Introduction to 3rd Generation

Advanced High Strength Steels

Dr. Blake K. Zuidema

Sr. Director, Automotive Product Applications
ArcelorMittal Global R&D

September 25, 2017

Overview

• Description of Gen 3 AHSS

• Manufacturing Gen 3 AHSS
• Applications for Gen 3 AHSS

1
Description of Gen 3 AHSS

2
Description of Gen 3 AHSS
Brief Lesson on Steel Metallurgy
• The Iron-Carbon phase diagram
3000
1600
δ + Liquid
Liquid
δ 1400
2500
δ+γ

Temperature (C)
Temperature (F)

γ + Liquid 1200

2000
γ 1000
γ + Fe3C

1500 800
α+γ
α
α + Fe3C 600
1000
0 1 2 3 4 5
Carbon (wt%)
Description of Gen 3 AHSS
Brief Lesson on Steel Metallurgy
• Stable structures in the iron-carbon system
3000
δ - Ferrite 1600
δ + Liquid
• Highest temperature form of solid pure iron
Liquid
δ • Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) crystal structure
1400
2500
δ+γ • Forms from liquid upon initial solidification

Temperature (C)
Temperature (F)

+ Liquid
γ -γ Austenite 1200
2000 • Intermediate temperature form of solid iron

γ • Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) crystal structure

1000
γ + Fe C
3
• Much more formable than ferrite phases
1500 • Requires high alloy (Ni, Mn, C) to stabilize800
at room temp
α+γ
α α - Ferrite
• Room
α + Fetemperature
3C
form of solid iron 600
1000 • BCC crystal structure
0 1 2 3 4 5
• Less formable than austenite phase
Carbon (wt%)
Description of Gen 3 AHSS
Brief Lesson on Steel Metallurgy
• Metastable structures in the iron-carbon system
Martensite
• Forms at low temperature from Austenite upon rapid quenching
• Unique, Body-Centered Tetragonal (BCT) structure
• Achieves highest strength of any Iron phase; higher C = higher strength
• Relatively low ductility, but good toughness when tempered
Bainite
• Forms at elevated temperature from Austenite upon isothermal holding
• Composed of feathery BCC ferrite phase with iron carbides precipitated
throughout
• Although not as strong as Martensite, has appreciably better ductility
Description of Gen 3 AHSS
Evolution of Gen 3 AHSS – Conventional Steels

70 • Based primarily on BCC Ferrite structure

• Solid solution, precipitation strengthening
60
Total Elongation (%)

50

40
Mild
30 BH
20

10

0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Description of Gen 3 AHSS
Evolution of Gen 3 AHSS – First Generation AHSS

70 • Combinations of BCC Ferrite, Martensite, Bainite

• Small amount of metastable FCC austenite in the
60
TRIP grades
Total Elongation (%)

50 • Like conventional steels, trade strength for

ductility
40 • Great for safety cage, but energy absorption
Mild requires greater strength AND ductility
30 BH
20

10
MartINsite®
0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Description of Gen 3 AHSS
Evolution of Gen 3 AHSS – Second Generation AHSS

70 • Based on FCC Austenite

made metastable at room
60 temperature by large
additions of Mn and C
Total Elongation (%)

50 • TWIP = TWinning-Induced
Plasticity
40
Mild • Excellent formability, but . . .

30 • High alloy = high cost, poor

BH weldability
20 • Formability much more than
needed
10 Usibor®
MartINsite®
0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Description of Gen 3 AHSS
Evolution of Gen 3 AHSS – Second Generation AHSS

70 • Actually need something in

between the First and
60 Second Generation AHSS
Total Elongation (%)

50

40
Mild
30 BH
20

10 Usibor®
MartINsite®
0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Description of Gen 3 AHSS
Evolution of Gen 3 AHSS – Third Generation AHSS

70 • Fortiform® = ArcelorMittal
brand of Gen 3 AHSS
60 • Based on Ferrite,
Martensite, and Bainite with
Total Elongation (%)

