PEHSONAIL GOPY NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS REPORT 1135 EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW By AMES RESEARCH STAFFTECHNICAL LIBRARY REPORT 1135 EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW By AMES RESEARCH STAFF Ames Aeronautical Laboratory Moffett Field, Calif.TECHNICAL LIBRARY National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Headquarters, 1724 F Street NW, Washington 25, D. C. Created by act of Congress approved March 3, 1915, for the supervision and direction of the scientifie study of the problems of flight. (U. 8. Code, title 50, sec. 151). Its membership was increased from 12 to 15 by act approved March 2, 1929, and to 17 by act approved May 25,1948. ‘The members are appointed by the President, and serve as such without compensation, Jnxown C. Hoxsaxse, Se. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chairman Devitv W. Buowk, Pu. D., President, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Vice Chairman Hox. Josern P. Apaws, member, Civil Aeronauties Board. Auurx V. Astix, Pu D., Director, National Bureat of Standards. Lroxann Canmicuast, Pu D., Seeretary, Smithsonlan Tnstiti tion. Lavuexcn C. Crarotm, Lieutenant General, United States Air Foree, Deputy Chief of Stat (Development). Janes H. Dootrreis, Se. D,, View President, Shell Oil Co, Liovp Hanntson, Rear Admiral, United States Navy, Deputy ‘and Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, R. M, Hazex, B. 8,, Director of Engineering, Allison Division, General Motors Corp. Witutan Lirmiewoop, M. B, Vice President—Engineering, American Airlines, Inc. How. Ronent B. Munnay, Jn., Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation, Rauew A. Oren, Vieo Admiral, United States Navy, Deputy ‘Chief of Naval Operations (Air). Dowain L, Porn, Lieutenant General, United States Air Force, Commander, Air Research and Development Command. Anton E. Harwoxo, Se, D., Vieo President—Engineering, Douglas Aireraft Co., Ine, Francis W. Rercwetpunran, Sc. D., Chief, United States Weather Bureau, ‘Tuxovone P. Waions, So, D., Vice President for Research, Cornell University Hoan 1, Dayoex, Pa. D., Director Jou W. Crownr, Jn, B, 8, Associate Director for Research Hexar J. B. Rep, Suits J. DeFraxce, D. Eng., Director, Ames Aeronaut Jous F. Vieronr, LL. D., Brecutive Secretary EnwAno H. Canurauae, Bzceutive Ofteer D. Eng., Director, Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Langley Field, Va. | Laboratory, Moffett Field, Calif. Epwano R. Suasy, Sc. D., Director, Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, Cleveland Airport, Cleveland, Ohio Laxouer Axnoxavricat, Lanonaronr, Langley Field, Va. Awes Apnoxavrioat, Lanonaronr, Moffett Field, Cali. Lnwis Fuzour Puorcistox Lanonsrony, Cleveland Airport, Cleveland, Onto Conduct, under unified contro, for all agencies, of scientife research on the funilamental problems of fightTECHNICAL LIBRARY CONTENTS SUMMARY INTRODUCTION SYMBOLS AND NOTATION FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS. “Tusnwoorsasies "Thermal equations of sta Caloric equation of state Energy relations Specie heats Enthalpy Entropy Coxmvors Oxe-Distenstos at. Pow. - Basie equations and definitions Integrated forms of energy equation Pressure-density relation Bernoulli's equation Relations between loeal and freestreain conditions. Useful ratios Stream-tube-area relations SHOCK WAVES. Nonwat. Sock Waves ‘Basie equations Viseful relations Onuiaue Sock Waves Basie equations Connection with normal shock Useful relations. Shock polar SUPERSONIC FLOW PAST WEDGI Fiow Past Wrocns. Fiow Past Coxns PRANDTL-MEYER BXPANSION IMPERFECT-GAS EFFECTS TaERwopys asics Equations of state Specie heats Conrivous Oxx-Ditewsiowal Flow. Basie equations and definitions, Integrated forms of energy equation. Pressure and density relation Stream-tube-ares relations NonwAt Shock Waves Ovuigve Stock Waves. PraxbricMzvin EXPANsiow APPENDIX A~VISCOSITY AND THERMODYNAMIC CONSTANTS FOR ATR APPENDIX B-REYNOLDS 3 APPENDIX C REFERENCES ‘TABLES CHARTS, ND CONES MBER. PRESSURE CONVERSION PACTORS, 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 7 8 5 ® 19 19 9 40TECHNICAL LIBRARY REPORT 1135 EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW ' By Auns Ress SUMMARY This report, which is a revision and extension of NACA TN 1428, presents a compilation of equations, tables, and charts useful in the analysis of high-speed flow of a compressible fluid. The equations provide relations for continuous one-dimensional flow, normal and oblique shock waves, and Prandtl-Meyer expansions for both perfect and imperfect gases. The tables present useful dimensionless ratios for continuous one-dimen- ‘tional flow and for normal shock waves as functions of Mach number for air considered as a perfect gas. One series of charts presents the characteristics of the flow of air (considered a perfect 908) for oblique shock waves and for cones in a supersonic air stream. A second series shows the effects of calorie imperfec- tions on continuous one-dimensional flow and on the flow theough normal and oblique shock waves. INTRODUCTION ‘The practical analysis of compressible flow involves fre- quent application of a few basic results. A convenient compilation of equations, tables, and charts embodying these results is therefore of great assistance in both research and design. ‘The present report makes one of the first such compilations (ref. 1) more readily available in a revised and extended form. The revisions include a complete rewriting of the lists of equations, as well as the correction of certain typographical errors which appeared in. the earlier work. ‘The extensions are primarily in the directions dictated by increasing flight speeds, that is, to higher Mach numbers and to higher temperatures with the accompanying gaseous imperfections. Compilations similar to those of reference 1 have been given in other publications, as, for example, references 2 through 6. These references have been utilized in extending the tables and charts to higher values of the Mach number. ‘The extension to imperfect gases is based on the relations presented in references 7 and 8 SYMBOLS AND NOTATION PRIMARY SYMBOLS a speed of sound A cross-sectional area of stream tube or channel { new Stare foree 125) normal-force coefficient for cones, ™ specific heat at constant pressure specific heat at constant volume enthalpy per unit mass, w-+po characteristic reference length v Mach number, pressure ? dynamic pressure,e V"/2 hheat added per unit mass gas constant Reynolds number, °V! base area of cone entropy per unit, mass absolute temperature ? internal energy per unit mass 1 specific volume, + pei "3 velocity components parallel and perpendicular respectively, to free-stream flow direction velocity components normal and tangential, respectively, to oblique shock wave speed of flow ‘maximum speed obtainable by expanding to zero absolute temperature external work performed per unit’ mass angle of attack yi 1) ratio of specific heats, © angle of flow deflection across an oblique shock shock-wave angle measured from upstream flow direction ‘molecular vibrational-enorgy constant Mach angle, sin! absolute viscosity PrandtI-Meyer angle (angle through which a supersoni¢ stream is turned to expand from M=1 to M>1) Atlee