Pag-Unlad ng Lumad Agaran

Corporation (PUNLA Corp.)

Manual on Nursery Establishment

and
Management

Research & Compiled by:

Wendy Reponoya
Staff
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

 The quality of planting stock is a major factor that determines the

success of tree farming. The survival of trees, growth performance
length of rotation period and volume and quality of timber that can
be harvested from a plantation are greatly influenced by the
quality of seedlings used.
 Tree nursery is a place or establishment for raising or handling of
young tree species until they are ready for permanent planting. A
good nursery employs the best nursery practices.
 Several types of nurseries exist: individual or private, community
or group, central or research, commercial and training nursery and
the objective of the best nursery practices is to produce high
quality seedlings of the desired species employing the most cost-
effective, environment friendly and socially acceptable
technologies.
 One of the major reasons of for the failure of the planting
developments is the use of inferior planting stocks and shortage of
quality planting materials.
 Thus, in order to produce large quantities of planting materials,
the establishment of proper forest nurseries is essential.
 This guideline discusses the simple procedures, tips for producing
high quality seedlings or 'Q-seedlings' and nursery management &
practices.
 The technologies included are taken from various sources
including the research output of Philippine Council For Agriculture,
Forestry, & Natural Resources Research and Development
(PCARRD), research and development results of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), research publication
supported by Australian Center for International Agricultural
Research (ACIAR) & International Tropical Timber Organization
(ITTO), interview with nursery operators and various publications
on nursery management & seedling production

2.0 NURSERY SITE SELECTION

  Selection of a forest nursery site should be carried out with proper
judgement and consideration, since several important factors, such
as the location of the proposed site, soil, climatic factors,
topography, economic factors and water supply, have a major
effect on its overall success. The important factors and criteria in
the selection of an ideal forest nursery site are described below.
2.1 Topographical Aspects
 The forest nursery should be located on level or gently sloping
ground. However, ground with a slight slope not exceeding 3% is
recommended for better surface drainage.
 Areas with slopes greater than 3% should be avoided because of
the possibility of soil erosion and the difficulty faced in carrying out
ground maintenance. Such areas may also sometimes cause
undesirable translocation of soluble fertilizers.
 Furthermore, areas with high water table and those prone to
regular seasonal flooding should also be avoided. However, in
some cases a nursery is established on a terrain, especially short-
term nursery. Terrace is made to ease the arrangement of the
seedlings.
2.2 Soil Aspects
 The forest nursery site should have fertile top soil which is
moderately well-drained and preferably sandy loam. Areas with
rocks and large stones are less desirable because such obstacles
may impede many operations associated with modern nursery
practices.
 The optimum soil pH value for most tropical woody plants is
between 5.5-7.5. It is therefore desirable that the soil at the forest
nursery should have a pH value within or close to this range.
 The soil and vegetation at the forest site should be closely
examined to determine whether the site is free of insects, fungi and
nematodes, or weeds that can damage or kill stock plants later on.
2.3 Location & Accessibility
 Locating the nursery near a major road will facilitate the movement
of plants to and from the site.
2 (ha)
 Located at area not flooded, not exposed to strong winds and with
good light exposure.
 Good accessibility is a requirement for a nursery area, so that delivery
of nursery materials and transportation of seedlings to the planting
sites is easy and safe.
2.4 Power Supply
 A forest nursery site should be accessible to transmitted electricity
supply because electric power is needed for Lighting and the
operation of nursery equipment, including irrigation pumps,
refrigerator and so on. If electricity supply is not available, then
diesel-powered generators will have to be used.
2.5 Water supply
 Forest nursery site should be close to natural water sources, such as
rivers, waterfalls, streams, Lakes, ponds and wells. The water should
be clean and free from pollutants and industrial wastes that might be
detrimental to plant growth.
 All water sources to be used in production must be tested.
2.6 Space & Size
 The forest nursery site should have ample space to accommodate
all the nursery requirements.
 A regular four-sided site, preferably a square, is desirable to
minimize the Length of the boundary fence.
 An adequate area is also needed for future expansion of the nursery.
 *General guide for nursery size. (Fig. 1)
Production Nursery life Area of Remarks
capacity of plants nursery 3
 1 Million > 1 year 4 Includes space 3.1 Roading
1 Million 4 months to 1.5-2 for sheds,
1 year access tracks,  Paths, trails & road system are necessary for the efficient movement
1 Million < 4 months 1.0 storage areas, of materials & personnel within the nursery.
etc.  If the total area of the forest nursery is more than 4.0 ha (10 acres),
it is advisable for the nursery to have a proper central road and a
Fig. 1 *Evans, 1992 perimeter road. The central road will divide the nursery into two to
four blocks, where growing areas will be on one side, while the
2.7 Labour buildings, and germination and potting areas will be on the other
 Even though many of the operations at the forest nursery can side. The perimeter road should have a width of 3 m to allow
continuously and effectively be carried out using machines, manual accessibility around the nursery area, especially to a tractor and
workers nevertheless have to be employed to carry out specific trailers.
jobs. The forest nursery should not be far away from settlement
areas where workers are available. 3.2 Infrastructure & Facilities

