Design of Footing

The following steps in designing an isolated footing were used.

1. The values of ultimate moment (𝑀𝑛 ) and ultimate axial load (𝑃𝑛 ) were adopted from STAAD

Analysis from load combination DL + LL.

2. Assume weight of footing.

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 8% 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑛 eq. 1

3. Calculate the total load.

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃𝑛 + 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 eq. 2

4. Calculate the dimension of footing

𝑃𝑛 6𝑀𝑛
𝑞𝑒 = + eq. 3
𝐵2 𝐵3

5. Compute the maximum and minimum soil pressure.

𝑃 6𝑀𝑛
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐵𝑢2 + 𝐵3
eq. 4

𝑃𝑢 6𝑀𝑛
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − eq. 5
𝐵2 𝐵3

6. Calculate thickness of footing on punching shear which occurs at a distance 𝑑⁄2 from the face of

the column.

a. Calculate the shear force (𝑉𝑢1 ) acting on the critical perimeter of the footing.

𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑞+min 𝑞
𝑉𝑢1 = [𝐵2 − (𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙 + 𝑑)²] eq. 6
2

𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑙 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

b. Calculate value of using the following formula.

𝑉𝑢1
𝑉𝑛 = (𝑏 eq.7
𝑜 )(𝑑)
 𝑏𝑜 = 4(𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙 + 𝑑) eq.8

c. Calculate the corresponding design shear strength based on punching shear.

√𝑓′𝑐
∅𝑉𝑐 = 3
eq. 9

∅ = 0.75 (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010)

d. Equate ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑛 to obtain the desired depth.

𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑞+min 𝑞 2
√𝑓′𝑐 2
[𝐵 −(𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙 +𝑑)²]
0.75 ( 3 ) = (𝑏𝑜 )(𝑑)
eq. 10

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒:

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑢1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒. 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒, 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒

𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠.

7. Calculate thickness of footing on beam shear

a. Calculate the pressure acting at distance “d” from the face of the column

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐵−𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝑞𝑢3 = 2
( 2
+ 𝑑) + 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 eq.11

b. Calculate the shear force acting on the critical perimeter of the footing.

𝑞𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑞𝑢2
𝑉𝑢2 = (𝐵)(𝑥) eq. 12
2

𝐵−𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑥= 2
−2 eq. 13

c. Calculate the corresponding design shear strength based on beam shear.

√𝑓′𝑐
∅𝑉𝑐 = (𝑏)(𝑑) eq. 14
6

∅ = 0.75 eq. 15

d. Equate ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑛 to obtain the desired depth.

∅𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑢2 eq.16

 √𝑓′𝑐 𝑞𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑞𝑢2 𝐵−𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
0.75 ( 6
) (𝑏)(𝑑) = 2
(𝐵) (
2
− 𝑑) eq.17

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒:

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑢2

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒.

8. Calculate thickness of footing on bending.

a. Calculate the pressure acting the face of the column.

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐵−𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝑞𝑢3 = 𝐵
( 2
+ 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ) + 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 eq. 18

b. Calculate the actual moment.

𝑥 1 2𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢3 (𝐵)(𝑥) (2) + 2 (𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 − 𝑞𝑢3 (𝐵)(𝑥) ( 3 ) eq.19

𝐵−𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑥= 2
eq. 20

c. Compute the actual value of 𝜌.

0.85𝑓′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝜌𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦) eq. 21

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 eq. 22

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜌= eq. 23
2

𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔= 𝑓′𝑐
eq. 24

d. Calculate desired depth from the actual moment capacity of footing.

𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) eq.25

9. Use the highest value of depth.

10. Calculate the thickness of footing (t).

𝑡 = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 1.50𝑑𝑏 eq.26

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 75𝑚𝑚 eq.27

𝑑𝑏 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 eq. 28

11. Calculate the design moment (𝑀𝑢 ) on the face of the column.

12. Calculate 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and the actual value of 𝜌.

1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 eq. 29

0.86𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= 𝐹𝑦
[1 − √1 − 0.85𝑓′𝑐 ] eq. 30

𝑀
𝑅𝑛 = ∅𝑏𝑑𝑢2 eq. 31

𝐼𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌, 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 eq. 32

13. Compute steel area requirement by using the formula:

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 eq.32

14. Calculate the spacing of main bars.

15. Check whether the number and spacing of longitudinal bars are within the prescribed limits.

a. Minimum footing requirement.

