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RadCom l ep ubl
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J
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5
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R
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t
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n! I
tc an al
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t I
twa
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s
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tan
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nd s
pace
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o
rm of microcontroler wou
ld provide t
he
TWO E
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ERMS t
heonly i
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as
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bta
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s s
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P
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roduced b
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b
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o p
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ange o
f
A
rizona M
icroch
ip I
nc
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h
isa
ppl
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,th
e T
hen
, i
nFeb
rua
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996
, T
echn
ica
l T
opic
s o
pera
tiona
l f
ea
ture
s. Wha
t p
ut me of f
or
P
IC 16C84. [
1
] r
epo
rted t
he r
e
sul
ts o
fsome p
hase n
oise mon
thsw a
sthecos
tsofacqu
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hedeve
lop-
DDS -D
irec
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thes
is.The t
echn
ique mea
suremen
ts made b
yCo
lin Ho
rrab
in,G
3SB
I, men
t env
ironmen
t and t
he hardware t
op ro
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o
f d
ig
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lly gene
rat
ing t
he ou
tpu
t fr
equency a
nd J
ack H
ardca
stle
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IR,o
n as
t
able V
acka
r g
ram t
he c
hip
. Ag
lance i
n t
he l
a
rge
r c
a
ta-
d
i
rec
tly (
a
s o
ppo
sed t
o t
yp
ica
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ixing t
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e a
s'r
athe
rdi
sappo
int
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'.T
hiss
e
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h
inldng
. l
ogue
s s
ugge
sted l
i
t
tle c
hange f
r
om a £
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o
utpu
tof aVFO w
ith ac
rys
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sc
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tor -o
r i
nves
tmen tfo
rPIC d
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n-
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hase
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e
chn
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s). I
n a
cceptab
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t
h
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ppl
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he Analog D
evice
s AD9850 C
LKIN T
he b
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R
eference F
OUT
A
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ynthes
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ip i
sused
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rov
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nth
eirwebsi
te t
he
irc omple
te deve
l-
o
pment e
nvi
ronment a
tno cos
t -a
s wel a
s
I
N B
RIEF c
opiou
s a
ppl
ica
tion ma
ter
ial
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he
re a
re
P
IC '
N
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rov
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s P
IC-
con
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it t
uning word n
umerous c
i
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rammerspub
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g
ene
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fthe r
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njec
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r
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SGB RC2054
l
i
shed o
ntheIn
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o
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to th
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our l
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han £
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he p
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rn.
t
r
ansce
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r. F
ig 1
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ic DDS b
lock d
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ram
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P
IC '
N' MIX a
l
so i
nth
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hatyou c
an C
ONCLUS
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p
i
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hoose wh
ich f
unct
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t o
fus i
gno
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oise b
e- PHASE NO
ISE d
oesm
atter i
nprac
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y
ou b
ui
ld; a
nd i
nth
e s
ense t
ha
tth
ere a
r
e, b
y c
ause w
e c
an'
t m
easu
re i
t
, my
self i
nc
luded
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ubs
tan
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l n
umbe
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tmake
s t
he
d
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, an
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ren
t mechan
ica
lcon
- Doe
sitr
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tte
rinp
rac
tice? d
iference b
etween R
2and R
5signa
lsonS SB
.
f
i
gura
tion
s t
obe
sts
u
ity
ourc
i
rcum
stance
s. T
he ARRL Handbook h
asa
nexce
llen
tse
c- F
ore xample
, th
eh ome
-brew n
etconvene
s
You are al
so presen
ted with t
he rad
ica
l t
i
on o
nt h
esubjec
t[ 2
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onc
lude
s "...
f
ar- d
ai
ly a
round l
unch time on 8
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hesoftware Ih
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ise can s
i
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icant
ly r
educe t
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r
om th
eS STV cal
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requency a
nd j
us
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ting y
our own. d
ynam ic r
ange o
f are
ceiver
. Far
-ou
t p hase f
r
om ap
rom
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tFrench c
oas
tals
t
ation
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se
T
he P
IC m
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r (
and a
bou
t 4
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rfo
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iticalas a
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d
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tchan
-
h
our
sofs
of
twa
re d
eve
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rov
ide
scon
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lock
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ynam
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ange a
nd t
wo-
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ynam
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el s
ignals
.
t
r
ola
nd o
pera
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lfl
exib
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ty, wh
ile t
h
e DDS r
ange p
erfo
rmance o
fre
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rs." Y
es,b
utd
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fth
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and i
sfl
at a
nd q
uie
t, i
t make
s n
o
c
hip i
sused t
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thesise t
h
e RF o
utpu
t,g
iv
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lly ma
tte
rinpra
ctice? Imean
, am It
r
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.I fcondit
ionsareli
vely -u
sing t
he
s
t
abil
ity and l
ow pha
se noise
. g
oing t
of a
iltoc
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lsigna
ls on as
ign
ifi
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ource -t
hen Ic
an o
f
ten c
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,E I9GQ
,
c
ant n
umber of occa
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s b
ecau
se o
f p
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us
tR5. Swi
tch o
vertot
h
e VFO a
nd th
e
C
ONVERG
ING T
HEMES p
hase n
oi
se p
erfo
rmance? r
eadab
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ty i
n
stant
ly d
egrade
stonea
rhopele
ss
D
ISCOUNT
ING THE VALUE o
fyou
rtime
,I Id
e
term
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o f
md o
ut b
y a
dop
ting t
he i
f -a
nd o
nly i
f -t
here i
ssi
gnif
ican
tadjacent
would a
rgue t
hatf
oryea
rsithasbeen v
iab
le t
o s
imp
le e
xped
ien
toff
i
t
ting ac
hange
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hanne
l a
ct
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he e f
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s. I t
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b
uild mult
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r
ansce
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t- b
etween my t
r
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nd ap
hase
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ot t
hat Ed
's s
igna
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, it
's tha
t th
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p
erfo
rm t
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eirc
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tany a
l
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f t
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r outpu
t. T
hen, b
ase l
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raph -f
r
om u
nder ava
rie
ty o
fprac
tica
lcondi
tions
,could I g
oup
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tdoe
sn'
t,o
fcou
rse
.
t
he cheap and c
hee
rfu
l th
rough to t
h
e t
ruly t
e
ll t
h
e d
i
ffe
rence? T
he p
rob
lem
, o
f c
our
se, Wha
tish
appen
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sth
att
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eno
ise s
i
deband
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e
xot
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atis
,forone c
r
it
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lement w
as tofind t
h
is a
lte
rna
tive w
ithou
t s
pend
ing o
n my VFO a
rem
ixing w
ith a
d
jacen
tsi
gna
lst
o
-t
h
e i
n
jec
tion o
sci
lla
tor
. i
mprac
ticab
le sum
s of money
. p
roduce i
nc
remen
taln
oise i
nth
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Ih
ave b
een b
ui
lding VFO
sfo
ryea
rst
ha
tfo
r T
echn
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3
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ame t
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e
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ery s
a
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ry e
xpe
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ecau
se t
h
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s
a
l
l p
rac
tica
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se s d
idn'
tdrif
t
. Almo
st a
l
l a
gain b
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rs
tbr
ing
ing t
o my n
ot
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t
h
G
E
NEROU
S
-b
yth
r
eepos
t •S
i
m
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r
i
t
p
lyd
e3
i
v
i
d
c
h
e
et
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e
h
ep
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r
i
t
e
c
ei
di
n
t
o 3e
nc
o
nse
c
q
u
u
a
t
i
lp
v
a
ym
em
on
e
t
h
n
ts
.
ss t
a
r
tin
gw i
t
hto
da
y'
sd a
t
e.
NEICO M e P
I
(OF
FER
!
d
a
te
dc h
equ
es
•W
r
i
tey o
u
rt e
l
epho
nen um
ber
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e
queco
rdNo &ex
pi
ryda
teonth
eba
ckofe
a
c
hch
e
que
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1 t
h
em tou
s,en
c
lo
sin
gy o
urname &a
dd
res
s &wewi
l(s
ub
je
cttost
a
tu
s)s
e
ndy
o
urgo
od
sim
med
ia
te
ly
.
I •P
O
S
 P
SK3 I:A New
R
adio
-Teletype Mode
C
onc
lud
ing p
art
, b
y P
eter Mar
tinez
, G
3PLX*

p
A
RT ONE OF o
fth
isa
r
ticle d
i
scus
sed c
ompa
rison t
e
sts
.The a
utoma
tic r
epea
t(ARQ
) o
n QPSK
, b
ecau
se t
h
e e
nve
lope s
t
i
ll h
as a
t
h
erequ
iremen
tsf
o
r al
i
ve-con
tactkey
- m
ethod o
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rrec
ting e
r
ror
swa
sru
led o
ut
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t modu
lat
ion c
omponen
t a
tth
ebi
t-ra
te.
b
oard/
screen communicat
ion s
ystem, f
o
rwa
rd e
r
ror c
orre
ction (
FEC
) w
hich w
as
a
nd p
roposed t
h
en a
rrow-band P
SK31 mode a
s a
dded t
o mode
ssuch a
s AmTOR a
nd P
acTOR C
IPSK AND T
HE
acand
ida
te f
or amoder
ne qu
iva
len
t t
otrad
i- a
lmostasanaf
ter
thoughtse
emed tode
serve a C
ONVOLUT IONAL C
ODE
t
i
onal RTTY
.T h
is mode h
asnow b
een i
nuse s
econd l
ook
, p
rovided t
h
e tr
ansm
iss
ion de
lay THERE I
S Av
asta
moun
tofa
va
ilab
le k
now
l-
o
n t
h
e HF b
and
sby as
mal
lbu
tgrow
ing b
and w
as n
ott oo l
ong
. e
dge a
bou
tco
rrec
ting e
r
ror
sind
a
ta wh
ich a
r
e
o
fen
thu
sia
sts f
o
rabou
ttwo y
ear
s. Ir
e
alised t
hatcompa
ring t
wo s
ys
tem
s w
ith o
rgan
ised i
nblock
sofc
ons
tan
tle
ngth s
uch a
s
I
nth
ispar
t Iwi
lld
esc
ribe t
wo r
e
cen
tadd
i- d
ife
ren
t b
andw
idth
s a
nd s
peed
s o
n t
h
e a
i
r ASC
II c
ode
s, b
y t
r
ansm
itt
ing l
onge
r b
lock
s,
t
i
ons t
oPSK31. wou
ld be d
ifi
cul
t: ad
jacen
t channe
l i
n
ter
fer
- b
ut Ik
now ofno
thing t
ha
tcover
se rro
rc or
rec
-
e
nce w
ould b
ediferen
t,asw ou
ld t
heef
ect
sof t
i
on of v
ar
iab
le leng
th b
lock
s like Var
icode
.
ASECOND L
OOK A
TERROR mu
ltipa
th. T
here i
s
,h owever
, ano
therway t
o H
oweve
r,t
h
ere a
r
eway
sofr
educ
ing e
r
ror
sin
C
ORRECTION d
ouble th
e in
forma
tion capac
ity of aBPSK c
ont
inuou
s s
t
ream
s o
f d
ata w
hich h
ave n
o
A
I
- 1
ER GETT
ING P
SK31 g
oing w
ith BPSK c
hanne
l w
ithou
t d
oub
ling i
t
's b
andw
idth a
nd b
lock s
t
ruc
tur
e,a
nd t
h
iss
eems an
a
tura
lcho
ice
modula
tion a
nd t
h
eV a
ricode a
l
phabet
,severa
l s
peed
.B yadding as
econd B
PSK ca
rrie
ra t90
° f
o
r ar
ad
io l
i
nk,s
i
nce t
h
eer
ror
sdon
'th
ave a
ny
p
eople u
rged metoa
dd er
rorco
rrec
tion t
oiti
n a
tthetr
ansmi
tterand ase
cond d
emodulatorin b
lock s
t
ructu
reei
the
r.T he
se a
recal
led c
onvo
-
t
hebel
ieftha
titwou
ld imp
rove i
tst
i
llfur
ther
. t
h
e r
e
ceive
r, w
ecan d
o t
he s
ame t
r
ick t
ha
tis l
u
tiona
l codes
, a
nd one o
fth
es imple
stform
s
Ir
es
isted f
o
rt h
erea
son
s that Ig
ave i
npar
t 1, u
sed t
otr
ansm
ittwo c
o
lou r
-dif
ference s
i
gna
ls d
oes a
c
tua
lly d
oub
le t
h
e n
umbe
r o
fda
ta b
i
ts
n
amely t
hat t
h
e delays i
n t
r
ansmi
ssion, t
he i
n PAL and NTSC telev
ision. Ical
l th
is a
nd i
sth
erefo
re an
atu
ral c
hoice f
o
r aQPSK
d
i
scont
inuoustr
aff
ic f
low
,and t
heinab
ili
ty t
o q
uad
ratu
re p
ola
rity r
eve
rsa
lkey
ing
,bu
tever
y- c
hanne
l carry
ing av a
riab
le le
ngth code.
l
i
sten
-in
,al make e
r
rorc
or
rec
tion u
nat
trac
tive b
ody e
lse c
a
llsi
tqua
terna
ry p
hase s
h
iftk
eying T
he convolut
ionalencodergenera
teso ne o
f
f
o
rlive c
ontact
s. T
here i
sanothe
rreason. A
ll o
r QPSK. t
hefourphase sh
ift
s,notfrom each da
ta bi
tto
e
r
ror c
or
recting s
ys
tem s wo
rks by a
dding r
e- T
here i
s a3dB si
gnal
-to
-noise p
enal
ty w
i th b
e sen
t, but f
rom a sequence of t
hem. T h
is
d
undant d
a
ta bi
ts
. Suppose Id
evise a
n e
rro
r QPSK,because w
eh ave t
osp
litt
hetransm
itter meanstha
teach b
itisefect
ively s
pread o
uti
n
c
or
rect
ing s
ys
tem th
atd oub
les t
he numbe
ro f p
owe
requa
lly b
etween t
h
etwo c
hanne
ls.T
his t
ime,in
ter
-twined w
ith e
ar
lierand la
terb
itsi
n
t
r
ansmi
tted b
i
ts.If Iw
anted t
okeep t
h
etraf
f
ic i
sth
esame p
ena
lty a
sdoubl
ing t
hebandwid
th, ap
rec
ise w
ay.T
he mo
re w
esp
read i
tou
t, t
h
e
t
h
roughput t
h
e same, Iwould n
eed t
odoub
le s
ow ea
ren
ow or
se of
. QPSK ist
here
foreid
eal b
et
terw
il
lb eth
ea b
ili
ty o
fth
ecode t
ocor
rec
t
t
he b
i
t r
ate
. But w
ith BPSK t
ha
t m ean
s d
ou- f
o
r my p
l
anned c
ompa
rison e
xpe
rimen
t: t
h
e b
urs
tso
fnoi
se,butwe mu
stno
tgotoofa
rorwe
b
l
ing t
hebandwid
th,so Il
o
se 3
dB of w
il
l i
n
troduce t
oo much tr
ansmis-
s
i
gnal
-to
-noise r
at
io and g
et more s
i
on d
e
lay. Ic
hose atime s
pread o
f
9
00.0Hz C
ent
re =1
000
.0Hz 1
00.0Hz
e
r
ror
s. T
he e
r
ror c
orrec
tion s
ys
tem O
dB
5b
its
.The t
a
ble t
ha
tde
termine
st h
e
w
il
l h
ave t
o wo
rk t
wice a
sha
rd j
us
t p
hase s
h
ift f
or e
ach pa
tte
rn of 5
-
10dB
t
obreak e
ven
!Iti
snol
onge
robv
ious s
ucces
sive b
i
ts isg
iven i
nt h
e ap-
t
ha
ter
rorc
orrec
tion w
ins
.Iti
sin
ter
- p
endix
.T he l
og
ic b
ehind t
h
ist a
ble
-
20dB
e
s
ting t
ono
te t
h
atw
ith F
SK, w
here w
il
lno
tbec
ove
red h
ere
.
t
h
ebandw
idth i
sal
ready much w
ide
r I
nth
er ece
iver
, ad
evice c
al
led a
-
30d8
t
han t
he in
forma
tion conten
t, you V
ite
rbidecoderisu
sed
.T hi
si sn
ot
c
an d
ouble t
hebi
t-ra
te w
ithoutdou- -
40dB s
omuch ad
ecode
ras aw
hole f
am-
b
l
ing t
h
e b
andw
idth
, a
nd e
r
rorc
or
- i
l
yofencode
rs p
laying ag
uess
ing
r
e
ction d
oes w
ork
. C
ompu
ters
imu
- -
50dB g
ame
.'Each o
ne makes ad
iferen
t
l
a
tion w
ith BPSK in wh
ite n
oise '
gue
ss' a
twha
tth
ela
st 5t
r
ansm
it-
s
hows t
h
at when t
he SNR i
sgood, -
60dB
-
100 -
75 -
50 —
25 o 2
5 t
e
dda
ta b
i
tsm igh
th ave b
een
.The
re
5
0 7
5 1
00
t
heer
rorco
rrect
ion s
ystem d
oeswin, R
SGB RC2006 a
r
e 3
2 d
if e
rent pa
ttern
s of 5b
it
s
r
educ
ing t
he low e
r
ror ra
te tov
e ry -C
.100
11.3
111
11 f
lak
a
nd t
hus3
2encode
rs.A
teach s
t
ep
l
ow l
eve
ls,bu
ta tt
he SNR l
eve
ls t
hat F
ig 4
: Sho w
ing t
he s
pec
tru m o
f t
he BPSK s
igna
l, i
d
ling a
nd s
end
ing d
a
ta, t
h
e p
hase s
h
ift v
a
lue p
red
icted b
y
a
r
e a
ccep
tab
le i
nli
ve a
mateu
rcon
- c
o mpared w
ith a
n u
n modu
lated c
arr
ier a
t t
he s
a me s
igna
l l
eve
l.
t
hebi
t-pa
tte
rn-gue
ssfrom e
ach e
n-
t
a
c t
s, i
t
's b
et
tertotr
ansm
it t
heraw c
ode
ri scompared w
ith t
h
e ac
tual
d
ata s
l
owly i
nthena
rrowe
stbandwid
th.I
tal
so a
d
jacen
t channe
l in
ter
ference
, th
e SNR
, and r
e
ceived p
hase s
h
iftv
a
lue
,and t
he3
2encode
rs
t
ake
s u
ple
ssb
and s
pace o
fcou
rse
! t
h
e mul
ti-pa
th p
erfo
rmance w ou
ld b
eexac
tly a
r
egi
ven '
mark
sou
toft
e
n' f
o
raccu
racy
.Jus
t
H
owever
, th
ere wa
s thesugge
stion t
hate
r
- t
h
esame f
o
rbo
th. l
i
ke i
n ak
nockou
t c
ompe
tit
ion
, t
h
e w
ors
t 1
6
r
o
r cor
rec
tion cou
ld give u
sefu
l r e
sul
ts f
o
r I
nth
en ex
ts ec
tion Iwi
llth
ink o
f QPSK no
t a
r
eel
imina
ted a
nd t
h
ebe
st1
6goo
ntot
h
enex
t
b
urs
ts o
fno
ise w
hich c
anno
tbes
imu
lated o
n a
stwo c
hannelsofbina
ry da
ta,b
utas asi
ngle
- r
ound
,ta
king t
he
irp
rev
iou
ssco
resw
ith t
h
em.
t
h
e b
ench
, s
o Id
ecided t
otr
y i
tand d
o s
ome c
hanne
lwh
ich c
an b
esw
itched t
oany o
ffou
r E
ach s
urv
iving e
ncode
rth
en g
ive
sbi
rth t
otwo
9
0° p
hase
-sh
iftv
a
lue
s. B
y t
h
eway
, t
h
ecl
ock c
h
ild
ren
, o
ne g
ues
sing t
ha
tth
enex
t t
r
ansm
it-
*
High B
lakebank K
ann
, U
nderbar
row
, K
end
al, C
umb
ria L
AS 8
1
1P. r
e
cove
ry i
d
ea u
sed f
orBPSK w
ork
sju
sta
swel t
edb
i
twi
llb
e az
ero a
nd t
h
eot
herg
ues
sing t
ha
t

2
6 R
adCom •J
anua
ry 1
999
 P
SK31
: AN
ew R
adio
-Te
letype Mode

CO CO CO d
e G
3PLX G
3PLX G
3PLX p
se K
n
otb
e ag
ood i
d
ea t
otr
ansm
itb
ina
ry f
i
lest
h
is
w
ay!
Rx F
req H
z T
x F
req H
z