Sih ssa dene se pn Sane a a peal MOO! Superanie Win Tanol Stn,TECHNICAL LIBRARY 2 REPORT 1185-—-NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS g pressure ratio across a shock wave, 7 | ne [oon ‘THERMODYNAMICS @ semivertex angle of cone | THERMAL EQUATIONS oF sraTiE ce A thermal equation of state is an equation of the form ° free-stream conditions p=pto, T) a 1 conditions just upstream of a shock wave : 3 Sciatica te Several of the more commonly use thermal equations of t total conditions (i. e., conditions that would | ie are the following: exist if the gas were brought to rest isen- | Eavetion for thermally perfect gus tropically) RT. , " critical conditions (i. e., conditions where the og PRE [therm peri] @ Jocal speed is equal to the local speed ofsound) | or © conditions on the surface of a cone dp_dp_aT. : F r reference (or datum) values | Pe aa! ° ert quantity evaluated for a gas which is both thor 2 erly and ealorieally perfect Equations for thermally imperfect gus therm perf quantity evaluated for a gas which is thermally Ves We Go perfect but calorically imperfect a ‘2 5 derivative evaluated at constant pressure RT w . derivative evaluated at constant entropy mb derivative evaluated at constant temperature . derivative evaluated at constant specific volume quantity evaluated over a reversible path NOTATION ‘The notation in brackets { ] after many of the equations signifies that the equation is valid only within certain limitations. For example: Iperf] ‘means that the equation is restricted to a gas which is both thermally and calorically perfect. (By “thermally perfect” itis meant that the gas obeys the thermal equation of state p=pRT. By “ealorically perfect” it is meant that the specific heats ¢y and ¢, are constant.) means that the only restriction on the gas is that it must be thermally perfect. Equa- tions 90 marked may he used for ealorieally imperfect gases. (They are, of course, also valid for completely perfect gases.) [therm perf] lisen] sans that the flow process must take place isentropically. Equations so marked may not be applied to the flow across a shock wave, [diab] means that the only restriction on the flow process is that it must take place adiabati- cally—that is, without heat transfer. (Such a flow process may or may not be isen- | tropic depending on whether it is or is not reversible.) Equations so marked may be ‘applied to the flow across a shock wave, An equation without notation has no restrictions beyond those basic to the study of thermodynamics and/or inviscid | compressible flow. | where a is the intermolecular-force constant and 6 is Ue molecular-size constant (see ref. 9, pp. 390 et seq. for numerieal values). Berthelot’s equation (ref. 7) RT oc oer 2 where 6 is the molecularsize constant and ¢ is the intermolecular-force constant (see ref. 7 for numerical values), Beattie Begomnn equation (re. 10) Oa) [o+3 where a, Ao, 5, By, and ¢ are constants for a given gas (ee ref. 10, p. 270 for numerical values). » ‘CALORIC FQUATION OP SATE A calorie equation of state is an equation of the form u=u(e, 7) o Teean be shown that au=c a7 4[1(3h) —p ]d0 (sa) duc, dT {therm perf] (8b) If the gas is calorically porfect—that is, the specific heats are constant—equation (Sb) can be integrated to obtain usel buy Iperf] @) * When wed without suber, .and denote tate est, tat nly, dite, experTEGHNIGAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, ‘The Inw of conservation of energy gives dq=du-+dw (first law of thermodynamics) i (10a) =dutp do=dh—o dp dq=c,dT +p dv \ [therm perf] (19b) =e, dT—0 dp ‘The specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume are defined by oom (34) =), ay e=(3h) =(34), (12) Te can be shown that ome=[(50),+°] Gr), _ [therm perf] (13b) ‘The ratio of specific heats is defined as fe ay According to the kinetie theory of gases, for many gases over a moderate range of temperature, +2 wt as where n is the number of effective degrees of freedom of the gas molecule. Useful relations for thermally perfect gases are ah cathe (therm pert oo) compe Re {therm perf] a7) ‘The enthalpy of a gus is defined by het pe as) Te follows that ah—dutp de+odp=da+e dp a ep 2 2P\ a, [oC er{-,o7 QR Je om th=(+RMdT=o,dT {therm perf] (9b) h=@+RT+u=eT+u [per] 20) TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 3 The entropy is defined by asa(G en Te follows that dude) _ (du aun) =f ee a, pao pte (therm perf] 2b) [perf] (28a) 1, =e, in tit ert 23b en aia pf lBertl (exp) pips 8 eo oe o : Iperf] 4) The second law of thermodynamies requires that 5,20. [adiab] (25) CONTINUOUS ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW ‘ASIC EQUATIONS AND DEFINITIONS ‘The hasie equations for the continuous flow of an inviseid non-heat-conducting gas along a streamline are as follows: ‘Thermal equation of state PoRT [therm pert (26) Dynamic equation i 5 ptvay 7)TEGHNIGAL LIBRARY 4 REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Energy equation dutd(®)+Vav=o () [abinb} (288) dhevav= e,dT+VaV= [ndinb, therm perf} (286) “oe , | wi e(2)+Vav=0 Additional useful variables are defined as follows: Speed of sound - 7 VC) -vr G2), 2 ORT {therm perf] (290) .0-NT ft/sec for air if T is in degrees Rankine (degrees Fahrenheit-4-459,6) (286) Mach number at (30) Dynamie pressure ahve ie) 2 pM= [therm perf) carb) ‘The energy equation (28) ean be integrated at once to obtain {adinb] (32a) [ndiab, perf] (2b) (33) PRESSURE-DENSITY RELATION From equations (27) and (28b) it follows that fisen, perf] (34) from which EDGY (2) wren os Combination of equations (32b) and (35) gives Bernoulli's equation for compressible flow in the form FEE) HF SHE) heme 9 [RELATIONS BETWEEN LOCAL AND Fi With the aid of the foregoing equations it ean be shown that lisen perf] (39) In small-disturbance theory, where it is assumed that (V—V«V,, these equations take on the simplified form —@-DM.! ladiab, perf (40) lisen, perf] ay Vo fisen, perf (42) On the basis of the above results, useful relations ean be derived expressing various dimensionless ratios as funetions of a single parameter. ‘These relations are given below, grouped according to which of the various parameters (M, Viag, Via,, or V/Vn) is used as the independent variable. In each case the second form of the equation applies fory—2. Parameter /. © [adiab, perf] (43) e(14 ay’ lisen, perf] (44) = lisen, perf] (45) (440) * fadiab, pert} (46)TECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE. FLOW 5 Sa} May MP [therm perf |e BOLE DT seqae(uetghan)* COL ACIT terre on wae (inte summa | Cnr EE ttv.ret 9 nae (ver gay CIICY-ACY maven 0 ae (4 MZ)* tadiab, pert) 49) Parameter Y— (Cynara) Fanargt(Yer-4E aad oot 00 APE (MY tein, et (Vj-rstan on! at MY" fadinb, pert] (51) [ Ke Or Par (LYE LY atid, vot ft sft or s-FOT EY] tise perl 0) -[-sGY] tains, pet 69 MOLT OT iCoT fisen, perf] 4) =m) [-s@)] tes eet spa@h Spor eel fata, vot) “ACYL AGT ter met 60 PAOLO) swe QT] (50) “4 “0 lisen, perf] (62) L(Y] tone 69 -Le@] & BG) DL -s GT maao. eet 69 ZY D-EE)T tind, pot phOlOT LY C\-AET wae S'(LY-E(E) teciab, pert (60) ALLO] ove. von. on snse92—s4—2TECHNICAL LIBRARY 6 REPORT 113)—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS aaneter ! ©) ladiab, pee TOT L-CYT ew met (70) ) 2p » ELC L-GYT tenet ox 2 [e-(LYF ih on a ra D-GT Ger (aah pet fisen, perf] (75) JL-GIT