50 just enough Austenite to

gain needed ductility
40
Mild • Provide enough ductility for
forming and crash energy
30 BH management with minimal
alloy to keep cost down
20 • and provide good
weldability
10 Usibor®
MartINsite®
0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Manufacturing Gen 3 AHSS
Manufacturing Gen 3 AHSS
Alloy Strategy
•Carbon •Aluminum
–Strong austenite stabilizer, hardenability –Increases carbon solubility in austenite to
agent keep it in solution
–Increases strength of Martensite phase –Increases strength of Ferrite and austenite
phases
•Manganese
–Lowers density slightly
–Strong austenite stabilizer, hardenability
agent •Niobium
–Increases strength of Ferrite and Austenite –Helps refine grain size for better ductility
phases and toughness
•Silicon •B, Cr, Mo, Ti
–Inhibits carbide precipitation to keep carbon –Hardenability agents added as necessary
in solution in austenite to accommodate mill process conditions
–Detrimental to weldability, so its use is
minimized
Manufacturing Gen 3 AHSS
Gen 3 AHSS Manufacturing Process Flow
Mining Pelletizing Ironmaking Steelmaking

Cold Rolling Pickling Hot Rolling Casting

Continuous Annealing Hot Dip Coating

Entry Cooling Exit
Looper Tower Galvannealing Looper
Furnace
Clean

Anneal Zinc Post-

Payoff Pot Temper Treat Cut and
And weld Roll Recoil

• Bare • Hot Dip Galvanized

• Jetgal® (Jet Vapor Deposition Galvanized) • Hot Dip Galvannealed
• Electrogalvanized
Manufacturing Gen 3 AHSS
Quenching and Partitioning Thermal Cycle

Hold to stabilize
Austenite structure
Temperature

Reheat to partition carbon

back to Austenite
Ms

Ms
Mf
Mf

Time
Applications for Gen 3 AHSS

15
Fortiform® High Formability (HF) and
High Strength, High Formability (HSHF) for cold stamping

Goal: 10 to 20% weight reduction from current AHSS applications

Dedicated to cold formed parts

p p Fortiform® HS,
Fortiform® S HSHF
50
› Austenite content:
High strength vs ductility
40 compromise
› Quenching and
TEl% (IJIS)

30 Partitioning (Q&P)
process:
High yield strength, good hole
20 expansion rate (HER)
› Ductility:
Sufficient for good crash
10
energy absorption AFTER cold
5 forming

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

UTS (MPa)
Fortiform® High Formability (HF) and
High Strength, High Formability (HSHF) for cold stamping

Goal: 10 to 20% weight reduction from current AHSS applications

Dedicated to cold formed parts

p p Fortiform® HS,
Fortiform® S HSHF
50
› Austenite content:
High strength vs ductility
40 Fortiform® S / HSHF ready for 2021+ SOPs compromise
› Quenching and
TEl% (IJIS)

30 Partitioning (Q&P)
process:
High yield strength, good hole
20 expansion rate (HER)
› Ductility:
Sufficient for good crash
10
energy absorption AFTER cold
5 Fortiform® / HF ready for 2018+ SOPs forming

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

UTS (MPa)
Fortiform® High Formability (HF) and
High Strength, High Formability (HSHF) for cold stamping

Goal: 10 to 20% weight reduction from current AHSS applications

Dedicated to cold formed parts

p p Fortiform® HS,
Fortiform® S HSHF
50
› Austenite content:
High strength vs ductility
40 Fortiform® S / HSHF ready for 2021+ SOPs compromise
› Quenching and
TEl% (IJIS)

30 Partitioning (Q&P)
process:
980HF High yield strength, good hole
20 expansion rate (HER)
› Ductility:
Sufficient for good crash
10
energy absorption AFTER cold
5 Fortiform® / HF ready for 2018+ SOPs forming

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

UTS (MPa)
Fortiform® High Formability (HF) and
High Strength, High Formability (HSHF) for cold stamping

Goal: 10 to 20% weight reduction from current AHSS applications

Dedicated to cold formed parts

p p Fortiform® HS,
Fortiform® S HSHF
50
› Austenite content:
High strength vs ductility
40 Fortiform® S / HSHF ready for 2021+ SOPs compromise
› Quenching and
TEl% (IJIS)

30 Partitioning (Q&P)
process:
980HF High yield strength, good hole
20 expansion rate (HER)
1050HF › Ductility:
Sufficient for good crash
10
energy absorption AFTER cold
5 Fortiform® / HF ready for 2018+ SOPs forming

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

UTS (MPa)
Fortiform® High Formability (HF) and
High Strength, High Formability (HSHF) for cold stamping

Goal: 10 to 20% weight reduction from current AHSS applications

Dedicated to cold formed parts

p p Fortiform® HS,
Fortiform® S HSHF
50
› Austenite content:
High strength vs ductility
40 Fortiform® S / HSHF ready for 2021+ SOPs compromise
› Quenching and
TEl% (IJIS)