1
004 1
7
:1i
k A
FC 1
002 NET •S
UMMAR
ISING
TH
IS ART
ICLE HAS t
r
ied t
oid
ent
ify s
ome o
f
S
creenshoto
fthe con
trolpane
lofthe P
SK3 1Windows p
rogram
,with t
he t
uning d
isp
lay s
howing asl
igh
tly t
h
e c
harac
ter
ist
ics o
f mode
rn HF d
ata
-tran
s-
n
oisy OPSK s
igna
l, and s
howing t
he f
ine
-tun
ing c
ontro
ls oft
he r
ece
ive and t
ransmit a
udio t
ones
.
m
iss
ion modes th
at h
ave contr
ibuted t
o th
e
i
twi
llb
e ao
ne. T
hey a
l
l d
oth
eire
ncod
ing t
o u
s
ing t
h
eco
rrec
tsi
deband -o
nBPSK i
tdoe
sn'
t d
ecl
inein '
l
ive QSO' o
perat
ion, un
like t
r
adi
-
g
ues
swha
tth
enex
tpha
se-
shif
twil b
e
,and a
r
e ma
tte
r. t
i
onal RTTY which i
sst
ill wide
ly used
. By
g
iven ma
rkso
uto
fte
naga
in w
hich a
r
eadded c
oncen
trat
ing on t
he s
pec
ial n
atu
re o
f l
i
ve-
o
ntot
h
eire
ar
lie
rsco
res
.The w
ors
t 1
6encod
- E
XTEND
ING T
HE A
LPHABET QS0 ope
ration
, an
ew RTTY mode h
asbeen
e
r
s areki
lled
-offaga
in and th
ec yc
le r epeats
. I
N THE UK
, ou
rc ompu
terk eyboa
rd s h
ave a d
evi
sed w
hich u
ses mode
rn DSP t
e
chn
ique
s
I
t
's abi
tlike D
arwin
's th
eory ofevo lution
, P
ound s
i
gn above t
he fi
gure 3, and many a
nd t
ake
sadvan
tage o
fth
efr
equency s
t
abi
lity
a
nd even
tual
ly al t
he d
escendants o
ft he en
- p
eople w
il
l have no
ticed th
at th
ey can
't r
el
i- o
ftoday
's HF r
ad
ios
.The b
andw
idth i
s much
c
ode
rst ha
t made t
heri
ghtg ues
sese a
rlierw il
l a
bly s
end P
ound s
ignso ve
rI n
ternet
,forexam- n
arrowe
rth
an any o
the
rt e
legraphy mode
.Fig
b
e a
mong t
he s
urv
ivo
rs a
nd w
i
ll a
l 4shows t
he spec
trum occupied b
y
c
a
rry t
h
esame '
a
nce
stra
lgene
s'. We P
SK31 a
nd F
ig 5 c
ompa
res t
h
is t
o
t
h
erefo
re ju
st keep a reco
rd of th
e t
h
ebandw
idth o
fst
anda
rd F
SK.
f
ami
ly tr
ee (t
he bi
t-gue
ss sequence
) A
t t
he t
ime o
fw r
iting (
Nov 1
998
)
o
feach s
u
rvivo
r, a
nd c
an t
r
ace b
ack P
SK31 isava
ilab
le for t
he T
exa
s
t
ofi
nd t
h
etr
ansm
itted b
i
t-s
tream
,al
- TMS320C5ODSK w
ri
tten b
yGOT
JZ,
t
hough we h
ave t
o wai
t a
t l
eas
t 5 t
he Ana
log Dev
ices ADSP21061
g
enera
tion
s (
bi
t pe
riod
s) b
efo
re al
l SHARC
' k
i
t w
ri
tten b
y DL6
IAK
,
s
urv
ivor
s have t
h
e same gr
eat great a
nd t
he Mo
toro
la DSP56002EV M
g
randmothe
r(who g
uessed r
igh
tf ive w
ri
tten b
y my
self
. O
ne o
rtwo p
eo-
b
i
ts ago
). The who
le poin
t is that p
le a
re mak
ing prom
ising p
rogress
b
ecau
se t
h
e s
cor
ing s
ys
tem i
sba
sed w
ith s
ound c
ard
s,and t
here i
sscope
o
n t
h
erunn
ing t
o
tal
, t
h
e d
ecode
ral
- f
o
r implementa
tion ofP SK31 w
ith
way
s give
st h
e mostaccurate g
uess
, t
r
adi
tiona
lh a
rdwa re modu
lato
rsand
e
ven ifth
e rece
ived p
attern iscor
- d
emodula
tor
s. The t
wo t
ab
les c
on-
r
upted
, al
though we might need t
o t
a
in s
uf
fic
ientin
format
ion t
ode
fine
F
ig 5
: Compa
rison o
f PSK3
1 s
pec
trum w
ith 1
00 b
aud
, 2
00Hz s
hif
t F
SK.
w
ait abi
t l
onge
r th
an 5 b
i
ts f
or t
he P
SK31 f
o
rtho
se t
ha
t w
ant t
otr
y i
t
b
es
t an
swe rtobecome c
l
ear. I
not
herw
ord
s, p
le
.T hisisbecau
se theInte
rnetuse
st he 1
28- t
hemse
lve s
.Alltheready-
to-
run sof
tware and
t
h
e V
ite
rbid
ecode
rco
rrec
tse
r
ror
s. c
harac
ter ASCIIalphabe
t, and t
h
eP ound s
ign n
ews oft h
e l
ates
t deve
lopments and a
ct
ivity
The l
ongerwe wa
it
, t
he mo
re a
ccura
te i
tis
. i
sno
t p
ar
t o
f t
ha
t s
e
t b
ut p
ar
t o
f t
he ANS
I c
an b
ef ound onthePSK31 In
terne
tw eb page
Ic
hose adecode
r de
lay o
f 4time
s the t
ime c
haracte
rsetwh
ich h
asa
na dd
it
ional128 c
har
- a
tht
tp:
//b
ipt
106
.bi
.ehu
.es
/psk31
.htm
l
s
pread
,or20bit
s. We now h
ave a2
5bi
td elay a
cter
sa nd s
ymbo
ls.PSK31 a
sdesc
ribed s
ofa
r R
efe
rring t
oTable 2
,th
e l
ef
tco
lumn c
on-
f
r
om o ne e
nd t
otheother
, (
800mS)
, g
iving a i
sth
esame a
sIn
terne
t.I
t
's as
mal p
rob
lem i
n t
a
ins t
he 32 comb
inat
ions o
f ar
un o
f f
ive
r
ound-
trip d
elay t
o at
wo-way c
ontac
t of 1
.
6 t
h
e UK
,bu
tmuch mo
reo
f an
uisance i
not
her V
aricode b
i
ts, t
r
ansm
it
ted l
e
ft b
i
t f
i
rst
. T
he
s
econds
. Ith
ink t
h
isisa
boutth
elimitbefo
re i
t pa
rts o
f t
he wor
ld w he
re cha
racte
rs l
i
ke t
he r
i
ghtc
olumn i
sthec
orre
sponding p
hase s
hif
t
b
ecomes anu
isance. I
na ny c
ase
, t
hedecoder German um
lau
ts,French a
ccents
,and S
pan
ish t
obea
ppl
ied t
oth
eca
rrier
,with 0meaning n
o
c
ould c
hange t
ot r
ade pe
rformance f
o
r delay t
i
lde
sar
eal
so m
iss
ing f
r
om t
he ASC
IIc
harac
- s
h
ift
, 1m
ean
ing a
dvance b
y 9
0
, 2m
ean
ing
w
ithou
t i
n
compa
tib
ili
ty. t
e
r s
et
. Lucki
ly, with PSK31, t
he V ar
icode p
ola
rity r
eve
rsa
land 3m
ean
ing r
e
tard b
y90
.A
a
l
phabe
tisvery ea
sy t oe
xtend w
ithoutcrea
t- s
i
gnalt
hatisadvanc
ing inpha
se c
ont
inuously
QPSK ON T
HE A
IR i
ngi
ncompat
ibil
i
ty w i
th e
arl
ierv
ersion
s.Since i
shi
ghe
ri nra
dio fr
equency t
han t
h
ec a
rrie
r.
P
SK31 OPERATORS f
i
nd QPSK c
an b
every t
h
e W
indow
s® o
pera
ting s
ys
tem u
ses ANS
I, A
sa nexamp
le,the '
s
pace
' s
ymbol
, asing
le
g
ood b
uti
ssome
time
sdi
sappo
int
ing
.Inbench a
nd mo
st P
C p
rog
ram
s a
r
e n
ow w
ri
tten f
o
r Ip
receded a
nd f
ol
lowed by z
ero
s, wou
ld be
t
e
stsw
ith w
hite n
oise
,iti
sac
tua
lly w
orse t
h
an W
indows, Ih
ave r
ecen
tly e
xtended t
h
ePSK31 r
epre
sen
ted b
y s
ucce
ssive r
un-of
-five g
roups
BPSK
, c
onf
i
rming t
h
e s
imu
lat
ion w
ork m
en- a
l
phabe
ti n aWindows ve
rsion. 0
0000
, 0
0001, 000
10, 0
0100, 0
1000, 1
0000
,
t
i
oned e
ar
lie
r,b
uti
ncond
ition
sofb
urs
tno
ise
, I
n t
h
e b
as
ic P
SK31
, i
fth
ere w
as n
o '
00
' 0
0000
,which r
e
sultsi
nth
et r
ansmi
tte
rsend
ing
i
mprovemen
tso
fupt
o 5t
ime
sint
h
echa
rac
ter p
at
tern r
e
ceived 1
0
-bi
tsa
f
tert
hel
a
st '
00
',t
h
e t
he QPSK p
at
tern .2
,
1,3
,3,0
,1,2
,..
e
r
ror
-rate have been r
ecorded. Th
is perform- d
ecode
rwould s
imply i
gno
re i
ta
s ac
orrup
tion
. N
ote t
ha
t ac
ont
inuou
s s
equence o
f z
ero
s
a
nce d
oesn
' tc ome fr
ee, h
oweve r
. A pa
rtf r
om I
fnow Il
e
tt h
et r
ansmit
terle
gal
ly s
end code
s (
t
he V
aricode i
d
le s
equence
)gi
vesc
ont
inuou
s
t
hetr
ansmission de
lay,w hich c
an be abi
t of- l
onge
rthan 1
0bi
ts
, th
e s
t
andard d
ecoderwi
ll r
eve
rsa
ls, t
h
esame a
sBPSK
. •
p
utt
ing
, QPSK i
stw
ice asc
ri
tica
li ntu
ning as j
us
tigno
re t
hem a
nd t
hee
xtended d
ecode
rcan
BPSK. A QPSK s
igna
l wi
ll st
art t
o decode i
n
terpre
t t
hem asext
ra c
harac
ter
s. To g
et a
n- 0
000 2 0
1
000 0 1
0
000 I 1
000 3
w
rong w
hen thephase s
h
iftis45° o
ut
,and t
ha
t o
the
r1 28 v
ar
icode
sm ean
sa dd
ing mo
re t
en-b
it 0
001 I 0
1
001 3 1
0
001 2 1
001 0
w
il
l b
e t
he ca
se w hen t
h
et un
ing er
rorison
ly c
ode
s,a
l
lth
eel
even
-bi
tone
s,a
nd s
ome t
welve
- 0
010 3 0
1
010 1 1
0
010 0 1
010 2
3
.
9Hz. This c
ould be aproblem with s
ome b
i
t c
ode
s. T
here s
eemed l
i
t
tle r
ea
son t
o b
e 0
011 0 0
1
011 2 1
0
011 3 1
011 1
0
100 3 0
1
100 1 1
0
100 0 1
100 2
o
lde
r r
ad
ios
. Wha
t t
e
nds t
o h
appen i
s t
h
at c
l
ever wi
th shor
ter c
o mmon cha
rac
ter
s, s
o I
0
101 0 0
1
101 2 1
0
101 3 1
101 1
c
ontac
tssta
rto nBPSK and c
hange t
o QPSK i
f c
hose t
oal
loca
te th
em i
nnumericalo
rder
,wi
th
0
110 2 0
1
110 0 1
0
110 1 1
110 3
i
tisworth d
oing a
nd i
fthe
re i
snodrif
t.The
re c
ode n
umbe
r 1
28 b
e
ing 110
11110
1 a
nd c
ode
0
111 1 0
1
111 3 1
0
111 2 1
111 0
i
sone a
spec
t o
f QPSK t
h
ath
as t
obe k
ept i
n n
umber 255 b
eing 10
11010110
11 . T
he v
ast
m
ind -i
tisi
mpor
tan
t f
o
r b
oth s
t
at
ion
s t
obe ma
jor
ity o
fth
ese wi
ll n
eve
rb eused
. I
twou
ld T
able 2
:The c
onvo
lut
iona
l c
ode
.

RadCom • J
anuary 1
999 2
7
 F
acel
ift For a
I3
cm S ta
tion
B
y A
ndy R
obson
, G4TH
I*

A
F
I ER US
ING ad
a
ted l
ow p
ower1
3cm The fi
rst pa
rt o
f the c
onst
ruc
tion se
emed
t
r
ansve
rters
ys
tem a
thome f
ort
hel
as
t s
t
raightforward; d
r
ill
ing then mount
ing t
he
c
oup
le o fyea
rs, If
e
lt itw a
s time t
o I
'FE PCB b
oard i
nto t
he t
i
n box
. A
ll went
i
mprove my s
ystem.Looking a
tal
lt heopt
ions. w
ell u
nt
il Is
t
arted t
oso
lderthe P l
'
F
I
Eb oard
a
vai
lable
, Id
ecided i
twasanopportune t
ime t
o i
n
to t
h
eti
nbox
. It
hen d
i
scove
red t
ha
t a4
0wa
tt
b
ui
ld anew tr
an sve
rte
r. i
r
on w a
sn't r
ea
lly big e
nough
; b
ut b
e
ing th
e
b
igge
sti r
on a
vailab
le, Ih
ad t
omake do
. T
he
WHAT
'S A
VAILABLE? n
ext l
ogica
l st
ep was to moun
t the fi
l
ter
s,
AFTER A L
ITTLE s
ea
rch
ing v
i
ath
eIn
terne
t, r
e
sis
tor
s a nd c
apac
ito
rs, mos
t of which a
re A
LIGNMENT & T
EST
If
ound t
hree p
opu
lar
, modern d
es
ign
s o
nth
e s
urface mounted
. Mo
stofthes
urf
a ce moun
ted AL
IGN
ING THE t
r
ansve
rte
rwen
tsu
rpr
ising
ly
ma
rket f
r
om around t
he w
orld
. d
evices si
zes ar
e a
bout 3
rnm x 2mm, so y
ou w
ell
. A
fte
rapp
lying p
owe
rand c
heck
ing t
ha
t
• G3 WDG's d
es
ign
,availab
le f
rom T
he M
i- n
eed good e
yes
ight and s
t
eady hands
. t
h
esupp
ly v
ol
tage
swhe
re OK
,alt
h
eGaA
sFET
c
rowave C
omponent S
erv
ice [1
]. Mount
ing s
urf
ace mount
ed d
evicesgote
as
ier b
ia
sle
velsw e
re a
d
jus
ted viath
eva
riab
le r
e
sis
-
• WA8NLC's de
sign
, ava
ilab
le f
r
om D
own a
s Ii
mproved my t
echn
ique
. The mo
ste f
ec- t
o
rs,s
e
tting t
hed
ra
in vo
ltagesasp
erth
eci
rcui
t
E
astM
icrowave i
nthe USA [2
]. t
i
ve w
ay fo
rm ew a
st oti
none o
fthepad
st ha
t d
iagram.The l
oca
losci
llatora
nd t
h
ef r
equency
• DB6NT 's d
es
ign
, ava
ilab
le f
r
om E
ische t
h
e s
u
rface m
oun
ted c
omponen
t w
as t
o b
e mul
tip
lie
rs bu
rst in
to li
fe
. Ve
ry li
t
tle a
djus
t-
E
lec
tron
ics i
nGermany [
3
]. mounted o
nto
,then -wh
ile h
olding t
hec
ompo - ment wa
s needed
, due t
ot h
e use o
fmode
rn,
E
ach d
es
ign h
asi
t
s o
wn a
dvan
tage
s,b
uta
l
l n
enti npl
ace wi
th asmallengineer
ing s
crew- h
e
l ica
lfi
lte
rs.Apply
ing a144 MHz s
i
gna
lfr
om
t
h
ing
scon
side
red t
h
ede
sign b
y DB6NT s
e
emed d
rive
r -apply h
eattothepad a nd SMD
. T h
is a
nFT290R
, t
h
eou
tpu
toft
he t
r
ansve
rte
rwa
s
t
o be t
he mos
t complete un
it
. W i
th 1 w
att w
i
ll t
h
en h
old t
h
e SMD i
npl
ace wh
ile y
ou mon
ito
red w
ith ap
owe
rme
tera
nd t
h
etr
ansm
it
o
utpu
t, ar
e
ceive n
oise l
eve
lo fabou
t 1
.
5dB,a s
o
lde
rth
edev
ice t
oth
eot
herp
ad.F
ina
lly
, r
e
- s
t
age
s w
here a
d
jus
ted f
o
r max
imum R
F o
ut
-
c
onve
rsion g
a
in o
f a
bou
t 1
8dB a
nd a f
u
lly s
o
lde
rth
edev
ice a
tth
eti
nned p
ad w
hich w
as p
ut
.Th
i st
ook o
nly af
ew minu
tes.The r
ece
ive
r
i
n
tegra
ted l
o
cal o
sc
illa
toral
l on o
ne b
oard
, i
t h
old
ing iti
npl
ace
. Cau
tion n
eedstob
etaken w
as t
hen t
uned t
o al o
cal beacon o
n 13cm
s
eemed t
obe th
e best c
hoice f
o
r myse
lf. A n
ottohea
tthedev
ice
sexcess
ively
,ast
hey c
an (
l
ocalbe
ing 60km away)and t
het r
ansver
ter
's
q
uick p
hone c
a
llt
oEische E
lec
tronics a
nd ak
i
t b
e damaged
. h
e
lica
l fi
l
ter
s tuned f
or th
e s
trongest b
eacon
w
a son i
t
sw ay
,ar
riv
ing on my doors
tep j
u
sta N
ext
,al
lth
eac
tive d
evice
swhe
re moun
ted
, s
i
gnal
. The whole p
roce
ss of t
uning-up t
ook
w
eek la
ter
. t
a
king a
n
ti s
t
at
ic p
recau
tion
s b
y e
a
rth
ing t
h
e a
bou
tha
lf a
nhou
r.T
he s
t
raigh
tfo
rwa
rd a
l
ign
-
s
o
lde
ring i
r
on, t
h
ePCB a
nd my
self
. Ib
e
lieve ment wa
s made p
oss
ible on
ly b
ecause o
fthe
C
ONSTRUCT
ION t
h
edev
icesinthi
sd e
sign ar
equi
te r
obus
t,but e
xtens
ive u
se o
fhel
icalfi
l
tersand mono
lith
ic
CHECKING OUT whatarr
ived
, Iwa
s p
lea
s- t
h
e p
hrase '
b
etter s
afe t
hen s
or
ry' c
ome s t
o a
mpl
ifie
rs i
nth
e d
es
ign
.
a
nt
ly s
u
rpr
ised
.The k
i
t( b
lock d
iag
ram s
hown m
ind
. The o
utpu
tand d
r
iverGaAsFETs need
i
nFig 1
)came c
omp
lete w
ith aP
TFE b
oard
,al
l t
obe s
o
ldered t
oth
e t
i
n box t
ohe
lp d
i
ssipate AL
ITTLE E
XTRA H
ELP
t
h
ecomponen
tsn
eeded
, SMA c
onnec
tor
s,a
nd a
ny h
eat
. Great c
are n
eeds t
obe ta
ken doing TO CO MPLI MENT t
he t
r
ansve
rte
r, apower
t
i
n pla
te box
. T he on
ly down-s
ide wa
s t
he t
h
is,a
sitisal
so t
hedevice
's e
ar
thing p
oin
ta nd amp
lif
ier k
i
t by DK2DB was a
l
so pu
rchased
i
n
struc
tion
sa nd d
iag
ram s
,w h
ich we
re i
nGe
r- i
fno
twe
lle
ar
thed t
hed
evice
smay n
ota
chieve f
r
om E
ische E
lec
tron
ics
. T
his i
s an
o t
une
m
an.Y
es,y
ou g
uessed
, Id
on'
tspeak G
erman
! t
h
era
ted 1w
atto
utpu
tat1
3cm
. d
esign
, b
ased o
n t
wo p
ara
lle
l MFG0905
G
aAsFET
s, a
nd p
rov
ide
s au
sefu
l o
n-boa
rd
Doub
le
d
i
rec
tiona
lcoup
lerf
o
ruse a
s ap
owe
rind
ica
-

>1
CFY30 H
el
ical Mono
lith
ic D
iode H
el
ical b
alanced Switched
p
re-a mp f
i
t
ter amp switch f
i
l
ter m
ixer a
ttenuator t
o
r. T
he specif
ica
tion i
s8.5dB gain and u
p to
d
B
1
0W output
.T he ki
tw a
sc omprehensive
,s up
-
.
-
011-1
1>
FT290 p
ly
ing a
l
lt ha
t's n
eeded t
ocomp
le te t
hepro
ject
.
2
320MHz 2
320MHz 1
44MHz
T
oob
tain ah
ea
lth c
heck o
nth
ewho
le s
ys
-
-- 1
>
2
-5W

t
em i
twa
s e
xam
ined b
y P
ete
r, G
6PHJ
, o
f
C
LY10 C
LY5 Mono
li
thic H
eli
c
u
v
ive
Mono
li
thic
p
ower amp p
re-amp amp E
lectronic
s [
4]
. The t
ransve
rte
r met
T
x mo
ste
xpec
tations
, b
uton
ly a
chieved amax
i-
mum 8
00m W o
utpu
t.T
he a
mpl
ifie
rpe
rfo
rmed
2
320MHz b
elow what Ib
el
ieved t
obeanove
ropt
imis
tic
s
pec
ifica
tion a
nyway. W
ith 7
50m W d
r
ive we
Osc M
ult
ipl
ier H
el
ical Mu
lt
ipl
ier H
el
ica
l Mu
ltip
liar PCB a
chieved 4W o
utput
.Thi
sisar
ound 7
dB ga
in.

o
1
2
0 mHz m f
i
l
ter f
i
l
ter
We tr
ied to i
mprove o
n t
h
is by a
l
ter
ing it
s
t
un
ing w
ith e
xt
ra c
oppe
r f
o
il o
n i
t
s h
ybr
id
c
oup
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3
4 R
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999
The Poor Man'
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R
adCom •J
anua
ry 1
999 3
7
 T
he Future o
f
Amateur Radio
B
y Derek T
ho m
, G3 NKS*

T
H
IS ART ICLE IS b
ased An a
ssessmen
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om succinc
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4we
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5
2 u
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lass B l
i
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re mus
t be no r
e
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ome t
h
ees
sence o
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teu
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O
fth
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l
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- 5WPM Morse T
est
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uction i
n s
tanda
rds
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ndeed he i
shome c
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tion
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s i
t
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on(
54)
,81% w
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nfavou
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nd T
he P
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t also a
nnounced n
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rong body o
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h
at t
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o
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t.
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46 n
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es
ting f
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r acce
ss t
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e improved
. T
he Gene
ral Man
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ome s
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rrad
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spr
ima
-
r
i
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. t
h
e HF band
s w a
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usta
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e
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s.T
osome