CEYL-CEYT tetiah, no 0 2-2 (EH5 (UY tedabs penn @-4 8G) tadiab, perth 78) ‘Tables T and IT list numerieal values of the following ratios with Mach number Af as the independent variable 2#,7,4,¥ Bi oe Te pe ay If it is assumed that the density and speed are uniform across any section of a given stream tube, then the equation of continuity is eV A=constant=p,a,A, (79) By combining this and certain of the foregoing equations, the area ratio A,/A can be expressed as a function of any one of the four parameters used above. The final equations An(rt ay (75! wy ey fisen, perf] (80) | A eer @is 2 oT -( QOLOY yy [isen, perf] (81) "OLE OT 28 (212 F ten pat 2 4-Gay ey"Ob-¢ ECOG] toe mt a Numerical values of A,/A as a funetion of M are given in tables I and I, Equation (79) combined with equations (26), (29b), (45), and (46) can be employed to obtain the mass-low rate per unit area pV’ along a stream tube as a function of Mach number, total temperature, and total pressure. Numerical values can be obtained conveniently from chart 1 where the variation with Mach number of the mass-flow rate per unit cross-sectional area is presented for various total temperatures and a total pressure of 1 pound per square inch absolute. SHOCK WAVES NORMAL SHOCK WAVES Basic EQUATIONS ‘The previous relations for isentropic flow are valid on either side of a shock wave, but not across it, because at the shock wave the flow quantities have discontinuities. Jump LLLLLLLLLL LLL ELL LLLLLLL LLL LLL LLL, Shock wove an Pe Pe e 4} ae Te 9} na a an 2 VITITTTTTTITITI TOTTI TIT ITT OT OTT. Ficune 1—Notation for normal shock wave, conditions for a steady normal shock wave (fig. 1) result from requiring conservation of mass: Pit = pitts: (84) momentum: prtpamt—prt pau (85) energy Suttheeduttha [adiab] (6a)TECHNICAL EQUATIONS, TABLES, dup 7 Bb tadiab, perf] (860) Sur, 752 Padiab, perth ob) pr pita we together with the requirement that the entropy does not decrease: Asean 20 7) It follows immediately from the energy relation ($6) that total enthalpy, total temperature, and total speed of sound fare constant across the shock and henee (from the previous relations (33) for adiabatic flow) also the critical speed of sound and limiting speed: ha=he, [ndiab] (88) {ndiab, perf] (ssb) Vny=Ving Combining equations (84) to (86) leads to Prandul’s relation [ndiab, perf) (9) mu=a, Pr which implies that the flow is supersonic ahead of the shock wave and subsonic behind (the reverse possibility is ruled out by the requirement of nondecreasing entropy), and to the Rankine-Hugoniot relations [adiab, perf] (90) Dot prG=H) pe abs Pel @D PEP adiab, perf 2) pte USEFUL RELATIONS Many relations for normal shock waves are conveniently expressed in terms of either upstream Mach number My or the static-pressure ratio across the shock E=p:/p1. The fol- owing relations apply to adiabatic Row of a completely perfect fluid. ‘The last form of each equation holds for y=T6. Parameter M;.—~ 7MA=1 . (93) G+) MP Me SGD MED” METS @ LIBRARY AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE ¥LOW 7 ag _2yMP—O— VI lo 1) Me+2] aty ME pa 27Mi—(y—-1) Py Pe te =2—P" Pry Gl ME “ou Guta? cn (Rayleigh pitot formula) at -o—Din (22 _ pet fom iti] 1) Fin (seas) aon) 4(Mit—1) _ 501) | G+DMF ‘Numerical values from equations (93), (94), (95), (80), (99), and (100) (with y=7/5) are given in table TT. For weak shock waves (M; only slightly greater than unity) the following sories are useful: w Pp y" Fey MEI is ME 4 245 : — Fae I+ ggg AP 1)'+ - (103) As a BE BP Ct I (MED + | 245 aga iyy ... =F ane 55 ME (104)TECHNICAL 8 REPORT 1135- (108) 22th EDEL =1)_6E+1 (108) (107) (108) 4y a e = leanne eo Lies i] (109) Bafta 35e_F Eleroesnee—t Leet, (110) Po Py, ee+1 “Cy ay wn 0 F=—o— In (22) —Ing— ot Deto~ fram] easy Stes) tee) 119 For weak shock waves (€ only slightly greater than unity) Ing—ZIn| att ptt Tay! GD ee Ey 5 ay 15 ‘ 3 slay Et gg (ay +1 ae yf Tag GD ED e-Bay 114) =H Rep aus) In unsteady flow a normal shock wave acts at each in- stant as a steady shock. Hence alll the above relations are valid across a moving normal shock wave if instantaneous velocities are measured relative to the shock. OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES In general, a three-dimensional shock wave will be curved, and will separate two regions of nonuniform flow. How- ever, the shock transition at each point takes place instan- taneously, so that it is sufficient to consider an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the point. In such a neighborhood LIBRARY NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR ABRONAUTICS Shoek wave, x z 7 . Streomine Provre 2.—Notation for oblique shock wave, the shock wa may be regarded as plane to any desired degree of accuracy, and the flows on either side as uniform and parallel. Moreover, with the proper orientation of axes the flow is locally two-dimensional, Hence itis sufficient to consider a straight oblique shock wave in a ‘uniform parallel two-dimensional stream, as shown in figure Basic EQUATIONS, For a steady oblique shock wave, jump conditions result from requiring conservation of mass: pxils= palin (11s) normal momentum: —pr+avta?=pe-+ os (116) tangential momentum: — pyiiP)= psitaés (7) vt 5 itt AD hi=h Gat 82) + he ladiad| energy: 5 (ii®+ B+ hn=5 (at-+ 4) + haladiab] (18a) fh eae te POETS 4B +657 s to 2 bab (usb) together with the requirement that the entropy does not decrease: beeen 20 (aig) Again it follows from the energy relation (118) that total enthalpy, total temperature, and total speed of sound are constant across the shock and hence also the critieal speed of sound and limiting speed: (120) aapTECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 9 A. comparison of equation (115) with (117) shows that the tangential velocity is constant across the shock wave [diab] (122) so that the change in velocity is normal to the shock. Tt follows that so that the energy equation (118a) reduces to (123) ithe (adiab] Now equations (115), (116), and (123) involve only the component of velocity % normal to the shock, and are identical with equations ($4), (85), and (86) for normal shock waves. Hence an oblique shock wave acts as a normal shock to the component of flow perpendicular to while the tangential component is unchanged. This is also clear physically from the ck principle” that the oblique flow is reduced to the normal flow by a uniform translation of axes (Galilean transformation). Because the speed of sound depends on the tangential velocity, Prandtl’s relation differs from that for normal shock waves (see ref. 11, pp. 302-808): i yl where ay and % can be evaluated on either side of the shock. ‘The Rankine-Hugoniot relations are the same as for normal shock waves: lila=ay— (24) [ndiab, perf] +1p—O— Vor Bo G+ Vette, diab Perf] (125) 20+ DPLO—DPL fadind, per aot DertG=tip, diab, perf] (126) BHP, ladiab, pert art [adie perf] azz) Because an oblique shock wave acts as a normal shock to the flow perpendicular to it, the previous relations for normal shocks (except those for ratios of static to total pressures) apply to oblique shocks if Mf, and Mz are replaced by their normal components M; sin @ and M, sin (@—3). This gives most of the following relations; the remainder are derived from them by using the kinematie condition that the stream turns through an angle 6, together with the previous isentropic-flow relations, Parameters M, and ¢.