2.8 Telecommunications
 Telecommunication is necessary when operating a forest nursery.
A telephone Line should be installed to allow for immediate
communication. If the forest nursery is Located in a remote area
where transmitted telephone Lines are not available, then some
form of radio transmitting equipment should be made available,
which is essential especially during emergencies.
3.0 DESIGN & LAY-OUT
 A well designed forest nursery should have proper roads, fencing,
office, potting and transplanting sheds, seed germination and
growing areas, water supply, telecommunications, water sprinkler
system etc.
 Consideration should also be given to the construction of storage
facilities for nursery equipment, tools, fertilizers, pesticides and
other materials
4 5
 Office and store buildings should be located at the entrance of the
forest nursery. However, for a large forest nursery, the office and
store should be in the center of the whole area. In planning,
consideration should be given to the construction of a double storey
building with sufficient floor space that can be taken up as office
space, a proper room with good ventilation to store and dry newly
collected seeds prior to sowing, and a separate room for storing
chemicals and fertilizers.
 For a containerized planting stock nursery, a single storey building
for potting activities is required. The building should have enough
space for preparing and storing potting media and to carry out all
potting activities.
3.3 Growing beds
 In tropical countries, the growing beds should be laid out in a north-
south direction. This direction provides maximum sunlight to
 all the seedlings. The width of the growing bed should normally be
1 m. The spacing between the growing beds should be between 0.5-
1.0 m.
 3.4 Water supply
 The amount of water needed depends on the size of the nursery,
kind of soil, species to be raised, and quantity of seedlings &
method of watering to be employed.
 For permanent nurseries, it is recommended to install overhead
water system (sprinkler) by conducting water to the nursery thru
the pipes & distribute it over the seedlings as a fine spray with low
pressure system with a pressure of 30 psi or more.
 Adequate water supply and a proper water sprinkler system are
extremely essential for a containerized forest nursery. A pump
house should be constructed within the forest nursery area and
near to a water source.
 All water sources to be used in production must be tested.
4.0 NURSERY SITE PREPARATION
4.1 Ground leveling
 If the topography of the forest nursery site is not too severe, then
it is possible to carry out some earthwork. In any event, all
vegetation and top soil must be removed from the forest nursery
site, leaving the exposed subsoil or weathered parent material. All
top soil must be stacked in one corner of the site, which latter on
can be used as the potting medium during potting activities.
 The ultimate requirement is an almost level area having a uniform
slope of about 2-3°, but not exceeding 5°.
 After carrying out any earthwork, it is recommended that a proper
surface dressing be laid out over the entire forest nursery site,
made up of a layer of 4-5 cm in depth of fine gravel or coarse sand
or quarry dust, which can easily be obtained from
 tin-tailings, rivers or quarries. Such a surface layer will make it
easier for the potted seedlings to be placed upright, and also will
help in preventing weeds from growing in the forest nursery site.
6 out surface dressing of the forest nursery site using fine gravel or 7
 However, in a situation where an almost level area cannot be
obtained even after allowing for some moderate earthwork,
consideration can then be given to a split-level nursery made up of
two or more levels. This however needs careful planning, since the
construction and maintenance of such a nursery would be rather
expensive, particularly in an area with a high intensity of rainfall,
which would necessitate the building of long retaining walls and an
elaborated drainage system to reduce the adverse effects of soil
erosion.
 In addition to clearing the ground vegetation in the forest nursery
site, it is advisable to fell and remove all big trees inside and outside
the site that might interfere with future nursery operations and
seedling growth.
4.2 Erosion control & Wind damage
 Exposed slopes and the ridges of terraces should be grassed as soon
as possible and during the dry season if necessary since irrigation
water should be available. If there is a threat of wind damage, a
wind-break should be planted around the perimeter of the nursery.
 The species used as a wind-break and in the hedge should be
relatively free of disease and insect attacks.
4.3 Construction of drainage
 The construction of a proper and good drainage system is very
essential in a forest nursery. If this is not carried out, then there is
every possibility that the nursery area will become water-logged, or
will even get flooded, during heavy and continuous rainfall. This will
cause damage to the potted seedlings, or can even cause dying in
extreme cases.
 A proper drainage system should therefore be constructed by using
permanent concrete drains across the nursery, and also by carrying
coarse sand or quarry dust
 4.2 Construction of perimeter fence

 It is necessary that all animals are totally excluded from the

nursery, so a fence or wall must be built.
 It is a must that a perimeter fence is constructed around the entire Soil sieving
forest nursery area. The fence posts should be of reinforced
concrete or steel, with a top height above ground level of 2-3 m.
 The top one third of the fence posts should be angled outwards and
made up of 3 strands of barbed wire at 12-15 cm intervals. The
vertical portion of the fence should be made of heavy-gauge wire
mesh.

