arduino board with ATmega328 chip. For that first you
need to install the Arduino boot loader into the chip (Or you can also buy a chip
with boot loader – ATMega328P-PU). This IC with boot loader can be placed on
Arduino Uno board and burn the program into it. Once Arduino program is burnt
into the IC, it can be removed and used in place of Arduino board, along with a

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 11
 Solar Tracking System

Crystal oscillator and other components as required for the project. Below is
the pin mapping between Arduino Uno and ATmega328P chip

Pin Diagram:

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 12
 Solar Tracking System

Pin Description:
VCC is a digital voltage supply.
AVCC is a supply voltage pin for analog to digital converter
GND denotes Ground and it has a 0V.
Port B consists of the pins from PB0 to PB7. This port is an 8 bit bidirectional
port having an internal pull-up resistor.
Port C consists of the pins from PC0 to PC7. The output buffers of port C has
symmetrical drive characteristics with source capability as well high sink.
Port D consists of the pins from PD0 to PD7. It is also an 8 bit input/output port
having an internal pull-up resistor.

AREF is an analog reference pin for analog to digital converter.

Limit Switch:

DC gear motor
A gear motor is a specific type of electrical motor that is designed to produce
high torque while maintaining a low horsepower, or low speed, motor output.
Gear motors can be found in many different applications, and are probably used
in many devices in your home.

Gear motors are commonly used in devices such as can openers, garage
door openers, washing machine time control knobs, and even electric alarm
clocks. Common commercial applications of a gear motor include hospital beds,
commercial jacks, and cranes. Regardless of what type of gear motor you’re
dealing with, they all work in the same manner.

A gear motor can be either an AC (alternating current) or a DC (direct current)

electric motor. Most gear motors have an output of 1,200 to 3,600 revolutions per
minute (RPMs). These types of motors also have two different speed
specifications: normal speed and the stall-speed torque specifications.

Gear motors are primarily used to reduce speed in a series of gears, which in turn
creates more torque. This is accomplished by an integrated series of gears or a
gearbox being attached to the main motor rotor and shaft via a second reduction
shaft. The second shaft is then connected to the series of gears or gearbox to

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 13
 Solar Tracking System

create what is known as a series of reduction gears. Generally speaking, the

longer the train of reduction gears, the lower the output of the end, or final, gear
will be.

Solar Plate:
Solar energy is the most abundant, renewable energy source in the world. Solar
energy systems refer to technologies that convert the sun's heat or light to another
form of energy for use

There are two categories of technologies that harness solar energy, Solar
Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal.

Solar Photovoltaic (or PV) is a technology that converts sunlight into direct
current electricity by using semiconductors In contrast, Solar Thermal is a
technology that utilizes the heat energy from the sun for heating
or electricity production

Types of Solar Panels

When considering solar panels there are two main types to choose from:

 Photovoltaic (PV) systems are made up of a collection of photovoltaic solar

cells. These individuals cells are usually small and produce around 1 or 2 watts of
power. To get the most out of these in terms of power output, these cells are
connected to for a larger unit called a module. This module can be connected to
another larger unit to form an array that produces even more power.

 Solar thermal systems (solar water heating systems) are made up of collectors
(types of solar panels) that are fitted to your roof. They collect heat from the sun
and can be used to heat water for immediate use or water stored in a hot water
cylinder.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 14
 Solar Tracking System

Advantages of Solar Panels

 High Savings – Save more on your electricity bills.

 Renewable Energy Source – It uses energy from direct sunlight.

 Energy Benefits – Sell the electricity you produce in surplus back to the
grid.

 Low Carbon Footprint – Low carbon emissions allowing you to cut back
on your carbon footprint, as their main source of energy is the sun.

 Easy to Maintain – Trees should not overshadow solar panels so they

can absorb sunlight and they are clean.

 Easy Replacement – If you already own a conventional heating system, it

is easy to make switch from it to solar panels.

 Long Life Span – Solar panel can last up to 25 years or more with the
proper care and maintenance.

 Property Value – Solar panels increase the value of your property in the
future for being a self sufficient home.

 A Silent System – They don't make any noise.

Disadvantages of Solar Panels

 High Installation Cost – Initial installation costs are quite high at first but
overall solar panels are cheaper in the long run.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 15
 Solar Tracking System

 Absorbs Sunlight during the Day – As solar panels require sunlight to

produce electricity they can only be used in the day time.

 Costly Storage – One must make sure trees do not overshadow solar
panels so they can effectively absorb sunlight, and are in no contact of
harmful objects that could damage the panels themselves.

