PEHSONAIL GOPY NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS REPORT 1135 EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW By AMES RESEARCH STAFFTECHNICAL LIBRARY REPORT 1135 EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW By AMES RESEARCH STAFF Ames Aeronautical Laboratory Moffett Field, Calif.TECHNICAL LIBRARY National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Headquarters, 1724 F Street NW, Washington 25, D. C. Created by act of Congress approved March 3, 1915, for the supervision and direction of the scientifie study of the problems of flight. (U. 8. Code, title 50, sec. 151). Its membership was increased from 12 to 15 by act approved March 2, 1929, and to 17 by act approved May 25,1948. ‘The members are appointed by the President, and serve as such without compensation, Jnxown C. Hoxsaxse, Se. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chairman Devitv W. Buowk, Pu. D., President, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Vice Chairman Hox. Josern P. Apaws, member, Civil Aeronauties Board. Auurx V. Astix, Pu D., Director, National Bureat of Standards. Lroxann Canmicuast, Pu D., Seeretary, Smithsonlan Tnstiti tion. Lavuexcn C. Crarotm, Lieutenant General, United States Air Foree, Deputy Chief of Stat (Development). Janes H. Dootrreis, Se. D,, View President, Shell Oil Co, Liovp Hanntson, Rear Admiral, United States Navy, Deputy ‘and Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, R. M, Hazex, B. 8,, Director of Engineering, Allison Division, General Motors Corp. Witutan Lirmiewoop, M. B, Vice President—Engineering, American Airlines, Inc. How. Ronent B. Munnay, Jn., Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation, Rauew A. Oren, Vieo Admiral, United States Navy, Deputy ‘Chief of Naval Operations (Air). Dowain L, Porn, Lieutenant General, United States Air Force, Commander, Air Research and Development Command. Anton E. Harwoxo, Se, D., Vieo President—Engineering, Douglas Aireraft Co., Ine, Francis W. Rercwetpunran, Sc. D., Chief, United States Weather Bureau, ‘Tuxovone P. Waions, So, D., Vice President for Research, Cornell University Hoan 1, Dayoex, Pa. D., Director Jou W. Crownr, Jn, B, 8, Associate Director for Research Hexar J. B. Rep, Suits J. DeFraxce, D. Eng., Director, Ames Aeronaut Jous F. Vieronr, LL. D., Brecutive Secretary EnwAno H. Canurauae, Bzceutive Ofteer D. Eng., Director, Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Langley Field, Va. | Laboratory, Moffett Field, Calif. Epwano R. Suasy, Sc. D., Director, Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, Cleveland Airport, Cleveland, Ohio Laxouer Axnoxavricat, Lanonaronr, Langley Field, Va. Awes Apnoxavrioat, Lanonaronr, Moffett Field, Cali. Lnwis Fuzour Puorcistox Lanonsrony, Cleveland Airport, Cleveland, Onto Conduct, under unified contro, for all agencies, of scientife research on the funilamental problems of fightTECHNICAL LIBRARY CONTENTS SUMMARY INTRODUCTION SYMBOLS AND NOTATION FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS. “Tusnwoorsasies "Thermal equations of sta Caloric equation of state Energy relations Specie heats Enthalpy Entropy Coxmvors Oxe-Distenstos at. Pow. - Basie equations and definitions Integrated forms of energy equation Pressure-density relation Bernoulli's equation Relations between loeal and freestreain conditions. Useful ratios Stream-tube-area relations SHOCK WAVES. Nonwat. Sock Waves ‘Basie equations Viseful relations Onuiaue Sock Waves Basie equations Connection with normal shock Useful relations. Shock polar SUPERSONIC FLOW PAST WEDGI Fiow Past Wrocns. Fiow Past Coxns PRANDTL-MEYER BXPANSION IMPERFECT-GAS EFFECTS TaERwopys asics Equations of state Specie heats Conrivous Oxx-Ditewsiowal Flow. Basie equations and