5.0 NURSERY STRUCTURES

Soil sterilizer

 Lay-out of facilities should consider the chronological of activities Fig. 2 (Soil Treatment Facilities)
in the nursery to ensure smooth flow of movements of materials &
personnel within the nursery.
 Facilities could be modified depending on the objectives of the
production, serviceability of nurseries & financial factors 5.2 Construction of Potting Shed

5.1 Construction of Soil treatment facilities
 Generally nursery should have soil treatment facilities (Fig. 2) and
all the media must be sterilized prior to use to avoid later problems
with soil borne seedling diseases.
 Sieving the soil to 5mm mesh to remove large particles.
 Seedling containers are filled with potting media in the potting
shed.
 A potting shed should have a roof to prevent the potting medium
from getting persistently waterlogged. (Fig. 3a & 3b)
 The floor should be dry, free of weeds and flat for the pots to stand
after filling. The area of the shed should be sufficient enough to
allow piling of the filled pots and stocking of the potting materials.

9
8
 Fig. 3a Fig. 3b
Fig. 4 (Germination shed (with plastic roofing or coconut leaves
Elevated from the ground)

5.3 Construction of Germination shed

 The germination shed should be near to the potting shed.

 Ideally, a germination shed must have a plastic roofing to allow
some sunlight to penetrate yet protect the seeds from being
dislodged by rain. (Fig. 4)
 In tropical countries, seed beds should be aligned in a north-
south direction.
 The size of the germination shed will depend on the number of
seeds to be sown, seed size, sowing method, quality of the Fig.5 sample germinating bed
seeds and sowing distance
5.4 Construction of Transplanting shed & beds
 Seedbeds are generally 1.2 m wide and 5 m long. (Fig.5)
 The seed beds should be slightly elevated, approximately 10-15
 After transplanting the seedlings from germination boxes or
cm above ground Level, and supported with wooden boards or
seedbeds to individual containers, seedlings are placed in the
bricks.
transplant shed.
 Whenever practicable, the sides of the beds should be bordered
 A transplant shed should have a cover (Fig. 6a & 6b) to protect the
wit treated wood planks, adobe or stone to keep the soil from
young transplants from intense sunlight but with sufficient
being washed away.
transparency to allow some sunlight to reach the seedlings. The
cover must also allow rain to pass through.
 Ideal size of the bed is 1m to 1.2m wide. It should not be wider than
1.2m because of the difficulty of reaching the center when
weeding, watering or manuring.

 If possible, the beds should be oriented from east to west to

provide better shade against the midday sun.
10 11
  Aside from regulating the moisture available for seedlings,
elevating seedlings will promote aerial root pruning. Root pruning
will prevent the taproot from penetrating into the ground, which is
detrimental when seedlings are lifted for transplanting

6.0 EQUIPMENTS & TOOLS

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION
1. Wheelbarrow for moving small loads of materials
Fig. 6a (transplant shed with fishnet as shade material) 2. Knapsack sprayer For spraying insecticide, fertilizer
3. Sterilization pan for pasteurizing the germination media
4. Mask, boots, Proper personal protective equipment
rubber gloves
TOOLS
1. Shovel for mixing the potting media
2. Pruning for pruning long taproots that grow outside
shears/pruning knife the seedling pot
3. Hand Use for breaking up earth, digging small
trowel/shovel, holes, especially for planting and weeding,
scoops mixing in fertilizer or other additives, and
transferring plants to pots.
4. Screen sieve for sieving germination and potting media
Fig. 6b (Transplant shed with coconut leaves as shade material)
5.5 Construction of Hardening area 5. Water for watering the seedlings
hose/sprinkler
 Seedlings must be made ready for adverse conditions of the
planting site prior to planting to make them sturdy and hardened. 6. Seed jar/seed for storing seeds
sack
 In the nursery, the hardening area (Fig.7) therefore should be free
from shade to provide the seedlings full exposure to sunlight and 7. Bolo for cleaning
elevated from the ground and has good drainage. 8. Carpenter’s for repairing
toolbox

 It is ideal to elevate the seedlings/elevated hardening bed (Fig. 8)

placing them on a structure that prevents the pots from resting on
the ground. A screen or a bed with bamboo slat floor will serve this 12
purpose.
13
Fig. 7 (Hardening area free from shade)

Sample Nursery Lay-out

Fig. 8 (Hardening bed elevated from the ground
A screen or a bed with bamboo slat floor
This will prevent the roots penetrating on the
ground & promote aerial root pruning)

7.0 NURSERY PRACTICES

7.1 Seed Procurement

14 15
 When ordering seed from a supplier choose a supplier who
provides good documentation on his or her seed (this can be
judged by asking suppliers for their seed catalogues). The more
information a supplier can provide about the seed, including
provenance, source (natural, naturalized or planted stand),
collection method and collector, the better your selection of
material will be and the higher your chances of getting quality
planting material.
7.2 Management practices of germination bed
 A well-drained area with moderate shade is an ideal site for a
germination bed.
 Ten meters is the standard length but this varies with location and
production targets. The beds may be subdivided into 1 meter
quadrants to facilitate sowing smaller quantities of seeds
 All the media must be sterilized prior to use to avoid later problems
with soil borne seedling diseases.
 Or applying chemical disinfectant (e.g. fungicide) or pouring boiling
water or spreading the media under direct sunlight in a clean area
for several days and be properly covered until use.
 Or spreading the media under direct sunlight in a clean area for
several days and be properly covered until use.
 Put the sterilized media in the seed box or germination bed.
 Use the germination medium immediately after the preparation
otherwise, place it in a container or cover the filled germination
boxes with plastic sheets or cloth to protect the medium from
being contaminated with pathogens.