3
8 R
adCom •J
anua
ry 1
999
 T
he F
uture o
f Amateur R
adio

i
ti
sane
nvi
ronmen
tin wh
ich r
ad
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eed
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ay,theinpu
tsc
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and
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'S PROPOSAL f
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ein
put
swa
sno
t s
t
raigh
tfo
r- t
ho
se e
xpre
ssing a c
l
ear o
pin
ion • CW i
sane
fec
tive a
nd ef
ic
ien
t warded b
y gr
eaterpr
ivilege
s.
w
ard
.Seve
ralt
r
awl
sth
rough a
l
lof (
97
),9
6% w
ere i
nfa
vou
rand 4% mode
. • P
rov
ide
s as
ys
tem i
n wh
ich
t
h
esubm
iss
ion
swe
re n
ece
ssa
ry t
o n
ot
. • 5WP M i
sto
osl
ow t
obeo
fany k
now
ledge a
nd s
k
ill
s c
an b
e
p
roduce q
uan
tita
tive d
a
ta, a
l
bei
t T
herefo
re, o
f t
h
e t
o
tal o
f 3
42 u
se
. n
ur
tured
.
l
im
ited
,wh
ich c
an b
epu
tfo
rwa
rd i
npu
ts r
e
ceived f
r
om UK o
pera
- • N
ewcome
rs c
ommence w
ith
w
ith ar
e
asonab
le d
egree o
fconf
i
- t
or
s, 2
10 were c
l
ear
ly 'For
' a I
tisa
ppa
ren
tth
ats
omer
ega
rd p
ower l
evel
s wh ich d
o l
i
t
tle
d
ence
. 5WPM (o
r 8WPM or n
o) Morse HF
,and t
he CW s
ub-bandsi
npa
r- h
arm i
fmisused
.
T
est
, 8
8 c
l
ear
ly '
Aga
ins
t' a
nd 4
4 t
i
cula
r, a
s t
h
e l
a
st r
e
fuge o
f t
h
e
T
o p
roduce d
a
ta w
hich w
ould c
ould n
otb
eca
tego
rised
. I
not
her c
ivi
lised r
adio amateu
r, a
nd are T
he a
rgumen
ts a
gains
t i
n
-
i
nd
ica
te t
he l
e
vel o
f s
uppo
rt, o
r w
ord
s,o
fth
ose e
xpre
ssing ac
l
ear f
earfulof al
arge i
n
flux o
f'hoo
li- c
luded
:
o
the
rwise
, f
o
r C
ounc
il's p
ropo
s- o
pin
ion (
298
)70% w
ere i
nfa
vou
r g
an' o
pera
tor
s. • Ama
teu
rRad
io i
sno
tth
epl
ace
a
l
s, t
h
ein
put
swe
re a
s
sessed w
ith o
fth
eSoc
iety
's p
ropo
sala
nd 3
0% f
o
r ac
l
asss
t
ruc
ture
.
t
h
e f
o
llow
ing q
ues
tion
s i
nmind
: n
ot
. I
tcou
ld b
e a
rgued t
ha
t o
nly PROGRESS
IVE •D
ivi
sive
,wi
llg
ene
rate a
n
tago
-
• I
s t
he i
npu
t c
lea
rly 'Fo
r' o
r 2
6%,ie88outof342
,were a
ctu- L
ICENSING n
i
sm.
'
Aga
ins
t' t
he p
roposa
l for a a
l
ly n
ot i
nfavou
r, a
s t
hose who TH
IS I
SSUE WAS n
ota
scon
ten
- •Leadstoel
it
ism a nd s
nobbe
ry.
5WPM Mo
rse T
est? (
Fort
h
is, w
ere a
ga
ins
t w
ould p
resumab
ly t
i
ousa
sth
ato
f Mo
rse t
e
sting
. • I
nt
roduce
s u nneces
sary com-
r
a
the
rth
an t
h
epropo
sed I
n
ter
im h
ave s
a
id s
ounamb
iguou
sly
.Th
is I
npu
tsf
r
om 2
36 C
las
sAsw
ere p
lex
ity i
n
to t
h
e l
i
cen
sing s
ys
-
L
icence
,wa
sth
eis
sue mo
stf
r
e- i
sdeba
tab
le,b
uti
tdoe
sseem r
ea
- a
sse
ssed
; 12 w
ere '
For
', 3
0 t
em.
q
uen
tly a
ddre
ssed
.) s
onab
le t
o s
ugge
st t
h
at t
h
e p
er
- '
Aga
ins
t'a
nd 9
4unc
lea
r.T
hus
,of
• I
s t
h
e i
npu
t c
l
ear
ly '
For
' o
r c
entage n
ot i
nfa
vou
r w
as i
nth
e t
hose e
xpre
ssing a c
l
ea r o
pin
ion S
ome C
las
s A l
i
cen
see
s e
x-
'
Aga
inst' t
heid
ea of ap
rog
res
- r
ange 2
6to30. (
142)
, 79% w ere i
n favou
r and p
res
sed c
oncer
n t
h
at t
h
ey m
igh
t
s
i
ve o
rincen
tive l
i
cens
ing s
t
ruc
- Oft
he 9i
úpu
tsf
r
om l
o
calc
lub
s 2
1% n
ot
. n
eed t
ota
ke a
nd p
ass a
ddi
tiona
l
t
u
re? i
nth
e UK
, 5w
ere i
nfa
vou
rand 2 I
npu
tsf
r
om 1
06 C
lassB
swe
re e
xam
ina
tion
s o
r t
e
sts t
o q
ual
ify
a
gain
st,w
ith 2wh
ich c
ould n
otb
e a
ssessed
; 4
4 w
ere '
For
', 1
0 f
or t
h
e t
op c
a
tego
ry o
f l
i
cence
.
C
ommen
tsc
l
ear
ly i
nfa
vou
rof c
a
tego
rised
. O
fth
e 2i
npu
tsf
r
om '
Aga
ins
t'a
nd 5
2unc
lea
r.T
hus
,of T
hey f
e
lt t
h
is w
ould b
e d
emean
-
8WPM o
r n
o Mo
rse T
est w
ere n
a
tiona
l/in
ter
na
tiona
l c
l
ubs
, o
ne t
hose e
xpre
ssing a c
l
ear o
pin
ion i
ng a
nd u
nfa
ir.
i
n
cluded i
nth
e' Fo
r'c
oun
t. Where w
asi
nfa
vou
rbu
tth
eot
herc
l
ear
ly (
54)
,81% w
ere i
nfa
vou
rand 1
9% Afr
equen
ts ugge
stion wast
ha
t
t
hele
velofsupportw
asnotcl
ear, a
gain
st. n
ot
. n
ew amateurs should spend a
o
r v
ery r
e
luc
tan
t (
eg '
Iaccep
t i
t F
rom o
ver
sea
s, 1
7inpu
tsw
ere T
here
fore
, o
f t
h
e t
o
tal o
f 3
42 s
pec
ified p
er
iod o
f mon
ths(
o
reven
b
ut Id
on't r
ea
lly l
i
ke i
t
'),t
h
en n
o r
e
ceived
; 8(
47%
)we
re '
For
',a
nd i
npu
ts r
ece
ived f
r
om UK o
pera
- y
ear
s!)a
teach l
eve
l,t
oga
in s
k
ill
s
'
For
'or'
Aga
ins
t' a
s
sessmen
twa
s 9(
53%
) '
Aga
ins
t'. t
o
rs,1
56 w
ere '
For
',4
0'Aga
ins
t', a
nd e
xpe
rience
,aso
ne o
fth
equa
li-
made
. w
ith 1
46 wh
ich c
ould n
otb
eca
t- f
i
cat
ion
srequ
ired f
o
rupg
rad
ing -
I
tm ay b
e p
oss
ible t
o a
na
lyse T
he mo
stf
r
equen
tly e
xpre
ssed e
gor
ised
.Ino
the
rwo
rds
,oft
hose i
nothe
rwo
rds at
r
ue p
rog
res
sive
t
h
ein
put
sus
ing ar
i
gorou
sst
at
ist
i- '
For
' a
rgumen
ts i
n
cluded
: e
xpre
ssing ac
lea
ro p
inion (
196)
, s
ys
tem.
c
a
l m
ethod
, b
ut t
h
e g
iven t
ime
- • Mo
rse t
e
st
ing g
ive
s t
o
tal
ly t
h
e 8
0% w e
re i
nfa
vour,a
nd 20% we
re
s
cale f
or th
e produc
tion of t
h
is w
rong i
mpress
ion t
o t
he n
ot
. THE I
NTER
IM
a
ssessmen
td idno
tp e
rm i
tsuch a
n y
ounge
r g
ene
rat
ion
. O
fth
e 9l
o
calc
lub
sint
h
e UK
, L
ICENCE
a
pproach t
o be explored
. How- • Ama
teurR adio mu
stb e made 3w
ere'
For
'and o
ne '
Aga
ins
t'.O
f G
IVEN THE WIDE v
ar
iety o
f
e
veritisd
oubtfu
li fsuch a
nexe
r- more a
t
trac
tive t
ocoun
terother t
he t
wo n
at
iona
l/in
terna
tiona
l c
ommentsand s
ugges
tion
sr egard
-
c
i
se w
ould p
roduce as
i
gnif
ican
tly a
t
trac
tions
. c
lub
s, o
ne w
as '
For
'. i
ng t
h
eproposed I
nte
rim Licence
,
d
ife
ren
tse
tofa
nswe
rst
oth
etwo • Mor
se i
sno
tre
levan
tto
day
;iti
s O
fth
e17o
ver
sea
ssubm
iss
ion
s, i
twa
s n
ot p
oss
ible i
n t
h
e t
ime
-
f
undamenta
lly impo
rtant q
ues
- at
e
chnica
lly o
bso
lescen
t mode
. 2w
ere '
For
',a
nd n
one '
Aga
ins
t'. s
ca
le a
vai
lab
le t
o p
roduce a d
e-
t
i
onswhich we
re u
sed a
stheb
asi
s • Morse s
hou
ld, a
nd wil
l, s
t
and T
he r
e
lat
ive
ly l
a
rge n
umbe
rof t
a
iled a
s
ses
smen
t. H
oweve
r, o
ne
o
fth
equan
tita
tive a
s
sessmen
tof
- o
nit
s me
rit
s. i
npu
tswh
ich c
ould n
otb
eca
tego
- t
h
eme
,and o
ne a
rgued w
ith s
ome
f
e
red i
nth
is d
ocumen
t. •'
Ihave n
oin
tere
sti
n Mo
rse b
ut r
i
sed i
scau
sed b
yth
esimp
le f
a
ct c
ogency
, i
s t
ha
t a
n I
n
ter
im L
i-

R
adCom •J
anua
ry 1
999 3
9
T
he F
uture o
f Amateur R
adio

c
ence s
hou
ld i
n
clude
: would become GR6AAA ; e
l
sofa
c
tiv
ity
. T
he i
dea o
fal
terna
tive a
r
range
-
•A
cce
sst
oal
l(o
ratt
h
eve
ry l
e
ast GJ7AAA wou
ld b
eco me A
cce
sst
o 4m w
ass
ugge
sted t
o m
entsf
ort a
king t
he RAE,egvol
-
mo
st) o
fth
e HF b
and
s, GK7AAA
. S
ufi
cien
tunu
sed l
e
t- g
ive Nov
ice
s a
cce
ss t
o ab
and u
ntee
r e
xam
ine
rs a
nd mo
re f
r
e-
•A
cce
ss t
oatl
e
ast as
i
gnif
ican
t t
e
rso
ftheal
phabe
tappea
rt oexi
st w
her
ehome
-con
struc
tion a
nd t
h
e q
uen
t o
ppo
rtun
itie
s t
osi
t t
h
e e
x-
p
ort
ion o
f (
a
ll) t
h
e CW s
ub- f
o
rsuch as
cheme t
obe adop
ted. u
se o
f mod
ified e
x-P MR g
ear i
s am
ina
tion
, w
as g
ene
ral
ly w
el-
b
and
s, Mo
reove
r,t
h
iss
cheme w
ould n
ot p
opu
lar
. c
omed
.Some f
e
ltt
h
ata
sth
eRS GB
• Al mode
s r
e
levan
t t
o HF o
p- p
re
jud
ice amo
re r
ad
ica
lre
-as
sign
- Nov
ice f
r
equency a
l
loca
tion
s h
ad b
een t
r
usted w
ith t
h
e Mo
rse
e
ra
tion
, men
t o
fca
lls
ign s
e
rie
s s
hou
ld i
t a
nd p
owe
r l
e
vel
s a
ppea
r t
obe a T
est
,its
hou
ld betr
usted t
oadmin-
• Ap
owe
rle
velo
f100 W o
utpu
t. b
ecome n
ecessa
ry t
odosoo nt
he mat
ter which w
arrant
sea
rly
,i fn
ot i
s
ter
, a
nd p
erhap
se ven be t
ota
lly
i
mplemen
tat
ion ofp
rog
ress
ive o
r immediate a
nd urgenta
t
tent
ion. r
e
spons
ible f
or
, t
he RAE. Avery
The a
rgumen
tsp
utf
orwa
rd i
n
- i
n
cen
tive l
i
cen
sing
. s
mal
l mino
rity f
e
lt t
ha
t an i
nde-
c
luded: A n
umbe
r o
f t
h
e i
npu
ts p
re
- THE RAE p
endent b
ody s
hou
ld r
ema
in r
e
-
•To a
l
low o
nly t
ho
se b
and
sabove
, s
en
ted i
d
easa
nd s
ugge
stion
swh
ich s
pons
ible
, no
tth
eR SGB
.
THE PR
INC
IPLE c
once
rns e
x-
o
rbe
low
,15 MHz (
o
rsome s
imi
- m
eri
t f
u
rthe
r d
eta
iled c
ons
ide
ra- A
n o
f
ten e
xpr
essed s
ugge
stion
p
ressed i
nc
luded t
h
efolow
ing
:
l
ar f
r
equency
) would n
ot p
ro- t
i
on, p
ar
ticu
lar
ly b
y t
hose who wa
sthatth
e Mo
rse Te
stshould b
e
• T
oo ea
sy, e
spec
ial
ly since t
he
v
ide p
rope
rorwide e
nough e
x- w
il
lbecarrying f
o
rwa
rd t
h
eSoc
i- r
ep
laced b
y a
n ora
l t
estcover
ing
d
emise o
f the wr
itten
, essay
p
er
ience o
fth
e HF b
and
s; a
nd e
t
y's p
roposals
. o
pera
ting p
r
inc
iple
s a
nd p
rac
tice
.
t
ype
, e
xam
ina
tion
.
w
ould c
oncen
tra
te t
h
e I
n
ter
im C
lear
ly th
isw ou
ld n
otb
eposs
ible
•T
oo e
asy t
opa
ssw
ithou
tprope
r
L
icen
sees on t
oo f
ewe
r b
and
s THE NOV
ICE c
omp rehen
sion o
fba
sic p
r
inc
i- w
ith th
e c u
rren
t RAE, b
ut ifa
f
or c
omfor
t. L
ICENCE c
hange t
ovo
lun
tee
rexam
ine
rs i
s
p
les
.
•T
oencou
rage I
n
ter
im l
i
censee
s COM MENTS ON t
h
e Nov
ice L
i
- a
dop
ted t
h
en t
h
erew
ould b
eme
rit
•T
oo much o
nth
eory a
nd p
r
inc
i-
t
o o
pera
te o
n CW
, a
cce
ss t
o c
ence w
ere n
ot s
pec
ifica
lly r
e
- i
ncon
side
ring t
h
isi
dea mo
re f
uly
.
p
le
, no
te nough onp
rac
tice
.
s
ign
ifican
tpor
tionsofth
e CW q
ues
ted
, b
ut n
eve
rthe
les
s as
i
ze- An
umbe
r o
fin
put
s e
xpre
ssed
• Does no
t prepa
re c
andidate
s
s
ub-bands i
sessen
tia
l (
eg a
l
l a
b
le n
umbe
rwe
re r
e
ceived
. t
he v
iew t
ha
t t
he s
y
llabu
s o
f t
h
e
a
dequa
tely f
o
r o
n-the
-ai
r o
p-
b
utt
hel
owes
t25kHz on80
,40
, The ma
in th
eme w a
s th
at al
- RAE n
eeded u
pda
ting t
o c
ove
r
e
ra
tion
.
2
0 a
nd 1
5m, a
kin t
oth
e USA t
hough t
he N
ovice s
cheme wa
s a c
urren
t modeso fope
ration
, mo
re
•C
osto
fcou
rse
s a
nd t
ak
ing t
h
e
G
enera
l C
lass
). T
o a
l
loca
te v
a
luab
le i
n
it
iat
ive
, i
twa
s n
ot a
s o
n pract
ica
l aspec
ts and le
ss o
n
e
xam
ina
tion t
oo e
xpen
sive
.
s
mal
lse
ction
sint
h
euppe
rpa
rts s
uccessfu
lasitmigh
tbe.T he p
r
i- t
heory
.
•F
ewe
rand f
ewe
rco
llege
srun
-
o
f th
e CW s ub-bands w
ould mary r
eason
sgiven we
re: Some fe
lt tha
t NRAE t ype
n
ing c
our
ses
.
i
n
troduce s
imi
lar prob
lems t
o c
ourse
swith p
ract
ical t
u
it
ion and
•I
ncrea
singly d
if
ficu
lt t
o f
i
nd
t
hose curren
tly e
xper
ience by Cla
ss B Novice
s f i
nd to
o few t
e
sting s
hould be made manda-
e
xam c en
tres w
ill
ing t
o t
ake
N
ov ices
,i ela
ck o
fact
ivi
ty and s
t
ations t
ow ork on th
e 6m band t
o
ry. Wh
ils
tt h
isi
dea h
asm e
ritit
e
xte
rna
l c
and
ida
tes
.
i
n
ter f
erence f
rom o
ther mode
s. a
nd fewerst
i
ll on th
e7 0cm b
and w
ould
,ofcour
se,d
i
sadvantage a
nd
b
ecau
se: At
heme c
ommon t
o many i
n
- d
i
scou
rage t
hose n
ot a
b
le to a
t
-
An
umbe
r o
fin
put
s c
onta
ined •T
he 3W p
owe
rlim
itg
ive
sin
ad- t
e
nd (f
or b
us
iness o
r o
the
r rea
-
p
uts wa
s t
hat th
e RAE did n
ot
t
hes
ugge
stion t
h
atC
lass B l
i
cen
- e
qua
te r
ange
, e
spec
ial
ly o
n s
ons)and t
hose w ho f
e
ltready t
o
p
rope
rly p
repa
re cand
ida
tes f
or
s
ees s
hou
ld b
e g
ran
ted e
ar
ly a
c- 7
0cm
,and i
nsome a
r
easa
c
tiv
- t
ake t
h
e exam ina
tion wi
thout t
he
t
he d
ificu
lties l
i
kely to b
e en
-
c
ess t
o t
he w
hole o
f 1
0m. The i
t
yle
vel
sar
elow
. n
eces
sity o
f al
eng
thy p
er
iod o
f
c
oun
tered w hen e
stabl
i
shing a
n
a
rgumen
t b
eing t
ha
t t
he b
and i
s s
tudy
.
ama
teu
rrad
io s
t
ation
, n
orf
o
rth
e
u
nde
r-u
sed f
o
r much o
fth
etime
, C
lass A Nov
ice
s f
md t
oo f
ew s
kil
sneed
ed toopera
te and a
void
e
spec
ial
ly d
ur
ing p
er
iod
s o
flow s
t
at
ion
s t
owo
rk o
n HF CW b
e- COM MENTS AND
c
aus
ing u
nnece
ssary in
terf
erence
s
o
larfl
ux, a
nd t
ha
tt h
ea dd
itiona
l c
ause
: t
oot
herband u
ser
s. S
eve
ral s
uch CONCLUSIONS
a
c
tiv
ity cr
eated would h
elp to • t
h
e 3W p
owe
r l
im
it i
sin
ad- c
omment
s were made b
y newly I
T W AS NOT EASY
, g
iven t
h
e
c
oun
ter t
h
e s
pread o
filega
l CB e
qua
te u
nde
rsome p
ropaga
tion l
i
cen
sed ama
teu
rs. w
ide d
i
spa
rity o
fvi
ews a
nd a
t
ti
-
t
ype a
c
tiv
ity wh
ich i
sbecom
ing c
ond
it
ion
s, a
nd Anumberb e
lieved t
hat s
tand- t
ude
s,toe
xtrac
t many c
ommon o
r
i
ncreas
ing
ly p
reva
len
t a
bove • t
h
eir a
l
loca
tion
s a
r
e mo
stly a
t a
rds h
ad fa
llen, par
ticu
lar
ly fol- p
opula
rsugges
tions w
hich m
igh
t
2
8 MHz. Th
is s
ugge
stion seems t
h
e t
op e
nd o
f t
h
e CW s
ub- l
owing t
h
ei ntroduct
ion of mul
ti- b
e ta
ken f
orward
. Most h
ave al
-
w
orthy o
ffur
the
rconside
rat
ion. b
and
swhe
re a
c
tiv
ity i
sle
ssa
nd p
le
-cho
ice q
uest
ion
s,and s
eemed r
eady b
een ment
ioned i
n ea
rlie
r
Many C
lass B o
pera
tor
swou
ld i
n
terf
erence i
s s
uff
ered f
r
om l
i
kely t
o c
ont
inue to f
a
ll u
nle
ss s
ec
tion
s.
p
refer t
o r
e
tain t
he
ir e
xis
ting o
the
r mode
s, mo
stly d
a
ta. a
c
tion i
sta
ken
. A r
ecu
rring c
once
rn w
as t
ha
t
c
a
lls
ign o
n'u
pgrad
ing
'tot
h
epro
-
Many o
fthe
se po
int
shave b
een ama
teurr
adio w
asb e
ing '
dumbed
p
osed I
n
ter
im L
icence
.Ont
h
eas
- T
he mos
t f
r
equen
tly o
ffe
red made p
revious
ly and were a
c- d
own'; f
i
rst
ly because t
h
e RAE
s
ump
tion t
h
at t
h
is w
ould n
ot b
e s
ugges
tion
s f
o
r i
mprovemen
t i
n
- k
nowledged i
n th
e two R
adCom w
asn ow
,i twasbel
ieved
,insuff
i-
p
erm
itted
, o
ne s
ugge
stion wh
ich c
luded
: c
i
ent
ly cha
lleng
ing, a
nd s
econdly
l
e
ade
rs men
tioned e
ar
lie
r.
s
eem
s w
orthy o
f s
e
riou
s c
ons
id- •I
ncrea
se t
h
epowe
rlim
itt
olOW b
ecau
se o
ftheproposed l
ower
ing
e
rat
ion is t
he i
ntroduc
tion o
f a RF o
utpu
t. T
he t
wo mo
stp
opu
lars
ugge
s- a
nd e
ven
tualdemise o
fthe Mor
se
s
econda
ry i
dent
ifieraf
terth
e Gor •A
llow Nov
ice
sacce
ss t
oatl
e
ast t
i
ons s
eemed t
obe
: T
est
. H
ence t
hec
al
ls f
o
rre
struc
-
M p
ref
ix (
and r
ep
lac
ing e
x
ist
ing p
ar
tsofth
e 2m and 4m b
ands t
u
ring o
f t
he RAE a
nd f
or th
e
•I
fth
e Mo
rse T
esti
stog
o
,th
en,
R
eg iona
l Secondary L
ocator
s • Alow C
lass A Nov
ice
s a
cce
ss i
n c
ompensa
tion
, t
he RAE a
ddi
tion o
fanope
rat
ing t
echn
ique
s
when a
pprop
ria
te)
.A sa
nilu
stra
- t
ola
rge
rse
ction
sofa
l
l t
h
e HF s
hou
ld i
nc
lude a
ddi
tiona
l s
ec
- t
e
st
.P rogr
ess
ive/
incen
tive l
i
cens
-
t
i
on:G
lAAA o
nqual
ify
ing f
o
ran b
and
s. t
i
ons
. i
ng wa
sseen b
ym any asth
eway
I
nte
rim L
icence wou
ld b
ecome f
orwa
rd t
oimprove m
atte
rs —p
ar-
•T
he RAE s
hou
ld c
ove
rope
rat
-
GY1AAA; M 1AAA would b
e- A
cce
ss t
o 2m w
ass
ugge
sted t
o i
ng p
rinc
iple
sand p
rac
tice mo
re t
i
cularly r
ega
rding o
n-the
-air
c
ome MY1AAA
; GM6AAA g
ive N
ovice
sacce
ss t
ogr
eate
rle
v- s
k
ill
s.
f
ul
ly.