— 2aM as) pata EDM sinto__ 6M sin’o pv iz G—DMe sin'6-+2- My sin'o-+5 ve tr in?—(—1)}K-— Mr sin’ r "GF TFMy sin?o (AL? sin’e+5) “36M e sine (130) cinta) DME sin?'e+2_ Me sinte-+5 ME sin“O—9)— 95 N40 sink (— 1) 7M sink 1 asi) [eyM sin’¢=G— DI DMF sin See 36M sin‘o—a(M} sinte—1)(7M;* sin’e+5) (7M sin’6= 10M? sin’@-+5) (132) Te_G@—DM sinto+2 Mi sin’o-+s ; Ge DME sine "9 oat inte P1389) Ted cos 6 asa) Me sin‘o (Ade sine) . Grom? ~'76Me a BUM sin’ oy 9. 5(Me sin?) @Fpme SO eM ore (136) 2 sin?o41) 101) 7M site 5) . Me sin? sn il -1] (18s) san 5-280 0M sin'®—1) _5 cot (Mi? sin? 6~ 1) Sia) “5M N6—5 win?) (139) M, sin 20—2 cot @_, Mi sin 20-2 cot 6 10-F-MiN7 +505 28) (1390) pa_27M} sin’ @—(~1) Pe oF) lanes ay” MTN yeis) pues sin? @—(—D] (y= Mi sint eas oF DEMY sin? 0 [y= DAF 2] (140) Pe Pe aan) —[stesne 1) (Me sin? 0+ 5) 7 SOM sin? OME +5)TECHNICAL LIBRARY 10 REPORT 1135 att DM¢ sin* 9 tl a cpaine 2) Frac wl 6AfE sin* 92 a Mn inves) | sane inv o=1) (142) Pe att bo relate) * ftrepaab’ ate pate + Bll — DAM? sin? 0+ s 6 \? Pean? sin? M+ 5) : ~Ganesins =) 5(M, sin’ 8-5) (143) nn) Pe, oo (+1)? sin? @ ain iano 2 {2 sin? @— 1M? sin? o,r”rt~—_C 4(M/? sin® 6-1; 4a) OF DME Values of the following ratios for oblique shock waves ean be read from table 11, provided M, sin 6 is used instead of My in the first column: Ps, 02, Te, Pry Bip Ti By, For weak shock waves (M; sin 0 only slightly greater than unity) the following series are obtained from equations (103) and (104) by replacing My by M; sin 6 Beye sin 7 (ME sint oI Ll 245 (ag sin? p—1)+4 316 Mi sin? @— 1+ gee = (146), Bo yHT 0, BE Ip sin’ e— Dt i 1p sint 81) mB ace snt ep BMS atest ene... aan NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Parameters 9 and 5.— 1 _igtg 7EEsin@sin deg 71 tama oo Len} cos (0-8) asian Scot e sintp_7t} tan a tan 9-+cot & (148a) tea Beat o-+tan 8) Me sn 29—tan it-+ 08 20) 1o(cot #++tan 3) T5.in Be—tan 517 +5 co ey sin 0 sin 5 03 (0-8) tons _tano Tan 3-008 0” tan @-+e0t 8 sin 3 n @ cos (9—4) C Parameters AM; and 5,— No convenient explicit relations exist. However, the value of sin? 9 can be found by solving the following eubie equation (ref. 12) sin® 0-+b sin! o-be sin? ¢4+-d=0 (1508) where (sob) ‘The smallest of the three roots corresponds to a decrease in entropy and should be disregarded For weak shock waves (small deflections 8) the following series are useful (note that must be measured in radians) a Bt EI AMEN poy CD yap TET OY ay . og Mt POPDMM MES] e050 2 HMM 40e—1) we pe Rt as)TECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW: Mi 2 B—AMMME=D+ tanya ates (153) DM: , aye oye OF DAIS DD 4. (158) ay Since flow through weak shock waves is nearly insentropie, ‘compressions through small angles ean also be calculated with the aid of table II by regarding them as reversed Prandtl- Meyer expansions (see later section). ‘The resulting mi- merical accuracy is greater than that obtained by retaining terms up to & in the above series, and nearly equal to that obtained by retaining terms up to ®. Charts 2, 3, and 4 show the variation of shock-wave angle, pressure coefficient across a shock wave, and downstream Mach number with flow-defleetion angle for various upstream Mach numbers Parameter Me sin’ (155) + gin? (92) =~ DELO, : BME aint @—8)—= PNET (136) Mily+ D+ — DI—2@'— Ha DEFO TD) _MaGE+1)-5@=1) aa HE : eH DEF—1)_ 8+ a er (ey DET +1) E+E ae, @-DELG+N_ , E+6 . at father e beer 15M age( Eo} _Y¥ 2yMP—G— + tant (Guest) GFDEFO=D ee 5E- 1). 7Me—(6§+1) Lease) EN Cy Shack wove . ; Streaming an ODEO =D TA ps lo De-F D, _(oetiye ow 7 Sie) g (61) 21 3@=1) MBlyt DE+—D] AGE+ 1) (162) For weak shock waves, equations (113) and (114) apply to oblique as well as normal shocks, ‘The velocities associated with an oblique shock wave are conveniently represented in the velocity-veetor (hodograph) plane, For a given Mach number ahead of the shock wave, all possible velocity vectors behind the shock lie on a single curve. ‘Only the closed loop repres ts real shock waves with non- easing entropy, and forms Busemann’s shock polar ). Its equation is, a lig. (163) Other forms of this equation convenient for computation are, given Vi and Mh, Limit cle VYna, Fieve 3—Shock polar.TECHNICAL LIBRA 12 REPORT 1185~ given a, and Vi, @)- Yiu HS (64h) and given V; and Vi, BB a DCD TE (165) (166) ‘The shock-wave angle @ for sonie flow behind the shock is found (by setting M:=1 in eq. (132)) to be given by sint =o hga lot DME) + \OF DIG FD 26 MEF FOI} 1 [3M'—24 38M; =an MFFTS] 67) ‘The shock-wave angle 04,,, for maximum stream deflection behind the shock is give by rot) Mia VOFDIGTD MSG 0 MPH MeFi +20)] (16s) For small defleetion angles (hence Mach numbers close to waits, the deflection ane aan) for sone flow behind the shocks given approximately in terms of the upstronm Mach 4 (r= ot) Me ‘The maximum stream deflection angle for a specified up- stream Mach number is given approximately by 4 (Meaiye (hi? (269) 0.3208, (azo) Ba NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS In unsteady flow all the above relations are valid across a moving oblique shock wave if instantaneous velocities are measured relative to the shock. SUPERSONIC FLOW PAST WEDGES AND CONES A shock wave forms ahead of any body in supersonic flight and remains fixed relative to the body if the flight is steady. It stands ahend of blunt shapes, but may be attached to pointed shapes Just at the tip of a pointed airfoil or body of revolution the flow is the same as for the initially tangent wedge or cone. ‘The bow wave is attached at sufficiently high Mach numbers for a wedge of semivertex angle 6 less than sin=!(1/y)=45.6° for 7=7/5, and for a circular cone of semivertex angle ¢ less than 57,5° for y=1405. Below these limits, the wave is attached above a minimum Mach number whose dependence ‘upon nose angle is shown for wedges and cones in figure 4 (These values can be applied to pointed airfoils and bodies of revolution which are not concave.) Also shown in figure 4 are the slightly higher Mach numbers above which the velocity behind the shock wave is supersonic, and for the cone the still higher Mach number above which the flow supersonic even at the surface, (For wedges these last two coincide.) For thin wedges, these Mach numbers fare given approximately by equations (169) and (170). FLOW PAST WEDGES If the bow shock wave is attached to a wedge, it is straight, and the flow bebind the shock consists of uniform streams parallel to either face of the wedge. ‘The flow pattern above the upper face (fig. 5) may be regarded as obtained from the straight oblique shock-wave pattern of figure 2 by replacing the streamline behind the shock wave with a solid wall. Flow quantities are determined by the oblique-shock-wave relations, equations (115) t (170). As noted previously, table TI ean also be applied if Mf, sin @is used in place of My in the first column. ‘Phe flows above and below the wedge are independent, s0 that inclined wedges can be treated if neither face exceeds the attachment angle shown in figure 4. However, if the angle of attack exceeds the semivertex angle, the flow over the upper (leeward) surface is given by a Prandtl-Meyer expansion (sce fig. 4) rather than by the shock relations. Tt is clear {rom the shock polar (fig. 8) that two different shock waves and flow patterns are theoretically possible for fa given wedge and Mach number. However, it is believed that only the weaker shock wave (larger 1 and sinaller 6) ‘ean occur attached to an isolated convex body Charts 2, 3, and 4 show the dependence of shock-wave angle, surface’ pressure coefficient, and downstream Mach number upon wedge angle for various free-stream Mach numbers. FLOW PAST CONES If the bow shock wave is attached to an uninelined circular cone, the shock wave too has the form of a cireular ¢one. Flow quantities are constant on all concentric conical su faces lying between the shock wave and the body, and so depend upon only one space variable. ‘The transition across the shock wave is governed by the oblique-shoek relations,TECHNICAL EQUATIONS, 50 45 42 38] Upstream Mach number, Af; Shock attaches « @ ize 6 ees 20 eon JUS, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 25 LIBRARY 13, 710 M210 ‘Shock attached 32 BE a a8 Semivertex angle, degrees Fiorne 4—Upstream Mach numbers for shock atéacl ant and for supersonie flow behind shock wave on wedges anil eones, and for sipersonie flow at surface of cones, Shock waves, | Steaming believed that only the weaker shock wave can occur on an Streaming 1uR 6.—Flow past a cou, surface Mach number on con free-stream Mach numbers, ‘The effects of slightly inclining a cone have been considered by Stone (ref, 13) and numerical results are tabulated in reference 14. Chart 8 shows the variation with Mach number of the initial slope of the normal-force curve for various cone angles. Stone has also sought an approximation for larger inclinations by retaining squares as well as first powers of angle of attack (ref. 15), and numerical results have been tabulated (ref. 16); however, these results are not free of error (see refs. 17 and 18). somivertex angle for variousTECHNICAL 14 REPORT 1135 PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION A uniform two-limensional supersonic stream flowing over a convex bend expands isentropieally. Convenient relations are found by considering the special case of a stream at Mach number unity flowing around a sharp corner (fig. 7). ital Mach ine | | a | = Streomine Fioone 7.—Prandtl-Meyer expansion around a corner. For a perfect gas, the Prandtl-Meyer angle » through which the stream turns in expanding from M=1 to a supersonic ‘Mach number Mis Ten ye ae—1)—0-9 a7 WHA yl (a7ib) tan ¥S5 (P= 1)=e08 M (var maximum expansion angle, for M= =, is | 72) raem(f TET =1)x 00°= 180.45" for y= The ratio of static to total pressure, corresponding to Mach, number M is given b 90°. of (shire inte yt ara, Ret (178e) which falls to 2010 a8 »tynu Numerical values of», y, and lp, aro given in table TE ns functions of Mf ‘These relations and the values in table TL apply to a uniform stream flowing past any convex surface in the ab- LIBRARY NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS sence of external disturbances, (They also give a very good approximation at all Mach numbers when, as on an airfoil, external disturbances arise only from interaction with a shock wave, and are disregarded.) If flow quantities are Known at one point, the values at any second point can be read from table I by identifying the change in flow angle between the two points with av=v,—m, as indicated in figure 8, Mog) tines Frownx 8,—Prandel-Meyer expansion over a convex surface, For expansions through small angles A», the ratio of final to initial static pressures is given by the following series (av in radians): Me Py Mge-1 GAD Mia (ML, tana ntrMe 5 some+4] ant Foren M248] an a7) Up to and including the term in (Av)* this series is identical with that for compression through an oblique shock wave (eq. (151) with #=—A»), IMPERFECT-GAS EFFECTS ‘Methods for calculating the flow of a calorically imperfect, thermally imperfect gas and a calorically imperfect, thermally perfect gas at temperatures up to 5000° Rare described in this section. ‘The equations presented are in substantially the same form as those given in references 7 and 8. Effects of gaseous imperfections, such as molecular dissociation, which become important at temperatures greater than about 5000° Rare not considered. Atmospheric and wind-tunnel air flows are of primary concern here, In such flows air generally exhibits only calorie imperfections to any appreciable degree. Conse quently, numerical results are presented only for the flow of a calorieally imperfect, thermally perfect diatomic gas. ‘THERMODYNAMICS EQUATIONS OF STATE ‘Tho thermal equation of state used here for a calorically and thermally imperfect gas is the Berthelot equation“TECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 15 (eq. (3)). The thermal equation of state used for a caloric~ ally imperfect, thermally perfect gas is equation (2). ‘The calorie equation of state used for a calorically and thermally imperfect gas is equation (8a). ‘The calorie equation of state used for a calorically imperfect, thermally perfect gas is equation (8b). ‘The assumption of a simple harmonic vibrator is used to account for the contribution of the vibrational heat capacity to the specific heats. ‘The equations for the specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure, respectively, are (ee ref. 7) oy oh Cede {1 +640 —D[(p) garry conte [(8) att Joon rr are (7s) yt owt ) ppten=t} (9 i (7) 2b, op l 2ep| eee » Br tty all a7 a= 55)" i oontemef tS or LG) weap ‘The ratio of specific heats is then ahr pert Yt X tac lee 2 gait ‘ven MT) @P=IP ae — [therm perf] (180) ‘The following values of 7 are for temperatures from 400° R. to 5000° R, with @=5500° R (Geo ref. 7). For engineering purposes, these are a satisfactory approximation for ai CONTINUOUS ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW [BASIC EQUATIONS AND DEFINITIONS. Basie equations pertinent to this section are equations (26), (27), (28), (29), (80), and (81). ‘The equations for the speed of sound are (see ref. 7) RT ie e bo RE ee Die ti) _ on 5 14m [(9) goraptae and @anT (14 h_e {therm perf] [+010 (p) gory as2) INTEGRATED FORMS OF ENERGY EQUATION ‘The integrated forms of the energy equation are (see ref. 7) ra i+ —2)] fadinb) 183) 1 oom and rtTECHNICAL LIBRARY 16 REPORT 35-—-NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR ABRONAUTICS In terms of Mach number these equations become, respectively, 1 e(_4 1_) 4, 26 P onl 7, (emi gor =z) t: ee (BB | apn Leen na =i a wig ¢ Sie 8 a2 8 ee eg. take BF aig gt OEs zis iTa 7 Gas Ea ls 3 mera & £ a 2auge esees| eagas esas eseee ereee _ | 28522 Sa8S= Sece2 ASRAR GANAA Seues ESE wag | SHS33 SSU55 auaa daces $8588 SGue% Bayes 24 |TECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 25 ee |e | ee spe fw] ele Bla | a | k _ L | ae | ome 2| am | ae | sa ox | zum | ene era rermpere mers He) B22) Bhi) | be He | Ht | Be |: |) BB [te] EB | 3B) S83) 3B 2) 3s | He Re | EE | Set ae) EH He] is | eB | 83) 333) Se | ee aN | EG | gs Sh | RR Ta) oR om +8 7 7 | con | xm fone | ome 18 Be | ER [iat | ff) 2 8 ie = ig He | & | Gt ig) if j= HB | Hee | 33 4B) BE ESE | HE a te | digs | 258 im | i2| tor | oe iia | mae = ue +e | us | aime | mun ie) an ie ke | ips | am | iB ig a | Ri | BaD) RG Es IR) i i. ol 4 us | mao | nen | oe pas lam | age ee Ce ec ee | ts ua | pee | aa | gz a8 |e | is ig PE | ESR] de | be HS |i] te) a HE | ERB) Gm | HE a HB | HD] ‘2 ee | gpm | naw | ae me tee if Fe RS | HR | BaP) Be aa |i | fm 0 | 20. tome ams | mo | ne Jase [oma | sass i2 | i HE) A | BB ER iB | is ER |B eS | B32) Se | eRe | Re | a Be [th | if es | ag 3) aps) as | set |ets) ae [ess] ee | ae ge jim | om HR Bg 2) BRS) | a) a) Be) | Re | Be BB) Be $8 | 38 3) GB S| BB | tet | 2) Be | GRR) RS | ae HS |B) HB) Bie || Bi BB |e BRR) | SB BRS] me) cee | iss |g) 20 | ER | ee |e £8 |igi| ta |TECHNICAL LIBRARY REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS NIC FLOW—Contined 11.