ichael S. Gavzaniga ns stands out HE pueting, and wiost abused problem Most other hin. ideas “palo in omplexity next to this one and co the long series uf associated questions su Fouading the nawire of rain and nnd. Indeed, “upon “studying the rablem aul reading the hveracure, Boe cannot hep It conclu tht the only subjects of greater mystery a dhe Faces written ahout ov anemia th probes of eonscio J leis difficult if noc impossible wish our present knowledge to define explicitly Bhat is meant by conscionis experience [What 1 mean by the term can be il: f ustated by considering what you the fp reader presently feels. His the dines ion which makes yout mire Like a dug than a computer Since this i hare Pe sophisticated or formal notion, we wal About the functions of conseionsness in fonder to inake the subject of con E sciousness scientifically manageable ‘Thus cating, drinking, reading, loving Pare all analyzed iu their separate pi By studying these aspeets of eunscienss J activity we hope to gain some uicler standing of the whole idea of eanseivnts- eal terms, af ease, bow sul, J processes relate 9 brain mechanisnis femains unknown. Yet ig is. these Po Aida 8. cussamga, Prafrvr of Policy AE Now Fork Caserta a Boe greta an GP pseroduare word pontatatgy st Cidsonen Gp Fete of Techoetogy, He contnaed on fos PP tate Sed atthe Uacorsh of Pos ute Bote the Uascruty of aorta, Sort G Barbora, wre he heme leant Pfeous eed Chain of the Potalgh Bapartneat He he Wncete Bratt an nae 1 be i Fe ibigy. ‘The revert eft fore lagu supored by teat AULETI98.5 fs the Mental Heath Departmen of Paytasgs, New York Urterat Nw ook, NY 10005, One Brain—Two Minds? Lo The behavioral consequences of sectioning the cerebral conmnissures raise fascinating questions about the plosical basis af conscious behavior Corpus callosum Anterior commissure considering the problems of the bi sted bi Over the have ie five section ol the cerebrum, cominen callected evidenre thar, fllassing Hnorwial conscious aunity is disrupted, spliclirain patient with, hoses tds Gat feast) usitd Left aie Teasing inal sight (4 2. Fhe cue sist as ter canupletely conscins entities, ity the raced (xin ate This tow cuanpletely separate persis view has beens contest by (oF Ta lat fel poet first reviews the basic bndings splicbrin phenomena al the Fepart an several seeeut alvaes that give fucsher support to one view dat fbyv anni ean esist in ane heal Lie many seays, the sphicbein phe nomenon is as startling andl basically rnysteriots today as when Myers and RW. Sperry: first di covered it in auinuls in the early As experimental animal evi lence fir the double-brain phenom cludle the mankey and the ehimpan- zee, she question becane: Coulda Inman being be cansidered to have double canseiowsness as a result of anidline section af the cerebral cau anissuves? Could a pass of the surgeon's kuife produce two separate and dis linet cvesisting mental evtitics hotly each operating ont reali of awareness of the Jn recent experiments on oth animals sul man, additional supportive evie tence hae scevintated for the double rind view. Siuties examining the neural substrates invelved in setting response probabilities, as well as preliminary work examining cortical hype jeractions, all fur the dlauble mind view, fn addition, four ongoing work on waching. lef Drain-damuaged patients an artiliek gives support to che earlier view ofthe watural iiwatal eapabiliies vo the right-hall bea, General review Clenly vise!” is tive eesmnatie han ji the usin, Tar nest athe falluwsiny, se seill he talking abort double sine as it esists fn splinbrain patients, AU af a rip of several patients aper by Deo BJ Vogel amd Dr. dE. Bogen, at the Califurnia College al Medlicine (D, were epilepties, ape the tin of the surgery wits Ws prevent the nterhemispherie spread uf seizures Vo this end, the great cerebral cane snissare, the’ corpus callosum, whieh May-Hune SH ¢ il- & >spans the midline of the Iain and interconneets the two ball brains, was sectioned in ane operation (Fix. (). La fudition, a serontl, smaller coms: sure, the sunterior conunissure, was nlso eu Pherapentically die operation has een Inngely suceesshil, Behavivwally, the patients for the must part appear conticely seul, sand the untrained observer would be unable to ascertain that brain surgery Ind ever heen per Formed. His oily snader special testinne conditions that the peculiar phenom cena reveal themselves (5). The left hemisphere, because of ug antset Tanuage ated speeet systems, ean fully connnanieave its thoughts and ideas: Fe secwns to be nriemal ae conseivns Tis the right beusisphere’s status tha is both crucial sid dilfiewlt to asce tain. He does not have 4 speech system sand this camiot tell about its experis fences thrmigh speceh, We have cir convented this problew by wsing nonverbal response procedures. (Fig 2), As a result we have hee able to define anny tighthemigphere fun dons that ean goon independently and largely wniside dhe avwarrness of the left hemisphere. It can read, learn, remeber, emote, and aet ‘all by itself. 