Earth Science Summary

ENERGY - a quantitative property that must be transferred to an object.

ENERGY RESOURCES - all forms of fuels used in the modern world.

HISTORY OF ENERGY RESOURCES

• Fire use (200,000 BC)

• Passive solar power used in Greek homes (500 BC) - socrates

• Cool Mining starts in China (200 BC)

• First Windmill (644 AD) - in Persia, Iran

• Windmills are introduced in Europe (1100)

• Coal Replaces WOOD (1690) - originated in Europe

• First Oil Well (1859) - Pennsylvania

• First solar power plant (1868) - Algiers

• First Hydroelectric power station (1882)

• First working motor car powered by Petrol (1885) - Karl Benz [who invented the first car called
Motorwagen]

• First electricity generating wind turbine (1888)

• First Geothermal Power Plant (1904) - Italy by Piero 6ntl

• Discovery of Nuclear Fission (1939) - German Ottohanh

• First Nuclear Fission Reactor (1942)

• First Detonated Atomic Bomb (1945) - Mexico, USA

• First Nuclear Power Plant & First Practical Photovoltaic Cell (1954)

• Largest Energy Shortage worldwide (1973)

 • New Zealand Nuclear Ban (1985)

• Worst Nuclear Meltdown (1988)

Our current Energy Resources are divides into to:

RENEWABLE - forms of energy that are naturally replenished on our planet.

⁃ energy that has been derived from Earth's natural resources that are not finite or exhaustible

NON-RENEWABLE - energy that cannot be replaced.

⁃ energy which is taken from the sources that are available on the Earth in limited quantity and will
varish 50-60 years from now.

• FOSSIL FUEL - fuels formed in the ground from the remains of dead plants and animals.

Types of Fossil Fuels:

- COAL - a black or brownish rock that is ranked depending on how carbonization it has gone through.

• Peat - lowest rank of coal that is gone through the least amount of carbonization.

• Anthracite - the highest rank of coal and forms in regions of the world. Where there have been
giant movements of the Earth.

• Bituminous (2nd highest rank of coal)

• Lignite (3rd highest rank of coal)

- NATURAL GAS - hydrocarbon gas obtained from underground sources.

⁃ Generaly contains a high percentage of Methane, warying amounts of ethane, and inert gases;
used as a heating fuel.

- PETROLEUM - also called as oil or crude oil that is trapped by underground rock formation

• Oil Platforms - some of the biggest manmade structures in the world.

- BIOMASS ENERGY

- a renewable energy source, can also be a non-renewable energy source.

- Biomass energy relies on BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS (plants that are processed and burned to create
electricity)

- Biomass Feedstocks includes crops such as corn or soy as well as wood.

NUCLEAR ENERGY - energy that comes from splitting atoms of radioactive materials and it is a powerful
source of energy.

2 WAYS TO OBTAIN NUCLEAR ENERGY

1. NUCLEAR FISSION - the nucleus of heavy radioactive elements like uranium, plutonium and
thorium splits into smaller nuclei when bombarded by low energy neutrons. A huge amount of heat is
generated in this process, which is used by nuclear plants to generate electricity.

2. NUCLEAR FUSION - combination of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus with an
accompanying release of energy.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

1. Geothermal

2. Hydrogen

3. Ocean Energy

4. Solar Energy

5. Hydroelectric Energy

6. Wind Energy

7. Biomass Energy

• Geothermal Energy

-from the Greek word "geo" means "earth" and "thermes" means "heat" or "hot"

-is a heat that is trapped beneath the Earth's crust from the formation of the Earth 4.5 billion years ago
and from a radioactive decay.

Advantages:

1. It is a renewable source.

2. Environmentally friendly.

3. Accessibility.

Disadvantages:

1. High up-front costs for heating and cooling systems.

2. Location specific.

3. Surface instability.

Examples:
1. The Geyser

2. Hot springs

3. Lava Fountain

• Hydrogen

-need to be combined with other elements, such as oxygen to make water as it does not occur naturally
as a gas on it's own. When hydrogen is separated from another element it can be used for both fuel and
electricity.