—SUPERSO! TARL aagad S5636 BRSES 8: 5 ita BRESS| BES: Sense gegee gzuee neg Suany aguee Sasse gaeeg uasne eeaus sagas REMSA AAHK4 AaAAa RARAS BeBe sags Basse gam Basa BRAER sashs eEO=H| BGS ERSSE REZEE SB82R 25388) AAT ED TE TT SD HGS EES GEE HEE, Ee very tatat SHHRE 20009 Sa gase2 acaes esuas epee eree|> x < a o el 4 4 a Z I a ir ir EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW ‘TABLE 1—SUPERSONIC FLOW—Continued a] eabag 22589 20888 G55S9 G5G9E SLGEE FLETE SELLE ELSGE EGEEE GEREE ENEE ~ | sie SSE si yd RERES GUNS teage guazd BREE EL2R REEE BLEGE EERER SASH SERTE GELAR ASELE SSZRE HOLES SAREE SHEZE 29GKe ae arr cra merry AOU TEE CREED RET 0) SEE TEE ELD TU EEE EE He 2aANg Goan vane Suns aaa TeTTT TTTTT TTTTT ITTTT TretT Tere S284 GQUEE SESE SENET GUATE GREE TET TRTTT TATTT THTTT TITTY TTT TTT TIT: TTT: TTETT TPETT PTTTT TITTT TETFT| EOEEL GOGTE THREE DEEDS SRUGH TEEEE UUECa THEEG eUE SHEET HERAT Gaeta aR SENSE SUSE SEUSS GOES TENET SDSS SONNE tueas Stuny Sees eats sess SEE erzey“TEGANIGAL LIBRARY 28 REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS ‘TABLE I—SUPERSONIC FLOW—Continued e zl. a/¢ > lee ee ui i a [EH ES | iS) S| ge td is | ts | a el} ne [2am | mee | tar] ee| on isa | om if = oe 2] BG | Hue) BS | He] Sr) Be AG) BB 7 eer —re | ga] ge | imme) ee | ne i ie i) BE | HBR | BB | te BS S| 8 | | can 3] ‘ae ‘ne ae a. 7 | EE | Hg He ee g HE | a | a [Ea ig) mis) we: 1B ia | as ga lie | 38 | 3) BBs) BBs) ne | EBs) oie 88 [tf Ea ey Be) ge | ge ae oe Pn bausae | felon jae | he Ss a a | swore | gan | aes | ee | am [ase | i EEn| Ee | 8 | a 2 seame | eae | rm | ame | om [ase a 7 HE) a | 2B | a8 Bs 2 Bes | Ga | GR sgt] ae tS os i sage | em | cae | a | a [aa ig tum | gat | ist] ge] ge inet iz oe L-hmrLhLUmhmLhLTECHNICAL LIBRARY 29 EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW TABLE II—SUPERSONIC FLOW—Continued kegs sgswe © eeeey ‘gy Hauge REEEE gamut g8e2 S855 FGENE B9GR3 F493 Sates aENEs paces annes pase e282r EERRE Reet Genes dgas dadad eeee dese S285 Rseas zeae Seer REBAR RARE paeig HARE SHE; RENE IOUT GREE EE $8508 E8358 RRASA AERSE ZSES NEES SEEEy FeETE ‘S953 SEEER Gegee SEz22 ans Sages Geded daded saad S855 gage Senha 399be eausa geass Sousa Sigss susie asass feats Syste Sesee wiz | QUEST EEL HEE GG) HEE GH Es TE TT EC wld | $3582 Sutds deuyd Sds¥¥ Egeee Sate EHERA Eeeee dudeg Seses RARSR) $853 HRGG9 Sena EERE spas seg | BER Sass gees Sguee Enns Bessa ganas aames EeeTECHNICAL LIBRARY FOR ABRONAUTICS 3 3 E a 3 i i 3 & 2 3 2 i z i 2 2 E E seeea sere eaase 2u888 sans 3555s 38283 anees 35358 EREEE Hae Eagan sEEES inn ERARS 82 2u9 Aaa eave anaes beaay essesTECHNIGAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND cHAWASFOH"COMPHESSIRLE FLOW 31 TABLE I1SUPERSONIC FLOW—Continued Loe eee . Mi a - |r See Z = | pom | ee | sis | ge : 8 a sot oe $8 |=] i ml a ns 2 scams | eur | aes no 4 3 / i ei He | ik | = ig a3 fe 2 | oes a oe & m3] ES 18) = ey ae ete = 3 i 12|2 i eo | i Sh i aed is 2 ii m2 iz | a | in| 2 iB $3 3] 8 ba 3 He | HE ig fe 3] . fe |e i. fel ee el ee =o we |p 2| mz | soe i as i | Bi) a3 3) BY 1) #2 | \ sg | ae 3 3| ste | see i ipl be | ha) 48 3) 3) St | He is lee | Be | 38 | He | 23] 3) i | Be = ie 8TECHNICAL LIBRARY 32 REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS TABLE 1. —SUPERSONIC FLOW Continued i | 3/3 geal ae |amee |e | ae | ge Be 383 [3 St Ee) a | eS BE 3/83 2 HRe/ Be | |e # 3) 383 | GE HRS) Be | ee _ (88 ea] a jaa HERE | EB | a ] | BB j He | Bt) He) Re ie {8 | #B ell i 7 HB ds | | 2 3) #2 | 7 - : wp] gt lem |ee | ele _. :| Fe F Ha 3| i | RE ge | te) 2) i ] Bd 5 HE 2] at | He) S| GE 8) 3 : jon 2 iat 2 | gma ae | se sam | nen a a : m3) Bi | 2| = £8 | £8 | 3 ne Ss mse | ate sane | ae we | ae * : oe) ge iB | iB | Be ie. 3 fa ig| 2 oe 3) ea a a3 = ie] 38) lee] ae |) Fee | @3 imi ig Ae ee | HE] Ba ae ue i iB) BE 3] = im 7 i 3 a | ce ; iz) 32 : a ise | He ag 7 7 i im ag | i LB Hea | Ha | 27TEGHNIGAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE PLOW 33 ‘TABLE 1L-SUPERSONIC FLOW—Continued te | Flee lial es BTelele a Se en r x we my q a La | les lan alag Sao ere ae | #2) 23/4 i ERE Ge | 8 3) 2 Ha] seb] 3 ie HEE) Ee | i) 7 3 | em | ew + sue | uss | zane | 107.90 | sao | & 2 #8 3/83 aie jae jee lie : 3] Pe Be oie | cee) eee | tee 4 3| 3 3] HS | 3B 3/38: |B |HS| RE | if HE) EE 3) ei |g) 3) iB 3 3 i $B) SE | sgh 3) se 7 = les ate Fe Be | 3 $8 2 | BE RE | 8 | 3] i 3 ge |e 3] a3 a3 sa | ae) gs (ee | ge | ea] #3 | 3g = S| Ei lig 2) iB BS | 2] 383 33 SB) NB | RS | 289 3) a8 3) BR Bg 3) 383 7 B/E ie 3) a ea oa 2 { sag | aus | ans | pe sl aa 7 Bi ad aa 3 $8 | gpa) dmi 3: S| cet te 3) 8 3) Sa) are ee es a2 | amt | ane [emt 3| 2 3] BEY BB) 22 ae) ee =| oe) ie 3) 85 3 ga |p| -gts|-gts| ae] ges] a | ise BB) m lis 3) 3 elec eles] em] eee atten tas) ag | aes [eee | ae | ag 2] (ga |e BiH) #2) B | Hee its A a ee a |B sles) eal & |e 8| 3 HE) Ee | bs) 003 ge | mu gels) geal as | eee gal ge) at lee] ge | sea] ae] Be 3 Bi/i| 23) 2 | ee LhLUmrr—s | ae) ae se iles| 3] = | tae ge |jas| ar lee] gs | sis) ea] | BB | Se 3): 3) es 3] ae | cee 3) BS | aes $8 |B) Be ER) Be | 282) es au + * wo | oss (see | ma | aH | wo + ze | ae Be) ele ee us sal ae [ancl ame | BE] Ba] 3 HE) Bi] & HE |B) BH HE | Be | Sha): | #8] ga 3) | 3] 8 HB |) Br (BB | Se | Ba) eee) eee pele ler Vee] ee eel eae | ie | 33) Ba Ht) oelas $2 || Bi EB] BE | 3): Bele #8 | Bl 8 LHe LER TEER |B UR 31 ae 2)TECHNICAL LIBRARY REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS ‘TABLE IL—SUPERSONIC FLOW—Continued Fara geery PyeE prTeE Perey PeaTe PPePE POTEE POPPE PEPRT PETET Popynte eaete = | SERGEY A0055 EAGER ERERE ARABS SAGER O0009 32088 E0595 SGHER HERE GEGRS GAGE S8ERS lk | GEREG EE $2899 FGREG E8563 GESEE EEEGE E908G £5028 S258 E2GEE EREES SS | saad See devs daddy deddd ceded wided seddd Yesze Y499s sases cs SE00s S585 eueee H28S8 Susu USES SUBEE Eg0NE EsBaE ates ae Ss | SAMAR HERE ERAS T2983 TEHER GERRR GREER GREM GRARR TARER HRREA GREE GEER HEGRE aRRE HARE | HRERS ERROR BRDKE HOPRR ORERD HERIR AHUER AERBR QUORD EROQE EADEE AUNDE HNDEE AREGR a9R2 a8 Subs SEE89 FLERE 22EK2 EUEEE FLEE ERGY S20uH BELES EREEE RESEE guga aq88d Saee GneEe s2se ARSE geese EOE EREAR ARES ERERE Waeey erate tenet TTI nae genes : SGRRR S0385 aezee esse35 | Taras GaTTh PaeTT TEPET THETT GFITE ATERT TEED TF Se) GSE20 FGGRE RAGGA RAGEA AAARA Head RANA BARRE od qrete ovate Fad HOGER HLL IGGL IRENE Wa EE Perae gerey vey TEAET PeITT AGATE TERT OPED RTETE ETETE PETE PETIT TeTeT TeTTT PTETE T rreet tree] “| GARG RSEEE SSG SERRE ARARR ARaRE EREEE AREER ERGAR 2ARRE aR ARREE ange ae Saha azqea a8z25| geaye queen dens songs angen abgex vache genes Eanes axeRa fords shEse osuRE Yerbe zhese zeeug gurge SS | sagas sasac ad cuNSY Adds deddd duses edges Bees ZeeEs Seas GuGUS