30 Partitioning (Q&P)
process:
980HF High yield strength, good hole
20 expansion rate (HER)
1050HF › Ductility:
1180HF Sufficient for good crash
10
energy absorption AFTER cold
5 Fortiform® / HF ready for 2018+ SOPs forming

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

UTS (MPa)
Fortiform® High Formability (HF) and
High Strength, High Formability (HSHF) for cold stamping

Goal: 10 to 20% weight reduction from current AHSS applications

Dedicated to cold formed parts

p p Fortiform® HS,
Fortiform® S HSHF
50
› Austenite content:
High strength vs ductility
40 Fortiform® S / HSHF ready for 2021+ SOPs compromise
› Quenching and
TEl% (IJIS)

30 Partitioning (Q&P)
process:
980HF High yield strength, good hole
20 expansion rate (HER)
1050HF › Ductility:
1180HF Sufficient for good crash
10
energy absorption AFTER cold
5 Fortiform® / HF ready for 2018+ SOPs forming

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

UTS (MPa)
Fortiform® High Formability (HF) and
High Strength, High Formability (HSHF) for cold stamping

Goal: 10 to 20% weight reduction from current AHSS applications

Dedicated to cold formed parts

p p Fortiform® HS,
Fortiform® S HSHF
50
› Austenite content:
High strength vs ductility
40 Fortiform® S / HSHF ready for 2021+ SOPs compromise
› Quenching and
TEl% (IJIS)

30 Partitioning (Q&P)
process:
980HF High yield strength, good hole
20 expansion rate (HER)
1050HF › Ductility:
1180HF Sufficient for good crash
10
energy absorption AFTER cold
5 Fortiform® / HF ready for 2018+ SOPs forming

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

UTS (MPa)
Fortiform® High Formability (HF) and
High Strength, High Formability (HSHF) for cold stamping

Goal: 10 to 20% weight reduction from current AHSS applications

Dedicated to cold formed parts

p p Fortiform® HS,
Fortiform® S HSHF
50
› Austenite content:
High strength vs ductility
40 Fortiform® S / HSHF ready for 2021+ SOPs compromise
› Quenching and
TEl% (IJIS)

30 Partitioning (Q&P)
process:
980HF High yield strength, good hole
20 expansion rate (HER)
1050HF › Ductility:
1180HF Sufficient for good crash
10
energy absorption AFTER cold
5 Fortiform® / HF ready for 2018+ SOPs forming

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

UTS (MPa)
Applications for Gen 3 AHSS
Candidate Parts
• Front upper and lower motor compartment rails p p
• Cowl side outers
• Rocker outers
• B-pillar outers
• Rear roof rails
• Rear rails

Source: ArcelorMittal S-in motion® solutions catalogue

Gen 3 WILL NOT replace PHS!
Perhaps in SOME applications
Stress-Strain Curve Comparison - 1180HF vs Usibor 1500
• PHS today is used in some parts needing 1600
higher strength and better formability than 1400

DP, but not full PHS strength 1200

1000
• Strength of strain-plus-paint bake 1180 HF Usibor 1500 Post

Stress (MPa)
800 baked

approaches that of as-quenched Usibor® 600

11080HF ASTM L-
1500 400 Post 2% Strain &
Bake
200

• Gen 3 may replace PHS in some, but not 0

0 5 10 15
all, of these parts Strain (%)
Gen 3 AHSS Limitations
Gen 3 AHSS also some limitations
• Higher alloy than other AHSS, including PHS:
– Greater susceptibility to LME
– Hydrogen sensitivity
– Higher cost
– Poorer weldability
• Higher strength means greater problems with springback
• Gen 3 formability still poorer than that of PHS
Applications for Gen 3 AHSS
PHS are still lighter in key anti-intrusion parts
Lighter car parts thanks to
higher strength

70

60
Total Elongation (%)

50

40
Mild
30 BH
≈10%
20
weight-saving
10 Usibor®
Usibor®
1500
Usibor®
2000
MartINsite®
0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Introduction to 3rd Generation
Advanced High Strength Steels
Summary and Conclusions
• Third Generation (3G, 3rd Gen, Gen 3) AHSS provide a superior combination of
strength and ductility for crash energy management parts in the BIW

• Gen 3 AHSS can reduce by up to 20% the weight of the current steel parts they
replace

• While Gen 3 AHSS may replace some PHS grades in lower strength applications,
they WILL NOT replace PHS in the most strength challenged parts in the BIW
Thank You.

automotive.arcelormittal.com
usa.arcelormittal.com

@ArcelorMittalUS
@ArcelorMittal
#steelinauto