definitions, Integrated forms of energy equation. Pressure and density relation Stream-tube-ares relations NonwAt Shock Waves Ovuigve Stock Waves. PraxbricMzvin EXPANsiow APPENDIX A~VISCOSITY AND THERMODYNAMIC CONSTANTS FOR ATR APPENDIX B-REYNOLDS 3 APPENDIX C REFERENCES ‘TABLES CHARTS, ND CONES MBER. PRESSURE CONVERSION PACTORS, 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 7 8 5 ® 19 19 9 40TECHNICAL LIBRARY REPORT 1135 EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW ' By Auns Ress SUMMARY This report, which is a revision and extension of NACA TN 1428, presents a compilation of equations, tables, and charts useful in the analysis of high-speed flow of a compressible fluid. The equations provide relations for continuous one-dimensional flow, normal and oblique shock waves, and Prandtl-Meyer expansions for both perfect and imperfect gases. The tables present useful dimensionless ratios for continuous one-dimen- ‘tional flow and for normal shock waves as functions of Mach number for air considered as a perfect gas. One series of charts presents the characteristics of the flow of air (considered a perfect 908) for oblique shock waves and for cones in a supersonic air stream. A second series shows the effects of calorie imperfec- tions on continuous one-dimensional flow and on the flow theough normal and oblique shock waves. INTRODUCTION ‘The practical analysis of compressible flow involves fre- quent application of a few basic results. A convenient compilation of equations, tables, and charts embodying these results is therefore of great assistance in both research and design. ‘The present report makes one of the first such compilations (ref. 1) more readily available in a revised and extended form. The revisions include a complete rewriting of the lists of equations, as well as the correction of certain typographical errors which appeared in. the earlier work. ‘The extensions are primarily in the directions dictated by increasing flight speeds, that is, to higher Mach numbers and to higher temperatures with the accompanying gaseous imperfections. Compilations similar to those of reference 1 have been given in other publications, as, for example, references 2 through 6. These references have been utilized in extending the tables and charts to higher values of the Mach number. ‘The extension to imperfect gases is based on the relations presented in references 7 and 8 SYMBOLS AND NOTATION PRIMARY SYMBOLS a speed of sound A cross-sectional area of stream tube or channel { new Stare foree 125) normal-force coefficient for cones, ™ specific heat at constant pressure specific heat at constant volume enthalpy per unit mass, w-+po characteristic reference length v Mach number, pressure ? dynamic pressure,e V"/2 hheat added per unit mass gas constant Reynolds number, °V! base area of cone entropy per unit, mass absolute temperature ? internal energy per unit mass 1 specific volume, + pei "3 velocity components parallel and perpendicular respectively, to free-stream flow direction velocity components normal and tangential, respectively, to oblique shock wave speed of flow ‘maximum speed obtainable by expanding to zero absolute temperature external work performed per unit’ mass angle of attack yi 1) ratio of specific heats, © angle of flow deflection across an oblique shock shock-wave angle measured from upstream flow direction ‘molecular vibrational-enorgy constant Mach angle, sin! absolute viscosity PrandtI-Meyer angle (angle through which a supersoni¢ stream is turned to expand from M=1 to M>1) Atlee Sih ssa dene se pn Sane a a peal MOO! Superanie Win Tanol Stn,TECHNICAL LIBRARY 2 REPORT 1185-—-NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS g pressure ratio across a shock wave, 7 | ne [oon ‘THERMODYNAMICS @ semivertex angle of cone | THERMAL EQUATIONS oF sraTiE ce A thermal equation of state is an equation of the form ° free-stream conditions p=pto, T) a 1 conditions just upstream of a shock wave : 3 Sciatica te Several of the more commonly use thermal equations of t total conditions (i. e., conditions that would | ie are the following: exist if the gas were brought to rest isen- | Eavetion for thermally perfect gus tropically) RT. , " critical conditions (i. e., conditions where the og PRE [therm peri] @ Jocal speed is equal to the local speed ofsound) | or © conditions on the surface of a cone dp_dp_aT. : F r reference (or datum) values | Pe aa! ° ert quantity evaluated for a gas which is both thor 2 erly and ealorieally perfect Equations for thermally imperfect gus therm perf quantity evaluated for a gas which is thermally Ves We Go perfect but calorically imperfect a ‘2 5 derivative evaluated at constant pressure RT w . derivative evaluated at constant entropy mb derivative evaluated at constant temperature . derivative evaluated at constant specific volume quantity evaluated over a reversible path NOTATION ‘The notation in brackets { ] after many of the equations signifies that the equation is valid only within certain limitations. For example: Iperf] ‘means that the equation is restricted to a gas which is both thermally and calorically perfect. (By “thermally perfect” itis meant that the gas obeys the thermal equation of state p=pRT. By “ealorically perfect” it is meant that the specific heats ¢y and ¢, are constant.) means that the only restriction on the gas is that it must be thermally perfect. Equa- tions 90 marked may he used for ealorieally imperfect gases. (They are, of course, also valid for completely perfect gases.) [therm perf] lisen] sans that the flow process must take place isentropically. Equations so marked may not be applied to the flow across a shock wave, [diab] means that the only restriction on the flow process is that it must take place adiabati- cally—that is, without heat transfer. (Such a flow process may or may not be isen- | tropic depending on whether it is or is not reversible.) Equations so marked may be ‘applied to the flow across a shock wave, An equation without notation has no restrictions beyond those basic to the study of thermodynamics and/or inviscid | compressible flow. | where a is the intermolecular-force constant and 6 is Ue molecular-size constant (see ref. 9, pp. 390 et seq. for numerieal values). Berthelot’s equation (ref. 7) RT oc oer 2 where 6 is the molecularsize constant and ¢ is the intermolecular-force constant (see ref. 7 for numerical values), Beattie Begomnn equation (re. 10) Oa) [o+3 where a, Ao, 5, By, and ¢ are constants for a given gas (ee ref. 10, p. 270 for numerical values). » ‘CALORIC FQUATION OP SATE A calorie equation of state is an equation of the form u=u(e, 7) o Teean be shown that au=c a7 4[1(3h) —p ]d0 (sa) duc, dT {therm perf] (8b) If the gas is calorically porfect—that is, the specific heats are constant—equation (Sb) can be integrated to obtain usel buy Iperf] @) * When wed without suber, .and denote tate est, tat nly, dite, experTEGHNIGAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, ‘The Inw of conservation of energy gives dq=du-+dw (first law of thermodynamics) i (10a) =dutp do=dh—o dp dq=c,dT +p dv \ [therm perf] (19b) =e, dT—0 dp ‘The specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume are defined by oom (34) =), ay e=(3h) =(34), (12) Te can be shown that ome=[(50),+°] Gr), _ [therm perf] (13b) ‘The ratio of specific heats is defined as fe ay According to the kinetie theory of gases, for many gases over a moderate range of temperature, +2 wt as where n is the number of effective degrees of freedom of the