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02 - The Sub-Region PDF
02 - The Sub-Region PDF
The Sub-Region
Jhajjar district comprises of vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains. The main physiographic components are;-
UplandSonipat
plains, being spread in the northeastern part of the district, covered with old alluvium soil
possessing high productivity characteristics; and Alluvial Plains which are productive soils with good
irrigation
Rohtak facilities (canal and tube-wells).
Rewari district can be divided into four terrains i.e. Barren rocky/stony waste/sheet rocky, Sandy plain with
sand dunes, Old flood plains and occasional hillocks and Undulating uplands with or without scrub. The
DELHI
Gurgaon Gurgaon
district comprises
Faridabad
of both hills on one hand and depressions on the other, forming irregular and
diverse nature of topography. Two ridges (i) the Firozepur-Jhirka Delhi ridge forms the western boundary
arh and (ii) the Delhi ridge forms the eastern boundary of the district.
Rewari
2.1.3 Climatology
Sonipat: The climate of the district is dry with intensely hot summer and cold winter. Only during the three
monsoon months of July to September, the weather becomes mild. The average annual rainfall in the
district is 612.3mm. About 74 percent of annual rainfall is received during the monsoon season. The district
experiences extreme temperatures. During winter, temperature goes down to below 40C and may go
below freezing point as well. In January, which is the coldest month, the mean daily maximum temperature
is about 210C and the mean daily minimum temperature is about 70C.
Panipat: Hot summer, cold winter and dry air, except during rainy season characterize the climate of the
district. Temperature starts rising from March uptill the end of June. May and June are the hottest months
with mean daily maximum temperature of about 400C, which may sometimes rise to 450C. It starts
decreasing afterwards and becomes cold by the middle of November. January is the coldest month. The
average annual rainfall in the district is 625.8mm. The variation is annual rainfall is quiet high. About 84
percent of the annual rainfall is received during the monsoon month i.e. July to September.
Gurgaon: The district experiences hot summer and cold winter with dry air, except during the monsoon.
The average annual rainfall for the period between 1997 to 2001 was 560.1 mm. About 77 per cent of
annual rainfall in the district is received during the monsoon months. The mean daily maximum
temperature is about 410C in the months of May and June. It may go up to 450C or more in June. During
winter the mean daily maximum temperature in January in 210C and minimum is about 70C.
Faridabad: The climate characteristics of the district are dry air, except during monsoon, hot summer and
cold winters. The normal annual rainfall is 537.1mm. It increases towards east. About 77 percent of annual
rainfall in the district is received during the monsoon months. The temperature reaches up to 450C in June.
During the months of May and June, average maximum temperature is 37 0C. During winter, the mean daily
maximum temperature in January is 210C and minimum is 70C.
Mewat: The total average rainfall of 577mm is largely distributed over a period of 23 to 35 days and is
erratic. Rainfall distribution also varies between the blocks. May and June are the hottest months, while
January is the coldest. Temperature variations are high ranging from 40C to 250C during winter and 300C to
400C during summer. Relative humidity is generally low. High velocity desiccating winds are common
between March and August. The area also experiences climatic uncertainty and there is sporadic
occurrence of drought.
Rewari: The climate in the district varies from arid to semi arid. The incidence of thunder storm also occurs
during August and September. The district has an average annual rainfall of about 686.6 mm, with the
major part of it (70 to 80%) being received during summer monsoon i.e. July to September. Due to western
cyclonic disturbances coming through Afghanistan and Pakistan, the district receives about 10 to 15
percent of total rainfall during winter season. Eastern part of the district gets more rainfall in comparison
to that in the west and south west. The summer months are very hot with maximum temperature ranging
from 410C to 460C in May and June.
Rohtak: The climate of the district is characterized by intensely hot and dry summer and cold winter. The
average annual rainfall of the district is 577.0 mm. It generally increases towards north-east. About 74 % of
annual rainfall is received during the monsoon season. The district experiences extreme temperature
between summer and winter. During January the temperature goes down to less than 10 0C. May and June
are the hottest months with mean daily maximum temperature at about 400C.
Jhajjar: The climate of the district is dry with a hot summer and a cold winter. The average annual rainfall
of the district is 577.0 mm. The maximum rainfall received during the months of July and August. About
74% of annual rainfall received during the monsoon season. Temperature starts rising from March and
continues till the end of June. May and June are the hottest months with mean daily maximum
temperature of about 400C. January is the coldest month.