4
0 R
adCom •J
anua
ry 1
999
 T
he F
uture o
f Amateur R
adio

A
nothe
rwo
rry w
ast
ha
tth
epro
- o
n Mor
se t
es
ting c
ame n
ot f
rom r
i
ding
, mea
sur
eofs
uppo
rt among H
oweve
r,i
tcan b
eargued t
h
at
p
osa
ls w
ould l
e
ad t
oan i
nf
lux o
f t
h
eR SGB b
utfr
om a
n ARRL '
Let
- t
he in
puts r
ece
ived f
orC ounc
il's a
l
lRSGB m
embe
rsh
ad t
h
eoppo
r-
p
oor
ly b
ehaved o
pera
tor
s — many t
e
r' w
hich w
as r
e
lea
sed o
nto t
h
e p
resent p
ol
icie
s, a
silus
trated by t
un
ity t
oexp
res
s t
h
eirv
i
ews
, a
nd
a
ppa
ren
tly r
emembe
ring t
h
e1980
s p
acke
t n
etwork a
nd o
nto t
he t
he q
uan
tita
tive a
s
ses
smen
ts r
e
- n
odoub
tth
ose w
ith s
t
rong
ly h
eld
when al
a
rge i
n
take o
fnew ama
- I
n
terne
t s
ome d
ays i
fno
t w
eek
s p
or
ted i
n t
h
e s
ec
tion
s o
n Mo
rse o
pin
ion
s d
id s
o
. T
hus
, t
he o
ut
-
t
e
ursappeared t
obethet
r
igge
rfor b
efo
re t
h
e S
ocie
ty r
e
lea
sed a
ny- T
est
ing a
nd P
rog
ress
ive L
icen
s- c
omeo
fth
eexe
rci
se c
ould b
esa
id
a
n o
utbreak of a
bus
ive a
nd 'u
n- t
h
ing. i
ng
. t
obe i
nd
ica
tive o
fth
eba
lance o
f
g
ent
leman
ly' behav
iour
. One c
onsequence i
sth
ata
spec
ts I
tiso
pen t
ocon
jec
ture w
hethe
r v
iew
s o
fmembe
rs.
S
ome expre
ssed conce
rn t
h
at o
fth
epropo
sals h
ave b
een m
isun
- t
h
e r
a
tio o
f '
For
' a
nd '
Aga
ins
t'
l
i
cen
see
s w
ith l
e
sse
r q
ual
ifica
- d
er
stood
,even f
o
llow
ing t
h
epub
- o
pin
ion
sre
vea
led i
nth
ise
xer
cise ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS
t
i
ons
, a
nd p
erhaps e
xpe
rience
, l
i
cat
ion o
fth
ePre
siden
t's '
Que
s- i
sr
ep
resen
tat
ive o
fal
lRSGB m
em- THE AUTHOR e
xpr
esse
shi
s mo
st
w
ould b
egr
anted e
qua
lpr
ivi
lege
s t
i
ons a
nd A
nswe
rs' a
r
tic
le. S
ome b
ers
,orindeed a
l
l UK r
ad
io a ma
- g
ra
tefu
l t
hank
s t
oTom Mo
rgan
,
t
oth
ose w
ith mo
re,v
i
rtua
lly a
tth
e q
uest
ioned t
heS
ocie
ty's mo
tives
, t
eu
rs. T
he sample w
as s ma
ll
: a G
3X M M
, f
o
r h
i
s c
ommen
ts o
n
s
t
rokeo
f ap
en
.They f
e
ltt
h
isw
ould s
uggest
ing t
h
att
h
eS ocie
ty wan
ted l
i
t
tle o
ver 1
% o
fRSGB m
embe
rs p
resen
tat
iona
laspec
tso
fth
isd
ocu
-
b
e d
emean
ing a
nd u
nfa
ir
. mo
re ama
teu
rs p
ure
ly s
o t
ha
t i
t a
nd a
bou
t 0
.6% o
f a
l
l UK r
ad
io m
ent
, a
nd t
o h
i
s l
ong s
ufer
ing
Acr
it
ici
sm wh
ich a
ppea
red t
o
o c
ould s
e
ll mo
re b
ook
s. C
lea
rly a
mateu
rs. w
ife
,Pa
tric
ia,G
1 NKS
,fo
rhe
rto
l-
f
r
equent
ly fo
r c
omfor
t was t
hat mo
re w
ork n
eed
s t
o b
e d
one t
o I
fith
ad b
een a c
are
ful
ly s
e
- e
rance a
nd u
nde
rstand
ing
, w
ith
-
t
h
e p
roposa
ls w
ere r
e
lea
sed a
l
- e
nsu
re t
h
att
h
epropo
sal
sar
efu
lly l
e
cted s
ample
, th
en n
o doubt t
h
e o
ut w
hich t
h
is a
s
sessmen
t c
ould
mo
st a
s af
a
it a
ccomp
li
, w
ithou
t u
nders
tood a
nd th
at members
' r
e
sult
s cou
ld have b
een sa
id to n
ot h
ave b
een p
roduced i
n t
h
e
a
ny pr
iorcon
sulta
tion o
reven i
n
- c
once
rns a
reb
eing no
ted a
nd a
d- a
pply t
oth
ewho
le ama
teu
rrad
io r
equ
ired t
ime s
ca
le.
d
ica
tion t
h
attheis
sueswere b
e
ing d
re
ssed
, a
sfa
rasi
sprac
ticab
le. p
opu
lat
ion i
nth
e UK
. B
ut a
sth
e Any e
r
rorsand m
istake
sint
h
is
d
i
scu
ssed i
nC ounc
il
. I
n par
ticu- I
nsp
ite o
fth
ecl
ear
ly e
xpre
ssed s
amp
le w
as e
ssen
tia
lly s
e
lf-
se- d
ocumen
t s
hou
ld b
e a
t
tr
ibu
ted t
o
l
a
r,a
nnoyance w
asexpr
essed th
at o
bjec
tion
s, a
nd a
s
soc
iated w
or- l
e
cted
,th
eque
stion i
sopen t
ode
- t
he a
u
tho
r, a
nd s
o
lely t
oth
e a
u-
n
ews o
fth
e S
ocie
ty's n
ew s
t
ance r
i
es,t
h
ere i
sas
i
gnif
ican
t,a
nd o
ver
- b
ate
. t
hor
. •

Ra
dCom QRP C
onven
tion RSGB DCC V
acancy

N
EW
THE 1
5TH ANNUAL Y
eov
il THE R
SGB D
ata C
ommun
ica
tion
s C
omm
ittee h
as av
acancy f
ora
QRP C
onven
tion 1
999 w
il
l b
e F
ull Membe
r to ove
rsee a n
ew h
igh s
peed l
ink
ing p
roject
, a
nd
h
eld o
n S
unday 1
8 Ap
ril a
tThe wou
ld li
ke t
o hea
r from da
ta c
ommunicat
ions en
thus
iast
s who
D
igby Ha
ll, Hound S
tree
t, w
ould b
e w
il
ling t
oas
sis
t t
he C
omm
ittee i
nth
is a
rea
.
CONT
INUED FRO M P
11 S
herbo
rne
, D
orse
t. E
xpe
rience o
f UHF a
nd m
icrowave d
atacomm
s t
e
chn
iques
, a
n
Aregu
larf e
ature a
tth
is even
t a
pprec
iat
ion o
fnetwork
ing p
rotoco
ls (
a
t a
l
l levels
) and d
edicat
ion
Martin A ther ton , G3ZAY , (left)
p
resen ts John L inford, G3 WGV, with i
s t
he Yeovil QRP C onvent
ion a
rethepr
ime r
equ
irements
.The Commit
tee meet
s( on a
verage)five
t
he P remier I OTA Awa rd fo
r John 's C
ons
tructor
sC hal
lenge
.T hi
sy ea
r t
imes ay
earb
utc
onduc
ts t
he g
rea
t ma
jor
ity o
fit
s w
ork v
ia e
-ma
il
s
o f
twa re deve lopmen t work fo
r t he
t
h
e C
hal
lenge i
stoc
ons
truc
t t
h
e o
uts
ide o
ftho
se mee
ting
s. I
fyou wou
ld l
i
ke t
otake a
n a
ct
ive p
art
RSGB I OTA p rogra m me . T he
p
resenta t
ion was made a t the mos
t s
t
able
, f
r
ee r
unn
ing V
ari
- i
nth
is p
rojec
t, a
nd b
el
ieve y
ou h
ave t
he n
ece
ssa
ry s
k
ills a
nd f
r
ee
I
nternational H F &IOTA Conven t
ion t
ime a
vai
lab
le, p
lea
se c
ontac
t t
he C
omm
ittee
's C
hai
rman
, GORD
I
a
b
le F
requency O
sci
lla
tor
,tot
une
a
tt he B eamoun t
Conference f
r
om 5.
0 t
o5.5 MHz, c
a
lib
rated a
t
: d
cc.cha
irman @r
sgb
.org
.uk
Centre , Old i
n 1
00kHz s
t
eps us
ing a max
i-
W
indso r
, last
Octobe r.
mum o
e
nt
f 1
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i
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omponen
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e e
t
xpec
s. E
ach
ted t
o h
old
WACRAL Annua
l C
onf
erence
t
he t
e
st f
r
equency
, (
t
o b
e d
e- AN I
NTEREST
ING a
r
ray o
f a
t
- mo
rning n
e
t (
8
-9am 3
747kHz
).
c
ided o
n t
he d
ay) f
or a f
i
ve t
r
act
ion
s -i
n
clud
ing l
i
ve a
mateu
r F
or mo
re a
bou
t WACRAL a
c
-
t
i
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tie
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tac
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t51A
lma
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l b& m
inute p
er
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art
ing 30s
econds r
ad
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truc
tion w
ork
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ctu
res
a
f
ter in
it
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itch-on
. The te
st o
n inte
rnat
iona
l a
id wo
rk and R
oad
,Br
ixham,Sou
th D
evon, TQ5
• A WEEKEND c
our
se f
o
cus
ing e
quipmen
t w
il
l b
e ag
ood c
om- DXing -w
ere o
nof
eratt
he 1
998 8QR
,Te
l: 0
1803 8
54504.
o
n a
spec
ts o
fra
dio w
il
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e
ld i
n m
erc
ial f
r
equency c
oun
ter a
nd a Wo
rld A
ssoc
iat
ion o
f C
hri
stian
A
pri
l a
t K
live C
our
t R
esiden
tia
l t
im
ing d
evice
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adio Ama
teu
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nd L
is
tene
rs
E
duca
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ent
re n
earB
ridgwa
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, T
he o
rgan
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rs w
il
l p
rov
ide a (WACRAL
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th C
eleb
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S
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t. r
egu
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owe
r s
upp
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l Confe
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, h
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P
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tic
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eab
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otr
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nd al
oad r
es
istorof 10k
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orbay, D
evon, l
as
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tober
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m
it du
ring th
e weekend u
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 i
n pract
ice
b
y I
an Wh
ite
, G
3SEK
*

MA
INS S
AFETY t
h
eplug o
ut
.
E
LECTR
ICAL S
AFETY CHECKS a
re manda
- B
reak
s i
n t
h
e l
i
ve a
nd n
eut
ral c
onduc
tor
s
t
o
ry¡
nevery w
orkp
lace -b
utw
hen d
id y
ou l
a
st w
il soon r
evea
l t
hemse
lve
s -th
e equipment
m
ake a
ny s
af
ety c
heck
siny
our s
t
ation? won
't work -b
ut y
ou n
eed t
om ake po
sit
ive
S
TART WITH MA
INS w
ir
ing
,pl
ugsa
nd l
e
ads
. c
hecks t
o e
nsure t
ha
t e
ar
th conduc
tors a
re
T
hey m
ighthave b
een OK when y
ou i
n
sta
lled c
ont
inuou
s. Un
less y
ou h
ave a s
pec
ial o
hm
t
hem
, but t
h
ings c
an happen
: cab
les c
an be me
tert ha
tg i
vesaccura
te r
ead
ingsf
orv
ery l
ow
p
ul
led
, ni
cked or o
therwi
se damaged
; wire
s r
e
sistances, al
l e
ar
th conduc
tor
s s
hou
ld r
ead
c
an wo
rk lo
ose d
ue tovi
brat
ion a
nd r
epea
ted '
ze
ro ohms
'f r
om t
hepin o
fth
e1 3A p
lug t
oth
e
h
eat
ing
/cool
ing c
ycle
s; s
of
tpl
ast
ics c
an c
o
ld- me
tal c
hass
is oft
he e
ar
thed equ
ipment
. IEC
f
l
ow o
verl
ong p
er
iod
soft
ime
;and many o
the
r ma
insl
e
adsw
ith a1
3A p
lug o
none e
nd a
nd a
t
h
ing
syou m
ay n
oth
ave t
hough
tof
.The p
oin
t 3
-way I
EC s
ocke
tont
h
eot
herc
an b
ete
sted b
y
i
sno
t t
owa
itu
nt
il s
ome
thing h
appen
s,b
utt
o p
lugg
ing i
n
to s
ome
thing w
ith a
nea
rthed c
has
-
c
heck b
efo
re i
tdoe
s. Wo
rk s
ys
tema
tica
lly s
i
s. (
Note a
l
so t
ha
tIEC ma
ins l
e
ads c
ome i
n
t
hrough a
l
l your ma
ins le
ads, e
xten
sions a
nd s
evera
l dif
eren
t cu
rren
t ra
ting
s, c
ommonly
mult
i-way a
dap
ters
,a nd c
heck t
hem al
l.Fig 1 F
ig 1
: The correct way t
owire a 13A ma
ins p
lug
. See 3A
,6 Aand 1
0A,sobesu
re t
haty
ou d
on'
tove
r-
t
ext f
or f
urther de
tai
ls.
i
stor
emind y
ou abou
tthecor
rec
tw ay t
owire r
un t
hem
, a
nd f
u
se t
he p
lug
s c
orrec
tly
.) An
-
aI3A ma
ins plug
, and T
able 1 i
s au
seful T
he f
u
se i
nth
ema
insp
lug i
smo
stly t
h
ere t
o o
the
r u
sef
ul e
a
rth c
ont
inu
ity c
heck i
stor
e
-
c
heck
lis
t. p
rotec
t t
h
e f
l
exib
le c
able i
n t
h
e e
ven
t o
f a
n move a
ny i
n
terconnec
tion
s b
etween e
quip
-
A
ll 1
3A ma
ins p
lug
s mus
t mee
t c
er
tain e
quipmen
tf au
lt.Elec
tronic equ
ipmen
tshou ld m
ent
,le
ave e
very
thing s
wit
ched ofb
utp
lugged
s
t
andards
,b utb
eyond th
is m
inimum th
ere i
sa h
ave an add
itiona
l interna
l fuse t
o p
rotect i
n
to t
hem
ain
s,a
nd c
heck f
o
r'z
ero o
hms
'fr
om
w
ide va
ria
tion i
nqua
lity a
nd at
ten
tion t
ode- i
t
self
, a
nd s
of
t o
r s
t
ep s
t
art c
i
rcu
its w
here o
ne cha
s s
is t
oa no
ther
. Th
is wil
l also r
evea
l
t
a
il
.P r
ice i
sn
'talway
s agood g
uide,soi
tpays n
eeded -seelas
t month
's co
lumn . I
na ma
teur a
ny p
roblemswith e
ar
th c
ontac
tsa nd w
ir
ing i
n
t
oshop a
round f
o
rbet
ter
-qual
ity p
lugst
ha
tw i
ll r
adio
,o nly l
a
rge powerampl
ifie
rsn eed a1
3A t
h
e main
s socke
ts.
s
urv
ive h
aving t
h
efu
sesc
hanged a
nd b
e
ing r
e
- f
use and ma
insc ab
le t
omatch (1
.25mm2 con
- A
bove a
l
l
,i fyou e
xpe
rience a'
t
ing
le'a
tany
w
ired mo
re t
han o
nce ortw
ice. When y
ou have d
ucto
rs, t
yp
ica
lly 4
0/0
.2nun s
t
randed w
ire
). t
ime w
hen t
ouch
ing m
eta
lwo
rk t
h
at i
ssup
-
t
h
ep lug o
pen
,re-
tighten a
l
lt h
es c
rew connec- F
or l
ow-powe
r e
quipmen
t y
ou c
an u
se a3A p
osed t
obe e
ar
thed
, y
ou mus
t s
t
op w
hateve
r
t
i
ons -not s
o f
i
rm ly t
hat t
hey cu
t t
he copper f
u
se and 3
A-ra
ted c
able (
0.5mm 2 c
onduc
tors
, y
ou a
r
e doing a
nd inve
stigate i
mmed
iate
ly.
s
t
rand
s, b
ut f
i
rmly e
nough t
h
at t
h
ey w
on'
t t
yp
ica
lly 1
6/0
.2mm stranded w
ire
). It
's d
ifi
- T
hatt
i
ngle i
s awa
rning tha
ty ou
'reon
ly one
move u
nde
rcond
ition
s o
fvi
bra
tion a
nd t
h
er- c
u
ltt
obuy ma
insf
l
ex t
ha
tisr
a
ted f
o
rle
sst
han s
tep away f
r
om a major e
lec
trica
l s
hock
! I
t
ma
l c
ycl
ing
. C
ord g
r
ips a
r
e af
r
equen
tsource 3A
, and u
nw i
se t
ot r
y. Lower
-rated f
use
s are p
robab
ly means t
ha
t you h
ave some f
orm o
f
o
ffa
ilure
s.U
sua
lly t
h
eth
read s
t
r
ipss
oth
att
h
e a
vai
lable f
r
om el
ectronics s
upply c
ompan ie
s, ma
insl
e
akage
,egf
r
om t
h
epr
ima
ry o
f at
r
ans
-
s
c
rew
s w
i
lln
olonge
rti
ghten
,and i
fth
ath
ap- a
nd y
ou s
hou
ld c
ons
ide
r2Ao
reven l
Afu
ses f
o
rmertoth
ec ore
,a nd p
robably i
nd
ica
test
ha
t
p
ens you need t
o r
eplace t
he c
ord g
r
ip o
r f
or i
t
em s s
uch as s
mal
l p
ower suppl
ies t
ha
t t
hec
hass
isisn
'te ar
thed e
ithe
r.
p
oss
ibly t
h
ew ho
le p
lug.For
tuna
tely
, t
h
eol
d- h
ave n
ofuse o
fth
eirown
.The o
the
rc a
se whe
re Anothe
rf avou
rite f
ormains l
e
akage ist
he
f
a
shioned r
ed f
i
bre b
ars a
r
e d
i
sappea
ring i
n y
ou n
eed a1
3A f
u
se i
sfo
r amu
lti
-way ma
ins s
o
ldering ir
on. Check t
h
is mo
stcarefu
lly
, b
e-
f
avou
ro fn
y- c
ause e
ven a
l
ono
nesw
ith C
heck M
ethod I
fI
tf
al
ls t
i
ny l
eakage
b
et
ter t
h
read c
urr
entc
an d
e-
I
3
Ama
insp
l
ugs -l
e
ada
n
cho
rag
e F
i
rm p
u
l
l.C
l
amp
ing m
us
tbeo
nou
terj
a
cke
t,n
o
twi
re
s. R
e
-cl
am ple
ad
,ordi
scar
dplug
sw i
thf a
i
led
e
ngagemen
t s
t
roy s
emicon
-
. c
o
rdg r
ip
s.Rep
lacemould
ed-onp l
ugs
.
w
ith t
he duc t
ors.
1
3Am
a
insp
l
ugs -c
o
nne
ct
ion
s O
pen pl
ug an
dc heckalco
nnec
tion
s( s
e
et e
xtan
dF i
g1 )
. R
e
-conne
ctcor
rect
ly
.
s
c
rews
. T
he C
heck f
or
1
3Am
a
insp
l
ugs -f
u
s
esandle
a
ds C
heck f u
se rat
ing (s
ee te
xt)
. Check for s
ign
s of R
ep
lacein
co
rrec
tf u
s
es
.D i
sca
rdd amaged
c
ord g
r
ip e
ar
th c
ont
inu
-
o
verh
eat
in g
, p
l
ugsorle
ads
.
mus
tbea
ron M
ould
ed-on I
E
Cc o
nne
cto
rs -a
n
cho
rag
e i
t
ytot
het
i
pof
F
irm pu
ll
. D
i
scar
dl e
adorrep
lac
ec o
nnec
tor
.
t
he o
uter M
ai
n sle
ad
s -d
amag
e C
heck ou
terjacke
tf o
rdamageo rex
posedcon
ductor
s. t
he i
r
on (
un-
D
i
sca
rdd amag
edl e
ad
s.
j
acke
t o
fthe W
iresmustbed oubl
ei n
su
lat
edt h
roughout
. l
e
ss i
t
's s
up-
c
able a
s M
ai
nsl
e
ad
s -r
a
t
ing
s E
quipmentthati sn
otdoub
lei n
su
late
dm usthav
e a3- R
ep
lac
ein
co
rre
ctl
e
ad
s. p
osed t
ohave
s
hown i
nFig c
o
rel e
ad
.C heck cu
rren
tr a
t
ings(s
eet e
xt
). a
n insu
lated
1
, bu
t even E
a
rthc
o
nne
ct
ion
s -l
e
ad
san
deq
uipm
ent C
heck z
ero re
s
istanc
ef r
om ea
rthpino fma
insplugto R
ep
airc
o
nne
ctio
ns;d
i
s
car
dfa
u
ltyl
e
ad
s. t
i
p)
, a
nd t
h
en
t
ha
t can d
e- m
eta
lc h
ass
is,o rtoea
rt
hp i
no n EC co
nnec
tor
. s
wit
ch o
n t
he
t
e
rio
rate o
ver Tab
le 1
: Check
list f
or ma
ins p
lugs and cab
les
. p
ower a
nd
t
he l
ong c
heck w
ith a
t
e
rm.U
nle
sst
h
eou
terj
acke
tex
tend
satl
e
ast3
- a
dap
ter
.Ify
ou buy t
h
ese w
ithou
t amain
sl e
ad h
igh
-re
sis
tance AC v
ol
tme
tert
ose
eift
h
e t
i
p
5mm pas
tthegr
ip and i
n
to t
hepl
ug body
, th
e a
nd p
lug
,besu
re touse 1
3A-ra
ted f
l
ex and a c
ar
rie
s an AC vo
ltage
. Since any c
oup
ling i
s
g
rip w
il
l sl
owly s
queeze t
h
ejacket o
utward
s 1
3A fuse i
nth
ep l
ug. l
i
kely t
obeat av
ery h
igh impedance
,it
'
sq u
ite
f
r
om u
nde
rnea
th i
t
,le
aving l
oose w
ire
sth
ata
r
e I
fyou h
ave a
ny ma
insl
e
adsw
ith t
h
eold r
ed
- c
ommon t
ose
eani
nd
ica
tion o
f af
ew v
ol
tso
n
u
nde
rte
nsion i
n
side t
h
epl
ug.T
he g
olden r
u
le b
l
ack
-green i
n
sula
ted c
onduc
tor
s, i
t
's a
bou
t t
h
e h
igh r
ange
s o
f t
h
e v
o
ltme
ter
, f
a
ll
ing t
o
-
i
stha
tt h
ere mu
stnever b
eany t
e
nsion o
nthe t
ime t
orep
lace t
hem. Rega
rdle
ss ofthe
ira p
- wa
rdsze
ro when you s
witch t
olowervo
ltage
i
nd
ividualwi
res
.Leave 2
-3mm ofext
ra l
e
ngth p
aren
tcondi
tion
,they mustbeanc
ient
.I s
n'tit r
ange
sand l
oad t
heci
rcui
tw ith al
owerr
esis
t-
o
neach w
ire i
n
side t
h
eplug -
jus
tenough t
ole
t a
l
so a
bou
t t
ime y
ou r
ep
laced t
hose o
ld 1
3A a
nce t
h
rough t
hem
ete
r.
y
ou s
ee t
ha
tth
ey a
r
e n
otu
nde
rte
nsion w
hen p
lug
stha
thave n
on-
insu
lated p
ins? T
hey have Wh
ile y
ou're u
nplugg
ing a
nd i
n
spec
ting a
l
l
y
ou c
heck
. b
een o
ut o
f p
roduct
ion for many yea
rs, in t
h
e ma
insl
e
ads
,it
'
sal
so av
ery g
ood o
ppo
rtu
-
f
avou
roft
h
eone
sth
atw
on'tg
ive y
ou as
hock n
i
ty t
oun
tang
le t
h
em a
nd r
ep
lace t
hem n
eat
ly,
.
52 Ab
ingdon R oad
, Dray
ton
, Ab
ingdon
, Oxon OX14 4HP
g
3sek@tf
ivtech
.demon.co
.uk i
fyou w
rap y
ourf
i
nge
rs r
ound w
hen p
ull
ing i
n
stead o
fint
her
a
t's n
estt
ha
tha
saccumu
lated