gas molecule. Useful relations for thermally perfect gases are ah cathe (therm pert oo) compe Re {therm perf] a7) ‘The enthalpy of a gus is defined by het pe as) Te follows that ah—dutp de+odp=da+e dp a ep 2 2P\ a, [oC er{-,o7 QR Je om th=(+RMdT=o,dT {therm perf] (9b) h=@+RT+u=eT+u [per] 20) TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 3 The entropy is defined by asa(G en Te follows that dude) _ (du aun) =f ee a, pao pte (therm perf] 2b) [perf] (28a) 1, =e, in tit ert 23b en aia pf lBertl (exp) pips 8 eo oe o : Iperf] 4) The second law of thermodynamies requires that 5,20. [adiab] (25) CONTINUOUS ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW ‘ASIC EQUATIONS AND DEFINITIONS ‘The hasie equations for the continuous flow of an inviseid non-heat-conducting gas along a streamline are as follows: ‘Thermal equation of state PoRT [therm pert (26) Dynamic equation i 5 ptvay 7)TEGHNIGAL LIBRARY 4 REPORT 1135—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Energy equation dutd(®)+Vav=o () [abinb} (288) dhevav= e,dT+VaV= [ndinb, therm perf} (286) “oe , | wi e(2)+Vav=0 Additional useful variables are defined as follows: Speed of sound - 7 VC) -vr G2), 2 ORT {therm perf] (290) .0-NT ft/sec for air if T is in degrees Rankine (degrees Fahrenheit-4-459,6) (286) Mach number at (30) Dynamie pressure ahve ie) 2 pM= [therm perf) carb) ‘The energy equation (28) ean be integrated at once to obtain {adinb] (32a) [ndiab, perf] (2b) (33) PRESSURE-DENSITY RELATION From equations (27) and (28b) it follows that fisen, perf] (34) from which EDGY (2) wren os Combination of equations (32b) and (35) gives Bernoulli's equation for compressible flow in the form FEE) HF SHE) heme 9 [RELATIONS BETWEEN LOCAL AND Fi With the aid of the foregoing equations it ean be shown that lisen perf] (39) In small-disturbance theory, where it is assumed that (V—V«V,, these equations take on the simplified form —@-DM.! ladiab, perf (40) lisen, perf] ay Vo fisen, perf (42) On the basis of the above results, useful relations ean be derived expressing various dimensionless ratios as funetions of a single parameter. ‘These relations are given below, grouped according to which of the various parameters (M, Viag, Via,, or V/Vn) is used as the independent variable. In each case the second form of the equation applies fory—2. Parameter /. © [adiab, perf] (43) e(14 ay’ lisen, perf] (44) = lisen, perf] (45) (440) * fadiab, pert} (46)TECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE. FLOW 5 Sa} May MP [therm perf |e BOLE DT seqae(uetghan)* COL ACIT terre on wae (inte summa | Cnr EE ttv.ret 9 nae (ver gay CIICY-ACY maven 0 ae (4 MZ)* tadiab, pert) 49) Parameter Y— (Cynara) Fanargt(Yer-4E aad oot 00 APE (MY tein, et (Vj-rstan on! at MY" fadinb, pert] (51) [ Ke Or Par (LYE LY atid, vot ft sft or s-FOT EY] tise perl 0) -[-sGY] tains, pet 69 MOLT OT iCoT fisen, perf] 4) =m) [-s@)] tes eet spa@h Spor eel fata, vot) “ACYL AGT ter met 60 PAOLO) swe QT] (50) “4 “0 lisen, perf] (62) L(Y] tone 69 -Le@] & BG) DL -s GT maao. eet 69 ZY D-EE)T tind, pot phOlOT LY C\-AET wae S'(LY-E(E) teciab, pert (60) ALLO] ove. von. on snse92—s4—2TECHNICAL LIBRARY 6 REPORT 113)—NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS aaneter ! ©) ladiab, pee TOT L-CYT ew met (70) ) 2p » ELC L-GYT tenet ox 2 [e-(LYF ih on a ra D-GT Ger (aah pet fisen, perf] (75) JL-GIT CEYL-CEYT tetiah, no 0 2-2 (EH5 (UY tedabs penn @-4 8G) tadiab, perth 78) ‘Tables T and IT list numerieal values of the following ratios with Mach number Af as the independent variable 2#,7,4,¥ Bi oe Te pe ay If it is assumed that the density and speed are uniform across any section of a given stream tube, then the equation of continuity is eV A=constant=p,a,A, (79) By combining this and certain of the