7.2.1 Guidelines in preparing germination media

 Materials needed: Sterilization pan, screen sieve, Top soil & river
sand, Shovel.
 Prepare pulverized top soil & river sand with 1:1 ratio and mix the Fig.9 (The medium must be dampened but not sodden using 5mm
soil and fine sand thoroughly continuously mix the soil using shovel. mesh screen before heating)
 Sieved the potting medium at 5mm mesh to remove large particles.
(Fig. 9)
 Sterilize (Fig. 10) & ensure that the temperature of the substrate
reaches 60°C for 30 minutes. This will kill most plant pathogenic
fungi and bacteria, as well as nematodes, but only a few viruses, Fig. 10 (Sterilization of germination &
plant insects or weed seeds. If you need a more complete potting media by heating over fire to
treatment, raise the temperature to 80°C and hold this for 30 avoid later problems with soil borne
minutes. seedling diseases)

7.3 Pre-Germination treatments

However, at this temperature, so many beneficial organisms will be
killed that this may lead to an explosive recolonization of the
substrate with pathogens.
16
 To overcome seed dormancy and accelerate germination
17
 Some pre-germination treatment may be carried out singly
or in combination to enhance germination of hard seeds.

TREATMENT DEFINITION
1. Hot water  Seeds are immersed in boiling water (Fig.
treatment 11) for few seconds to minutes or pouring
them with hot water in a container. The
volume of water should be 5 to 10 times the
volume of the seeds.
 When seeds are immersed in boiling water,
these should be placed in a cloth before
dipping. Hot water treatment is effective
for molave and most of the legume species
including mangium, auri and falcata.
Fig 11
 A. mangium
 For stored & old seeds:
- Soak the seeds in boiling water for 3-4
minutes & soak in tap water overnight or
- Soak the seeds in boiling water until the
water turns cold overnight or
- Placed in boiling water for 30 seconds
then cooled by soaking in cold water for 2
hours
 For new seeds soak in tap water overnight.
 P. falcataria
- Soak the seeds in boiling water for 3
minutes & soak in tap water overnight or
- Dipped in concentrated sulfuric acid for
10-15 minutes followed by washing and
then 15 minutes of soaking in cool water
to accelerate & ensure uniform
germination.
 Test old seeds before planting to know if it will germinate.
18
2. Chemical treatment Applicable for very hard seed coat like molave
& kalumpit. Seeds are soaked in acid and
constantly stirred to abrade the seed coat &
soaking time depends on the seed coat.
Sulfuric acid is the common chemical used for
chemical treatment.
3. Scarification Use for large seeds and aims to thin down the
stony seed coat to facilitate water absorption
and exchange of gases. Seeds are rubbed
against hard and rough surface (Fig. 12) to
remove a layer of the seed coat.
Fig.12
4. Nicking This involves cutting the seed coat (Fig. 13) just
enough to expose a small portion of the
cotyledon. The cut should be made farthest
from the embryo so as to ensure that the
embryo will not be damaged. This is applicable
for seeds of ipil, akle, tindalo and other large
seeds with stony coat.
Fig. 13
5. Fire method Seeds are placed on the ground and covered
with a thin layer (about 3 cm) of dry cogon
grass and set on fire. As soon as the grass is
completely burned, the seeds are placed in
cold water. The quick change of temperature
will cause the seed coat to crack. (Fig. 14)
Fig. 14
7.4 Sowing Methods
19
 When sowing, do not place seeds too close to each other
 As general rule, large & medium-sized are sown in depth equal to
their average diameter. The seeds are put in rills running across
the bed for easier weeding.
 The seeds sown in the seedbeds and seed boxes are covered with
sand and soil, which is gently pressed.
 Common mistakes in seed propagation. (Fig. 15)

Species Method
Acacia mangium  Before sowing, the soil should be sterilized to
avoid damping-off.
 The treated seeds are broadcasted on
prepared seed boxes filled with topsoil & fine
sand with a depth of 5mm & cover lightly with
fine sand or soil or
 Sowing in germination trays and transplanting
the seedlings 6–10 days later, when the
radicle emerges.
 Sprinkler water on the sown seeds

Paraserianthes  Before sowing, the soil should be sterilized to

falcataria avoid damping-off.
 Sowing maybe done in drills in seed plots or in
seedbeds. The drills maybe be spaced 5 cm
apart & the seeds spaced 1 cm along the drills.