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.002𝐴𝑔 eq. 33

𝐴𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

b. Maximum spacing of flexural reinforcement. The maximum permitted bar spacing

(𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) is equal to the lesser values between

 i. 3t

ii. 500mm

16. Compute for the required development length.

0.02𝐴𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑞. 𝐿𝑑 = eq. 33
√𝑓′𝑐

Where: 𝐴𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟

Min. 𝐿𝑑 = 0.06𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦 𝑜𝑟 300𝑚𝑚

17. Actual weight of footing was rechecked by using the following formulas:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑑 + 70 + 1.5𝑑𝑏 eq. 34

𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (𝐵2 )(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ)(2.4)(9.81) eq. 35

Design of Septic Tank

The following steps in designing the septic tank were followed.

1. Determine the volume of a septic tank ( refer to the Technical Data of information on Appendix

Table 8).

2. Assume 1.0 meter width of the tank per 150 persons.

3. The maximum depth of a septic tank liquid is 1.50 meters. Solve for the length of the septic tank.

4. The value of L is only for the length of the digestion chamber. Divide by 2 then add result to the

value of L to include the leaching well.

Development of Complete Detailed Plans and Drawings

The researcher on the area that the client has give which is the 200 square meter and the

maximum height for residential building for the particular subdivision. The exterior and interior are well

coordinated to the owner to please their demand and suggestions. The setbacks for the lot are

maintained and for the requirements for the corner lot are well observed to avoid problem during

construction. The space and partition are systematically apllied for that the extended family will fit in.

Equipment such as airconditioner, genset, CCTV and water tank are well layed out for the comfort

during maintenance.

Overall, the demands of the owner are followed as per every details for the fast construction of the

residential building.

The researcher uses the computer application ARCHICAD for faster and precise plotting of plan.

Preparation of Technical Specification, Cost Estimates and Program of Works

In preparation of cost estimates and bill of materials, the researcher based the estimates on the

following methods: weight method calculation for all structural members, volume method calculation

for all structural members, volume method will be used for the estimate of concrete volume of footings,

columns, beam and slab on grade, linear method estimate for the steel bars of footings, columns, beam

and slab on grade, and area method for roofing’s & concrete hollow blocks.
After estimating all the materials needed for the construction of the project, the computed data’s will be

summarized and presented as “ Bill of Materials” it will include the summary of the cost for materials,

labor and other construction expenses.

The researcher uses the following Technical Design Specification:

NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines (using USD method)

ACI-318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

ACI-530 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

ASCE7-98 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Local Building Code.

Technical Specification

The specification is definite description of the requirements to be fulfilled for the construction,

appearance and performance of a service of material specification should be written. It is

detailed materials and kinds of materials to be used in the proposed construction of the project

that supposed to be performed.

The Technical design Specification used on this project study is based on the following:

NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines (using USD method)

ACI-318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

ACI-530 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

ASCE 7-98 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Local Building Code.
Cost Estimates and Bill of Materials

The cost estimates and bill of materials determine the total cost of the project including the

labor cost, equipment cost, escalation of labor and materials. In this part the manual

computation through Microsoft Excel were used. The Complete Plans and Drawing indicate the

all specification, dimensions and data needed for the computation.

Program of Works

The program of works, the researcher used PERT/CPM (Program of Evaluation and Review

Technique/ Critical Path Method) which is a graphical illustration of the time table showing the

sequence of activities and the progress of work presenting the program of works of the

proposed project.

1. Working Plans and Drawings

The working drawings contain the necessary details and information to enable to visualize

or know the exact picture to all the elements, measures and how various structured parts

are to be put together to form the whole structure. It will determine what will be the actual

view or perspective of the project regarding the design of Three-Storey Tenement Building

that will appear to be modern structure that will be applied by NHA.