4
8 R
adCom •J
anua
ry 1
999
 I
n P
ract
ice

s
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nce y
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n t
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eed t
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t
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e s
urp
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ear? o
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ut
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twon
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oosen t
h
e g
round
a
nd t
a
ke th
eothe
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ith i
t
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ith t
h
is
NO S
INGLE F
AILURE e
xample
, alo
ng-es
tabl
ished prac
tice i
stouse
'
NO S
INGLE F
AILURE
'iso
ne o
fth
egu
iding a
n '
e
qua
lis
ing p
la
te' t
oba
lance t
h
ete
nsion
sin
p
rinc
iples o
f m
odern s
afe
ty a
nd r
e
liab
ili
ty t
h
ree o
r mo
re s
e
tso
fguy
s (
F
ig 2
c)
. H
oweve
r,
e
ngineer
ing. H
ere
's aqu
ick g
uide
. f
r
om t
h
e mo
re modem s
t
andpo
int o
fth
e '
no
THE BAS IC IDEA i
stha
t s
afety s
hou
ld n
ot s
i
ngle f
a
ilure
' p
r
inc
iple
, F
ig 2
c i
sno
t g
ood
r
e
ly o
nany s
i
ngle f
ea
ture -b
ecau
se i
tmay f
a
il
. p
rac
tice b
ecau
se a
l
l t
he g
uy s
t
res
ses a
r
e f
o
-
I
n
stead
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rytod
esign f
or'
def
ence i
ndep
th'
. c
used i
n
to t
hes
i
ngle p
ivo
tbo
ltt
ha
tse
cure
sth
e
Y
ou of
ten s
eeth
isp
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nel
ect
rica
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- p
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te t
oth
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r.Obv
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tcan b
emade
m
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e mo
sto
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xamp
le b
e
ing d
oub
le t
owo
rk s
a
fely
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tle
sst
owe
rsh
ave u
sed
i
n
sula
tion
.Befo
re y
ou c
an t
ouch al
i
ve c
onduc
- e
qua
lise
r p
la
tes f
o
r many y
ear
s; b
ut mod
em
t
o
r, moret
han one i
ndependen
tlaye
rofin
sula
- e
nginee
ring d
es
ign p
ref
erst
oavo
id s
uch s
i
tu-
t
i
on ha
st ofa
il
.T he formalunde
rly
ing p
r
inci
- a
t
ion
s.
p
l
e i
sth
at '
no s
i
ngle f
a
ilu
re s
ha
ll m
ake t
h
e 'No s
i
ngle f
a
ilu
r e
' isal
so t
he i
dea b
ehind
s
ys
tem unsaf
e'. mu
ltip
le e
ar
th b
onding,bo
th i
nmain
sd i
str
ibu-
F
ig 3
: Nosingle fa
ilure
'a ppl
ied t
ointernalearthing.
Ano
the
r example i
s i
n g
uyed ma
sts a
nd t
i
on s
ys
tem
s a
nd w
ith
in e
l
ect
rica
l a
nd e
l
ec-
(
a
) Earth b
ond ing wires t
o keep t
he system s a
fe in
t
owe
rs.I
t
's b
ad p
rac
tice t
ore
ly o
none g
round t
r
onic e
quipment (
Fig 3a
). I
fone c
onnec
tion c
ase the chassis sect
ions are unbol
ted . (
b
) E arth
a
nchorfo
r awho
le se
to fg
uys(F
ig 2a
)b ecau
se f
a
ils
, t
heo the
rs w
i
ll s
ti
ll be t
h
ere t
okeep t
he t
ag iswrapped a nd s o
ldered, w
ith a shake-p roof
washer a
nd a locknut too
.
i
fth
atancho
rf a
ils y
ou've l
o
steve
rything
.It's s
ys
tem s
afe
. Howeve
r, i
nsuch c
ase
s it
's ex
-
t
r
emely i
mpor
tan
t to c
heck e
ach c
onnect
ion
r
egu
lar
ly,orel
se t
h
ey c
ould a
l
lfai
land y
ou'd HOLES THROUGH WALLS
n
evernot
ice u
nt
ilt
hela
stone l
et
sg o
. HERE ARE FOUR more r
esponses t
o t
he
S
ome
time
siti
s
n'tp
oss
ible t
ohave b
ackup p
rob
lem descr
ibed i
n t
h
e November 1998
s
af
ety sy
stems
; f
or e
xample t
he
re can u
lt
i- c
olumn
, w
hen h
aving t
hew
indow f
rame o
fth
e
ma
tely b
e on
ly o
ne c
onnect
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h
e ea
rth r
adio r
oom r
eplaced w
ith u
PVC
.
c
onduc
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f am
ain
scab
le.I
nsuch c
ase
s,t
h
e GMOGKR:"
Ita
lked t
othew
indow i
ns
tal
ler
s
o
lution i
sto pay e
xt
ra-specia
l a
t
tent
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o (
i
tw a
s al
o
calj
o
iner
/glaz
ier
,no
tone o
fthebig
t
ho
se componen
tsintha
ta rea
.I fy
ou f
ocu
sin f
i
rms
). Wha
thed
id w
asm
easu
re t
hew
indow
c
l
ose
ly, y
ou c
an s
t
i
ll a
pply t
he '
no s
i
ngle l
i
n s
hor
tto
p-to
-bo
ttom a
nd t
hen p
uta
nex
tra
f
a
ilure
' id
ea on as
mal
lerscale
. Forexample
, l
i
nofp
ack
ing u
nde
rth
ebo
ttom o
fth
efr
ame
.
d
on't j
us
t use s
hak
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rs or l
o
ck- In
ow h
ave as
t
rip o
f mo
rta
rbenea
th t
heb
ot
tom
n
utsont
hee
arth c
onnec
tions
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f t
h
e w
indow
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h
rough w
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an p
ut a
'l
a
rly
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e
ly on as
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ldered j
oin
ttoan m
asonry d
r
illand f
eed my c
able
s,and t
heh
ole
e
ar
thing t
a
g -u
se e
i
the
r av
ery p
osi
tive me
- i
sshe
lte
red by t
he uPVC si
l." GI4CUV a
l
so
c
han
ica
l c
onnec
tion o
r w
rap t
he e
ar
th w
ire n
ego
tia
ted w
ith t
hew
indow i
n
sta
lle
rs,a
nd h
ad
t
h
rough a
nd a
round t
h
e t
ag b
efo
re s
o
lde
ring t
h
em d
r
illt
heh
ole
sth
rough t
h
ewa
lla
spar
tof
(
F
ig 3b
). Asleeve o
fh eat
-sh
rink t
ubing i
sa t
h
ein
sta
lla
tion j
ob
.Het
ook t
heo
pt
ion o
fth
ree
g
ood i
dea t
o avoid l
ong-
term fa
ilu
re due t
o s
mal
lho
lese
x
iting mo
stly t
h
rough t
h
emor
tar
v
ibra
tion f
a
tigue
. I
ncommerc
ial e
quipmen
ta b
etween t
h
e outs
ide b
r
icks
.
c
r
imped connect
ion t
oane
a
rth t
agwil q
ual
ify G3VLX and GOVTL r
e
commended h
i
ring a
o
nit
sown
,and a
l
so s
uppo
rtst
h
econduc
tort
o l
a
rge
-diame
terd
iamond c
ut
ter
, ak
ind o
fcy
lin
-
a
void f
a
tigue f
a
ilu
re,butw
ith ama
teu
rc r
imp- d
r
ica
lho
le s
aw.T
hisisi
ndeed t
h
erightprof
es-
i
ng t
e
chniquesyou s
hou
ld a
lway
suse s
oldera
s s
i
ona
l t
ool f
o
r t
he j
ob
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om e
w
ell
. r
e
serva
tion
s b
ecau
se i
tusua
lly i
nvo
lves a
l
so
Alo
t o
f th
is may s
eem '
over t
he t
op
' f
or h
i
ring al
a
rge
, h
eavy a
nd e
xt
reme
ly p
owe
rfu
l
a
mateu
r r
adio
, but I
'm no
t sugge
sting t
ha
t e
lec
tric d
ril
.Ifth
ecutt
erjamsi nt
heh o
le,th
is
e
very
thing y
ou b
ui
ld s
hou
ld b
eeng
inee
red t
o c
an bevery d
ange
rou
s -espec
ial
ly when w
ork-
n
uclearre
actorstandard
s -you h
ave t
obalance i
ngo
n al
a
dde
r -s
odot
akec
are
!
F
ig 2: ' No single fai
lure' applied to guying. (a
)
t
he le
vel of p
recaution
s again
st t
he le
vel of
E
ve ryth
ing d epends o n as ingle ground stake - r
i
sk.E
ven s
o
,ify
ou g
eti
n
to t
heh
abi
tofu
s
ing REFERENCE
a
void t his si
tua t
ion. (b) A b etter way that st
il
l '
n
osi
ngle f
a
ilu
re' a
s aw
ay o
fth
ink
ing
,itc
an [
1
] A GPS
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requency S
tandard b
y
p
rovides s ome g uying i
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ls o
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o
f a n 'equal
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rates a
ll guying g
rea
tly a
dd t
oth
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fety a
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e
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r B
rook
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, W50
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ly 1
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tresses o n one b o
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tat
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. p
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fyou h
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,ora
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olu mn
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mal
l
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u
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h
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OTA s
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ten
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P
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om t
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cou
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lay t
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ar
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s d
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or t
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t. F
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ig 3
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se o
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otes
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ipo
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rans
istors
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v
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999 5
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ase
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i
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stor
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t
atic (
t
he a
im i
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ted i
nFig 4
.Itu
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igger
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, t
h
is i
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itab
le. a
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st-x c
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etec
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he c
omponen
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n t
h
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ase a Z
ene
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w
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orm's s
lope i
sal
so needed
. d
iode
.The v
ol
tage s
i
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ed t
o
I
f anega
tive sl
ope i
s s
elected
, t
hex-amp
lif
ier
,a nd g
enera
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nly p
oin
ts Ea
nd G w
il
lbef
ound x
-ax
is; t
he voltage developed
F
ig 2
(a)
: The vo
ltage waveform a
ppl
ied to t
he x
-pla
tes o
f the CRT, (
b
) The
a
tt h
e l
e
vel RS, i
eone po
int p
er a
cro
ss R i
s p
ropo
rtiona
l t
o t
h
e
b
lank
ing pulses a
ppl
ied tothe CRT g
rid t
o supp
ress t
he appearance o
fthe
fl
yback onthe s
creen, c
ycle
.The t
imebase w
il
lbegin i
t
s c
urren
tfl
owing
,a nd g
enera
test
he
s
weep a
tth
e s
ame p
oin
t i
neach y
-axis
.Int
hi
scase
,thex-axiss
ca
le

1
s
ignals t
obe m easured
. nF
i ig 2
(b)i
sapp
lied t
oth
egr
id o
f c
ycle
,and t
husw
il p
roduce as
t
atic i
s 5V p
er d
iv
ision
; t
he d
i
splay
The si
gna
lp resentonthe t
h
e CRT
;th
is e
f
fec
tive
ly s
wit
che
s d
i
splay
,shown i
nFig 3
(b)
. Ap
os
i- s
how
s a1
0V r
eve
rse Z
ene
rbreak
-
x
-pla
tes varies u
niform ly with o
ff t
h
e b
eam
, a
nd n
o f
l
yba
ck i
s t
i
ve s
l
ope s
e
lec
tion w
ould t
r
igge
r d
own
, t
oge
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th t
h
e s
t
anda
rd
t
ime
, a
nd i
sgene
rated i
n
terna
lly v
i
sib
le. R
efe
rring t
oth
etu
be b
ia
s t
h
etimeba
se a
t Fa
nd H
. F
ig 3
(c
) f
orwa
rd c
har
acte
ris
tic o
f as
i
l
icon
b
yci
rcu
itsk
nown a
sth
eti
meba
se c
i
rcu
it g
iven i
nFig 3 o
fth
e D
e- d
iode
.The v
ol
t-
a
nd t
hex
-amp
lif
ier
. c
embe
r 1
998 a
r
tic
le,t
h
ebl
ank
ing a
ge s
ource c
an
p
ulse w
ould b
eapp
lied t
otheto
p b
ede
rived f
r
om
T
IMEBASE e
nd ofR1 wh
ich i
sconnec
ted d
i
- at
ransfo
rmeror
I
N ORDER TO 'd
raw' t
h
espotat r
ec
tly t
oth
eg r
id o
fthe CRT.The f
rom afunc
tion
ac
ons
tan
tspeed a
cro
ssth
eface o
f s
peed a
twhich t
h
e timeba
se r
uns g
ene
rato
r,p
ref
-
t
he t
ube
, asaw
too
th waveform i
s i
sgover
ned b
y ac
a
lib
rated r
o
tary e
rab
ly u
s
ing a
u
sed
, as s
hown i
nFig 2(a)
. The s
wi
tch (
c
oar
se)a
nd a
nunca
lib
rated t
riangular
w
aveform c
ons
ist
soft
wo p
arts
: p
oten
tiomete
r (f
ine
), b
oth o
n t
he wave
. T
he
t
he s
weep is ar
ising vo
ltage f
r
ontpane
l.T he
se e
nab
le t
hes
peed m
easuremen
ts
t
iMbe.
w
hich i
sli
near w
ith r
espect t
o o
fth
e t
imeba
se t
obe m
atched t
o it a
r
e n
ot s
ource
-
t
ime a
nd d
eflec
ts the s
pot f
r
om t
h
efr
equency o
fthein
coming s
i
g- waveform
-de
-
l
ef
t to r
igh
t a cross the t
ube n
a
l,t
odi
splay ac
onven
ien
tnumber p
endent
.
s
c
reen
;th
efl
yback i
sth
efa
lling o
fcyc
leso
nth
esc
reen
. T
he c
a
li- O
ther n
on-
s
ect
ion,wh
ich shou
ld o
ccur v
ery b
ra
tion o
n t
h
e t
imeba
se c
ont
rol A
n o
s
illoscope
, d
isp
lay
ing ac
omp
lex w
ave
form
. t
imebase a
ppl
i-
q
uickly
, r
eturn
ing th
e spot to a
l
low s th
e measurement o
f time c
at
ions in
clude
t
he l
e
ft-hand s
i
de o
fth
e s
c
reen
. i
n
tervals t
obem ade f
rom t
hed i
s- i
lust
rates t
he d
isp
lay t
ha
t w ould t
hem
easu
remen
toffr
equency u
s-
T
his p
rocess i
srepea
ted
,togive p
lay
, from wh
ich signa
l f
requen- b
e obtained b
y us
ing a po
sitive i
ngL
issa
jou
sFigu
res
,bu
tth
ish
as
t
he c
ontinuous disp
lay o
f the c
i
esc
an b
eca
lcu
lated i
frequ
ired
. s
lope a
tleve
l PQ
.A sFig 1s
how s, l
i
t
tle d
i
rec
tapp
lica
tion i
nama
teu
r
i
npu
t w
aveform
. A
t v
ery h
igh The
re a
ret h
ree b
as
ic mode
sof i
tisu
sua
l t
ode
rive t
h
etr
igge
ring r
ad
io.
s
weep speeds, t
he f
l
yback may t
imebase o
pera
tion
:free r
unn
ing
, s
i
gna
l f
r
om t
h
e i
n
com
ing s
i
gna
l
o
ccur i
n atime c
omparab
le w
ith w
here th
etimeba
se r
uns f
r
eely a
t v
ia t
he y-
amplif
ier
, but mo
st os
- SPEC
IAL MODELS
t
hesweep; when t
h
is occur
s,the t
h
es peed s
e
tb yth
econt
rol
s;syn- c
i
llo
scopeshave asocke
tforfe
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ILLOSCOPES m
ade s
pec
ifi
-
f
l
yback b
ecome s v
i
sib
le and c
l
ut- c
hroni
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h
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ee-running i
ng i
n at
r
igge
r s
i
gna
l f
r
om a
n c
a
lly f
o
rama
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r
eusual
ly
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e
rsthedi
splay
.T oovercome t
his t
imebase i
sgiven '
k
ick
s',derived e
xter
na
l s
our
ce.T
hisi
s mo
stu
se- c
a
lled S
ta
tion Mon
ito
rs; t
yp
ica
l
p
rob
lem,f
/yback b
lank
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sused. f
r
om t
h
e i
n
com
ing s
i
gna
l, w
hich f
u
lwhen v
i
ewing ac
omp
lex w
ave
- e
xamp
lesb
e
ing t
h
eKenwood SM
-
When t
h
efl
yback o
ccu
rs,t
h
enega
- r
e
turn i
tto t
h
e l
e
ft s
i
de o
f t
h
e f
o
rm. T
here i
s as
imp
le t
e
st t
o 2
20 and SM-230
. The
se a
re c
on-
t
i
ve-go
ing b
lank
ing p
ulse s
hown s
c
reen
, a
nd w
il
l g
ive as
t
ationa
ry c
heck i
f at
imeba
se i
sbe
ing s
yn- v
ent
ional o
sci
llo
scopes b
ut h
ave
d
i
splay w
hen t
h
e s
weep c
ont
rol
s c
hron
ised o
r t
r
iggered
: i
f t
he d
i
rect HF
/VHF acces
s t o th
e y-
a
r
eco
rrec
tly s
e
t;t
r
iggered
,whe
re t
imeba
se s
t
opsw
hen t
h
esi
gna
l i
s p
la
tes
,w h
ich a
l
lows arad
iated RF
t
het
imeba
se i
sin
hibi
ted (
stopped
) r
emoved
, i
tis b
eing t
r
igge
red
. w
aveform t
o be d
isplayed
, a nd
a
nd c
an b
etr
iggered t
oproduce a Many t
ype
sof CRO d
ono
tdi
stin
- t
r
apezo
ida
l d
i
splay
sof HF w
ave
-
s
i
ngle s
weep o
n
ly, g
iv
ing a s
t
a- g
uish b
e
tween s
ynch
ron
ising a
nd f
orm
s t
ob e p
roduced. They a
l
so
t
i
ona
ry d
i
splay u
nde
ral
l c
i
rcum
- t
r
igger
ing o
nth
efr
ontp
ane
lcon
- a
c
taspano
ramic di
splay
sw i
th t
he
s
t
ance
s. t
r
ols
. T
S-950 r
ange o
ftr
ansce
ive
rs. •
B
oth t
h
esynch
ron
ised a
nd t
r
ig-
g
ered modes require l
eve
l a nd
s
l
ope d
etec
ting c
ircuit
stoopera
te.
T
hese f
unc
tion
s a
r
e i
lus
tra
ted i
n
F
ig 3
.

