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Abstract – The battery/ultracapacitors (UCs) integration The use of a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) is
is able to provide notable advantages in the power therefore particularly convenient for a complete
management of an electric vehicle (EV), in terms of satisfaction of the EV demands, in terms of both
capability of both high energy storage and readiness to energy density and power density [4].
deal with fast load variations. In order to manage the
An interesting hybrid architecture for electric vehicles
charge (or discharge) of the UCs from (or towards) a DC
voltage bus, a proper bi-directional converter is required. is the one based on the battery/UCs combination [5]:
In this paper, a bi-directional DC-DC converter in the battery should provide to the vehicle the average
connection with a stack of UCs is described and some power level, while the ultracapacitors should react to
power simulation results are provided. The proposed the peak power demands [6-7].
converter is a B2R (buck-boost regulator) type. The load The use of the only battery technology for ensuring the
is represented by a 40kW peak power, kept for a time peak power pulses requested during acceleration and
window of 3s, as required by the Worldwide harmonized braking of the vehicle is possible, but at the price of a
Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). severe degradation of the battery performances in terms
Index Terms – Ultracapacitors; DC-DC converter; Electric of weight, cost and lifetime [8]. Different studies have
Vehicle; Power Management; Battery proven the importance of the ultracapacitors integration
in order to reduce the battery ageing-effects without
I. INTRODUCTION oversizing the battery itself. Nevertheless, a significant
The increasing mobility demand and the significant economical convenience of the UC/battery integration
growth of the world population will contribute to a is still far to be proven, being strongly dependent on
higher and higher number of circulating vehicles in the external factors, such as the price fluctuations [9].
next years. At the current oil consumption rate and In addition, a HESS requires the combination between
considering that the discovery of new oil reserves is an optimal sizing and a proper power management
slower than the demand increase, the world will run out strategy, to precisely determine the size of the different
of oil in 2050 [1]. Furthermore, the oil exploitation by energy sources and to control the power sharing
vehicles notably contributes to both pollution and between them according to various possible scenarios
global warming, with dangerous effects for the of mobility [10], [17-21].
environment and the population. Considering that In this paper, a bi-directional DC-DC converter for the
among the globally consumed oil, the 60% is used for ultracapacitors application is proposed. In Fig. 1 a
transportation, an ever-growing interest in electric possible architecture of the battery/UCs system is
vehicles (EV) is being expressed by researchers, shown. Two bi-directional DC-DC converters connect
politicians, producers and consumers, in order to the battery and the UCs to a common bus. The bus
satisfy the demand and limit the pollution. voltage is generated by means of the battery-connected
Among the EV on-board energy-storage devices, DC-DC converter, which also regulates the average
batteries, fuel cells (FCs) and ultracapacitors (UCs) are current required by the load; the UCs-connected DC-
the most known. Batteries and FCs guarantee large DC converter deals with the peak power load demands:
amounts of energy, but the latter ones are less if the load requires a power peak, the ultracapacitors
convenient because of their slow time constants. are discharged; if the ultracapacitors require to be
Therefore, the batteries represent the most important recharged, the energy is recovered from the bus.
energy contribution in an EV. On the other hand, UCs In this paper, the focus is on the analysis and design of
have large power density and present a higher number a specific UCs-connected bi-directional DC-DC
of charge/discharge cycles with respect to batteries [2- converter. The proposed converter is able to manage
3]. some typical problems concerning the use of the UCs.
Since each energy source is not able to provide top For the real exploitation of an ultracapacitance, its
performances in terms of both energy and power voltage level should largely vary. Furthermore, UCs
density, the hybridization turns out to be a reliable generally show high equivalent series resistances, so a
solution. certain care has to be addressed to the power losses of
the whole system and to the voltage rating of the
= (1)
2
∆ = − (2)
2 2
the converter. 80
Vbus Vuc
70
60
50
40
30
20
1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (s)
Fig. 6 - Bode diagrams of the main transfer functions for the control 150
-50
-100
-150
-200
IV. CONCLUSIONS
A B2R DC-DC converter for the power management of
a stack of ultracapacitors, in a battery/ultracaps hybrid
storage system for EV applications, has been described
in this paper. The goal is the charge (and discharge) of
a stack of ultracapacitors from (and towards) a 48V
voltage bus. After a preliminary investigation on the
major issues arising from the use of the UCs, a possible
Fig. 7 - Bode diagrams of the main transfer functions for the control connection has been proposed for the management of a
loop design and evaluation, at the maximum duty-cycle: 5kW power level. The total power level is 40kW if 8
the phase and gain margins (mφ and mg) stacks of 24 series-connected ultracapacitors and their
and the bandwidth (fc) are highlighted
resepective B2R power modules are parallelized.
The resulting stability margins have been considered
appropriate for the proposed goal. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In order to evaluate the proper behaviour of the control
This work was financially supported by MIUR -
system in the time domain, some simulations have been
Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della
carried out in PowerSIM.
Ricerca (Italian Ministry of Education, University and
As shown by the simulation results in Fig. 8, the bus
Research), by SDESLab (Sustainable Development and
current is correctly regulated during both discharge and
Energy Saving Laboratory) and PERLab (Power
charge of the UCs. The reference set is 100A for the
Electronic Research Laboratory) of the University of
discharge phase, whereas it is -100A for the recharging
Palermo.
phase. The UC voltage is shown as well: it decreases
during the discharge for the first 3 seconds; after that, it
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