foregoing equations, the area ratio A,/A can be expressed as a function of any one of the four parameters used above. The final equations An(rt ay (75! wy ey fisen, perf] (80) | A eer @is 2 oT -( QOLOY yy [isen, perf] (81) "OLE OT 28 (212 F ten pat 2 4-Gay ey"Ob-¢ ECOG] toe mt a Numerical values of A,/A as a funetion of M are given in tables I and I, Equation (79) combined with equations (26), (29b), (45), and (46) can be employed to obtain the mass-low rate per unit area pV’ along a stream tube as a function of Mach number, total temperature, and total pressure. Numerical values can be obtained conveniently from chart 1 where the variation with Mach number of the mass-flow rate per unit cross-sectional area is presented for various total temperatures and a total pressure of 1 pound per square inch absolute. SHOCK WAVES NORMAL SHOCK WAVES Basic EQUATIONS ‘The previous relations for isentropic flow are valid on either side of a shock wave, but not across it, because at the shock wave the flow quantities have discontinuities. Jump LLLLLLLLLL LLL ELL LLLLLLL LLL LLL LLL, Shock wove an Pe Pe e 4} ae Te 9} na a an 2 VITITTTTTTITITI TOTTI TIT ITT OT OTT. Ficune 1—Notation for normal shock wave, conditions for a steady normal shock wave (fig. 1) result from requiring conservation of mass: Pit = pitts: (84) momentum: prtpamt—prt pau (85) energy Suttheeduttha [adiab] (6a)TECHNICAL EQUATIONS, TABLES, dup 7 Bb tadiab, perf] (860) Sur, 752 Padiab, perth ob) pr pita we together with the requirement that the entropy does not decrease: Asean 20 7) It follows immediately from the energy relation ($6) that total enthalpy, total temperature, and total speed of sound fare constant across the shock and henee (from the previous relations (33) for adiabatic flow) also the critical speed of sound and limiting speed: ha=he, [ndiab] (88) {ndiab, perf] (ssb) Vny=Ving Combining equations (84) to (86) leads to Prandul’s relation [ndiab, perf) (9) mu=a, Pr which implies that the flow is supersonic ahead of the shock wave and subsonic behind (the reverse possibility is ruled out by the requirement of nondecreasing entropy), and to the Rankine-Hugoniot relations [adiab, perf] (90) Dot prG=H) pe abs Pel @D PEP adiab, perf 2) pte USEFUL RELATIONS Many relations for normal shock waves are conveniently expressed in terms of either upstream Mach number My or the static-pressure ratio across the shock E=p:/p1. The fol- owing relations apply to adiabatic Row of a completely perfect fluid. ‘The last form of each equation holds for y=T6. Parameter M;.—~ 7MA=1 . (93) G+) MP Me SGD MED” METS @ LIBRARY AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE ¥LOW 7 ag _2yMP—O— VI lo 1) Me+2] aty ME pa 27Mi—(y—-1) Py Pe te =2—P" Pry Gl ME “ou Guta? cn (Rayleigh pitot formula) at -o—Din (22 _ pet fom iti] 1) Fin (seas) aon) 4(Mit—1) _ 501) | G+DMF ‘Numerical values from equations (93), (94), (95), (80), (99), and (100) (with y=7/5) are given in table TT. For weak shock waves (M; only slightly greater than unity) the following sories are useful: w Pp y" Fey MEI is ME 4 245 : — Fae I+ ggg AP 1)'+ - (103) As a BE BP Ct I (MED + | 245 aga iyy ... =F ane 55 ME (104)TECHNICAL 8 REPORT 1135- (108) 22th EDEL =1)_6E+1 (108) (107) (108) 4y a e = leanne eo Lies i] (109) Bafta 35e_F Eleroesnee—t Leet, (110) Po Py, ee+1 “Cy ay wn 0 F=—o— In (22) —Ing— ot Deto~ fram] easy Stes) tee) 119 For weak shock waves (€ only slightly greater than unity) Ing—ZIn| att ptt Tay! GD ee Ey 5 ay 15 ‘ 3 slay Et gg (ay +1 ae yf Tag GD ED e-Bay 114) =H Rep aus) In unsteady flow a normal shock wave acts at each in- stant as a steady shock. Hence alll the above relations are valid across a moving normal shock wave if instantaneous velocities are measured relative to the shock. OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES In general, a three-dimensional shock wave will be curved, and will separate two regions of nonuniform flow. How- ever, the shock transition at each point takes place instan- taneously, so that it is sufficient to consider an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the point. In such a neighborhood LIBRARY NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR ABRONAUTICS Shoek wave, x z 7 . Streomine Provre 2.