 Requires Large Space – In order to benefit from the power of solar

panels you would need a large area to install the solar panels.

 Hidden Pollutants – Silicon and other materials found in the photovoltaic

panels cause pollution but environmental pollutants can damage the solar
panels.

 Location – Certain parts of the UK are better suited for solar panels
compared to others, ie: city dwellings verses mountainous or highland
areas.

Bluetooth Module (HC-05):

HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module,
designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. Serial port Bluetooth
module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps
Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR
Blue core 04-External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and
with AFH(Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the footprint as small as
12.7mmx27mm. Hope it will simplify your overall design/development cycle.
Bluetooth is a type of wireless communication used to transmit voice and data at
high speeds using radio waves. It’s widely used in mobile phones for making
calls, headset and share data. This type of communication is a cheap and easy
way to control something remotely using arduino. For communication with
arduino using Bluetooth a Bluetooth module need to be connected with arduino.
Several model of Bluetooth module are available. I am using here HC-05 a very
common and cheap one. HC-05 module has 6 pins.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 16
 Solar Tracking System

It has 6 pins,
1. Key/EN: It is used to bring Bluetooth module in AT commands mode. If
Key/EN pin is set to high, then this module will work in command mode.
Otherwise by default it is in data mode. The default baud rate of HC-05 in
command mode is 38400bps and 9600 in data mode.

HC-05 module has two modes,

1. Data mode: Exchange of data between devices.

2. Command mode: It uses AT commands which are used to change

setting of HC-05. To send these commands to module serial (USART) port is
used.

2. VCC: Connect 5 V or 3.3 V to this Pin.

3. GND: Ground Pin of module.

4. TXD: Transmit Serial data (wirelessly received data by Bluetooth module

transmitted out serially on TXD pin)

5. RXD: Receive data serially (received data will be transmitted wirelessly by

Bluetooth module).

6. State: It tells whether module is connected or not.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 17
 Solar Tracking System

L293D Motor Driver IC

L293D Description

L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to

drive on either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC
motors simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control two DC
motor with a single L293D IC. Dual H-bridge Motor Driver integrated
circuit (IC).

The l293d can drive small and quiet big motors as well, check the Voltage
Specification at the end of this page for more info.

You can Buy L293D IC in any electronic shop very easily and it costs around 70
Rupees (INR) or around 1 $ Dollar (approx Cost) or even lesser cost. You can
find the necessary pin diagram, working, a circuit diagram, Logic description and
Project as you read through.

Concept

It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the

voltage to be flown in either direction. As you know voltage need to change its
direction for being able to rotate the motor in clockwise or anticlockwise
direction, Hence H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC motor.

In a single L293D chip there are two h-Bridge circuit inside the IC which can
rotate two dc motor independently. Due its size it is very much used in robotic
application for controlling DC motors. Given below is the pin diagram of a
L293D motor controller.

here are two Enable pins on l293d. Pin 1 and pin 9, for being able to drive the
motor, the pin 1 and 9 need to be high. For driving the motor with left H-bridge
you need to enable pin 1 to high. And for right H-Bridge you need to make the
pin 9 to high. If anyone of the either pin1 or pin9 goes low then the motor in the
corresponding section will suspend working. It’s like a switch.3

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 18
 Solar Tracking System

L293D Pin Diagram

 Pin-1 (Enable 1-2): When the enable pin is high, then the left part of the IC
will work otherwise it won’t work. This pin is also called as a master control pin.
 Pin-2 (Input-1): When the input pin is high, then the flow of current will be
through output 1
 Pin-3 (Output-1): This output-1 pin must be connected to one of the terminals
of the motor
 Pin4 &5: These pins are ground pins
 Pin-6 (Output-2): This pin must be connected to one of the terminals of the
motor.
 Pin-7 (Input-2): When this pin is HIGH then the flow of current will be though
output 2
 Pin-8 (Vcc2): This is the voltage pin which is used to supply the voltage to the
motor.
 Pin-16 (Vss): This pin is the power source to the integrated circuit.
 Pin-15 (Input-4): When this pin is high, then the flow of current will be
through output-4.
 Pin-14 (Output-4): This pin must be connected to one of the terminals of the
motor

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 19
 Solar Tracking System

 Pin-12 & 13: These pins are ground pins

 Pin-11 (Output-3): This pin must be connected to one of the terminals of the
motor.
 Pin-10 (Input-3): When this pin is high, then the flow of current will through
output-3
 Pin-9 (Enable3-4): When this pin is high, then the right part of the IC will
work & when it is low the right part of the IC won’t work. This pin is also called
as a master control pin for the right part of the IC.