1 eau de alvost anyttiiug the Figure 2. Using am spparatin eepecally ae signest for tet inl can be pe iuvrain pattems, visu sed ta ne the nee Ihemisphiverschiycty. etal testi ile posible by alliming exploration of objects prevent wnt wf vice to either hand. In tating sight henspherie function, pletoree for wurde sve quieketlaied to the felt sisnal Feld, "The subjects invariably say they sor hrothing ov will ynoke sw grees et he eft Hann, whils sende te tone iforsaion to dhe right Teniqyhere, sll he able to feticte the object described, Ate dhe tak Fs covrectly cotupleted the ject wll sil eng kanstedge i the spree aepert of the ae left cam dha, sith adhnitted Timitatians inthe degree of its competence ince this oriainal series uf studies de Tianitine the sender nf eetebral come issorotmny, shee Tive been cone tiuwing eflorts vo extend ad tirther define the brhasiotal eonsrquenes the surgery, Soane of the work empha. sires thr ride of brainstem processes find the anos) of dxtorneation the rane be exehanmen at these levels (27). Other studies cation against this Jew and point ont haw ange ob these resertions have vther explanations (8.2. Suill others have analyzed the way such separated lemispheres ape proach aud sulve pereepiial tasks of ML kinds (28). “These latter studies lain, for esitenple, that die right hemisphere rericnibers faces i terms ola cgestale” af the acwsal pictorial ani eronfigaratary cues ashile the belt hemisphere is more analytical and analyine specific features of a face. ‘The idea here is that suid left is poetlike and twin right ie he painter ins tends to remeber by The suggesting that these kindle of ub sersation support the idles of double ennvcisuess (ie. a separate set of ental controls for eaeh hemisphere) has been challenged by Donald M fesent, evan the aeivly was ave et bby the dissomnevtet sight hemeres hic Fe ne iwonnerted fawn tie Tee speeels Iempheres sh is the hal busi aking tothe esprit MacKay (19). He raises a eru fascinating question. AIL organist f hase, nt emirse, normative syst Greatly, in spliebrain man, at the phesical Tevel, basic herald and ff Hlectrotonie brainstem influences. are ‘wifi snd tact, Ln addition, Mace Kay wonders whether basic payeho- | AI sistem sch as our response f prinrity-determnining mechanism exit fin duplicate ie these patients. ‘This i the sstene that sets the goals, priorities, ait rank order of objectives of an nganisi, Pat differently, it assigns values oir response prababilities—one f of the most important features of brain stig, Without this mechanism sealed seontld seem flat and any activity would be like any other. MacKay jf. Iintains that this system, which he’? ‘nvetaurganizing systen isa leading and basic feature of ‘brain function and that it is rarely if ever in} conflict, As a result, he maintains, it falls vo us to demonstrate whether o rrot each half brain has its own prior ity-cotermining systent that ean work ly of the other. Tere are sceminely a tot of thing ving in favor nf MacKay’s exit Tlillyaedl and 1-(% 72), for example thave recently shown that-the CNV Iain wave (i the contingent nega"Right hand (Die respond t Light Tone Right hemisphere Lelthemisphere a. (> no response Right hes sphere Lefehemispiere Figure 3. Camputer-averagedl CNW 12) recorded stiultancoualy fin the wal over the right an lef hewsnpieres shen silt fr left hana eas gel aa Tele siil el J ght hemisphere was preseated the staal Eleinination task. Cleady, tant hen Be ieberes develop she expertanry wave earn, “ive variation brain wave that appeas over the parietal lobe region prior «a specific motor response) i bskuterally F symmetrical, even though only one all Tain secs ‘the teiggering stinulis E (Fig. 3). Lu this west, recordings were “made on cach side of the skal while sisual diserinination sas flasheu to only one hemisphere. The subject ws trained to make niannea vespaanse to. Ftene which followed the manera F one™ but did not falas Thus, when the “one” appeased the yy brain wave Wevelops but Ses ot appear if a rere” is thse When the information was