Palwal: The climate in Palwal, except during the monsoon, is characterized by the dryness in air, a hot
summer and cold winter. The year may be broadly divided into four seasons, viz. winter, summer, monsoon
and the post monsoon or the transit period. The winter starts late in November and continues up to the
beginning of March. The summer is from March till the end of June. The period from July to mid September
is the south west monsoon season. Mid September to end of November constitutes the post monsoon or
the transition period. The temperature reaches up to 450C in June. During the months of May and June,
average maximum temperature is 370C. During winter, the mean daily maximum temperature in January is
210C and minimum is 70C.
2.1.4 Geology
Geology is defined as the study of rocks and minerals of the earth with respect to their origin, composition
and mode of occurrence. Haryana comprises a variety of rocks belonging to following three different
geological domains:
1) Pre-Cambrian rocks of Aravali Mountains,
2) Tertiary rocks of Himalayas and
3) Quaternary deposits of Indo-Gangetic Plains.
The Quaternary deposits of Indo-Gangetic plains and the Pre-Cambrian rocks of Aravali Mountains
dominate the sub-region.
Panipat: It is entirely covered by old and new alluvium deposits of quaternary to recent age, which consist
of clay and sand. Consolidated and un-consolidated sands are also found at places in the district.
Sonipat: The district is almost entirely covered by alluvial deposits of clay, loam, silt and sand brought
down by river Yamuna. High grade silica sand left behind by the change in course of the Yamuna River.
Rohtak: District consists of alluvium (recent), loam (Bhangar and Nadrak), coarse loam (daher and
chaeknote). Infact, the district is a part of indo Gangetic alluvial plain, soil ranging from Pleistocene to
recent age.
Jhajjar: The area forms a part of Dugan ethic plain ranging from Pleistocene to recent in age Aeolian
deposits. The sediments comprise of clay, sand and Kankar mixed in different proportions.
Rewari: The purona rocks in Rewari district belong to Ajabgarh series of Delhi system. The hills have been
denuded since ages and have a height ranging from 300m to 425m above mean sea level. The hills are
mostly steep, bare and rocky. The previously existing old flood plains have been superimposed by Aeolian
plains and sand dunes.
Gurgaon and Mewat: Large parts of the district are occupied (i) by scattered isolated strike ridges of old
rocks, former Aravali mountain chain of Pre-Cambrian and (ii) alluvium, sand of recent to sub-recent origin.
Faridabad and Palwal: Major parts of the district are occupied by alluvial plains of recent to sub-recent age,
which include older (Banger) and newer (Khadar) alluvial and kankar. The kankar occurs mainly in the
northern part and is poor in calcareous matter.
A number of major minerals, though in small quantities, are also found. The sub-region possesses mainly
brick earth, salt petre and quartzite. Excellent quality slate is found in Rewari and Gurgaon districts. Brick
earth or ordinary clay suitable for manufacturing of bricks is available in plenty in almost every part of the
sub-region. Practically inexhaustible deposits of quartzite are found in the State in the Aravali ranges in the
districts of Faridabad, Gurgaon and Rewari. Low-grade hematite and jasperiod hematite occur in Firozepur-
Jhirka area of Gurgaon district.
Source: Resource atlas of Haryana, Science & Tech. Dpt., Haryana, 2004
2.1.5.iii Soil
Soil constitutes the most precious natural resource of the State. A variety of soils are found in Haryana due
to the marked variation in the physiographic and climatic conditions. Soil of the Haryana Sub-Region have
been classified and described under the following major soil types as shown in map 2.3:
Panipat: The soils are well drained, Sandy loam to clay loam/silty clay loam in plains and loam to clay loam/
silty/ loose clay loam in relic channels/depressions/basins.
Sonipat: The district comprises of recent flood plains, young meander plains, old meander plains and old
alluvial plains. Recent flood plains occur along the Yamuna River and clearly show fluvial features. The soils
are loamy sand to sandy loam on the surface and sandy loam to clay loam in the sub surface.
Rohtak: The district mainly comprises of old alluvial plains. The soils are loamy sand to sandy loam on the
surface and sandy loam to clay loam in the sub surface. Old meander plains are almost flat with loamy sand
to silty clay loam soils. Oldest among all the land forms are old alluvial plains, which cover major areas in
the district. These soils are sand to loamy sand/sandy loam (surface) to silt loam/silty clay loam (sub-
surface).
Jhajjar: The district mainly comprises of old alluvial plains and some parts of the district also have soil
belonging to Aravali plains.
Rewari: The soils of the district fall under Entisols and Inceptisols orders. The surface soil texture varies
from sand to fine loamy sand.