TR
IGGER
ING
F
ig 3(a)
:The i
ncoming wave
fo rm with
t
wo t r
igge
ring l
evels s
hown, (b)T he AN I
NCO M
ING s
i
ne w
ave i
s
d
isplayed waveform when tr
igge red s
hown i
nFig 3
(a)
.Ifth
etimebase
a
tp oints E a
nd G
, (c
)T he d
isplayed
we
re t
obetr
iggered (
o
rsynchro-
waveform when t
r
iggered a
tp oints A
a
nd C . n
i
sed
)wheneve
rth
evo
ltage l
e
vel F
ig 4
:Disp
lay
ing Z
ene
r d
iode c
harac
ter
ist
ics u
s
ing aC
RO.

5
6 R
adCom • J
anua
ry 1
999
 1 1
:11
AM N E
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THE I
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ound t
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it
SU M M ARY o
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ten
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THE TOP
IC OF p
ropaga
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nd
V
er
yHigh F
r
equ
enc
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s
t
h
est
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sve
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• • O O O O O O O O O
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teven s
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s
i
ble t
omake v
ar
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s pr
edict
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s '
Wha
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bou
t i
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Keen o
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teur R
adio? Wan
t t
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tar
t o
ff i
n t
he
h
obby? Wan
t t
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ead o
n t
he ma
in a
spec
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f
asc
ina
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ll.
..Prac
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l Wire
less (
PWt
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t
s f
r
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sjus
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he magaz
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or y
ou!
Throughou
t t
he magaz
ine
's 6
5 y
ears i
thas s
erved t
he
r
adio e
nthus
ias
t a
nd n
o wadays c
oncen
tra
tes o
n
Ama
teur R
adio
.

Wi
th i
t
s i
nforma
tive
, f
r
iend
ly a
nd i
nforma
l a
pproach
PW p
rov
ides t
he l
a
tes
t i
deas w
ith r
evie ws a
nd
f
eatures o
n '
s
tate
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-ar
t' e
quip men
t wh
ile a
lso
p
rov
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asc
ina
ting a
r
tic
les f
ro m t
he '
valve &
v
intage
' e
quip men
t s
cene
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ead t
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t f
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e
xci
ting wor
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, Ama
teu
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ting i
n
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adio
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com mun
ica
ting a
round t
he g
lobe
' b
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hor
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wave r
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t
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unny
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t
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o we
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lectron
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Au
nique L
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eadou
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arome
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1
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t
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s
tand
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ll moun
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upp
lied w
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f
t
wice t
he c
apac
ity o
f N
icads
.
e
xte
rna
l t
e mpe
rature s
enso
r o
n a 3m c
able
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nc P
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arr
iage r
ates a
pply t
o ma
inland UK on
ly. P
lease phone f
or o
ver
seas r
ates
.

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ime
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t 93
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en wood
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aesu
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Ca
ll Rod (
G8SUP
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G6ORA
) o
r Mary IMOB MH
) on

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adio C
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tions t
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ading a
s
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il: u
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F
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OUR C
OMMUN
ICA
TION N
EEDS
 techn
ica
l
b
yPat H
awker
, G
3VA
*
top
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P
AOSE ON 2
197 m
S
TILL MISSED ARE t
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tie
s d
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PAOSE
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r
tic
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tic
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s c
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s
t
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ig 1
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B
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w
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F
ig 2
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ansm
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requency d
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rand f
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Dutch t
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6
2 R
adCom •J
anua
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999
 T
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ica
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opics

n
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len
t o
f av
ar
iab
le i
nduc
tance
, c
an e
x-
w
hich h
e i
swi
lling t
osupp
ly a
tco
st (
5 d
/d c
eed a r
ange o
f 5
0kHz o
n 7MHz
, b
ut t
h
e
UK) to a
nyone in
tere
sted in a
s
sessing pe
r- s
t
abil
i
ty w
il
ldec
rea
se w
ith r
ange a
sshown i
n
f
ormance and p
oss
ible fu
rthe
r deve
lopm ent
. F
ig 4
. T
his f
i
gure u
nde
rline
s t
he e
normou
s
He al
so s
ti
l
l has asma
ll st
ock of p
ar
ts and i
nduc
tan
ce r
equ
ired t
osh
iftt
h
efr
equency
.The
work
ing d
rawings
: V
incen
t SE vans
, Beacon LVXO a
lways o
pera
tes b
elow t
he c
rys
tal
's
V
iew
,Pa
rbo
ld H
il
l,P
arbo
ld,L
anc
s WN8 7
TG. s
er
ies r
e
sonance; t
yp
ica
lly th
is i
s2 -3kHz be
-
I
nth
e l
e
tte
rs c
o
lumn o
fElec
tron
ics Wor
ld l
ow t
hefrequency o
fopera
tion [
paralle
lre
so-
(
November1998
),R
eg Moo
res,G3GZT,n o
tes n
ance
]fo
r 7MHz HC6
/U c
rys
tal
swi
th a3
2pF
t
h
at n
icke
l-cadm
ium c
els of
ten f
a
il w
ell b
e- l
oad c
apac
itance
.
f
o
re t
h
e 5
00-1000 r
echa
rge c
ycle
s n
orma
lly "
I
t i
susua
l t
oob
tain a
n e
fec
tive v
ar
iab
le
c
l
aimed f
o
rsuch c
els
.H ebelieve
stha
tt h
isis i
nduc
tance b
yconnec
ting al
a
rge f
i
xed i
nduc
tor
As
elec
tion o
fG4AVT
's b
attery f
i
fe e
xtende
rs
o
f
ten d
ue t
ocha
rgers d
e
live
ring much h
ighe
r i
nse
rie
s w
ith al
a
rge v
ar
iab
le c
apa
cito
r. T
he
s
t
ruc
tor
,Novembe
r1974
)de
scr
ibed ar
e
ceive
r c
harg
ing c
urren
ts t
han t
he u
sua
lly r
ecom
- m
inimum r
eac
tance o
fth
e c
apac
ito
r mus
t b
e
i
n
corpo
rat
ing s
ome o
f h
i
s b
at
tery
-sav
ing d
e- mended o
ne-
ten
th o
fth
ecapac
ity o
fth
ece
lls
. s
mal
lcompa
red w
ith t
hei
nduc
tor
's r
eac
tance
,
v
i
ces
; h
e w
as l
a
ter g
ran
ted UK P
aten
t No I
n s
ome e
quipmen
ts v
ery h
igh c
harg
ing r
a
tes a
nd i
t
s max
imum mu
stb
eequa
ltot
ha
toft
he
2
070294 '
Bat
tery E
conom
ise
rCi
rcu
it
', Ap
ril a
r
edel
ibe
rate
ly u
sed t
oprov
ide s
hor
terc
harg
- i
nduc
tor
. T
his a
r
rangem
ent h
as an
umbe
r o
f
1
984 f
o
r amo
re d
eve
loped a
r
rangemen
t. H
e i
ng t
imes
.T oa ch
ieve t
heo
pt
imum n
umberof d
i
sadvan
tage
s:(
1
) Ag
ood c
o
il mu
stb
ein
con
-
b
e
lieves t
ha
t with modem device
s i
tcou
ld r
echa
rging c
ycles
,h ere
commend
smeasu
ring v
enien
tly l
a
rge m
echan
ica
lly o
n 7MHz a
nd
d
oubt
less b
e d
eveloped f
u
rthe
r. t
h
e c
harg
ing c
urren
tand c
heck
ing t
ha
tth
is i
s l
owerfrequenc
ies
. (2
)A s are
sul
tofth
e la
rge
L
ike m
any p
aten
ts, t
h
econcep
tisb
as
ica
lly n
ot mo
re t
h
an t
h
eone
-ten
th f
i
gure
. i
nduc
tance, t
hese
lf-
resonance o
fth
ecei
lw i
ll
s
imp
le. G
4AVT b
ased h
i
s o
n t
h
e f
o
llow
ing I
n t
h
e same i
s
sue
, Frank E
l
iason of P
ly-
c
ons
ide
rat
ions
: A9
Vba
tte
ry w
hen n
ew d
e
liv
- mou
th ra
ise
s t
he ques
tion o
f w hy
, w hen
e
r
s 9
+V; t
he t
yp
ica
l 9V t
r
ans
isto
rpo
rtab
le i
s p
owe
ring e
quipmen
tfr
om t
wo s
e
rie
s-connec
ted
d
es
igned t
ocon
tinue w
ork
ing s
a
tisfac
tor
ily a
t b
at
ter
ies
,one b
at
tery v
i
rtua
lly a
lway
sbecome
s
v
ol
tages a
pprec
iably b
elow 9V; t
h
eq u
iescen
t e
xhau
sted [
j
e h
igh i
n
terna
l r
e
sis
tance
] w
ell
c
urren
tof ap
ush-pul
l amp
lif
ie
ri sr
ela
ted toth
e b
efo
re t
h
eot
her
:"Ih
ave t
r
ied v
ar
iou
spa
irsa
nd
v
ol
tage o
nitspowe
rl i
ne; s
oth
atb yr
educ
ing t
h
e s
ame t
h
ing a
lways h
appen
s. Ih
ave e
ven
t
h
e vol
tage o
n t
h
is l
ine t
oth
em in
imum sa
tis
- t
a
ken '
good
' o
nes f
r
om each p
ai
ra nd pa
ired
f
a
cto
ry w
ork
ing v
ol
tage t
h
ecu
rren
tdra
in w
il t
ho
se,b
utthes
ameth
ing a
lway
sh appen
s.C an
b
ereduced
.Hisa
nsweri
stoprov
ide avol
tage a
nyone s
ugge
st as
o
lut
ion t
oth
isp
rob
lem
?"
r
egu
latoratt
h
elowe
rope
rat
ing vo
ltage
: Fig 3
P
HANTOM
-CO
IL V
XO
ALTHOUGH THE v
ar
iab
le-f
requency c
rys
tal
o
sc
illa
tor (
VXO
) s
eem
s t
o h
ave o
ccup
ied a
g
ood d
ealo
fspa
ce re
cent
ly in77
',t
here isl
i
ttle
d
oub
tthatt
h
istopic i
sofsi
gnif
ican
ti n
teres
tt o
t
ho
se r
ema
ining e
nthu
sia
sts w
ho s
t
i
ll b
ui
ld
s
imple e
quipment
,pa
rticu
larly f
orlow-power
p
e
er
table ope
rat
ion
. I
ti ss
t
ill t
rue t
ha
tc r
ysta
l-
c
ont
rolc
an p
rov
ide af
r
equency s
t
abil
i
ty o
fup
t
o 1
000 t
ime
s a
nd a VXO s
ome 1
00 t
ime
s F
ig 4:T he LXVO c an exceed at uning range of5 0kHz
on 7MHz , bu
tt he stabil
ity willdecrease with range.
b
e
tte
rth
an t
h
eave
rage LC o
sc
illa
tor
.
Left
-hand o rdinate, e quivalen t l
oad i nductance
G
era
ld S
tancey
, G
3 MCK
, i
nth
e c
our
se o
f versus f requency s hift b elow c rystal s eries
s
ome t
i
dying u
pcame a
cro
ss af
i
ve-page a
r
ti- r
esonance . Right hand o rd inate, s
tabi
lity rat
io of
F
ig 3
: G4AVT
's '
bat
tery e
conom
ise
r',a
spa
ten
ted i
n t
he L VXO with respec tt oa nL CO versus frequency
1
984. c
l
e (
'Phan
tom
-co
il V
XO' b
y F
rank N
oble
, s
h if
tb e
low crys ta
ls eries resonance (HC6 /U crysta
l,
W3 MT
)ina
nol
dis
sue o
fth
est
i
ll-m
issed H
am 7MHz L VXO , Co 6 pF, r= 2 50)
.
i
sde
rived f
rom o
ne o
fh i
sP aten
ti lu
s t
rations
. R
adio
, January 1
982, pp66-71
, p lu
s aco
r
B
ut, a
s G4AVT stresse
s, the regulat
ing r
e
cted d
iagram i
nth
eJ u
ly 1982 i
ssue,p8
.Th
is
d
evice m
ust i
t
self d
raw minimal c
urren
t a
nd n
oto
nly i
n
troduced a
nin
ter
est
ing t
e
chn
ique i
n
h
ave min
imal vol
tage d
rop. Th
is means t
ha
t s
how
ing h
ow a
n a
r
tif
ic
ial t
r
ansm
iss
ion l
i
ne
t
h
ecomponen
tsu
sed w
il
lbeo
fcr
it
ica
limpor
- c
an c
r
eate t
h
ei lus
ion t
hat ava
riable
-capac
ito
r
t
ance
, a
nd s
hou
ld t
he
refo
re b
e o
fhi
gh g
rade
. i
s al
a
rge va
riable c
o
il, a
sr e
quired by alow
-
H
is P
aten
tilu
stra
ted v
ar
iou
sfo
rms o
fenc
lo- f
r
equency VXO
, b
ut a
l
so p
rov
ide
s au
sefu
l
s
ure
s f
o
r t
h
e r
egu
lato
rdev
ice
. T
hese i
n
clude s
urvey o
f VXO b
as
ics f
or c
apac
ito
r-on
ly
v
ar
iou
sshape
s,f
i
t
ted w
ith c
onnec
tor
sfo
rba
t- (
CVXO
) a
nd i
nduc
tor
-on
ly (
LVXO
)sy
stem
s.
t
e
ries
, but i
twou
ld be p
oss
ible t
o u
se o
the
r W3 MT e
xpla
inst
ha
tth
e CVXO
,us
ing v
ar
i-
e
ncapsu
lat
ions s
uch a
s hea
t-sh
rink s
l
eev
ing a
b
le capaci
tance o
nly
, a
lways o
pera
tes a
bove
e
t
c,p
erm
itt
ing t
h
edev
ice t
obet
u
cked i
n
to t
h
e s
e
rie
sr esonance o
fth
ecrys
taland i
snea
rly a
s
c
ase o
fth
ere
ceive
r.H
isP
aten
tal
so f
e
atu
red a s
t
able a
s af
i
xed c
rys
tal o
sci
lla
tor
. "
But e
ven F
ig 5: W3MT 's tentat
ive c
ircui
t for aVXO u s
ing an
u
ni
tbu
ilti
n
to ac
arc
i
gar
-ligh
terp
lug
. w
ith t
h
egrea
tes
tca
re i
nci
rcu
itd
es
ign i
tisn
ot a
rt
ificial quarter-wave li
ne to tr
ansform a variab
le
c
apac itorinto a' phantom'var
iab le i
nductance.The
G4AVT did n
otpursue t
hepro
jectc
ommer- p
oss
ible t
oexceed ar
ange o
fabou
t5kHz o
n40 c
rys tal 'sees ' a n Inductance t hat is var
iable
c
i
ally w
ith any v
igou
r, bu
t st
i
ll ha
s al
im
ited me
tre
sifs
t
anda
rd c
rys
tal
sar
eused
. c
ontinuous ly fr
om z ero t
o 35pH b y means of CT
.