Advantage:

1. It doesn’t produce harmful emissions.

2. It is environmentally friendly.

3. It can be used as fuel in rockets.

4. It is renewable.

Disadvantages

1. It is very expensive.

2. Difficult to store.

3. Highly flammable.

• Ocean Energy

-ocean can produce two types of energy:

Ocean Thermal Energy

-it relies on warm water surface temperature to generate through a variety of different systems.
Ocean Mechanical Energy

-uses the ebbs and flows of the tides to generate energy, which is created by the Earth's rotation and
gravity from the moon.

Advantage:

1. It does not have a big environmental impact.

2. Renewable

3. It does not produce green house gases or waste products.

Disadvantage:

1. Frozen ocean areas limit locations for machinery.

2. Intense waves may result in the damage of some technologies used to create ocean energy are
expensive.

• Solar Energy

- refers to capturing the energy from the sun and subsequently converting it into electricity.

-the heat is collected using modern equipment: photovoltaic cell and solar cell

Solar cell - a device that convert ls light energy into electrical energy.

Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for device intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight
while photovoltaic cell is used when the light source is unspecified.

Advantage:

- renewable energy source

- reduces electricity bills

- low maintenance cost

Disadvantage:

- cost

- weather dependent

- solar energy storage is expensive

- uses a lot of space

• Hydroelectric Energy

- capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity.

Hydroelectric Plant parts:

1. Dam - raises the water level of the river to create falling water. Also controls the flow of water. The
reservoir that is formed is, in effect, stored energy.

2. Turbine - the force of falling water pushing against the turbine's blades causes the turbine to spin. A
water turbine is much like a windmill, except the energy is provided by falling water instead of wind. The
turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy.

3. Generator - connected to the turbine by shafts and possibly gears so when the turbine spins it causes
the generator to spin also. Converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electric energy.
Generators in hydropower plants work just like the generators in other types of power plants.

4. Transmission lines - conduct electricity from the hydropower plant to homes and business.

Advantage:

- renewable

- green
- reliable

- safe

Disadvantage:

- environmental consequences

- expensive

- drought

• Wind energy

-wind is a moving air caused by

different air pressure.

-Use of wind to generate or to create electricity

Wind turbine - are two or three huge propeller-like blades around a rotor.

• Biomass Energy

- Use of organic materials to generate electricity

Marco Polo - he used this to create biofuels. (13th century)

Rudolf Diesel - he invented a engine powered by vegetable oil.

Advantages of Renewable Energy or Green Energy:

• Sustainability

• Efficiency

• Viability

• Ecologically Sound

Disadvantage of Non Renewable Energy Sources

• Prices Fluctuating

• Imminent Shortage

• Environmental Footprint

• Growing Population and Demand

Energy Situation in the philippines

•ENERGY CONSUMPTION

OIL -31%

COAL. -28%

GEOTHERMAL. -22%

BIOMASS. -12%

HYDROELECTRIC -6%

WIND. -1%

SOLAR. -1%

BIOFUEL. -1%
•ELECTRICITY GENERATION

= the process of producing electricity by trasnforming other forms or sources of energy into electrical
energy

Geothermal. - 41.4%

Coal. - 20%

Hydroelectric. - 11.4%

Natural Gas. - 15%

Wind -0.1%

Solar. -0.1%

Biofuel. -0.1%

•INSTALLED CAPACITY FOR POWER GENERATION

= the total capacity of electrical devices in a power station or system

Hydroelectric. -63.2%

Geothermal. -35.1%

Biomass. -1.1%
Wind. - 0.6%

Solar. -0.1%

ENERGY SITUATION IN THE WORLD

COAL= 42% (Plentiful but dirty fuel)

GAS= 22% (useful and cleaning-burning fossil fuels)

OIL= 30% (Lifeblood and life style of world's economies)

SOLAR ENERGY= 25%

~example: Solar thermal power in kramer Junction California USA

HYDROPOWER=20%

~example: Three gorges hydroelectric plant in China

WIND POWER=23.5%

~example: Suzlon energy in North America that established in 1995

BIOMASS ENERGY=0.4%

~example: Green unit biomass plant in Polaniec,Poland

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY=0.4%

~example: Geothermal power plant in Iceland

HYDROGEN ENERGY=6%

WORLD TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN YEAR 2018

OIL(34%)

COAL(27%)

NATURAL GAS(24%)

HYDRO(7%)

NUCLEAR(4%)

OTHER RENEWABLE(4%)

World Energy Consumption - is the total energy produced and used by the entire human civilization.