Gurgaon: The district comprises of sand dunes, sandy plains, alluvial plains, salt affected areas, low lands,
lakes, hills and pediments. The soil varies from sand to loamy sand in sand dunes and sandy plain areas,
sandy loam to clay loam / silty clay loam in alluvial plains, calcareous, loamy sand to loam in salt affected
plains, silty loam to loam in low lands and calcareous, loamy sand to loam in hills.
Mewat: The soils of the area are generally sandy loam to loam. In parts of the low-lying areas, they are
clayey and saline. The upper hills are mostly barren.
Faridabad and Palwal: The district comprises of recent Yamuna flood plains, low lying plains, depressions,
sand dunes and hills. The texture of the soil is sand to loamy sand in recent Yamuna flood plains, sandy
loam in plains, sandy loam to clay loam in alluvial plains, sandy loam to loam (surface), clay loam/silty clay
(sub-surface) in low lying plains and depressions.
Source: Resource atlas of Haryana, Science & Tech. Dpt., Haryana, 2004
Map 2-4 shows the soil fertility and reflects that major parts of Panipat, Sonipat, Palwal, north eastern part
of Jhajjar and parts of Faridabad district fall under medium fertility zone; eastern part of Panipat, Sonipat,
Faridabad and Palwal district lie under low to medium fertility zone; district Rohtak, Jhajjar & central upper
part of Gurgaon lie in low fertility zone and rest of the areas are under poor fertility zone, especially parts
of Rewari, Mewat, southern part of Gurgaon and western part of Palwal & Faridabad.
20.00
Ground water depth in meter
PALWAL
FARIDABAD
15.00
GURGAON
JHAJJAR
MEWAT
10.00 PANIPAT
ROHTAK
REWARI
5.00 SONEPAT
SUB-
REGION AV.
STATE AV.
0.00
1974
1975
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1981
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1983
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1986
1987
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1989
1990
1991
1992
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1994
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mhos/cm and saline water with EC greater than 6000 micro mhos/cm for agricultural purpose and six
combination zones based on the occurrence of ground water quality zone with respect to depth (Map 2-5).
Nuh
As per table 2.2, it is quite clear that Forest cover in the Haryana Sub-Region has been continuously
increasing since 2001. During the year 2011, total forest cover of the sub-region increased to 456 sq. Kms
as compared from 454 sq. km in 2009 and 440 Sq Kms. in 2005 and 354 Sq. kms in 2001. Considering the
distribution of types of forest during 2011, Gurgaon district has highest forest cover (231 sq. km.) followed
by Faridabad (93 sq. km.) and Rohtak (53 sq. km.). The district of Gurgaon has the highest forest cover in
terms of percentage as well in the Haryana subregion, which has successively grown from 7% in 2001 to
8.4 % in 2011.
Dense
Dense
Dense
Dense
Open
Open
Open
Open
Total
Total
Total
Total
%
In the State, there are 9 wildlife sanctuaries and 2 national parks out of which 3 wildlife sanctuaries and 1
national park exist in the Sub-Region. These consist of rare species of birds, black bucks, chital, barking
dears, red jungle fowls and leopards. The location, spatial extent and names of wild animals in these are
given in table 2-3.
Table 2-3: National parks and wild life sanctuaries in the sub-region
National Parks / Wildlife Tehsil /
Important Wild Animals Found Area (Ha)
Sanctuary District
Sultanpur National Park Gurgaon Water birds 142.52
Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary Jhajjar Water birds, Black buck, Blue bull 411.55
Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary Kosli/Rewari Black buck, Blue bull, Black and brown partridges 211.35
Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary Jhajjar Water birds 82.70
Source: Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF)
A Zonal Master Plan for the Eco-sensitive Zone is to be prepared by the State and submitted for approval to
the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The Zonal Master Plan shall be
prepared with due involvement of all concerned State Departments, such as Environment, Forest, Urban
Local Bodies, Tourism, Municipal and Revenue Department and the Haryana State Pollution Control Board
for integrating environmental and ecological considerations into it and will need to provide for restoration
of denuded areas, conservation of existing water bodies, management of catchment areas, watershed
management, groundwater management, soil and moisture conservation, needs of local community and
such other aspects of the ecology and environment that need attention.
2.1.6 Agriculture
Haryana Sub-Region’s predominant land use is agriculture. There are two main cropping seasons, namely
Kharif and Rabi. Majority of the area is utilized for agriculture during Rabi and Kharif (double crop) season
due to better irrigation facilities in the region; major kharif crops include rice, jowar, bajra, gaur, maize,
cotton, sugarcane, groundnut and pulses. Rabi crops include wheat, barley, gram rapeseed/mustard and
pulses. The short period available between mid-May and July is sometimes also used for raising a third crop
particularly in the areas where irrigation facility is available.