Fig. 15 (Common mistake in seed propagation)

20
21
 7.5 Potting Methods  To facilitate pot filling, a
 Materials use: shovel, hand spade, scoop, polyethylene bags. funnel or a scoop could be
 Sieved the potting medium at 5mm mesh to remove large particles. used. The potting mix must be
- mix top soil, river sand & compost (1:1:1) or dry during potting and pots
- soil, rice hulls ,mud press or compost (3:1:1) or should be shaken during
- garden soil & sawdust (1:1) filling to avoid large air
 sterilize the media pockets within the potting
 if not sterilize, While potting put fertilizer Urea (46-0-0) 1-2 medium. (Fig. 18)
grams/pot at about 4cm from the pot bottom and fungicide  During filling, press the two
Carbofuran(Agrofuran) for sterilizing the soil 1-2 grams/pot placed bottom corners of the bag
at about 4cm from the top of the pot. towards the inside to circle
 Polybags should have at least six holes on the bottom. and flatten the bottom. This
facilitates the bag to stand in
7.5.1 Guidelines in preparing potting media an upright position.
Fig. 18
Steps Illustration  The pot should be filled right
 The potting medium should to the top and let to stand
be sieved through a 5mm upright on the transplant bed.
mesh to remove large clods Polybag should have at least
and irregularities including six holes on the bottom
roots and twigs of trees  Arrange potted bags at
screening will also pulverize potting area (Fig. 19)
the medium thereby
promoting good aeration and
drainage. (Fig. 16)
Fig. 16
 Once sieved, mix the potting
Fig. 19
medium thoroughly before
bagging. (Fig. 17)

Fig. 17

22 23
  The most common dimensions of the plastic (polyethylene) pots  Water the seedlings a day before
being used with the corresponding volume of potting soil needed & one (1) hour before pricking
are as follows: out.
 Prick early in the morning and
a.) 3" lay flat x 6" long (250 cc) - generally too small late afternoon as the solar
b) 4" lay flat x 6" long (500 cc) - very useful size radiation is not so intense to
c) 6" lay flat x 8" long (1300 cc) - for fast growing damage the young seedlings
broadleaved species  Slighty prick the germinants
d) 8" afloat flat x 16" long (3,500 cc) - for saplings intended using thin stick, remove young
for urban tree planting which generally requires bigger planting seedlings by grasping their lower
stocks. leaves not at the stem. and put
 However, in most tree planting operations, it is not the size of the the seedlings in shallow bowl
containers that matters but the physical and chemical with water as soon as you take
characteristics of the growing medium. A big-sized container will them from the germination bed.
not necessarily result in better growth if poor medium is used. (Fig. 20) Fig. 20
Additionally, the transport of large containers in mountainous  The volume of seedlings to be
terrain will pose serious constraints for seedling haulers. Using lifted at one time should be
smaller containers with rich medium will be a better option to enough to be planted within 15
balance better growth of seedlings and ease of transport minutes. Otherwise, seedlings
will die due to desiccation.
7.6 Transplanting Methods

 Germinants are ready to be transplanted after germination.

 Materials needed: sprinkler, bowl with clean water, bamboo sticks.
 P. falcataria – germination usually takes places 5-10 days after  Using a small stick, make a hole
sowing. When 1st pair of leaflets emerges, transplant into 4x6 in the potting medium. The hole
polyethylene bags. in the potting medium should be
 A. mangium - germination usually takes places 6-10 days after enough to accommodate the
sowing. When 1st pair of leaflets emerges, transplant into 5x8 root system without bending the Fig. 21
polyethylene bags. taproot to avoid root
deformation particularly
J-rooting. If necessary, the
7.6.1 Guidelines in transplanting taproot must be cut. (Fig. 21)


Steps

24 25
  While holding the seedlings at its  Don’t over water, overwatering leaches essential nutrients from
terminal leaf, insert the root the media & increasing the risk of damping-off fungus & bacterial
system into the hole and cover rot attack.
the hole gently with the potting Tips in watering
medium and carefully firm the Fine-seeded species:
potting mix to prevent air pockets - Spray directly upward so that water falls back as a fine mist.
left around the roots. - Don’t spray directly because strong pressure from nozzle can
(Fig. 22) damage them and do not use a watering can or hosepipe.
Medium large seeded species
 Water the plants after planting. - Spray upward so that water drops gently like rain shower
Do not water too much, wetter - Hand sprayer, backpack sprayer, watering can and hosepipe with
conditions favor decay-causing fine mist nozzle are suitable for these types of species.
organisms

Fig. 22

 Transfer the newly transplanted germinants shaded area for

seven to ten days (transplanting area) Fig. 23 (watering using water hose)
 During the first month after transplanting, all the potted
seedlings should be inspected every week. Dead seedlings should
be removed from the polybags and replaced.
7.7 Tending

7.7.1 Watering (Fig. 23 & Fig. 24)

 Materials needed: clean water, water hose/sprinkler.
 Watering should be done twice daily, preferably once in the
morning before 10.00 a.m. and once in the late afternoon after
4.00 p.m.
 During rainy season, watering should be reduced to once a day.
Fig. 24 (watering using sprinkler system)
 The presence of green moss on the soil surface of the polybags is
often an indicator of excess watering.