EnMeS desde disse siese seeed x | saeea sons vanse snus gusae sagad Suyes anese suuss wpnss uuuge eaten oases dueey saey enuEe asst eee| Be sogon cosue conte songs conga sous soscs couse gute copes qusce gescy fesse eeece qeecg ceyes 1), deg Mach angle, si 1 ay tee ‘Mach number downstream of a normal shock wave statie pressure ratio across a normal shock wave static density ratio across a normal. shock wave static temperature ratio across normal shock wave total pressure ratio across a normal shock wave ratio of static pressure upstream of a normal shock wave to total pressure downstreamTECHNICAL LIBRARY 40 REPORT 1135, CHARTS ‘The charts that follow present numerical values of certain physical quantities that are functions of two variables and hence are cumbersome to tabulate. ‘These charts are de- signed to provide accurney to three significant figures, Charts 1 through 8 and chart 25 are for a perfect. gas. ‘Phe values presented in charts 1 through 4 and chart 25 were calculated for a ratio of specific heats of 7/5. ‘The values presented in charts 5 through 8 were taken from references 6 and 14 and are for a ratio of specific heats of 1.405, Charts 9 through 24 provide correction factors to account for the effects of ealorie imperfections on the quantities tab- ulated in tables Tand IT and plotted in charts 2, 3, and 4 ‘On many charts, points corresponding to static tempers tures of 5000° R and 100°R (—360° F) have been indicated. ‘These temperatures represent very approximately the limits of validity of the charts, Exact limits cannot be stated simply as they depend on pressure as well as temperature At temperatures near 5000° R dissociation effects, which were neglected in the calculations, ean be significant at high alti- tudes though perhaps not at sea level. At temperatures less than about 100° R, air may condense at the pressi ‘encountered in many wind tunnels. On the Reynolds number chart (chart 25), points corre- sponding to a static temperature of 180° R (—280° F) also are indicated since this is the lowest. temperature for whieh experimental viseosity «lata have been obtained, At tem- peratures much lower than —280° F, Sutherland's equation (82) may significantly underestimate the true viscosity. ‘The contents of the charts are as follows: ou 1. Variation of masslow rate per unit area with Mach number for various total temperatures. Perfect as, a ow-delteetion angle Perfect gas,y=7/5- 42 for v ‘8. Variation of pressure coefficient across shock waves with ons upstream Mach numbers fow-deflection angle for various upetrestn Mach numbers. Perfect gas, 7=7)5. we “ 4 jon of Mach nmaber downstream of a shovk wave with ‘low-deflection angle for various upstream Mach numbers. Perfect gas, 9°=7/5-—- 46 5. Variation of Shock-wave angle with cone semivertex angle Tor various upstream Mach numbers. Perfect gas, 1.405 — as NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS 6. 24 2 2 24 ‘Variation of surface pressure cooficiont with eone somivertas ‘angle for various upstream Mach numbers. Perfect eas, ya TA05. = Variation of Mach mimber at the surface of a cone with eone Semivertex angle’ for various upstream Mach sambers, Pesfect gas, y= 1.405, Variation of the initial slope of the normal-foree eurve with, upstream Mach number for various cone semivertes angles, Perfect gas, y= 1.405, [fect of caloric imperfections on the ratio of local speed 10 speed of sound at the point where [ffet of calorie imperfoctions on the rato of statie tempera ‘ue to total temperature. a Bfect of ealorie imperfections on the ratio of state density to total density. Effect of calorie imperfections on the ratio of statfe presure to total pressure Elect of ealorie imperfections sure (0 tolal pressure. fleet of caloric imperfections on the ratio of loeal cross sectional area of @ stream tube to the eros+sectional ‘area at the point where M= 1. Taifect of calorie imperfections on the statie-temperature ratio across a normal shock wave. of dynamic pros Etfect of calorie imperfections on the stati eros a normal shock wave. [Bfect. of ealorie imperfections on the ratio of statie pressure ‘upstream of a normal shock wave to total pressure down- [fet of calorie imperfections on the static-pressure ratio seross a normal shook WAVE... Bifect of ealorie imperfections on the Mach number down- stream of a normal shock wave. [fect of ealorie imperfections on the total-pressure ratio eros & normal shock wave. pMfect of calorie imperfections on the variation with flow= fleflection angle of the shock-wave angle for a weak ‘oblique shock wave. fet of eslorie imperfections on the vara flow: deflection angle of the Mach number downstream of a ‘weak oblique shock wav Bfect of calorie imperfections on the variation with low~ deflection angle of the pressure coeicient across & weak oblique shock wave... eet of ealorie imperfections on the Pra Variation of Reynolds number per unit length with Mach nuutaber for various total temperatures. Perfect gas, 59 0 oLIBRARY TECHNICAL AL EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW =k ‘swt yooag “samyerodaray pepo} snouws 305 4 Wr quma YON oz eeu eo ¢ » ¢ ce 2 V8 Pee ee ge i Iso 20 lsz0 eo 0 co loo 5 Lo & so © loo © ir ne ez le 72,9 sen 410 soy anodes que somiog ree} ao Hrondones bapuos 7 Sayed aero poe s 3TECHNICAL LIBRARY REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS 90) 20] 79] 60 30 40} ‘Shockwave onal, 0, degrees 30 20 — eck shook wave TEE Siro tock nove TEE Soechvtiagsth o + ® 7 16 20 2a 8 32 Deflection engle, 8, degrees (Cuanr 2.—Variation of shock-vave angle with flow-deflection angle for various upstream Mach numbers. Perfoct gas, 9%.TECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 90 20 794 <9} Sed] aq ad 25 30 34 38 32, 36 30 34 38 Detlection ongle, 8, degrees (Cuanr 2.—Conetuded44 pe Pressure. coetticent, ° + (Chane 8 Variation of pressure eooticient TECHNICAL LIBRARY 1 1¢ 20 2a Detection ongle, 8 degrees sof shock waves with flow-defleetion angle for various upstrea NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AEHONAUTICS sim ba Weok shock wave Strong. shock wave Sem timit (ge) 28 32 Mach numbers, Perfect gs, 9Be Pressure coefficient, me 30 EQUATIONS, 34 TECHNICAL LIBRARY TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 38 a2 46 30 Detection angle, 8, degrees Coane 3 —Conelusted 45TECHNICAL LIBRARY 46 REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS 35 28] 26 al 22| 2of- ‘3 rr cs i 15] rl 3 we k i Lhe ran 30/135 /1a0h.a3h5 Moch-number porometer, I= Downstream Mach number, Me 29] «| 50 5 sol ~10 6 « e 2 16 20 28 25 32 Detlection angle, 8, degrees (Cuanr 4.—Varintion of Mach number downstream of a shock wave with flow-deflection angle for various upstream Mach numbers. Perfect gas,Downstream Mach numb; & ‘2 5] 50 25| E 26 ECHNIGAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW Weak shock wove Strong shock wove $6 34 38 ae 46 30 3a Detection angie, 8 degrees Cuanr 4—Concluded 38 #48, 90 20 79] 60 8 degrees Shockwave onale , Chane 5- TECHNICAL LIBRARY REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS - T 4 @ 12 16 20 2 28 32 Clone semivertex angle, degrees. Variation of shockwave angle with cone semivertex angle for various upstream Mach numbers, Perfect gas, 1.408,TECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE PLOW 90 20] 7 60 #50| Sai e Shack nove, 20 ro] e 36 degrees (Cuane 5—Conchuded 4sSurface pressure coefficient, TECHNICAL LIBRARY REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS 4 3 7 6 20 2 cy cone semivertex angle, 7, degrees of surface pressure coefficient with cone semivertex angle for various upstream Mach numbers Mae eoee 32 Perfect gas, 71.405,TECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE PLOW 51 2.09 Surtoce pressure coefficient, 26 30 34 3E a2 36 50 34 58 (Cone semivertex angle, 2, degrees (Cuanr 6.