Working of L293D

There are 4 input pins for l293d, pin 2,7 on the left and pin 15 ,10 on the right as
shown on the pin diagram. Left input pins will regulate the rotation of motor
connected across left side and right input for motor on the right hand side. The
motors are rotated on the basis of the inputs provided across the input pins as
LOGIC 0 or LOGIC 1.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 20
 Solar Tracking System

Light Dependent Resistor

Majority of street lights, outdoor lights, and a number of indoor home appliances are
typically operated and maintained manually in many occasions. This is not only risky,
however additionally it leads to wastage of power with the negligence of personnel or
uncommon circumstances in controlling these electrical appliances ON and OFF.
Hence, we can utilize the light sensor circuit for automatic switch OFF the loads
based on daylight’s intensity by employing a light sensor. This article discusses in
brief about what is a light dependent resistor, how to make a light dependent resistor
circuit and its applications

What is a Light Dependent Resistor?

An LDR or light dependent resistor is also known as photo resistor, photocell,

photoconductor. It is a one type of resistor whose resistance varies depending on the
amount of light falling on its surface. When the light falls on the resistor, then the
resistance changes. These resistors are often used in many circuits where it is required
to sense the presence of light. These resistors have a variety of functions and
resistance. For instance, when the LDR is in darkness, then it can be used to turn ON
a light or to turn OFF a light when it is in the light. A typical light dependent resistor
has a resistance in the darkness of 1MOhm, and in the brightness a resistance of a
couple of KOhm

Working Principle of LDR

This resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. It is nothing but, when the
light falls on its surface, then the material conductivity reduces and also the electrons

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 21
 Solar Tracking System

in the valence band of the device are excited to the conduction band. These photons in
the incident light must have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor
material.This makes the electrons to jump from the valence band to conduction.

Working Principle of LDR

These devices depend on the light, when light falls on the LDR then the resistance
decreases, and increases in the dark.When a LDR is kept in the dark place, its
resistance is high and, when the LDR is kept in the light its resistance will decrease.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 22
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.4

WHY TO USE MICROCONTROLLER

What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning
on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by
sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board All Arduino boards
are completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and
eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and
it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for
physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's
Handyboard, and many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the
messy details of microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use
package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it
offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other
systems:

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 23
 Solar Tracking System

Since ATmega328P is used in Arduino Uno and Arduino nano boards, you can
directly replace the arduino board with ATmega328 chip. For that first you need to
install the Arduino bootloader into the chip (Or you can also buy a chip with
bootloader – ATMega328P-PU). This IC with bootloader can be placed on Arduino
Uno board and burn the program into it. Once Arduino program is burnt into the IC, it
can be removed and used in place of Arduino board, along with a Crystal oscillator
and other components as required for the project. Below is the pin mapping between
Arduino Uno and ATmega328P chip.

Applications

There are hundreds of applications for ATMEGA328P:

 Used in ARDUINO UNO, ARDUINO NANO and ARDUINO MICRO boards.

 Industrial control systems.
 SMPS and Power Regulation systems.
 Digital data processing.
 Analog signal measuring and manipulations.
 Embedded systems like coffee machine, vending machine.
 Motor control systems.
 Display units.
 Peripheral Interface system

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 24
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.5

ARCHITECTURE OF AT mega 328

Arduino Uno:

It is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 25
 Solar Tracking System

inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller,
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying
too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the
chip for a few dollars and start over again.
“Uno” means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino
Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE)
were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno
board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for
the Arduino platform. (IDE = integrated development environment)

Here Architecture is of Arduino or precisely the IC of Arduino (ATmega328p)

The ATmega328/P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on
the AVR® enhanced RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture. In
Order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR
uses Harvard architecture – with separate

The basic working of CPU of ATmega328:-

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 26
 Solar Tracking System

1. The data is uploaded in serial via the port (being uploaded from the computer’s
Arduino IDE). The data is decoded and then the instructions are sent
to instruction register and it decodes the instructions on the same clock pulse.

2. On the next clock pulse the next set of instructions are loaded in instruction
register.

3. In general purpose registers the registers are of 8-bit but there are 3 16-bit
registers also.
a. 8-bit registers are used to store data for normal calculations and results.
b. 16-bit registers are used to store data of timer counter in 2 different register.
Eg. X-low & X-high. They are fast, and are used to store specific hardware
functions.