—Notation for oblique shock wave, the shock wa may be regarded as plane to any desired degree of accuracy, and the flows on either side as uniform and parallel. Moreover, with the proper orientation of axes the flow is locally two-dimensional, Hence itis sufficient to consider a straight oblique shock wave in a ‘uniform parallel two-dimensional stream, as shown in figure Basic EQUATIONS, For a steady oblique shock wave, jump conditions result from requiring conservation of mass: pxils= palin (11s) normal momentum: —pr+avta?=pe-+ os (116) tangential momentum: — pyiiP)= psitaés (7) vt 5 itt AD hi=h Gat 82) + he ladiad| energy: 5 (ii®+ B+ hn=5 (at-+ 4) + haladiab] (18a) fh eae te POETS 4B +657 s to 2 bab (usb) together with the requirement that the entropy does not decrease: beeen 20 (aig) Again it follows from the energy relation (118) that total enthalpy, total temperature, and total speed of sound are constant across the shock and hence also the critieal speed of sound and limiting speed: (120) aapTECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 9 A. comparison of equation (115) with (117) shows that the tangential velocity is constant across the shock wave [diab] (122) so that the change in velocity is normal to the shock. Tt follows that so that the energy equation (118a) reduces to (123) ithe (adiab] Now equations (115), (116), and (123) involve only the component of velocity % normal to the shock, and are identical with equations ($4), (85), and (86) for normal shock waves. Hence an oblique shock wave acts as a normal shock to the component of flow perpendicular to while the tangential component is unchanged. This is also clear physically from the ck principle” that the oblique flow is reduced to the normal flow by a uniform translation of axes (Galilean transformation). Because the speed of sound depends on the tangential velocity, Prandtl’s relation differs from that for normal shock waves (see ref. 11, pp. 302-808): i yl where ay and % can be evaluated on either side of the shock. ‘The Rankine-Hugoniot relations are the same as for normal shock waves: lila=ay— (24) [ndiab, perf] +1p—O— Vor Bo G+ Vette, diab Perf] (125) 20+ DPLO—DPL fadind, per aot DertG=tip, diab, perf] (126) BHP, ladiab, pert art [adie perf] azz) Because an oblique shock wave acts as a normal shock to the flow perpendicular to it, the previous relations for normal shocks (except those for ratios of static to total pressures) apply to oblique shocks if Mf, and Mz are replaced by their normal components M; sin @ and M, sin (@—3). This gives most of the following relations; the remainder are derived from them by using the kinematie condition that the stream turns through an angle 6, together with the previous isentropic-flow relations, Parameters M, and ¢.— 2aM as) pata EDM sinto__ 6M sin’o pv iz G—DMe sin'6-+2- My sin'o-+5 ve tr in?—(—1)}K-— Mr sin’ r "GF TFMy sin?o (AL? sin’e+5) “36M e sine (130) cinta) DME sin?'e+2_ Me sinte-+5 ME sin“O—9)— 95 N40 sink (— 1) 7M sink 1 asi) [eyM sin’¢=G— DI DMF sin See 36M sin‘o—a(M} sinte—1)(7M;* sin’e+5) (7M sin’6= 10M? sin’@-+5) (132) Te_G@—DM sinto+2 Mi sin’o-+s ; Ge DME sine "9 oat inte P1389) Ted cos 6 asa) Me sin‘o (Ade sine) . Grom? ~'76Me a BUM sin’ oy 9. 