26 27
  In removing the weeds, no portion of the root system should be left
7.7.2 Shading behind.
 After transplanting the seedlings from germination boxes or  Root pruning can be done by cutting the roots that come out from
seedbeds to individual containers, seedlings are placed in the the seedling container using a scissor or knife. (Fig. 27). To prevent
transplant shed. A transplant shed should have a cover to protect the roots from penetrating into the ground, the hardening bed
the young transplants from intense sunlight but with sufficient must be elevated from the ground
transparency to allow some sunlight to reach the seedlings. The  Should be avoided two weeks before planting as seedlings may not
cover must also allow rain to pass through. be able to recover from the stress before they are planted.
 Regulate the amounts of shade and water together, with heavy  After cutting the roots, the seedlings should be watered as they
shade, less water is needed and vice versa. may be stressed.
 Too much shade produces spindly seedlings.  Herbicides maybe used on paths, along fences & even in beds
where total eradication of weeds is necessary. The manufacturer’s
Species Shading instruction must be followed closely.
Acacia mangium  1 week at potted area
(coconut net shade) then
 1 week at transplanting area
(fishnet shade)
 1 ½ months (no shade area)
Paraserianthes falcataria  1 week at potted area
(coconut net shade) then
 1 week at transplanting area
(fishnet shade
 Expose to full sunlight
Note: Test few seedlings to the new light condition before putting Fig 27. (Root pruning using pruning shears)
all seedlings under the new light condition. This facilitates the
work.

7.7.3 Weeding & Pruning

 Materials: Pruning shears/pruning knife.
 Weeding should be done regularly and removing weeds on pots
can be done by handpicking or by using hand tools. (Fig. 26)
 Weeding should be done carefully not to damage the seedlings as
these could be uprooted together with the weeds. Only done when
the soil is moist.
Fig. 26 (Manual weeding as soon as the weeds appear)

28 29
8.0 PREVENTION & CONTROL OF PEST & DISEASES
 The infection by pathogens is often result of exhausted soil fertility,
unskilled fertilization, use of pathogen-inviting green manure
crops, excessive watering or the building up of large populations of
introduced pathogenic organisms.
 Damping-off – the most common disease cause by fungi that lead
to sudden death of the seedlings. The pathogens attack the tender
stems (Fig.27a) and roots of the seedlings. Once the process is
underway, it’s hard to save even a few of your plants. Prevention
is the best cure.
Symptoms:
Fig. 27a (Seedlings look pinched
at the base of the stem others flop
over, and some wither away entirely)
Seed fail to germinate
30
Prevention:
 Preventive strategies are mostly cultural, encompassing
seed collection and selection from good/healthy mother trees,
species-site selection, selection of silvicultural methods and
operations such as draining, controlled watering, soil solarisation,
thinning, hardening and application of biological fertilizer
 Selection of a nursery site with light soils is the best prevention
because the disease is less prevalent and control, if required, is
easier.
 Biological protection can also be employed by treating the seeds
with beneficial bacteria, like Bacillus sp. and Streptomyces or by
using sawdust-soil substrate with the sawdust treated with
mycelial suspension of Lenzites striata.
 lnoculation of beneficial fungus (mycorrhiza-mykovam or
mycogroe) to seedlings during potting is likewise an option to
disease prevention.
Chemical control
 Thiram to the seed coat and drenching the soil in seedbed with
suitable fungicide prior to sowing have been the traditional
damping off disease control practices because this practice was
considered effective, convenient and even harmless to the seed.
 However, such reliance on chemical pesticides has led to repeated
and widespread application which consequently resulted in
problems, such as pest/disease resistance, toxicity to non-target
organisms, environmental pollution/contamination and other
unforeseen effects
31
1. Chemical treatment of damping-off against various causal and/or (40% seeding of  1:5 Applied
associated fungal organisms. formalde cinchona) 2.5 L/ sq.ft
hyde) of seedbed
Associated Fungicide Target of Method Rate
and/or Application  Sulfuric  Soil in bed  Drench  1:160
Causal acid Applied32at 1
Organism L/sq. ft. of
Rhizoctonia  Thiram or  Seed  Powder  3-4 g/kg of seed bed
sp. Captan dry seeds
Fusarium  Thiram  Compost/soil  Drench  125-250 g/
sp. (before seeding) 100 liter of  Zinc oxide  Soil in seedbed  Powder
Pythium sp. water apply before and after  Dusting the
at 5-6 emergence of soil liberally
L/sq.m seedlings on the
 Thiram  Compost/soil  Drench  300-360 g/ Surface
(after seeding) 100 liter of  Captan  Soil in seedbed  Drench
water apply  55g/50 L of
at 2-3 water to be
L/sq.m applied per
 Thiram  Seed  Dusting  4.17glkg of 10sq.m of
dry seeds seedbed
 lf damping-
 Daconil  Compost/soil  Drench  4.5 g/L of off is
water recurrent,
applied at 7 bed should
days be sterilize
interval. with
Until the formalin
(40o/o
disease has formaldehy
ceased to de) per L of
develop water using
75L/19
 Formalin  Sowing beds  Drench  250 ml/4 L Pythopthora
sq.m of bed
Captan Compost/soil Drench
(38% of of water sp.
applied per 125-
formalde
250g/100L of
hyde sq.m water applied
commerci at 5-6 L/sq.m
al grade)
 Formalin  Seedbed (before  Drench
 PEST & DISEASES IN NURSERY
Pythopthora Captan Compost/soil Drench 125-
250g/100L of
33 34
sp.
water applied
at 5-6 L/sq.m
1. POWDERY MILDEW Fig. 28
Thiram Seed Drench 1-2 g/Kg of
dry seeds