resented the left visual fickd, which projects [oto the right hemisphere, dhe subject J responded appropriately. Whe sub: P sequently asked what the stint weve Fe the subjects said they dida't kivow that's the left hemisphere talking. Vee F the physiological recordings. shussed Sthac the normal expectaney save BL develope inc I heanisphere [ne past such waves were thomght ta [have a I-to-t correspondence to basic [ ychotogical process While this [ay sul be te, the relation Heevnes more remote. ‘The separated hes [spheres are linked in these parasivters Fut remarkably differentia but ther FF ubjcetive and objective expats. Ue ONY seems to have pavcholagical specificity with respect tw the events Left hand Light Tane Abang ly sate Res at the tigers Anant ws. Nowpubsriing eectone were paved Seno the vght sa ef thew Tine, alan. the interaural Tine, Vials leat finn thew averages, DC anuplitice chat wigger it, but it cannot be inden= ing a psychological process like atten tion or expectaney: beeaase the sone expectant hemisplere also has. the GNV. As a result, what initially looked Tike a stiike’ for hemisphere unity now appears to be atherwise Still the MieKaay question is open Experimentally, the question hes ames: Can one evsiraniuental situa tion previpitaw wo difleent be hay ral respomses, eel Iuaving dlitlerent sale for each bill bain? Tt other words, cau the sume rewarding eve elicit a different prababity ul respunding ia each separate hea sphere There is a dilference between what 1 aun ashing and what has aleeady bees hose fiterally hundreds af ties it spliclorain cats, auunkeys, and hints A variety aff studies have shawn that the sphicbeain organisin can been cont tinng vstal diserininations. Fo esunple, dhe right Ientisphere is aimed to learn thatthe + oft 95.0) dliscrinuination ill be rewarded is fie ball lain and die of he Foss. 1 in the ather ball brain, Tin this experinicnt the peannt or reward vahte is kept constant: the animal has the saute peububility of responding it in each halt brain Learning opposing visual discrinina- tion cues as a less probable contingent response is, you might say, a cognitiy detail. IC does not put the normative system in conflict for the peanut always retains rewarding, Again, what we are asking is the more Lhasie question: ean the niore probable response, namely eating the peanut, havea value X far one hentisphere and a value Y for the other? This question was recently analyzed by J.D. John son and inyself, using splicbrain monkeys (17). During the couse of studying the role af rewaed in learning i became apparent dhat the positive stinlas of a visnal discrimination, which inay hecome 2 rewarding event in anid of itself in one hrs, sional taneously elicited neutial responses in ike other half bean Consider the fullowing, We have shows that when ane naive hen sphere observes the errurless per fornanee of the uther ana pattern Hliserimsination, 3 too Tearns (16). Tn other words, a bull brain need not experience errors ta learn at viswal alserimination, Having established chat trial and cesror is nol a necessary condition for ing, we next tried to analyze the lee role of reward. [i brief, we taught one half brain a new problen and then rulvanced the reward schedule to fixed notin 2 (RF). T ial the animal was rewarded (Pig H). Ou the nonrewarded trials, bath Thus, on every other the wained hall brain and the waive half brain weve allowed to view the discrimination. On the rewarded trials, conly the trained hersisphere saw the prublew; the waive half brain saw roathing, Conld the naive ball bein Teven if i only observed correct pers formance anid abso never experienced a rewink? We supprscd shat if dhe norinative systenn (ishieh assigns wales for eesponse probabilities all events) was comin to buth hetispheres, the ruinukey ssid eabnity scl essity Loar the dliseriminative cues even thangh there was nv primary reward present The secombuy or qunasirewavel value of the stinailas aught 16 rexister instantly on the ative side What happened was iiest surprising 10 ns, The naive hewrisphere not only did nat hear the disesiiination, but an the mantewarded Uist actively interfered with the unguiie aural lliserininative activity of the trained half brain, Inv other words, the ave 1972 Mascline M8half brain was not content to observe the performance of the trained side on these tials as it had before when rewards were present. It waived ise tendency that might have ervedl andl sought its own solttivn problem. As a result, it activ intouded and interfered with behavior Clearly, any