Northern portion of the region is characterized by good agricultural area due to alluvial soils, marginal to
good quality of ground water, network of irrigation, i.e canals, tube wells and relatively better natural
drainage. Southern parts of the sub-region containing Gurgaon and Rewari, due to lack of rain, poor
irrigation facilities, poor Ground water quality coupled with desert terrain, is under relatively less cultivated
area in the Kharif season.
Table 2-4: Total cropped area under Haryana Sub-Region, 2007- 2011 (Area in ‘000 Hect.)
District 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Rohtak 222 235 224 230
Jhajjar 239 239 232 240
Sonipat 295 301 297 309
Gurgaon 116 115 117 114
Faridabad 219 69 69 67
Panipat 188 191 189 191
Rewari 199 197 191 197
Mewat 225 172 173 174
Palwal 0 190 190 192
Haryana Sub-Region 1703 1709 1682 1714
Source: Department of Agriculture, Haryana, 2011
Figure 2-2: Trend of total cropped area under Haryana Sub-Region, 2007-2011
1720
Total Cropped Area (Area in '000
1710
1700
Hect.)
1690
1680
1670
1660
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Total Cropped Area
The above table 2.4 & figure 2.2 clearly indicate that the total land under cropped area has increased from
1703000 Ha in 2007 to 1714000 Ha, which reflects the enhancement of initiatives by government as well as
farmers in the agriculture.
Table 2-5: Total fallow land under Haryana Sub-Region, 2007- 2011 (Area in ‘000 Hect.)
District 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Rohtak 4 5 5 5
Jhajjar 11 9 9 2
Sonipat 0 0 0 0
Gurgaon 0 0 0 0
Faridabad 9 1 1 1
Panipat 6 7 7 7
Rewari 3 3 1 1
Mewat 15 11 10 10
Palwal 0 12 12 9
Haryana Sub-Region 48 48 45 35
Source: Department of Agriculture, Haryana, 2011
The above table shows that area under fallow land has been declining since 2007.
Zone 2: It cover maximum area of the State extending over parts of Rohtak, Rewari, Gurgaon & Jhajjar
district. The geomorphology of the region comprises of alluvial plain, having hot and dry climate. The
annual rainfall varies from 300-450mm with a growing period of 60-90 days.
Zone 3: This covers southern parts of the State covering districts of Rewari, Palwal, Mewat, Jhajjar and
Gurgaon. The topography of the region is represented by rugged hilly terrain of Aravali ranges. The climate
is hot and semi-arid with annual rainfall of about 350-500mm and a growing period of less than 90-120
days.
Zone 4: This extends over parts of central and eastern Haryana covering districts of Jhajjar, Palwal, Mewat,
Gurgaon, Panipat, Rohtak, Sonipat and Faridabad. Topography of the region belongs to alluvial plain with
Yamuna alluvial plain covering majority of the areas along the eastern parts of the State. The climate is hot
and semi-arid with annual rainfall of 450-600mm and a growing period of less than 90-120 days.
Zone 5: This small zone extends in the alluvial plains covering part of districts of Palwal, Panipat and
Faridabad. Topography of the region belongs to Yamuna alluvial plain. The climate is hot and semi-arid with
annual rainfall of 600-700 mm and growing period of less than 120-150 days.
Presence of several expressways, national & state highways, rail network in and around the region
could be utilized for better transportation means, systems & connectivity inter and intra region
specifically for Public Transport
Haryana Sub-Region is an industrial region and has emerged as a base for the knowledge industry
including IT and biotechnology.
Haryana is one of the leading agricultural states of the country, with wheat, sugarcane, rice, cotton,
rapeseed and mustard being the key agricultural products of the state. Units catering to these could be
setup to induce further industrialization and provision of employment opportunities for the natives.
Many large Indian and multi-national companies have set-up offices in the state due to availability of
good infrastructure and proximity to Delhi.
The state offers a wide range of fiscal and policy incentives for businesses under the Industrial Policy,
2011.
Haryana has a large base of skilled labour, making it an ideal destination for knowledge-based and
manufacturing sectors. Further, the state has a large pool of semi-skilled and unskilled labour for
support services.
The state has well-developed social and industrial infrastructure, and virtual connectivity. It is amongst
the states with good physical infrastructure viz. power, roads and railways.
The tertiary sector is the largest contributor to Haryana’s economy. It grew at an average rate of 10.4 %
between 1999-2000 and 2009-2010; driven by trade, hotels, real estate, transport and communications.