R
adCom •J
anua
ry 1
999 6
3
T
echn
ica
lTop
ics

t
ance (
s
elf
-re
sonance f
a
rabove 7MHz
);H
igh
-
Q
, s
o th
at th
e o
sc
illa
tor coup
ling c
apaci
tor
s
c
an b
e l
arge
; Sma
ll phy
sical s
ize
, s
o th
at i
t
s
f
i
eld c
an b
e c
onta
ined w
ith
in s
h
ield
ing o
f
r
ea
sonab
le s
i
ze; Mechan
ica
lri
gid
ity
;Low t
em-
p
era
turec
oe f
ic
ien
t(l
essi
mpo
rtan
tift
heh
eat
d
i
ssipa
ted w
ith
in t
he e
nclo
sure i
smin
imised
a
nd i
s
ola
ted f
r
om t
hec
oi
l).H
est
res
sest
ha
tany
k
ind offe
rri
te o
rir
on-coreinduc
torshou
ld b
e -
a
voided
, s i
nce t
he
ir tempe
rature c
oe f
ic
ien
t
w
il b
ep oo
rand t
h
einduc
tance may v
ary w
ith
s
i
gna
ll e
vel
.H eop
ted f
orth
e machine
-wound
B& W `
Miniducto
r' co
ils
.
Fig 6 a
nd Fig 7 s
how how W3 MT i
mple
-
men
ted t
he '
phan
tom c
oi
l' VXO a
s af
i
rs
t
mode
l, w
ith t
he TRI d
ual
-ga
te MOSFET f
o
l-
l
owed b
ytwo s
imi
lard
evice
sasb
uff
eramp
li-
f
i
ers
,th
ecomp
lete u
ni
tprov
iding a
nou
tpu
tof
4
00mV a
t50n
. H
eused f
i
ve 7MHz c
rys
tal
s
L
3
: s
paced 1
0kHz apar
t(70
10-7050
IcHz)pre
sum-
3
1
1N o 3
6(0.
13mm)DCC o
n 0
.
25in (
6
.5mm
)
c
eramic s
l
ug f
orm a
bly l
imi
ting t
he VXO t
un
ing r
ange t
o10kHz
T
RI -T
R3: u
s
ing p
ar
tia
lly p
la
ted f
undamen
tal AT c
uts
,
RC
AS K3065 o
rSy
lvan
ia E
CG 22 t
ype HC6
-U specif
ied f
orser
ies
-resonantfr
e-
X
1-X
S
: q
uency
. The s
tab
ili
ty p
erfo
rman ce appea
rs t
o
H
C6/U f
undamen
tal 7
MHz
h
ave b
een o
n ap
arw
ith a
n e
quiva
len
t f
i
xed
f
r
equency c
rys
talo
scila
tor
.Hec onc
luded h
i
s
a
r
tic
le b
yli
st
ing af
ur
thersi
xde
tai
led imp
rove
-
m
ent
s t
o t
h
is d
es
ign
, wh
ich h
e h
oped o
the
r
e
xpe
rim
ente
rswou
ld d
eve
lop f
u
rthe
r. Ic
anno
t
F
i
g8 :W3MT
's pr
oto
type d
es
ign fo
rhis'p
hento
rn.co
l
l VXO.es sf
i
rstm odeltot
es
tthet
heory
.Inh
l
s1982
a
r
t
icle h
osugges
ted v
ar
ious I
mprovements
.X1-X8 a
ro7MHz (
t
rys
ts's
,s paced 1
0kHzs
part r
eca
llread
ing o
fa ny l
a
terdevelopment
s.
G3 MCK sugge
s t
s th
at th
e p han
tom -co
il
a
pproach t
ha
t ofthe opera
ting f
requency
, re
- a
n '
a
rt
ific
ial
' l
i
ne b
ased o
n l
umped c
ompo
- VXO a
ppea
rs t
o b
e an
ove
l a
pproach a
nd
d
ucing t
hest
abi
lity o
ft h
ec oi
l.(3
)N ea
rserie
s n
ent
s;i
nhi
sca
se t
hes
imp
les
tpo
ssib
le -i
eone
- wou
ld prov
ide ag
ood u
se f
o
rth
e Sm
ith C
har
t
r
e
sonance
, th
e netr
eac
tance i
sth
e dif
e rence h
alf o
f a'
ha
lf-wave'fi
l
ter,c
omp
ris
ing asing
le a
s ade
sign ai
d.
b
etween t
wo la
rge n
umbers
, so t
he s
tabil
ity l
ow-pass p
i-sec
tion wi
th a
l r
eactance
s nu-
may s
uf e
r. (
4)Biza
rre c
apaci
tor
-pla
te s
hapes me
rica
lly e
qua
latt
heo
pera
ting f
r
equency
.He H
ERE &T
HERE
a
reneeded t
oobta
in e
ven r
ea
sonable f
r
equency p
rov
ide
s t
h
e a
pprop
ria
te d
es
ign f
o
rmu
lae i
n J
OHN RABSON
,G3PA
1,d
raw
sat
ten
tion t
oa
l
i
nea
rity
." h
i
s l
ong a
r
tic
le. F
ig 5 s
how
s h
i
s t
en
tat
ive n
ote i
nth
eAugu
st1
998 i
s
sue o
fth
e BT R
etired
W3 MT a
rgue
s t
ha
t a
n i
mproved t
un
ing a
r
- c
i
rcu
it i
n wh
ich t
he c
rys
tal '
s
ees
' a
n i
nduc
t- S
taf
fSec
tion N
ews
let
ter
, f
r
om o
ne o
f t
hose
r
angemen
t emp
loys t
h
e r
eac
tance
-inve
rsion a
nce t
h
ati
sva
riab
le c
ont
inuou
sly f
r
om z
ero t
o v
olun
tee
rs w
ho h
elp ma
inta
in t
h
e e
quipmen
t
p
rope
rtie
s o
f t
r
ansm
iss
ion l
i
nes
. A q
uar
ter
- 3
5p1
1 b
y mean
s o
fth
e t
r
imme
rcapac
ito
r CT o
fth
e'Ta
lking B
ook
sfo
rth
eBl
ind
' s
erv
ice
.H
w
avelength o
fcoaxia
lcable t
e
rminated a
tthe wh
ich i
s31-245pF o
r
, om
it
ting t
hel
ef
t-hand C
, DB
ick
ley w
ri
tes
: "When af
au
lti
srepo
rted
,
r
ece
iving end w
ith a v
ar
iable c
apaci
tor wi
ll s
hould h
ave t
he r
ange o
f 8
7-301pF a
pprox
i- t
he n
eare
stServ
ice Vo
luntee
r (
SV) vi
sit
s t
h
e
a
ppea
r a
s a'
phan
tom
' i
nduc
tance
. Wh
ile a
n ma
tely
. s
ubsc
ribert
od oth
eneces
sary -u
sua
lly ont
h
e
a
ctua
l t
r
ansm
iss
ion l
i
ne c
ould b
e u
sed
, i
t
s W3 MT s
t
res
sest
ha
tbyf
a
rth
e mo
sti
mpo
r- s
pot
.F ort
hevo
luntee
ritcan b
eboth ar
eward
-
p
hysica
lleng
th on
,say, 7MHz wou
ld b
eincon
- t
a
ntc
ons
ide
rat
ion i
nth
isd
es
ign i
sth
equa
lity i
ng and ah
umi
lia
ting e
xper
ience
. Reward
ing
v
enientinp
ract
ice (
a
lthough G
3 MCK hopesto o
f th
e pi-
sect
ion inductance
, s
ince th
e f
i
lte
r a
s d
oing a g
ood t
u
rn c
an b
e r
ewa
rding
, b
ut
t
r
y s
uch a
n a
r
rangemen
t e
xper
imen
tal
ly)
. u
ses ai
r capac
ito
rs, and the o
sci
lla
tor i
npu
t h
umil
iat
ing when one s
ees a
tfi
rst h
and the
Moreover
,it
sc ha
racte
rist
ic impedance would c
apac
ito
rs c
an be e
xce
llent (
a
ir
, po
lysty
rene
, d
ifi
cult
iesa
nd ha
rdship
sfaced a
nd c
heerfuly
b
eu nder 1
0011 (
t
ypical
ly 50o r7552)
. s
i
lver m
ica
, e
tc
). The main r
equ
irements f
o
r o
vercome b
ysi
ght
les
speop
le.A
sane
xamp
le,
W3 MT ove
rcome sthese p
roblemsb yusing t
h
e i
nduc
tor La
r
e: L
ow d
i
str
ibu
ted c
apac
i- o
ne o
fmyb
l
ind p
eop
le b
ui
ltr
ad
io r
ece
ive
rsf
o
r
ah
obby
. H
eso
lde
red a
l
lhi
sjo
int
s. H
isj
o
int
s
m
igh
t n
ot h
ave p
assed mu
ste
r i
n BT wo
rk-
s
hop
s, b
utt
hey d
id w
ork
. H
isme
thod w
as t
o
u
se aWele
r S
olde
r G
un (
i
n wh
ich t
he b̀
it'
h
eat
su palmos
tin
stan
taneou
sly when t
hetr
ig
-
g
er ispre
ssed a
nd coo
ls of as rap
idly o
n
r
e
lea
se)
.Hep
laced t
hew
ire o
nth
eta
g,a
ppl
ied
t
hebus
ine
sse
nd oft
hegun,lo
cat
ing i
twit
ha
f
i
nge
ro fh
isl
ef
thand
,rep
laced h
i
sfi
ngerwi
th
t
h
e e
nd o
fth
e s
o
lde
r w
ire
, a
nd s
queezed t
h
e
t
r
igger
. Heh
andled c
o
lour
-coded r
es
isto
rsb y
h
aving t
h
em t
h
readed o
n as
t
rip o
fpaperw h
ich
F
ig71P
owe
rsupp
ly f
o
rth
eVXO
.Itw
ee b
u
il
tInss
epe
rete e
nc
losu
re,t
ois
ole
te t
h
eVXO f
r
om v
l
bre
tion a
nd
c
a
rried t
hev
a
lue
spunched i
nBra
il
le. ..Any
-
h
es
t,

6
4 R
adCom •J
anua
ry 1
999
 T
echn
ica
l T
opics

o
ne i
n
tere
sted i
njo
ining t
he SV s
e
rvice c
an 1
960
sdid i
ono
sphe
ric s
ound
ing f
r
om t
het
op
- s
i
gna
lre
trace
sit
spa
th.S
uch c
ond
ition
swou
ld
o
bta
in d
eta
ils f
r
om t
he RNIB
." s
i
de, a
nd s
howed p
ath
s f
r
om t
h
e s
a
tel
ite a
t a
pply i
nno
rthe
rn h
emi
sphe
rew
inte
raf
ters
un-
I
nrespec
to f VX0sand many othe
raspect
s 5
00km a
bove t
he e
qua
tor wh
ich f
o
llowed s
e
t, a
nd t
ha
tiswhen Io
bser
ved e
choe
s.
o
f quar
tz cry
stal p
rac
tice
, Etienne Ni
solle
, magne
tic f
i
eld l
i
nes t
owa
rds e
ach p
ole a
nd "
I am l
i
sten
ing fo
rechoe
sa ga
in t
h
isw in
ter
ON4KEN ,draw
sa t
tent
ion toanar
tic
le 'C
rys
- r
e
flec
ted b
ack f
r
om e
ach e
nd t
oth
e s
a
tel
ite
. w
ith t
he DSP se
t-up
. L
astyea
r,inadd
ition t
o
t
a
l Te
sting
' by De
tief Bu
rchard
, D
ipl.-
Ing
. in T
hey e
ven s
aw p
ath
svi
abo
th e
nds
: s
eeI
ono
- t
he c
hi
rp s
ounde
rtr
ace
, Im
ade as
t
ereo t
ape
VHF C
ommun
ica
tion
s, 3
/93 p
p162
-177
. T
his s
pher
ic R
adio b
y KD
avie
s,p
266
. r
eco
rding o
fth
e e
choe
s, w
ith t
h
e t
r
ansm
itted
h
as n
ine sec
tions
: I ntroduc
t ion; C rys
tal "
I b
el
ieve t
ha
t VE3HX a
s
sumed g
round c
hi
rp o
none c
hanne
land t
h
ere
ceived e
cho o
n
r
e
sonance
s; More prec
i se r
epresenta
tion of r
e
flec
tion a
nd v
e
loc
ity o
fli
ghtt
oes
tima
te t
he t
he o
the
r."
r
esonance
s; Mea
suring the equ
iva
len
t data
; p
ath l
eng
th, b
ut t
he s
i
gna
l i
sno
t a
c
tualy r
e
- T
hisa
l
lse
emst
obe al
og
ica
lso
lut
ion t
oth
e
Measurement of temperature b
ehaviour
; f
l
ected f
r
om t
heg
round
.Asy
ou p
oin
tou
t,t
h
is p
rob
lem o
f MDE
s, a
l
though Ir
ema
in al
i
t
tle
C
hang
ing t
he r
e
sonance f
r
equency
; App
lica
- wou
ld g
ive t
h
eve
ry h
igh a
t
tenua
tion o
f ab
ack
- p
uzz
led a
tth
eappa
ren
tra
rene
sso
fth
ese p
ropa
-
t
i
ons
;I ti
seven s
imp
lert
o mea
sure t
h
ecr
ysta
l; s
ca
tte
rre
flec
tion
. I
nprac
tice
, t
h
eref
lec
tion i
s g
at
ion c
ond
it
ion
s.
L
i
tera
ture
. af
i
eld
-al
igned c
r
it
ica
lre
flec
tion i
nth
etop s
i
de G
3PLX h
asa
l
so b
een i
nve
stiga
ting t
heL
ux-
o
fth
eF -laye
r,in which t
herayisbrough
ttoa embou
rg Efect (
s
ee TT
, F
ebruary
, J
u
ly and
D
ELAYED ECHOES -G
3PLX
's s
t
andst
il inthet
opside o
ft h
eF-layerand t
hen Oc
tober 1
998
), wh
ich h
e a
nd o
therEu
ropean
E
XPLANAT
ION r
e
-trace
sit
spa
th [
F
ig 8i
s my r
ough a
pprox
i- amateur
s h
ave observed on aG erman
THE OCTOBER 1
998 I
Tin
cluded s
ome i
d
eas ma
tion (
no
ttos
ca
le)o
fG3PLX
's s
i
gna
lpa
th - 1
38.82kHz t
ransm
itte
r which r
adia
tes an
o
npos
sible c
ausesofthe2
10 -mi
lli
second d
e- G
3VA
]. T
he s
i
gna
l v
eloc
ity d
rop
s a
s i
tdip
s u
nmodu
lated c
ar
rie
r b
etween b
urs
ts o
f F
SK
l
a
ys r
eco
rded b y P
ete
r Ma
rtinez
, G 3PLX
, in i
n
to t
h
eto
poft
heI
i
-
laye
r,t
hee
fec
tofw
hich d
ata
.Seve
rala
mateu
rsn
ot
iced f
a
intb
roadca
st
O
ctobe
r a
nd D
ecembe
r 1
997
. P
ete
r, h
imse
lf, i
sfr
equency
-dependen
t,g
iv
ing al
onge
rde
lay a
udio o
n t
he c
a
rrie
r a
f
ters
unse
t, r
e
sul
ting i
n
n
ow w
ri
tes
: a
tlowe
rfr
equenc
ies
.Bu
tth
isp
ar
toft
hep
ath i
s s
i
deband
ssp
read
ing i
n
to t
hea
mateu
r 1
36kHz
"
Geophy
sic
ist
s h
ave g
iven me mo
re i
n
for
- o
nly asma
llf
rac
tion o
fth
et o
tal
,sot h
ee fec
t b
and. I
tbecame a
ppa
ren
t th
at the b
roadcas
t
ma
tion a
bou
tt h
eV an A
llen b
el
ts,and t
h
ey n
o w
il on
ly b
esl
ight
.L a
stwinte
r Itr
ied t
osee i
f a
udio w
as(a)no
tfr
om alo
calbroadca
sttran
s-
l
ongerl
ook v
ery p
rom
ising.Al
lt h
eind
icat
ion
s t
h
ere w
as a
ny c
hange i
nde
lay t
ime b
etween m
it
ter
s;a
nd (
b
)wa
sno
tth
esame f
ord
i
ffe
ren
t
a
r
eth
ata
l
though t
hee
nerg
ieso
fpa
rtic
lesi
nth
e 3
.
5 MHz a
nd 3
.
8 MHz
,bu
tcou
ld n
otd
e
tec
tit
, o
bserve
rs. I
nG ermany, t
heaudio wa
sfrom a
b
e
ltsa
r
ehigh
,th
eac
tua
lnumber o
fel
ect
ron
sis w
hich mean
s i
twa
s l
e
ss t
han a
bou
t 2mS
. I G
erman L ong Wave t
r
ansmit
terinano
the
rpar
t
much t
oo l
ow, e
ven i
n t
h
e s
t
ronge
st s
o
lar c
ould h
earn
oechoe
son 2o
r 7MHz
. Ama
teu
r o
fGe
rmany
.In Sweden
,itw
asf
r
om aSwed
ish
s
t
orm
s.T
here w
ere
,ina
ny c
ase
,nos
i
gnif
ican
t b
andsa
t2.
5and 5MHz wou
ld h
ave b
een u
se- Medium Wave t
r
ansmi
tte
r (
clo
se toth
e gyro
s
o
lare
ven
tsd
ur
ing my o
bserved e
choe
s.A
lso
, f
u
l! f
requency
).G3PLX i
nC umb
ria f
ound h
ew as
my o
wn s
t
udie
soft
her
ay p
ath
sinvo
lved s
how "
To p
lace as
i
gna
l i
n
to t
h
is d
uct f
r
om t
he g
et
ting am
ix o
fFr
ench LW t
r
ansm
iss
ion
sand
t
ha
t when t
he F
-laye
r ju
st s
ta
rts t
o s
how a n
or
th e
nd r
equ
ire
sth
att
hec
r
it
ica
lfr
equency i
s R
adio 4f
r
om D
roi
twich
.
'
ho
le' a
t t
he z
eni
th with s
i
gnals s
t
art
ing t
o l
owe
rth
an t
he t
r
ansm
iss
ion f
r
equency a
bove G
3PLX c
ont
inue
s: "
Study
ing t
he b
ook
s
e
scape i
n
to ou
terspace (
t
hati
s
, ask
ip zone j
u
st t
h
e t
r
ansm
itte
r, s
o t
ha
t t
he s
i
gna
l c
an b
end a
bou
t t
he L
uxembou
rg Ef
ect s
how
s t
ha
t t
he
s
t
arts t
od eve
lop
) the r
ays g
oing t
hrough t
he a
round t
h
etop e
dge o
fth
e '
ho
le'
,un
tili
tli
nes t
he
rma
l t
ime
-con
stan
toft
he i
ono
sphe
re i
sin
h
ole a
r
e high
ly de
-focused
. In o
ther wo
rds
, u
pwi
th th
e magnet
ic f
ield a
nd i
sth
en tr
app
ed t
he r
ange 60
-600µ5
, va
rying with r
ef
lec
tion
r
a
therthan t
he
re b
eing ana
rrow penc
ilbeam a
l
ong i
t
.A tth
es outhe
rn end
, t
hec r
it
ica
l f
re- h
eigh
t.Thi
sm eanst
hatt
hefrequency r
e
sponse
s
h
ining t
h
rough t
h
eho
le,t
hes
i
gna
lfan
sou
tto q
uency mu
st b
e h
ighe
r t
han t
he s
i
gna
l f
r
e- o
fth
e c
ros
s-modu
lat
ing a
udio s
hou
ld b
e n
o-
c
ove
r ah
emisphe
re.T
hism
ean
sth
att
h
esi
gna
l q
uency
, s
o t
ha
t a
s t
he g
uid
ing f
i
eld l
i
ne g
et
s t
i
ceab
ly l
a
cking i
nhigh f
r
equenc
ies [
a
sno
ted
g
oing s
t
raigh
tupw
il b
e much w
eake
rthan t
h
e d
eepe
rin
to t
h
etop
side o
fth
eF-
laye
r,t
hew
ave i
n t
he e
ar
lie
r T
T i
t
ems
], w
ith p
rog
ress
ive
ly
f
r
ee-
space v
a
lue
, a
l
though i
twil g
ets
t
ronge
r r
eache
s al
e
velwhe
re r
e
flec
tion o
ccu
rsa
nd t
he mo
re l
op c
ut
'l a
teri
nthen
ight
.T h
ischa
racte
r-
l
a
tero
n i
nth
enigh
t. T
his i
sno
t i
st
ic s
hou
ld mak
ei te
asy t
oel
imi-
c
ons
isten
t w
ith my o
bse
rved n
ate t
hep o
ssibil
i
ty t
ha
tthecro
ss-
n
ear
-free
-space s
i
gna
ls i
n t
he modu
lation ef
fecti
soccu
rring i
n
e
ven
ing. o
ne's o
wn r
ece
ive
r, wh
ich wou
ld
"
In a
ddi
tion
, t
he 2
10mS e
ch- h
ave t
he s
ame '
f
la
t' r
e
spon
se a
s
o
es Ih
ear c
orre
spond to adis
- t
h
e o
r
igina
ting a
udio
. Ib
el
ieve
t
a
nce o
f63
,000km , wh
ich p
lace
s t
ha
t Ic
an d
etec
tth
ise
fec
tbye
ar
,
t
he r
e
flec
ting p
oin
t 3
1
,500km b
uth
ave s
omei
dea
sfo
rus
ing t
he
a
way
. T
her
e a
r
e t
wo Van A
llen DSP w
ith i
t
sst
ereo i
npu
tst
oco
r-
b
el
ts, b
ut e
ven t
h
e o
ute
r o
ne i
s r
e
late t
h
ecro
ssmod w
ith t
heo
r
igi
-
t
oo l
ow t
obe r
e
spons
ible -i
t
s n
a
lbroad
cas
t. Ia
mhop
ing i
twil
i
nne
r e
dge i
s a
bou
t 1
3
,000km b
epo
ssib
le t
oob
tain an
umbe
rof
a
bove t
h
e e
qua
tor a
nd i
slowe
r u
sefu
l mea
suremen
ts f
r
om t
h
is
s
t
i
lla
thighe
rla
t
itude
s.T
he m
ean t
e
chnique
."
v
e
loc
ity f
ac
toro
fth
ein
terven
ing Whi
le my l
i
nking MDE
s d
i
-
s
pace w
ould h
ave t
obele
sst
h
an r
e
ctly w
ith magne
tic s
t
orm
s h
as
0
.4toaccoun
tf o
rth
is. t
ober
e
tra
cted i
nvi
ew o
fG3PLX
's
B
efo
re y
ourp
iece i
nTT Ih
ad s
t
udie
s,i
tse
emsg
ermane t
ono
te
c
onc
luded th
at atop
side f
i
eld- t
ha
tJo
seph B
orovsky i
n '
S
til i
n
a
l
igned d
uctw a
sth
e mo s
tli
kely t
h
eda
rk' (
Natur
e,2
8 May
, 1
998
,
c
ause
, wh
ich Ib
el
ieve i
swha
t p
p312
-313
)wro
te:"
Afte
rdecade
s
F
ig 8: A r
ough a pprox
i mat
ion (no
t t
o scale
) o
f the poss
ible signa
l p a
th that
VE3HX i
sde
scr
ibing
. T
he C
a- r
esul
ted i
nt he 2
10mS e choes o
n G3PLX's 3
.5MHz t
ransmissions i
nO ctober a
nd o
fre
search
,ourunders
tanding o
f
n
adian A
loue
tte s
a
tel
ite i
n t
h
e December
, 1 997
. t
heauro
ra i
sdi
stu
rbingly i
ncom-