4. EEPROM stores data permanently even if the power is cut out. Programming
inside a EEPROM is slow.

5. Interrupt Unit checks whether there is an interrupt for the execution of

instruction to be executed in ISR (Interrupt Service Routine).

6. Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is an interface bus commonly used to send

data between microcontrollers and small peripherals such as Camera, Display,
SD cards, etc. It uses separate clock and data lines, along with a select line to
choose the device you wish to talk to.

7.Watchdog timer is used to detect and recover from MCU malfunctioning.

8. Analog comparator compares the input values on the positive and negative
pin, when the value of positive pin is higher the output is set.

9. Status and control is used to control the flow of execution of commands by

checking other blocks inside the CPU at regular intervals.

10. ALU (Arithmetic and Logical unit)The high performance AVR ALU
operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose working registers.
Within a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations b/w general purpose registers
are executed. The ALU operations are divided into 3 main categories –
arithmetic, logical and bit-function.

11. I/O pins The digital inputs and outputs (digital I/O) on the Arduino are what
allow you to connect the Arduino sensors, actuators, and other ICs. Learning how
to use them will allow you to use the Arduino to do some really useful things,
such as reading switch inputs, lighting indicators, and controlling relay outputs.

Memory:

Flash Memory has 32KB capacity. It has an address of 15 bits. It is a

Programmable Read Only Memory (ROM). It is nonvolatile memory.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 27
 Solar Tracking System

SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. It is a volatile memory i.e.
data will be removed after removing the power supply.
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. It
has a long term data.

 General Purpose (GP) registers

 ATmega-328 has thirty two (32) General Purpose (GP) registers.

 These all of the registers are the part of Static Random Access Memory
(SRAM).

 All the registers are given in the figure shown below.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 28
 Solar Tracking System

The basic working of CPU of ATmega328:-

1. The data is uploaded in serial via the port (being uploaded from the computer’s
Arduino IDE). The data is decoded and then the instructions are sent to instruction
register and it decodes the instructions on the same clock pulse.

2. On the next clock pulse the next set of instructions are loaded in instruction
register.

3. In general purpose registers the registers are of 8-bit but there are 3 16-bit
registers also.
a. 8-bit registers are used to store data for normal calculations and results.
b. 16-bit registers are used to store data of timer counter in 2 different register. Eg. X-
low & X-high. They are fast, and are used to store specific hardware functions.

4. EEPROM stores data permanently even if the power is cut out. Programming
inside a EEPROM is slow.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 29
 Solar Tracking System

5. Interrupt Unit checks whether there is an interrupt for the execution of instruction
to be executed in ISR (Interrupt Service Routine).

6. Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is an interface bus commonly used to send data
between microcontrollers and small peripherals such as Camera, Display, SD cards,
etc. It uses separate clock and data lines, along with a select line to choose the device
you wish to talk to.

7.Watchdog timer is used to detect and recover from MCU malfunctioning.

8. Analog comparator compares the input values on the positive and negative pin,
when the value of positive pin is higher the output is set.

9. Status and control is used to control the flow of execution of commands by

checking other blocks inside the CPU at regular intervals.

10. ALU (Arithmetic and Logical unit)The high performance AVR ALU operates in
direct connection with all the 32 general purpose working registers. Within a single
clock cycle, arithmetic operations b/w general purpose registers are executed. The
ALU operations are divided into 3 main categories – arithmetic, logical and bit-
function.

11. I/O pins The digital inputs and outputs (digital I/O) on the Arduino are what
allow you to connect the Arduino sensors, actuators, and other ICs. Learning how to
use them will allow you to use the Arduino to do some really useful things, such as
reading switch inputs, lighting indicators, and controlling relay outputs.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 30
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND PCB LAYOUT

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 31
 Solar Tracking System

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 32
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.7
PCB DESIGNING

PCB Layout and Artwork:

It is a drawing made from a photo plotter or using a tape or a marker pen and
good quality oil plant .It shows the circuit to be etched on the board. Targets are used
to register the art work the circuit work with other art work. The size to which the art
work must be reduced is indicated on the artwork between the targets. Most of the
works are twice as large as the final PCB at the board corners.

Film Processing: Processing of the A Film Involves the Following Steps

a) Exposure lime
b) Development
c) Stop bath
d) Film Washing
e) Drying

A simple method to determine the optimum exposure time is the use of a test
strip The use of magnifying glass and a Trans illuminated inspection table is
necessary for the evaluation.