Due to rapid urban growth slums are increasing, where living conditions are very unhygienic.
Ground water level is declining at a very fast rate; also districts like Gurgaon, Rewari, Faridabad, and
Sonipat are over exploited at present.
Flood and water logging are a major cause for disasters in the areas close to river Yamuna.
More than 85% of total Haryana Sub-Region falls under seismic zone IV, being in a high damage risk
zone.
Earthquakes of moderate intensity (lower than four on the Richter scale) have originated at about 10
epicenters located in the Sub-Region.
All the above issues are to be addressed while planning for new industrial and urban development
YEAR Month 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Faridabad JUNE 8.52 8.53 9.04 8.62 8.12 7.68 7.73 7.47 7.83 8.59 8.77 8.84 8.2 9.12 9.65 10.41 10.61 13.1
OCT. 6.99 7.04 7.98 6.56 6.89 6.39 6.07 6.78 7.13 7.94 8.36 6.41 7.65 8.32 8.71 9.88 9.57
Gurgaon JUNE 14.59 15.01 15.21 15.49 15.02 13.62 14.25 15.22 15.74 16.47 17.68 19.02 17.71 18.16 19.99 21.66 22.62 23.61
OCT. 14.43 13.9 14.3 13.96 13.8 13.07 13.82 15 15.57 16.48 17.77 17.02 17.41 17.97 19.54 21.76 22.67
Jhajjar JUNE 5.95 6.04 6.01 5.85 4.34 4.44 4.51 4.49 4.97 5.29 5.79 6.05 5.64 5.83 5.46 5.24 5.27 5.2
OCT. 5.28 5.09 4.93 3.57 3.3 3.94 3.83 4.38 4.49 5.06 5.51 4.96 5.19 4.53 5.11 4.86 4.35
Mewat JUNE 8.69 8.62 8.59 8.5 7.39 6.15 6.5 6.67 7.34 8.19 8.99 9.63 9.12 9.05 9.45 10.25 10.31 11.23
OCT. 7.7 7.23 7.38 6.1 5.08 5.43 5.42 6.09 7.1 7.86 8.73 7.76 8.08 8.21 9.69 9.44 9.57
Panipat JUNE 9.13 9.65 9.83 9.88 8.45 8.71 8.78 8.53 9.58 10.41 11.27 12.63 12.68 13.1 13.63 14.24 14.45 14.09
OCT. 9.31 9.18 8.44 7.44 7.21 7.78 7.01 8.89 9.39 10.32 11.68 12.19 11.98 12.67 14.23 14.97 14.34
Palwal JUNE 8.83
OCT.
Rohtak JUNE 6.17 6.21 5.94 5.42 3.55 3.64 3.59 3.8 4.49 4.74 4.84 5.67 5.12 4.88 4.41 4.45 4.2 4.19
OCT. 5.5 4.9 4.94 2.46 2.43 3.08 2.64 3.7 3.83 4.39 4.86 4.18 4.38 3.46 3.99 3.91 3.15
Rewari JUNE 16.09 15.61 15.81 15.87 12.76 12.67 13.23 13.07 14.03 14.59 16.28 18.01 18.61 20.8 21.2 21.7 22.21 21.91
OCT. 15.2 14.81 15.05 13.42 11.56 11.69 11.99 13.11 14.29 14.14 16.47 16.5 19.92 19.98 21.03 21.66 20.73
Sonipat JUNE 6.13 6.64 6.73 6.14 5.14 5.46 5.24 5.33 6.04 6.36 6.87 7.76 7.7 7.43 7.44 7.7 7.56 7.68
OCT. 5.58 5.16 5 3.95 3.97 4.7 4.35 5.46 5.72 6.21 6.58 7.06 6.89 6.56 7.06 6.99 7
Sub-region
JUNE 9.409 9.539 9.645 9.471 8.096 7.796 7.979 8.073 8.753 9.33 10.06 10.95 10.6 11.05 11.4 11.96 12.15 12.2
average
OCT. 8.749 8.414 8.503 7.183 6.78 7.01 6.891 7.926 8.44 9.05 9.995 9.51 10.19 10.21 11.17 11.68 11.42
State
JUNE 11.04 11.34 11.48 11.15 9.91 9.75 9.73 9.46 10.22 10.71 11.35 12.76 12.7 13.23 13.9 14.48 15.1 15.66
average
OCT. 10.45 10.41 10.3 9.03 8.59 8.87 8.31 9.38 10.01 10.43 11.75 11.67 12.46 12.54 13.71 14.46 14.71
Source: Haryana Hydrological cell under Agriculture department.