5(Me sin?) @Fpme SO eM ore (136) 2 sin?o41) 101) 7M site 5) . Me sin? sn il -1] (18s) san 5-280 0M sin'®—1) _5 cot (Mi? sin? 6~ 1) Sia) “5M N6—5 win?) (139) M, sin 20—2 cot @_, Mi sin 20-2 cot 6 10-F-MiN7 +505 28) (1390) pa_27M} sin’ @—(~1) Pe oF) lanes ay” MTN yeis) pues sin? @—(—D] (y= Mi sint eas oF DEMY sin? 0 [y= DAF 2] (140) Pe Pe aan) —[stesne 1) (Me sin? 0+ 5) 7 SOM sin? OME +5)TECHNICAL LIBRARY 10 REPORT 1135 att DM¢ sin* 9 tl a cpaine 2) Frac wl 6AfE sin* 92 a Mn inves) | sane inv o=1) (142) Pe att bo relate) * ftrepaab’ ate pate + Bll — DAM? sin? 0+ s 6 \? Pean? sin? M+ 5) : ~Ganesins =) 5(M, sin’ 8-5) (143) nn) Pe, oo (+1)? sin? @ ain iano 2 {2 sin? @— 1M? sin? o,r”rt~—_C 4(M/? sin® 6-1; 4a) OF DME Values of the following ratios for oblique shock waves ean be read from table 11, provided M, sin 6 is used instead of My in the first column: Ps, 02, Te, Pry Bip Ti By, For weak shock waves (M; sin 0 only slightly greater than unity) the following series are obtained from equations (103) and (104) by replacing My by M; sin 6 Beye sin 7 (ME sint oI Ll 245 (ag sin? p—1)+4 316 Mi sin? @— 1+ gee = (146), Bo yHT 0, BE Ip sin’ e— Dt i 1p sint 81) mB ace snt ep BMS atest ene... aan NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Parameters 9 and 5.— 1 _igtg 7EEsin@sin deg 71 tama oo Len} cos (0-8) asian Scot e sintp_7t} tan a tan 9-+cot & (148a) tea Beat o-+tan 8) Me sn 29—tan it-+ 08 20) 1o(cot #++tan 3) T5.in Be—tan 517 +5 co ey sin 0 sin 5 03 (0-8) tons _tano Tan 3-008 0” tan @-+e0t 8 sin 3 n @ cos (9—4) C Parameters AM; and 5,— No convenient explicit relations exist. However, the value of sin? 9 can be found by solving the following eubie equation (ref. 12) sin® 0-+b sin! o-be sin? ¢4+-d=0 (1508) where (sob) ‘The smallest of the three roots corresponds to a decrease in entropy and should be disregarded For weak shock waves (small deflections 8) the following series are useful (note that must be measured in radians) a Bt EI AMEN poy CD yap TET OY ay . og Mt POPDMM MES] e050 2 HMM 40e—1) we pe Rt as)TECHNICAL LIBRARY EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW: Mi 2 B—AMMME=D+ tanya ates (153) DM: , aye oye OF DAIS DD 4. (158) ay Since flow through weak shock waves is nearly insentropie, ‘compressions through small angles ean also be calculated with the aid of table II by regarding them as reversed Prandtl- Meyer expansions (see later section). ‘The resulting mi- merical accuracy is greater than that obtained by retaining terms up to & in the above series, and nearly equal to that obtained by retaining terms up to ®. Charts 2, 3, and 4 show the variation of shock-wave angle, pressure coefficient across a shock wave, and downstream Mach number with flow-defleetion angle for various upstream Mach numbers Parameter Me sin’ (155) + gin? (92) =~ DELO, : BME aint @—8)—= PNET (136) Mily+ D+ — DI—2@'— Ha DEFO TD) _MaGE+1)-5@=1) aa HE : eH DEF—1)_ 8+ a er (ey DET +1) E+E ae, @-DELG+N_ , E+6 . at father e beer 15M age( Eo} _Y¥ 2yMP—G— + tant (Guest) GFDEFO=D ee 5E- 1). 7Me—(6§+1) Lease) EN Cy Shack wove . ; Streaming an ODEO =D TA ps lo De-F D, _(oetiye ow 7 Sie) g (61) 21 3@=1) MBlyt DE+—D] AGE+ 1) (162) For weak shock waves, equations (113) and (114) apply to oblique as well as normal shocks, ‘The velocities associated with an oblique shock wave are conveniently represented in the velocity-veetor (hodograph) plane, For a given Mach number ahead of the shock wave, all possible velocity vectors behind the shock lie on a single curve. ‘Only the closed loop repres ts real shock waves with non- easing entropy, and forms Busemann’s shock polar ). Its equation is, a lig. (163) Other forms of this equation convenient for computation are, given Vi and Mh, Limit cle VYna, Fieve 3—Shock polar.TECHNICAL LIBRA 12 REPORT 1185~ given a, and Vi, @)- Yiu HS (64h) and given V; and