The developer used has to be of a type recommended by the film manufacture

for that particular film. In developing keep all the parameter constant so that a
negative with the same exposure will produce the same quality of negative at any
time. After the development is finished the film is gripped with the force on one edge
and lifted above the developing tray for maximum 3 sec .The stop bath is acid type
which effectively stops the development action. Duration for the stop bath is
recommended by the film manufacturers .Film washing is recommended by
manufacturing which should be around 30 min. After washing, a dip in a wave
wetting is valuable aid for the draying process. Drying process should take place
slowly at room temperature which gives the good results.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 33
 Solar Tracking System

Types of Artwork:

There are two types of artwork Positive and Negative.

1) Positive Artwork: Positive artwork is an original artwork. It is dark areas which

are black on the original. The positive artwork is as shown in fig.

Fig: Positive Artwork

2) Negative Artwork: Negative artwork is the opposite of the original artwork. While
area on the artwork appears as a black surface while clear areas appear in places
which are black on artwork. It is opposite of the original artwork. Some photographic
processes require a negative mask and other required a positive mask.

Fig: Negative Artwork

Artwork Check: It is very essential where the artwork is completed, that a though
check is carried out to provide its exact correspondence with the circuit diagram To
check artwork on transparent base layers, a copy of the combined artwork with all its

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 34
 Solar Tracking System

layers has to be obtained The checked interconnections are marked in the schematic
diagram until the check is completed.

Photo Printing: It is an extremely accurate process which is also applied to the

fabrication of semiconductors and integrated circuits. Mainly two types of process
like print and etch process and panel painting are used.

Print and Etch Process: In this process the conductor pattern is transferred on the
copper foil surface with the help of tensile or by photo printing with photo resist. In
this process is simple and does not require any painting, only the limitations of the
print and etch process, if used for double sided PCB are basically in the missing
pattern interconnections from one side to the other side.

Panel Plating Process: In panel plating process the complete copper clad surface gets
plated along with inner surface of the drill holes. The boards have neither been etched
before nor do they have a resist pattern on the copper surface .In this process for
plated trough hole boards, the holes have to be drilled first.

Etching: After drying the board i.e by any method which will be adopted for doing
the artwork after the board is kept in etching solution for the etching process. The
removal of unwanted copper from the board to give the final pattern of the circuit is
known as etching. The solution which is used for etching process is known as etchant.

Drilling Operation: After etching, the board is washed with the help of alcohol or
benzene .It will be washed with cold water and the board is ready for drilling the
different holes .After that the mounting of the component is done In industry
depending on production volumes, semi-automatic manual the importance of hole
drilling into PCB has further gone up with electronic component To maintain size and
location of holes with required tolerances, the speed of drill is important. Drilling on

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 35
 Solar Tracking System

PCB is done by different methods by drilling machine, by direct sight by jig drilling
.When holes are drilled in a PCB ,The laminate is uncovered in PT. Copper plating is
used to provide a conducting layer within the holes.

Component assembly:

1. Preferably, place the components in X-Y direction subjected to mechanical

construction.
2. All components should be flat mounted i.e. flat placed to avoid of leads and for easy
requirements. However in case of space limitation the components such as resistors,
diodes etc may be mounted vertically which does not affect the performance.
3. In case of separate analog and digital ground a capacitor should be connected in
between the analog and digital ground.
4. Orientation of mounted components (e.g, Switches ICs) should be such that axis of
component is perpendicular to the direction of solder wave.
5. Sufficient clearance is provided around component so that inversion or replacement
and repair is easy
6. The design should be such that minimum jumpers are allowed
7. It is preferably that components like presets, coils and trim plots etc which alignment
or calibration are placed in such way that ,they are accessibly after the assembly of
PCB on cabinets.
8. If the components are not flush mounted the sleeve for leads.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 36
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.8

FLOW CHART

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 37
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.9

PROGRAM

#define M1 13

#define M2 12

void setup() {

Serial.begin (9600);

pinMode(M1, OUTPUT);

//pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(M1, LOW);

pinMode(M2, OUTPUT);

//pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(M2, LOW);

void loop() {

int sensorValue1 = analogRead(A0);

// Convert the analog reading (which goes from 0 - 1023) to a voltage (0 - 5V):

float voltage1 = sensorValue1 * (5.0 / 1023.0);

// print out the value you read:

Serial.println( voltage1 );

int sensorValue2 = analogRead(A1);

// Convert the analog reading (which goes from 0 - 1023) to a voltage (0 - 5V):

float voltage2 = sensorValue2 * (5.0 / 1023.0);