quasi-reward value of the discrimination fer se that anay have been assigned 1 the stisiilus by the trained half brain diel not teanster, ane was inno way cominunieated, 40 the naive half brain. If it had, the naive half brain would have learned easily and suukl not Inve been feasted Indeed, when looking at the acwal behavior, it was as if two different value systems were competing fur control over one response miechanisi, ‘These aninal suuclies are in agreement with recent testing of the split-brain patients on the eflects of reward (Pig 5). We showed that when a reward: say, the appearance of the word “right” for correct responses and “wrong” for incorrect responses —was flashed to one half brain and a visual discrimination wat presented exclu sively (© the other, no learning oc ceurred in over thirty trials (13), In callosum-intact people, the informa tion is inunediately synthesized and Tearing aecurs in one of two trials Johnson went on ty show, however, Uae if the splichrain patient) was reprimanded Tor making an error, quick learning occurred, Here, it ie hypothesized, the reward, ar fee back, no longer remained cartieal When the “wrong light appeared the patient would note shake an eselaniae tion, sigh, and gesture disgust, On the next trials, learning occurred. ‘Thus when the reward took on more general affective responses the cuing became so massive that the opposite bal brain could figuer out whielt stinials was producing the general negative tion and which was not. Taken together then, it ean be said that higher-order reward information ea reinain isolated and separate in the split brain, Bach hemisphere ap- parently is free to assign different or even contheting response probabilities to the same stimulus In amore direct physiological _ap- proach (these sine general ques tions, Alan Gibson and L have been analyzing the eating behavior eo trolled by eaeh hemisphere in splite brain monkeys, follossing nitateral 314 American Seientit, Volume 60 Figure 4. Splivtrain wnkeys ebeerse a stat lieinanation theca specially esq waning appataune Wiha ‘separate or combined projection of soriation ta eels eye. Here naive Ihesphere ie free 4 observe the ereolest performance ofa tained hewnisphese hypothalamie lesion (14). To date we have seen marked differences between the hemispheres in food intake be- havior and response patteras as the result of the lesions. In other splite brain animals, differences were dis- covered that reflected unilateral dam= age to the hypothalamus as a result of the surgery, What is apparent is that ovo completely different response probability eyetenie eam enesiet in the split organism for something so bnsie as food. ‘That is, one hemisphere will initiate more activity for fond than ssill the othey. ‘This wast ean that the cortical system, which ig. the only enral gystent disconnected ia splite brain surgery. is anich more invulved in the hypothalamic process thaw se had ever thought Language training The earlier ehtin of the existence of double consciousness following tran section of the cerebral commnissives has received support from other studies AL ithe tiie, we largely based the idea fon the extensive evidence we had collected on the cognitive capacity of the disconnected right hemisphere in man. This mute, passive cognitive systent was shown to be capable of umber of mental operations, as out ined above, One insorence from this work was that i the lef danvinsant hemisphere should ever be damaged in anormal adult, the right side sith proper training ought w be able to rome to its aid, While this iden bas received lite support from huge amounts of elinieal data, it nonethe- legs seemed vinble as a result of our studies on the bisected brain Recemly. wockng. at New Ya Inte of Rebate Ndi Anes Vay David Prac a Pere able to teach am Skye tlobal apni soe bate engage Sheva (7). This waa ha ha el jo sake invlng hee specch and language center fhe disc her honipvalyiesdsoaie SP wrt or pce tral tw fe Novtil to arrange correctly cutout paper | Sonic wve erent a Contrary to existing views, which in) fp the iain hole ths sphere’s language center for the processing of symbolie informa: tion, the subject learned that a vatiety ‘of paper synibols were each referrent tof senting “afferent,” would be ap: propriately placed. The proper use a wai ing but transferred freely to non i. A question symbol wat | introduced in the same-different con struction and given the meaning of + the subject showed fe was missing, predicate as well object. In addition, the subject couk form the negative