Benomyl Compost/soil Drench Apply 2 Causal organism

Rhizoctonia sprays of a
solani Oidium spp. are mitosporic fungi (the species of Oidium on these four
non- tropical acacias and its perfect state have not yet been identified),
systematic
Fungicide indeed it is possible that more than one species is involved. A
and then teleomorph, Erysiphe acaciae S. Blumer, has been observed on
alternate with Acacia catechu in India (Bakshi 1976).
Benomyl at
25g/100 L of
Host range
water at 10- Oidium spp. are obligate parasites which attack many hosts. On
14 days acacias, powdery mildew is found on the phyllodes, mainly of
interval. plants in the nursery and also in the lower crown of young trees in
the field. Species of Oidium have been found on A. aulacocarpa
(Boa and Lenné 1994), A. auriculiformis (Tanaka and
Chalermpongse 1990), A. crassicarpa (Old et al. 1997), and A.
 With increasing problems resulting from the use of chemical mangium (Anonymous 1983; Maziah 1990; Tanaka and
pesticides, government agencies in other countries have imposed Chalermpongse 1990; Boa and Lenné 1994) and on many other
restrictions on registration and use of many chemical pesticides. acacia species grown in nurseries.
Banning of several important fungicides used in nurseries is the
Symptoms
result of said restriction. Examples include recent withdrawal of
Early symptoms appear as discrete, cobweb-like to powdery white
Benomyl registration, non-registration of Captan and possible future
patches of hyphae and spores on the primary, juvenile, pinnate
loss of methyl bromide.
leaves (Fig. 28). As infection progresses, these patches increase in
size and coalesce to form bigger patches, spreading to the
secondary leaves or phyllodes, sometimes resulting in defoliation.
The upper surfaces of heavily infected foliage become coated with
a mat of superficial hyphae and spores, with the foliage looking as
though dusted with powder, hence the name ‘powdery mildew’.
The symptoms can sometimes be mistaken for road dust,