// print out the value you read:

Serial.println( voltage2 );

int sensorValue3 = analogRead(A2);

// Convert the analog reading (which goes from 0 - 1023) to a voltage (0 - 5V):

float voltage3 = sensorValue3 * (5.0 / 1023.0);

// print out the value you read:

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 38
 Solar Tracking System

Serial.println( voltage3 );

int sensorValue4 = analogRead(A3);

// Convert the analog reading (which goes from 0 - 1023) to a voltage (0 - 5V):

float voltage4 = sensorValue4 * (5.0 / 1023.0);

// print out the value you read:

//Serial.println( voltage4 );

// digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

if ( voltage2 > 3&voltage1 < 3)digitalWrite( M1, LOW), digitalWrite( M2, HIGH);

else if ( voltage1 > 3&voltage2 < 3)digitalWrite( M1, HIGH), digitalWrite( M2, LOW);

if ( voltage2 < 3&voltage1 < 3&voltage3 > 3)digitalWrite( M1, LOW), digitalWrite( M2,
LOW);

else if ( voltage1 > 3&voltage2 > 3&voltage3 > 3)digitalWrite( M1, LOW), digitalWrite( M2,
LOW);

void serialEvent() {

while (Serial.available()) {

// get the new byte:

char inChar = (char)Serial.read();

if(inChar=='F'){

digitalWrite( M1, HIGH);

digitalWrite( M2, LOW);

else if(inChar=='B'){

digitalWrite( M1, LOW);

digitalWrite( M2, HIGH);

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 39
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.10

COMPONENT LIST & COSTING

COMPONENT LIST

Sr No Component Name Quantity Rate Total

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Total

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 40
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.12

ADVANTAGES,DRAWBACKS &APPLICATION

ADVANTAGES:

 Trackers generate more electricity than their stationary counterparts due to increased
direct exposure to solar rays. This increase can be as much as 10 to 25% depending on the
geographic location of the tracking system.
 Solar trackers generate more electricity in roughly the same amount of space needed
for fixed tilt systems, making them ideal optimizing land usage.

DRAWBACKS:

 Trackers are a more complex system than fixed racking. This means that
typically more site preparation is needed, including additional trenching for
wiring and some additional grading.
 Single-axis tracker projects also require an additional focus on company
stability and bankability. When it comes to getting projects financed, these
systems are more complex and thus are seen as a higher risk from a financier’s
viewpoint.
 Solar trackers are generally designed for climates with little to no snow making
them a more viable solution in warmer climates. Fixed racking accommodates
harsher environmental conditions more easily than tracking systems.
 Fixed tracking systems offer more field adjustability than single-axis tracking
systems. Fixed systems can generally accommodate up to 20% slopes in the
E/W direction while tracking systems typically offer less of a slope
accommodation usually around 10% in the N/S direction.

Application :

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 41
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.13

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION:

In this thesis, the sun tracking system was implemented which is based on PIC
microcontroller. After examining the information obtained in the data analysis section, it can
be said that the proposed sun tracking solar array system is a feasible method of maximizing
the energy received from solar radiation. The controller circuit used to implement this system
has been designed with a minimal number of components and has been integrated onto a
single PCB for simple assembly. The use of stepper motors enables accurate tracking of the
sun while keeping track of the array's current position in relation to its initial position. The
automatic solar radiation tracker is an efficient system for solar energy collection. It has been
shown that the sun tracking systems can collect about 8% more energy than what a fixed
panel system collects and thus high efficiency is achieved through this tracker. 8% increase in
efficiency is not the most significant figure; it can be more prominent in concentrating type
reflectors.

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 42
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO. 14

REFERENCE

References:

 The 8051 Microcontroller -K.J.Ayala

 Data sheet manuals -Through net
 Architecture -Through net

Websites:

 www.Philips .com
 www.efy.com
 www.micromaxdisplay.com
 www.electronicsguidanceprojects.blogspot.com
 WWW.Safari.com
 http://www.datasheetcatalog.com
 http://www.alldatasheet.com
 http://.wikipedia.org/wiki/frequency_modulation
 www.primetechautomation.com
 http://seminarreport.com
 www.livfuture.com
 www.skitronics.com
 www.google.com
 www.rapidfind.co.in/
 www.avians.co.in/prod_entgate.html

Magazines:

 Electronic for you

 Electronic today

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 43
 Solar Tracking System

CHAPTER NO.15

DATASHEETS

S.I.E.T.(Poly).Paniv 44