—ConetudedTECHNICAL LIBRARY 52 REPORT 1135—-NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Ma Surface Machnumber, Me i Mach number parameter 80] rs| ro} ss 60 55] tad 4 3 2 16 20 2 28 32 Gone semivertex angie, ¢, degrees (Cant 7.—Variation of Mach number at the surface of a cone sith cone somivertes angle for various upstream Mach numbers. Perfect gas, aSurface Mach number, Me 70 60 50 TECHNICAL LIBRARY YABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW shock wove 0 eB 3a 30 38 a2 a6 * 34 38 Cone semwverten angie, #, degrees (Chane T-—ConchidedTECHNICAL LIBRARY ‘wh popeg “< ays 70 20 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE POR AERONAUTICS g & 5 zg o 0 8 3 FSvor ve OkeZez ve Zz o2-61 BI ZT 91 Sishlovse! oF sz W “sequns won x W170 wor ww) —g sav, weoibap wa a B21 aT a ? 5S 02 0; er i on sor ogo) Joa gSB) ‘ena aaj jouio Jo ada loz jez orTECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 35 1104 “olal lemperature, 7, = 3000" 5000" 108 Aen 2000" Wee 1000" > 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 a 9 0 Mach number, Af Cane 9.—Eifect of ealorie imperfections on the ratio of loca speed to spoed of sound at the point where ML Leo} Tole! temperature, --S000-A uote o Fe OOnR (727) soem set CA) a 05} 6 T 2 3 « 3 ® 7 @ 3 wach number, af Q Crane 10—Effeet of ealorie imperteetions on the ratio of static temperature to total temperature Totel temperature, 7 1O00"R 3000". 0 t 2 3 + 3 e 7 o 9 0 Mach number, Af Cuan 11,—FMfeet of calorie imperfections on the ratio of static density to total density.TECHNICAL LIBRARY 36 REPORT 1135--NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR ABRONAUTICS Total temperature. Tz = 1Q00°R 2000°R (2100) nar pert + (we) see : : 5000°R oT H0oe 500078 #4 > och number, Cusnr 12.—Eifect of calorie imperfections on the ratio of statie pressure ta total pressure arar Tenmerstare, P1000" faso0"r 07 100" S000" F 9 T 2 3 4 3 6 7 = 3 10 Mach number, Cuanr 18-—ffect of caloric imperfections on the ratio of dynamic pressure to total pressureTECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 37 Foto temperature; = 5000 ihe) spam grt CATES pert tT 2 $ 4 € 7 5 3 10 3 Mach number, (Cuanr 14.—Eifect of caloric imperfections on the ratio of local cross-sectional area of a stream tube to the erosssretional area Me. fa otal iemperatute, = 1000"R tery '2000°R] E/T get 300% S000 9 7,=100°R 2 $ 4 5 6 7 @ 3 0 Mach number, Mf (Cuawr 15,—Bifeot of caloric imperfections on the statio.temperature ratio aeross @ nora shock wave.TECHNICAL LIBRARY 3S REPORT 1135—NATIONAL apviSORY COMMITIER FOR AERONAUTICS "Tol temperature, Ty =5000'R us (2/01) sheem pert ere ugk 2000" 05 t igog-a tool r 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Mach number, dy Chane 16.—Eifect of ealorie imperfections on the statiedensity ratio aeross a normal shock wave, 106 Loa (00%) memset VR Jen tat renperair,/#1000°R Zoot Sorel Loo oT OFA i 33 r 2 3 4 5 S 7 8 3 70 och number, if Chane 17.—Effet of calorie imperfections on the ratio of statie pressure upstzeam of & normal shock wave to total pressure downstrear, 1.08; 27 = 100" otal temperature, 7; +5000" R 3000°R ‘2000°R ToooR 100 r 2 3 + % ® 7 Mach number, Mi Cuswr 18,—Eifect of calorie inyperfections on the stati 8 o 70 ressure ratio across a normal ahoek wave.TEGHNIGAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 59 102 Total temperature, +1000" 100} 23] 96 | 27: 100°R sal i 2 3 4 3 © 7 e 3 10 Mach number, Af, Cine 19,—Eifect of calorie imperfections on the Mach mnbor downstream of « normal shock wave Total temperature, 77 + 1000° R (era/en) meen set Prabal oer 3000°R 27, i00"R v 2 3 * 3 é 7 @ ° 0 Mach number, Cuanr 20.—Bifet of calorie imperfections on the total-pressure ratio across » normal shock wave.TECHNICAL LIBRARY 60 REPORT 1185—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS 20 19 60 In tis range curves are coincident wi those fora perfect gos {See chart 2) Shock-wove ongle; 0, degrees 2of ° 3 e 2 6 20. 28 26 32 38 40 aa a8 Deflection onale, 8, degrees (@ T=100° R Chane 21.—Effect of calorie imperfections on the variation with flow-deflection angle of the shock-wave angle for a weak oblique shock waveTECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIDLE FLOW 61 WatI RSE SSSI SHAE By OY 2, degrees Tr this ronge curves ore coieise! \nin those fora perfect gos (See chart 21 ‘Shock-wave ong! == 1: 500%" © 7g+5000°R ° 4 @ 2 76 20 24 28 32 36 40 oy 48 Deflection angle, 8, degrees () T=300" R Cuanr 21.—Continued62 Shockwave angle, @, degrees REPORT In this range curves are coincident | wim Inoge fora perfect gos ‘Gee snort 2) 113% a TECHNICAL LIBRARY NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS TEq 194 Oy BP BOR BOW FO 50 SPS ASE SADT Om, 16 20 24 26 32 36 ‘40 Deflection angie, 8 degrees fe) = 500° R Chane 21.~Continued os 34 38grees Shack-wave angle, @ 79 EQUATIONS, W145 1S Tey Ty Ofna range curves zal hore foro perfect gas (See enor 21 TECHNICAL LIBRARY TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR comPt SSIRLE FLOW T3193 205, Boa Bay, BE CBSE SES SOS SEO 6 25 28 2 Detlection angie, 8, degrees oe Cuswr 21.—Conehuded 32 36 |= ‘40 s & 63 > 7=5000°R aa 38TECHNICAL LIBRARY ‘eu sous onbygo sos w Jo UINDNSUOP 4 yay O49 JO apFuR UoRDYOP-Koy YE WoRREBA ox Ho suOHa}ZadUN 9HOIBD Jo 994K —eE HAVE a 062 4 .001=UL (®) seaidap “@ ‘215u0 uowsaiag Es ze fa ve oz 3 z 8 » c be o: ror joo" 18 ay 02" Te wit ay ae aR ay per ez ee oe ov loot ot NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS eo REPORT 11 1 ay o21 area oH ee ez ee loci 64TECHNICAL LIBRARY z RQUATIONS, TARLES (040) ee a a or9—L (P) seaibap 'g ‘aibuo wou>ayeg on. 9g ze 22, 2, 2, ot 2 Oe, 8% sare] ORE 0005 28. 4 002-4) 01 vo 0% er oz 2 21 eer ject lov loos yo 01 srt loz pe ez ee log 18 oy TA ay66 Loo] REPORT 1155 99 9 ro TECHNICAL LIBRARY NATIONAL ADVISORY COM 24 al so too} 26 ETRE FOR AERONAUTICS 26 | 1=300° ck wave, he preavare coef of erfe Kant 28,TECHNIGAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TARLES, CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 8, degrees & re Ciianr 28. 67reo} tio too] 90} Pranet-Meyer orale, ¥ erm pert sSer288 40 30 TECHNICAL LIBRARY REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COM Total temperature, F “000° 8 ~| 300°} 2o007R | i900" R=| Perfect gos-) Total temperature, Jy * 5S000"R 300° 2000°R tooork 2 3 ra > © 7 och number, (Cuanr 24—bifect of caloric impeefections on the Prandtl-Meyer angle. 2710078TECHNICAL LIBRARY 69 EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW Yor ‘woh oop song yo worse eg uv. oz og 8 2 9 eg eer entgs cio" 20" 2000 sz0 £000 0 000 0001 2000 4000 2000 6000] 100 ib 17a “ybua) wun 124 J2quOU splourou sioo 9200" szoo} : : z F091 srose-as¥ os00 ovoo urpuoare (198204 M03!20}0 5 pub fiiousayy panes) 0 Jo osoo' 0800! ou09 e800 soe sorroi0!