inthe injuncti mode. We have extended these obse vations by training six more glob aphasics. Some have been brought 6 the level of generating simple se tences using these methods. tasks, it sould seem fair to say that nore ikely_explanati the work. In other words, the origin splitbrain data we reported on hi rian that spelled out the boundat right side give support to the nhat the right hemisphere, separated or pot from the Heft hemisphere, can do These remarkable Tvain-damaged global aphasies dem Plorstrate that the languageless hhumnan Hing atll possesses a conceptual yutetn that can handle the logical tasks [foutined in the foregoing. The data Suggest; morcover, that there exists in the brain a conceptual system that is, stem may be te primordial cogs Five system of primates, Fay have come the language abilities ff man. Approaching the problews ot this light suggests the how the brain deals sith comples Jogical operations inv he raw Phere is uther saditional support far ke wiew dat the right hemisphere bias rentendans cognitive powers, We have see the intact brain at work perform ing perecpiual tasks outside and ie Uependent of dhe mammal hinguage syste. Ty sme exploratary and preliminary tests (7) carried owt at Cornell Medical Seluwal, unilateral sanytal esting was done on the left hemisphere ol isu nomaphasie brain- datnaged pationts subsequent «aa required angiugeam. Prin to injection ol the anesthetic, wshieh has the ellcet ot putting une lal basin brielly asleep, anv abject was phiccal in the subject's left hand, out ub his view. When asked what it was, the subject responded ear reculy by sayinye “spoon. Uhis shaved Mat die left hand right hemisphere somesthetic projection system was working as well as the Fight hemic sphere lef hemisphere eallosil bik ta Hua information presented ws the rhe Hemisphere tleft uf tivation! Weve a ali [giivaton ix preseated ta the right hea Rerualy Rear he peaewn Mee 50 etal the speech center. Nest, the amytal was aduiinistered and the Jeft henti- sphere went it, ALthis tinse, when the patient is tatally unable ta use ar understand Tnnguage, another object was pliced in dhe lett hand. Siee the right hemisphere is exclusively awake, it is feve ww remember the test object The subject held it for awhile, and then it was removed. Shorily there after, the effects of the drug wore off and the left hentisphere woke up. An exchanye followed that went some- thing like this “Have de yont fool?” “Fine,” sait te patient What diel E pat its your haan SH don't kinase," se the patient “Axe yun sure "Yes," said the patient ‘Then a series of objects were shown 10 the subject. “Which one was id” The left hand inmediately pointed vo the ureect abject Tris still too easly to report all the rnecessan'y qualifications on this experi= mient. Other patients, for example, are tunable « remember anything at all Yer, the first result suggests that, when the natural language and speceh system is not functioning, perceptually, stored information encoded at chat time is wot subsequently available to the language system upon its return to nora operation, In a way it is like the conamon experience of being une fable w remember events earlier than the age of two or three. 11 is possible hat the beaia can remember ctitical ‘events, which may lcer play a role in the canteul of behavior, bat heeanse the remeniberedl events aecurred prior to the clear establishment of the lan- guage system they carat be subse squenily recalled through this systenn Yer the brain is forever confounding its students by continually offering up paracses. From sane of our recent tests iC woud sce shat the functional capacities uf the tight hesnisphere are present to a different extent when itis tested! inthe presence of the left hem sphere hut disconnected front i versus when iL is tested in the presence of a antaged left hensisphere. Many of dhe positive fanetions sawibuted 0 the Fight hemisphere came from our studies ow split-brain patients. As f ave said, simple nauuobject dis crininations were easily cartied owt W sve blindfold sc subject and tell bins tor Gnd aan object asith is left hand, 1972 Mayshane 315correct perfor both nance is invariably seen, Hove hemispheres Near the question while uly the vight rereives the upportiniity for answer by stereo nostic infoonition rane the Lett hind When this test is run on a subject with: anninincally damaged left hesnisphere ho such ability is fond (70). We recently examined a G3-year-uld sna with a crisp aud nearly pure auditory agnosia, He has aa evidence of hie Tnteral