R
adCom •J
anua
ry 1
999 6
5
T
echn
ica
lTop
ics

p
le
te. One l
ong-he
ld b
el
ief
, th
at a
uro
rae a
re me
rge f
r
om t
he f̀
ra c
tal l
oad
ing
' e
fec
t. I
tis P
aul
tDebono
,9H
1FQ w
ri
tes
: "My s
hack i
s
much more c
ommon fo
llowing e
ach p
eak i
n a
l
so n
otewo
rthy t
ha
tth
efr
acta
l g
ene
rato
rand s
i
tua
ted o
n t
he t
h
ird f
l
oor o
f my h
ouse
, s
o I
t
h
e 1-yea
r s
o
lar c
ycle
, h
as n
ow b
een o
ver
- i
t
era
tion a
l
lows o
ne t
o t̀
une' t
h
e a
ntenna a
s h
ave s
ome d
i
fficu
lty i
nprov
iding a
nef
ect
ive
t
u
rned byNewel a
nd co
lleague
s,repo
rting o
n d
es
ired
, f
o
r mu
ltiband o
pera
tion f
o
rin
stance
. g
round f
or my s
hack
. Ih
ave e
xpe
rienced l
o
ts
p
age 3 ft
42 o h
i
sissue
." "
Reade
rs may w
ish t
olook a
tth
e w
eb s
i
te o
f RF f
l
ying a
bou
tin
side my s
hack
. One w
ay
P
atr
ick T N
ewel e
ta lint
roduced t
heirre
- wwwfrac
tenna.com I n a
ddi
tion t
o t
he h
am o
f t
aming t
h
is RF i
sto '
e
arth
' my T
S850S
p
orta
sfo
llows
: "
The o
lde
std
ocumen
ted r
e
la- p
age
, a' wh
ite pape
r' s
hou
ld bepos
ted i
nthe t
r
ansceive
r w
ith quar
ter
-wave r
ad
ial
s, c
ut t
o
t
i
onsh
ip b
etween t
h
enumbe
rofs
unspo
ts (
t
he New Yea
r." t
hevar
iousopera
ting b
ands
.However
,the
reis
s
o
lar c
ycle
) a
nd t
e
rre
str
ial e
fec
ts i
sth
e i
n
- t
he p
rob
lem o
f t
he l
im
ited s
pace a
vai
lab
le
c
rea
sed frequency o
f au
rorae in t
he p
eriod E
ARTH
ING UPSTA
IRS i
n
side my s
hack
, b
ecau
se t
h
e r
ad
ial
s h
ave t
o
i
mm ed
iately af
ter t
he s
olar maximum ( t
he T
RANSCE
IVERS r
un i
nst
raigh
tli
nes
,othe
rwi
se t
h
eirf
r
equency
p
eak o
ft h
en umberofsunspo
ts)
.T hi
scor
rela- FOR MANY YEARS ac
ommon p
roblem when w
il c
hange
.Fina
lly Ic
ame u
pwi
th t
hei
dea o
f
t
i
on i
s
,howeve
r,b
ased o
nly o
nob
serva
tion
sof o
pera
ting ar
i
gfr
om a
nu ps
tai
rss
hack wa
st he u
s
ing qua
rte
r-wave coax
ial s
tub
s, c
onnec
ted
t
he r
e
lat
ive
ly r
a
re e
ven
ts o
f g̀
rea
t a
uro
rae
' t
e
ndency f
o
r t
he t
r
ansm
itte
r/ATU e
t
c t
o b
e- a
sre
jec
tor[accep
tor
? -G3VA ] t
uned c
i
rcu
its
.
wh
ich a
r
e t
hose t
ha
t r
each m
id-
lat
itude
s o
r c
ome '
h
ot' t
o RF
. T
his c
an l
e
ad t
oexces
sive T
hese s
t
ubscan b
ec o
iled
,ben
t,t
wis
ted,laid o
n
l
ower
. The o
verwhelming ma
jor
ity o
finten
se c
oup
ling o
f RF i
n
to t
h
e ma
ins w
ir
ing
, o
rfi
n- t
he f
l
oor, o
r in f
ree ai
r
. Any c
onfigurat
ion
a
uro
rae, a
nd t
herefo
re mo
stoftheenergy put g
er
-bu
rns when a
d
jus
ting me
tal c
ont
rol
s, e
t
c, s
eemsp os
sible w
ithoutdetuning
, un
like c
on-
i
n
to th
e ionosphere
, o
ccu
rs athigh l
a
ti
tude
s, a
swe
lla
sac
ting a
s ap
oten
tia
lsou
rce o
f RF
I. v
ent
ionalwire r
ad
ials
.I n my c
ase
,thest
ubsare
whe
re a
urorae a
ppearn
ight
ly. ..We f
md t
ha
t, Wh
ile t
h
is mo
stc
ommon
ly o
ccu
rswhen u
s
ing h
idden a
way beh
ind thedesk
.T he s
t
ubsshould
c
ont
rary t
oexpec
tat
ion
s, t
h
e t
o
tal n
umbe
r o
f v
ol
tage
-fed l
ong
-wi
re a
ntenna
s, i
tcan o
ccu
r b
e l
ef
t o
pen a
nd a
r
e t
uned t
oth
e c
ent
re f
r
e-
i
n
ten
se a
uro
rae i
sunco
rre
lated w
ith s
o
lara
c
- w
ith mo
stt
ype
sofa
ntenna
s. A'
r
eale
ar
th'w
ire q
uency o
fth
eb and u
sing (
fo
r RG58) t
h
ef o
r-
t
i
vity i
nda
rkne
ss,a
nd i
snega
tive
ly c
orre
lated t
oa n u
psta
irs shack i
so f l
i
t
tle a
ss
istance i
n mu
la 2
34/MHz x0.66
,t op
rovide t
h
eapprox
i-
w
ith s
o
larac
tivi
ty insunl
i
tc ond
itions
. These c
ur
ing th
isc ondit
ion
, s
ince t
heear
th le
ad wil
l ma
te l
eng
th i
nfeet
, w
ith f
ina
l ad
jus
tmentsby
f
i
nding
s imp
ly ac au
sal r
e
lat
ionship between i
n
evitab
ly bel ong i
nte
rm s o
fw ave
length. GDO
."
a
uro
rae a
nd i
onospher
ic c
onduct
ivity (
the l
a
t- Howeve
r, i
n 1
971
, D
ick H
all
s, G
3EIV
V/ Wh
ile Ih
ave n
odoub
tth
ati
tisp
oss
ible t
o
t
e
rismax
ima
l a
tso
lar max
imum
) a
nd t
h
ere
- ON8KM
,report
ed (TT
,Decembe
r,1971,p
839) u
se l
e
ngthsofcoax
ialcab
le a
sth
ec oun
terpo
ises
f
o
r e i
ndica
te th
at th
e occu
rrence o
f i
ntense t
ha
theh
ad o
ften f
ound h
imse
lfope
rat
ing f
r
om w
ith th
e bra
id prov
iding an in
sula
ted f̀a
t'
a
uroraeis ad
i
scharge p
henomenon,sim
ilarto f
l
ats i
nva
riou
s p
ar
ts o
fth
e w
orld w
her
e t
he c
able t
ha
t c
an b
e c
oi
led e
t
c, Ih
ave s
t
rong
l
i
ghtn
ing
." o
nly p
rac
tica
lan
tenna w
as al
ong
-wi
re s
t
rung r
e
serva
tion
s a
bou
tth
e e
xplana
tion a
nd r
ough
o
utto atr
ee oro
the
rconven
iently h
igh po
int
. s
ketch (
no
tshown
)prov
ided b
y9H1FQ
. Id
o
N
11R
. ON H
IS F
RACTALS I
nSingapore
, a
s9 V
1LK,h eused a500f
tw ire n
ots
ee h
ow t
hel
eng
thso
fcab
le c
onnec
ted h
i
s
AN UNEXPECTED l
e
tte
r h
as a
r
rived f
r
om t
h
at p
roved h
igh
ly e
fec
tive
, p
ar
ticu
lar
ly o
n w
ay c
ould r
ealy a
c
tasc
oax
ials
t
ubs
,bu
tseem
P
rof
esso
r N
athan '
Chip
' C
ohen
, N
lIR
, w
ho 2
8MHz. B
ut h
e had f
ound, as many o
thers t
obes
imi
lart
oG3E
IVV
's w
ire
s,n
ort
ha
tth
euse
h
asd
one s
o much p
ionee
ring wo
rk o
n '
f
rac
tal h
ave
,th
ati
nsuch c
i
rcumstance
st h
ee a
rth l
e
ad o
fth
e v
eloc
ity f
ac
tor o
f RG58 i
sju
stif
ied
. I
t
a
ntenna
s' (
s
ee I
TAp
ril a
nd J
une
, 1
998
), a
nd o
nth
etr
ansm
itte
rand
/or ma
tch
ing u
ni
tof
ten s
eem
stomet
ha
tth
eou
terb
ra
id o
fth
ecab
les
who
se a
t
ten
tion had b
een d
rawn t
oth
e Ap
ril h
ass
t
and
ing w
ave
swi
th av
ol
tage p
oin
twhe
re a
re s
imp
ly a
c
ting a
s f
at w
ire
s rather t
han a
s
i
t
em wh
ile i
ncon
tactwith G
3BDQ. MIR was '
e
arth
' s
hou
ld b
e
. s
tubs
. I
n my exper
ience
, i n
su la
ted wire
u
s
ing h
i
s 2
8 MHz f
r
acta
l q
uad
-yag
i a
ntenna
. H
is s
o
lut
ion w
as t
ha
t i
n
stead o
f t
r
ying t
o c
oun
terpo
ise
s c
an b
e b
enta
round w
ithou
taf
-
H
ewr
ite
s:"
Given t
h
esen
sat
iona
lna
ture o
fth
e c
onnect ar
ealear
th, he s
ubs
titu
ted aq
uar
ter
- f
ec
ting r
esu
lts
, si
nce accu
rate r
esonat
ing of
N
ew S
cien
tis
t['Ae
ria
l Mag
ic' ]a
r
tic
le, It
hough
t w
avelength o
fwi
re fo
rt h
eband inu
se
,caus
ing t
he
se wi
res isno
t usua
lly cr
it
ica
l. Never
the
-
TTdid avery g
ood j
ob inpre
sen
ting a s
ane t
h
e RF h
ot
-po
int t
odi
sappea
ral
ong w
ith t
h
e l
e
ss, 9H
1FQ
's l
e
tte
ris au
sefu
lrem
inde
rth
at
p
erspec
tive o
nth
is.. .T
here i
s
, o
fcour
se, no o
the
rprob
lem
s, w
hile t
her
ad
iat
ion a
nd r
ad
ia- t
h
istechn
ique c
an b
eextrem
ely usefu
lint
hose
magic
. But t
he
re ar
e a
dvantages when c
om- t
i
on p
at
terns i
mproved
. For mul
tiband o
pera- s
i
tua
tions whe
re at r
uly efec
tive RF e
ar
th
p
ared too
the
rload
ing a
nd/o
rb and-b
roaden
ing t
i
on as
erie
s ofwire
s can b
el ef
tp e
rmanently c
anno
tbe p
rov
ided
. •
me
thod
s. T
he 4
dBd d
ipo
le (
Cohen d
ipo
le) c
onnec
ted a
s i
n F
ig 9
(a)
; a
l
terna
tive
ly, i
tis
m
ent
ioned
, f
o
rexamp
le, i
sno
tfo
ran e
l
ect
ri- p
oss
ible t
o h
ave a s
e
rie
s-tapped o
r v
ar
iab
le
c
a
lly s
mal
lan
tenna
, b
uto
ne t
ha
tha
s af
r
acta
l i
nductor wh
ich c
hange
s w
hen t
he ATU i
s
s
t
ub a
tit
s c
en
tre
, g
iv
ing i
teche
lon
/co
linea
r sw
itched.
p
has
ing
. AL ands
torf
er dipole [
see t
h
e June A
s al
ong
-time u
sero
flong
-wi
re a
ntenna
s
i
t
em] a
l
so s
haresth
isatt
ribute,bu
ti sl
arge
r. I f
r
om u
psta
irss
hack
s, Is
oon p
utG
3EIV
V's i
d
ea
h
ave f
ound itc
onvenien
t t
olo
ok a
t meande
r t
oprac
tica
ltes
t,and f
ound i
tpe
rfo
rmed j
us
tas
a
nd L
andsto
rfers
truc
turesa
sth
efi
rs
t p̀
ass
'a t p
red
icted
. In ef
ect
, G 3EIW's te
chn
ique o
f
af
r
acta
l. p
rov
iding q
uar
ter
-wave c̀
oun
terpo
ise
s' f
or
"
The ma
in a
dvan
tage o
fth
efr
acta
list
h
ati
t e
ach oft
hebandsinuse h
asvi
rtual
ly b
ecome
p
rov
ide
s u
l
tra w
ide b
andw
idth (
UVVB
) c
apa
- s
tanda
rd p
rac
tice
. I
n my expe
rience t
h
is n
ot
b
i
li
tie
s a
tth
e h
ighe
r f
r
equenc
ies
, whe
re t
h
e o
nly e
l
imina
tes R̀F h
ots
pot
s'b
uta
l
so s
i
gnif
i-
f
r
acta
lly b
entwi
re (
f
ore
xample
)i sve
ry l
a
rge c
ant
ly i
ncrea
se s RF r
ad
iation fr
om mu
ltiband
e
l
ectr
ica
lly
. Th
is i
sofl
imi
ted i
nte
res
t t
ot h
e l
ong-w
ire antennas
, par
ticula
rly w
hen t h
ese
h
am c
ommun
ity -empha
sis o
nsh
rinkage s
eem
s a
r
eofr
andom (
no
taccu
rate
ly r
e
sonan
t)l
e
ngth
.
t
obe t
he i
s
sue
. Here t
he f
r
actal g
ive
s as mal
l S
ome ama
teur
s h
ave a
l
so found t
ha
t RF h
ot
a
n
tenna w
ith v
ery h
igh ef
iciency
. Natu
rally
, s
pot
s c
an o
ccu
rwhen f
eed
ing almo
stany a
n- F
ig 9: (a
) S eries of quarter-wave lengths of wire
t
h
isisatt
heexpense o
fbandwidth
,and t
heQ t
e
nna v
i
aunba
lanced c
oax t
r
ansm
iss
ion l
i
nes
, u
sed top roduce art
ific
iale ar
th for amu l
tiband l
ong
w
ire antenna, for u
se ina n upstairs shack. (
b) I
tis
i
nc
rea
ses f
or th
e lowest r
esonance
. Uppe
r a
nd t
hete
chn
ique c
an b
eused t
oove
rcome a
l
l
poss
ible to load the c ounterpoise w ires us
ing a
r
e
sonance
sar
eusua
lly n
oth
armon
ic,a
nd o
f
ten s
uch p
rob
lems
. t
apped induc tor w
ith single wire.

6
6 R
adCom •J
anua
ry 1
999
 S
ERV
ICE 12
.5kHz
R
ig problem s? You'
llw anttok now thatw hen th
ing sgow rong,they're pu
t
r
igh
t -b ack tothew ay them anufacturerspecif
ie s
,a nd back tothew ay th
e C
ONV ERS
ION
r
igw orked w hen n
ew . S
ave money a nd k
eep your
Cas
tle E
lec t
ronicsh asb een s
ervic
ing rigsf o
ry ears; i
strusted b
ys ome o f e
xis
ting ri
g. Cas
tle c
an conver
t
t
he la
rgestn amesi nthei ndu
stry top u
tt he
ire quipmen ti n
to good shape
,
most makesand models
. C a
ll
a
nd can bet ru
sted byy ou tom ake yours t
at
ion o pera
tionali nthebesta nd Ca
stle t
odiscussyour
most efic
ientw ay. Make C a
stle yourf i
rs
ts top forserv
ice r
equirements

K
EN WOOD I
COM Y
AESU
Ma
in D
ealer

C
ae
Un
t
tC
i
t
e
t 2
tt
r
0
on
to
, Halfpenny Green Airpor
t
GEOFF G4AQU
Bobb ington, Nr S
tourbridge JOHN G6VJC
Wes t Midlands, DY7 5DY
T
elephone 0 1384 221036
Fax 01384 221037

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ta nd f
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PC K
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F
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case
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CASES - 1
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rom £50 inc
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0 bay tower w ith 300 W PSU.
PO WER SUPPLIES - 1
5 di
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f case s
, from £ 35
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t supply one we can norma l
ly r epa
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D
ISPLAY ADAPTERS - MGA /CGA /EGA and 16dife
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oral bus type
s, fr
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CONTROLLERS AND I 10 - 30 d
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s o fbus (
8-bi
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P
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ccep
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cred
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S
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TH L
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tchcomb Rd
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eem i
nev
itab
le t
hat t
he ama
teur - ••
-
• Ab
row
ser c
ould b
egin w
ith t
h
e
Uk
. -
c
ons
truc
torw
i
llh
ave t
otu
rn mo
re S
. •
The KnighSMiTe G
-QRP C
lub w
eb p
ages a
t
a
nd more t
o s
urface moun
ted SMD transce
iver
r www
.gqrp
.demon
.co
.uk whe
re
b
uil
t b
y DF20K.
(
S MD
)te
chn
ique
s.T
he p
roce
ssi
s t
h
ere i
s at
e
chn
ica
l s
ec
tion
. T
he
b
eginn
ing w
ith s
ome k
i
tmanuf
ac- e
as
ies
tway t
ofi
nd o
the
rcon
struc
-
t
u
rers
;r ecen
tly HandsElect
ron
ics c
e
ive
r s
ucce
ssfu
lly w
ith my 8
0/ b
are
-bone
so f ad
irec
tconve
rsion t
o
r's p
age
sist
ouse t
h
eli
nkss
ec
-
i
n
troduced an exci
ting new S
SD 4
0m d oub
le dipole a
nd have r
e
ceive
r which c
an be u
sed as a t
i
on o
nth
eG-QRP C
lub w
eb p
age
s.
C
ontrol
led 1 6 band VFO . The w
orked s
ta
tion
s in DL -3
43km; s
t
and
-by r
e
ceive
rora
nit
em o
fte
st T
ry th
e exce
llen
t G3YCC web
K
nigh
tli
tes QRP C
lub
, u
nde
r t
h
e OK -352km; a
nd PA -2
95km." e
quipmen
t. p
age
sf oro
therpro
jec
tsa
nd l
i
nks
g
u
idance o
fBob K
ellogg
, AE4
IC, Ap hotog
raph o
fM ike
's t
r
ans
- • '
The L
ED SWR I
nd
ica
tor
' -a a
nd t
h
e c
omp
rehen
sive A
ust
ral
-
h
as r
e
cen
tly p
roduced a s
imp
le c
e
ive
r i
s s
hown a
bove
. F
urthe
r c
ompac
t, r
e
sis
tive b
r
idge
, wh
ich i
a
n QRP P
age f
o
r o
the
r s
u
itab
le
k
i
t,t
h
eKn
igh
tS M
iTe
,de
signed t
o i
n
forma
tion c
an b
e f
ound o
n t
h
e u
ses ab
r
igh
tLED a
sth
ein
dica
tor
. s
i
tes
.
i
n
troduce t
h
econ
struc
tort
o SMD Kn
igh
tLi
te web p
age a
t
: • 'A D
iode P
robe
' -th
e b
asic Many o
fth
ese p
age
s o
ffe
rci
r-
t
e
chnique
s. www
.wa
terw
.com
/--kn
igh
ts. i
t
em o
fte
ste
quipmen
tfo
ruse w
ith c
u
it d
iag
ram
s o
f a
mateur r
ad
io
T
he Kn
ightS M
iTe i
s av
ery b
a- a
ny mu
ltime
ter
. p
rojec
ts f
or pr
inting o
r
s
i
c CW t
r
ansce
ive
r b
ased o
n t
h
e '
GS MS
IX-PACK
' • '
AVo
ltage Mon
ito
r' -al
i
ne d
ownload
ing f
orl
a
teruse.One o
f
M
icro
-80 T
ransce
ive
r o
f O
leg HO ME CONSTRUCT
ION b
yth
e o
f10LED
sind
ica
tes ar
ange f
r
om my f
avou
rite
s i
sth
e p
age r
un b
y
B
orod
in, RV3G M
, w
hich f
i
rst r
ad
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teu
rwa
sal
so o
ne o
fth
e 1
0.0 t
o14.5 v
ol
ts,t
o mon
ito
r12V K
azuh
iro S
unamura
, J
F1OZL
,
a
ppea
red i
nth
e G QRP C
lub j
our
- t
hemesofth
e 'FourDay
sI n May' s
uppl
ies wh
ich i
sfu
llofl
i
tt
le c
ircu
itid
ea s
.
n
a
lSPRAT
.The M
icro
-80 w
asl
a
ter QRP Symposium at t
he Dayton • The C
rys
tal C
heck
er' -c
l
ip T
ry b
rowsing t
he w
eb for r
adio
p
opu
lar
ised a
s t
he P
ixie
-2 i
n an Hamven
tion i
n 1998
. o
n aq
uar
tz c
rys
tal a
nd i
fiti
s c
ons
truc
tion i
nfo
rmat
ion -t
herei
s
u
pda
ted v
er
sion b
y W6BOY.T he Iw
asi
nv
ited t
ogi
ve ap
resen
ta- a
c
tive a
nd LED l
i
ght
s. al
otofitt
here a
nd i
tisi
n
crea
sing
K
nigh
tS M
iTe i
ssomewha
tnove
l t
i
on a
imed a
tencou
rag
ing mo
re T
he G
3RJV S
ix
-Pa
ck s
eemed e
very d
ay
. •
i
nth
at t
h
ein
struc
tion
scon
tain a
n r
ad
io c
ons
truc
tion a
mong
st Ame
ri- t
obew
ellr
ece
ived a
tth
eDay
ton
e
n
larged l
a
you
t d
iag
ram o
f t
h
e c
an QRP o
pera
tor
s. T
o f
ac
ili
tate QRP S
ympos
ium
,because Iwa
s FU R T H E R RE A DI N G
p
r
inted c
i
rcu
it b
oard
, w
ith a
l
l t
h
e t
he
ir in
tere
st, e
ach d
elega
te was i
nvi
ted t
oat
tend t
he QRP S
ym-
G
-QRP C
lub C
ircu
itH
andbook
SMD
, p
ar
ts t
a
ped i
n t
h
e c
or
rec
t p
resen
ted w i
th a p
r
inted ci
rcu
it p
osium i
n Conco
rd, Ca
lifo
rnia
,
-1
s
tE d
p
lace
s. Ac
ons
truc
torm
ere
ly l
i
f
ts b
oard t
ota
ke h
ome a
nd d
o s
ome t
orepea
tthe p
resen
tat
ion
.Th
is
t
h
epa
rt of t
h
edi
agram a
nd p
l
ace
s p
rac
tica
l r
ad
io b
ui
lding
. i
s ac
omprehen
sive a
nd g
row
- G
-QRP C
lub An
tenna
i
ti
nth
esame p
osi
tion o
nth
eboa
rd. A
fte
rtr
ying s
eve
rals
i
ngle b
oard i
ng QRP gather
ing
, o
rgan
ised Handbook
M
ike H
augrund
, DF20K
, r
e
- p
ro
jec
ts, my f
i
nal c
hoice f
o
r t
h
e b
y Doug Hendr
icks
,KI6DS,of
WI FB's QRP N
otebook
c
ent
ly e
-ma
iled m
e ap
i
ctu
re o
fhi
s s
ympo
sium w
as as
e
tofs
i
xsimp
le t
he Nor
thern C
alifo
rnia QRP
Kn
ightS M
iTe t
r
ansce
iver
.Hesa
id: p
ro
jec
ts s
u
itab
le f
o
r o
ne n
igh
t C
lub (
NorCa
l). QRP P
ower
"
This i
s ap
ic
ture o
f my n
ew r
i
gI b
ui
lding
.The p
r
inted c
i
rcu
itb
oard F
ollow
ing t
he p
resen
tat
ions
A
vailab
lefrom t
he RSGB Book
a
mus
ing o
n80m w
ith t
h
ree c
ry
s- w
as a
r
ranged w
ith s
i
x s̀
nap
-of
f
' i
n t
he USA
, t
he S
ix-Pack wa
s
S
hop. S
ee p
age
s 92 a
nd 93
.
t
a
ls
. Itisthe SMD K
nigh
tS M
ite p
ort
ions, one fo
r e
ach of the i
n
troduced t
o UK QRPe
rs i
n
t
r
ansce
iver
. The k
i
t c
omes c
om - p
ro
ject
s.Delega
teswe
re g
iven t
he
p
le
te w
ith s
o
lde
r, b
at
tery
-cl
ip, o
pt
ion t
obuy af
ul k
i
tofp
ar
tsf
o
r
SMD
-pa
rts a
nd p
r
inted c
i
rcu
it a
l
l t
h
esi
xpro
jec
ts.T
he p
re
sen
ta-
b
oard a
nd g
ood i
n
struc
tion
s t
h
at t
i
on wase
n
tit
led t
h
e G̀3R
JV S
ix-
m
ake i
tea
sy t
obu
ild
, e
ven w
ith
- P
ack
'.
o
utexper
ience of SMD p
ro
ject
s. T
he S
ix
-Pack p
ro
jec
ts a
r