Vi, BB a DCD TE (165) (166) ‘The shock-wave angle @ for sonie flow behind the shock is found (by setting M:=1 in eq. (132)) to be given by sint =o hga lot DME) + \OF DIG FD 26 MEF FOI} 1 [3M'—24 38M; =an MFFTS] 67) ‘The shock-wave angle 04,,, for maximum stream deflection behind the shock is give by rot) Mia VOFDIGTD MSG 0 MPH MeFi +20)] (16s) For small defleetion angles (hence Mach numbers close to waits, the deflection ane aan) for sone flow behind the shocks given approximately in terms of the upstronm Mach 4 (r= ot) Me ‘The maximum stream deflection angle for a specified up- stream Mach number is given approximately by 4 (Meaiye (hi? (269) 0.3208, (azo) Ba NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS In unsteady flow all the above relations are valid across a moving oblique shock wave if instantaneous velocities are measured relative to the shock. SUPERSONIC FLOW PAST WEDGES AND CONES A shock wave forms ahead of any body in supersonic flight and remains fixed relative to the body if the flight is steady. It stands ahend of blunt shapes, but may be attached to pointed shapes Just at the tip of a pointed airfoil or body of revolution the flow is the same as for the initially tangent wedge or cone. ‘The bow wave is attached at sufficiently high Mach numbers for a wedge of semivertex angle 6 less than sin=!(1/y)=45.6° for 7=7/5, and for a circular cone of semivertex angle ¢ less than 57,5° for y=1405. Below these limits, the wave is attached above a minimum Mach number whose dependence ‘upon nose angle is shown for wedges and cones in figure 4 (These values can be applied to pointed airfoils and bodies of revolution which are not concave.) Also shown in figure 4 are the slightly higher Mach numbers above which the velocity behind the shock wave is supersonic, and for the cone the still higher Mach number above which the flow supersonic even at the surface, (For wedges these last two coincide.) For thin wedges, these Mach numbers fare given approximately by equations (169) and (170). FLOW PAST WEDGES If the bow shock wave is attached to a wedge, it is straight, and the flow bebind the shock consists of uniform streams parallel to either face of the wedge. ‘The flow pattern above the upper face (fig. 5) may be regarded as obtained from the straight oblique shock-wave pattern of figure 2 by replacing the streamline behind the shock wave with a solid wall. Flow quantities are determined by the oblique-shock-wave relations, equations (115) t (170). As noted previously, table TI ean also be applied if Mf, sin @is used in place of My in the first column. ‘Phe flows above and below the wedge are independent, s0 that inclined wedges can be treated if neither face exceeds the attachment angle shown in figure 4. However, if the angle of attack exceeds the semivertex angle, the flow over the upper (leeward) surface is given by a Prandtl-Meyer expansion (sce fig. 4) rather than by the shock relations. Tt is clear {rom the shock polar (fig. 8) that two different shock waves and flow patterns are theoretically possible for fa given wedge and Mach number. However, it is believed that only the weaker shock wave (larger 1 and sinaller 6) ‘ean occur attached to an isolated convex body Charts 2, 3, and 4 show the dependence of shock-wave angle, surface’ pressure coefficient, and downstream Mach number upon wedge angle for various free-stream Mach numbers. FLOW PAST CONES If the bow shock wave is attached to an uninelined circular cone, the shock wave too has the form of a cireular ¢one. Flow quantities are constant on all concentric conical su faces lying between the shock wave and the body, and so depend upon only one space variable. ‘The transition across the shock wave is governed by the oblique-shoek relations,