disease, He essentially. speaks sane writes rrormually, yet he €7 id Single spaken word and was unable to perform the auditory tietile test Hleseribed for the subjects with split Dvains! The veal differences in fine expression from the right hemi chat normally, reads normally lanragte to the elt henisphere pls important role in limiting or inhibiting the upper capabilities of the right hemisphere: Brain code and the corpus callosum Le is dificult at this point not we feo this work. ‘Those of us in brain research assmine dat there is a corol lary physical code psychulngical experience, to ane personal Le has not een at all clear how and where one would approach dus problent in the brain, bat ‘corpus callosi might be & good start ing point. We know beyond a shadow fafa doubt that it this brain structure it mow seems that the which relates the psychological, eon scious expericnces of one hesisphere to the other, ‘Therefore suceced in gaining insight into the nature of the callosal wansfer aneeha- nisi, itis possible that we would also. Find some answers co the amore general ‘question of hosy the brain encodes and transinits psychological ata. [i ix in this contest that we first examined interhomigpherie eschamne bf inforiation iv normals. Obvivnsly, in ander to bewin to onelerstand the corps eallosim, it ig necessary 0 Stiuly peuple in soho itis 24ll intnee Briefly, she origin was 10 Use Lateralized visual simran combina tion ath reactionetinie mieasnres in ae ellort te determine the Gioing aul Lrausler properties of this great cum inissure, By asking far a spoken te= sponse inv a Telt hensispherr-dominant person, we bid hnped tn slune a dif Ference between the teaetion tiie to incoming stinili that were originally projected tn due felt hemisphere, as Dpposeld ta isfortiaation priainally projected te the right half brain. Tar une uf our first studies, we fond that sshen at sinyple dot was Mashed to the left hemisphere, subjects re spnndedl approsineately: 30 risee faster ising specelthsu avhew iC aeas Mashed! Fight hen (The respnse was to say “yee” when the dot wo the phere fears present and “ya” sehen it was aiwent, When trial consisted of a simple flash, the “no” response tok apptosiwiately AU mise tore than tehiew the left hernisphere was respond= ing to a dot, This was explained by the face that the left half brain had oo wait for a signal frome the right as uy whether a stints had appeared or hot. At that time we asi showed that there wats no delinble differenee inthis task when a mangmtl respanse was eequieed. Along with the dot experiment, we each henisphere in uornal win is eapable of contiolling Timguage pro teessing (i). Here ave used! the Posner fad Mitchell Saaine identity. versts tasks ane elerson verbal pliysieal identity hat processing were done more quickly steated tasks requir shew the test material was first pe senuead tir thse felt ball brain. Ln this tesperinent there were tu cunditions In the first part subjects were required to respond mannally only to physically iddenticat stimuli. Thus Ad or aa would require response wherens AB, AD, oF ub would wt. The sesilts showsed that there was no. difference in response rate ag a function of let or right visual field presentation. In other wards, cither hemisphere could perform this, task eather easily Jn the secand candition, however, the subject was insimicted to respond to rhamie identity only Le. whether the tien addjacent Jetters were oF the same lass, such as Aa, Here there was a difference between she ge ens spheres, When the informatinn was presented to the right nondoinant hemisphere, the response took Tonger than ashen it was flashed to the Teft spore b igphove We next esinined whether the inter relation cold hhemisphevie exe (A). We 2 viswal-spatial task we could Ihe reversed fHuinght by taking nove find right heanisphere superiority Using sip visual pattern task that reqqited subsets to judge which wo | rig.yae figures were oriented in the {ine direction, we fend thats with a Serbal response, the diserimination onl be perfirmed much mare quickly presented first to the right Tremisphere. When first presented to ff the left henisphere, the task takes approsimately H mse longer to per form. ‘The interpretation is that in- formation needing 5 analysis Pe sshich is presented to the Left hemi= > Sphere is frst relayed over 10 the right for decoding and then sent back to the Jet for the verbal response There have been a munber of adic Fional observations reported which seem to bear out these early. general dlferent tests have been used, and not too surprisingly there have been | different observations on the inte hhernispheric transfer latency. For the) ‘the tests break down into) rst pa with th tinting properties and those tha primarily concerned with the different, cognitive properties of each hemi sphere per se and how they relate to information processing models. Tn a sew iy stuclies simply: demonstrate that wetion sine techniques are sensitive enough ta he used to trace information | flow in the brain. It remains for these propertice of the callost this end we have recently been carry} reqire the interhen ff visual information (7). Using thi procedure we quickly discovered tha interhemisphere matches using diff ult-to-see visual stimuli (Subjects it br different) ave far fess accurate whet Ee tone word is flashed to one hennisphere wh hemisphere, [F the stimuli are bright and eleat, no such difference At the start then we may be hat the callosum is a rath Tinted consmnication channel. I rhormally isenieaged in communicating the activities of one half brain 10 a the fact ther in a tll" uospecifed. spa Tera evra candy ani it doesn sats presente tone hones, We‘ean only make this very general assess: [ ment at present, of course, heeause even code exists, we wouldu’e iit were placed in fount of ved the problem of properly conceptualizing how this system might ‘work is both the challenge and the ‘nystery of the corpus eallosunt mpli tions Tt would seem fair to say that we now know that the physical substrate of conscious experience exists in dupli- Ste in the human brain. For reasos FF that are not entirely clear, the separate systems are linked together in the normal organism by the carpus cal- Josum. Furthermore, the evitieal fan ion of assigning values, or response E probability, which is certainly a care Activity of ‘brain and behavior pro: Feeses, involves neural systems that can | maintain a mutual independence after ‘cortical-cortical disconnection, While pit has never been clear what brain F areas are involved in. these crucial Pimechanisms in behavior, anany re= searchers have assumed that sub- cortical systems, which remain func | tionally interconnected in the cortical commissure-sectioned animal, would have been primarily involved. importantly, in the nor the interhemispherie con- for conscious fence. When it is intact, we have our Tnormial sense of conscious nity; with: right hemisphere goon outside IAG ewsrencas of the tt the nd vice versa ceeded in beginning to tie dossn highly F complex psychological processes Asecond eat report snr ed. stn ousn32429, U2. Becles, JG. 1965. "The 19th Aah Stanley Taldington Memorial Lcctre Cambridge: Cambridge Univ, Dress D3. Bhron, R196 “ fon the perce laneley ang temporal order, Brain S285-94 4. Bilbey, Re AL, and M.S. Gassaniga 1969. Spliving the worsal brat sich reaction. dione: Ppchimanc Sire I 35-36 wodesines A 10. 1. Gatzaniga, MS. 0, Yle Midele 46, elon, J.D. aM. 8. Garza oo Jpivicain muy ip Nea 2 Garcaniga, M.S. 1969. Priwessing of ae uti Dy tamer Diller ber 17 Jena, LD, an NLS. Ganzi man Sa ote! Conference hc apiceain male Ph fer i chtgs edb Dison Sy AH. bun, aad NES, ME Klay, Re Noy ai Aino sad. A Uilljant, A happe BlTH, {7K Nave al Spore CHOY, Nuekage DB. 19S. dBi ond Cae oe ee toot Bin, eh IuhaC. Beles ‘ sere —— a MEL 20, MeKeever, W. F., and M.D. Hating formar IY Spe lied ona Inerteaperi ane Gaaanigay ML Syd. Posner, A. 8 : 24. Mawcvieh, Aly mt 1, Cain 197, ee ee ere Anterhemisheric transmission of infor Gateaiga, M.S) AS. Vell, at Pgs Soe 1 13 fr Tate wine — Tee a 23, Rizzolati, G., Go A. Vinita, and G, Milyset, S.A. 19. The ps preity ade contin cal ach 198 of eight and left ‘Onpeste sipeririies ie etal espheres I Sivhason and late evoked potential, isceauinative. reaction time. to phys Hrainwonsph. Clin, Xenophvids M302 ingnonieal and alphabetical tesa 3 Bain 985131 2 Gib, AML, A. Hilhey, aad MS, 24 Sperry, LW. 196, Cerebral ong Gaceaniga, 19TH. Wensiplcre dilfer: ston and behavior, Seine 133:1719-56. fences as retected hy reaction tine. Pel. 25, Sperry, AR W. LGB. tlewsphere de Pro 205058, ccannection and unity in canseious e+ Gibson, A. Ro, and M.S. Gartanig perience slur, Pycalagst 23:733-39, VTL Tlemisphiere Wiferences in eating — 26, Sperry, Re Wo, sual I. Lexy. 1970, Lace Uuchae in aplicrain muokeys. Ph so tie, APN, Mian sir 50 27, Trevarthen, C. B. 1970, Evidence for a Johnson, 1D. aml ALS. Gazeaniga, brainsteun camtibution se. vial pers 1, sorties pastiwaye. ception ina Hain Behan. Bo Thad news. E hear we're ‘on the endangered species Hist.” W972 Mtaydowe M7