35

especially on trees planted near dirt roads. The infection leaves
yellow blotches on the surface of the foliage.
Impacts
In well-managed nurseries with good hygiene, this disease is
generally not considered of great importance. However, under
conducive conditions heavy infestation may result in premature
loss of both the juvenile leaves and phyllodes, thus inhibiting
photosynthesis and retarding subsequent growth. Plants are rarely
killed by the disease but in one instance in Thailand where 90%–
100% infection of A. auriculiformis seedlings was recorded, about
75% of the
seedlings perished (Tanaka and Chalermpongse 1990). Trees appear
to develop resistance with age as the disease is seldom observed in
the field on trees more than two years old.
Control and management
Intensively cultivated plants and those growing under shady
conditions are usually more susceptible to the disease. Early
recognition and prompt removal of infected plants are important
in preventing disease spread, and fallen leaves should be destroyed
to reduce inoculum potential. Chemical treatments are seldom
necessary unless damage is severe. Sulphur dusting with a powder
duster or application of fungicides such as benomyl, chlorothalonil,
triademefon, maneb and zineb gives effective control. Josiah and
Allen-Reid (1991) indicated that the disease can be controlled by
placing diseased seedlings in direct sunlight for an extended period.
Treatments:
NATURAL RECIPES
Neem oil - Spraying with 2.5 Tablespoons per gallon of water every 7
to 14 days is recommended.
Garlic - blending two bulbs (not cloves!) of fresh garlic in a quart of
water with a few drops of liquid soap. The liquid should be strained
through cheesecloth to remove solids and then refrigerated. That
concentrate should be diluted 1:10 with water before spraying.
36
Baking Soda (sodium bicarbonate) - mix one tablespoon of baking
soda with a teaspoon of dormant oil and one teaspoon of
insecticidal or liquid soap (not detergent) to a gallon of water.
Spray on plants every one to two weeks.
Potassium bicarbonate- Similar to baking soda, this has the unique
advantage of actually eliminating powdery mildew once it’s there.
Potassium bicarbonate is a contact fungicide which kills the
powdery mildew spores quickly. In addition, it’s approved for use
in organic growing.
Mouthwash - Tests using one part mouthwash to three parts water
worked for well for Jeff Gillman, Ph.D and Associate Professor at
the University of Minnesota, Department of Horticulture. Just be
careful when mixing and applying mouthwash as new foliage can
be damaged.
Vinegar –A mixture of 2-3 tablespoons of common apple cider
vinegar, containing 5% acetic acid mixed with a gallon of water
does job. However, too much vinegar can burn plants but at the
same time, higher concentrations (above 5%) are more effective.
Sulfur and Lime/Sulfur - Direct contact by sulfur prevents disease
spores from developing. When mixed with hydrated lime, the
solution will penetrate leaves for even greater effectiveness. A
widely available version of this combination includes copper
sulphate and hydrated lime, known as Bordeaux mix. However, all
of these solutions can burn plant tissue and is damaging to
microorganisms in the soil and harmful to beneficial insects. It is
also considered moderately toxic to mammals and humans. Use
sparingly and with caution if at all.
Milk -. One experiment showed good results by applying a weekly
dose of one part milk to two parts water. Fresh cow’s milk diluted
with water to a 10% solution.
37
 Oils - Vegetable seed oils such as canola oil can be used, at a rate of 2.5
to 3 Tablespoons per gallon of water, with the addition of a quarter-
teaspoon of liquid soap to emulsify the oil.
BLACK MILDEW
Fig. 29a Fig. 29b
Causal organisms
The fungi causing black mildew, Meliola spp., belong to the family
Meliolaceae, order Meliolales of the Ascomycota. The black
mildews are often confused with the common sooty molds which
are superficial epiphytic saprophytes. The Meliolales, however, are
obligate parasites which produce a variety of structures that
penetrate host cells.
Symptoms
The fungus forms black, radiate, velvety colonies on the surface of
the phyllodes (Figs. 29a & 29b). In cases of heavy infestation, the
entire phyllode surface may be covered by the fungus. The
infection is usually more frequent on the upper than on the lower
phyllode surface. Sometimes young stems and twigs can also be
infected. Minute spherical fruiting bodies develop on the fungal
thallus. In M. brisbanensis these ascocarps have pigmented walls
bearing setae and contain sac-shaped asci containing four
pigmented ascospores.
38
Impact
De Guzman (1977) indicated that heavily infected phyllodes turned
yellow and abscissed prematurely with repeated infection, leading
to stunting of seedlings. However, on older trees the black mildew
does not cause any serious damage although it may be common on
the foliage and sometimes on young stems.
Control and management
Control of the disease is seldom necessary as it has little impact on
the host. However, if infestation is heavy, black mildew can be
controlled by spraying fungicides and insecticides to eliminate scale
insects and mealybugs.
 Spray the leaves with a solution of either horticultural oil or neem
oil. Horticultural oil and neem oil are less toxic pesticides that will
rid your plant of heavy infestations. Spray in the early evening after
the plant is no longer in direct sunlight.
2. DAMPING-OFF
Fig. 30a Fig.30b
Causal organisms
Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. and
Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.
Symptoms
The disease usually occurs within two weeks of seed germination
causing large-scale mortality under conditions favourable for
disease development, for example; densely sown seed beds or
trays of seedlings; high soil moisture and humidity. Damping-off
develops as irregular, spreading patches of dead and dying plants.
Affected
39
seedlings develop water-soaked, constricted stem tissue at soil level  place of normal watering, has been found to be very effective. After
causing them to fall over and die. (Figs. 30a & 30b) treatment, control of watering to prevent excessive soil moisture
Pathology helps to check further spread of the disease.
Damping-off is recognised in both pre-emergence and post-
emergence stages of seedling growth and is the most common
disease of forest nurseries. The pathogens are able to grow in soil, 3. WEB BLIGHT
compost and other nursery potting media. Seedlings rapidly
become resistant to infection due to increasing secondary
thickening and lignification of stem tissue. Damping-off fungi, Fig. 31
therefore, attack root tips, hypocotyls and young stems. Excessive
watering, high humidity, shade, high seedling density and high
organic content of growth media are the main factors contributing
to damping-off by Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia spp. are less
Symptoms
demanding with regard to soil moisture conditions and can cause The disease is characterised by the growth of aerial mycelium of R.
disease under a broader range of environmental regimes (Vaartaja solani which proliferates from infested soil or other growing media,
and Morgan 1961). to attack the stems, cotyledons and young leaves of densely-
spaced seedlings. Light-brown irregularly shaped sclerotia form on
Impacts the mycelial web (Fig. 31). Infected seedlings develop water-
In well-managed hygienic nurseries, the disease is almost absent. soaked lesions, wilt and die. If appropriate control measures are
However, under conducive environmental conditions, the disease not adopted the disease spreads rapidly to adjacent healthy
can be very serious and result in high mortality and economic seedlings.
losses. Once the infection starts, it can spread very quickly and kill
a large number of seedlings within a few days.
Control and management Pathology and impacts
Rhizoctonia solani is able to grow as a saprophyte in soil or
Damping-off can be managed effectively by following appropriate
compost. The sclerotia described above are resistant to
nursery practices.
biodegradation and allow the fungus to survive in the absence of
 Seedlings grown in either polypots or in root trainers are less
host plants. The pathogen will commonly be present in non-sterile
susceptible to disease as several common damping-off pathogens
soil or nursery media without causing significant disease. Excessive
do not readily spread from one container to another.
moisture due to over-watering and shade, however, coupled with
 Proper management of the nursery, including good hygiene and
high seedling density and high organic content of growth media
good quality water supply, are necessary to reduce disease
create an environment conducive to web blight and epidemics can
incidence. If disease occurs, it can be controlled by reducing
occur. Re-use of plastic pots or tubes without sterilization is not
 Watering of beds to a bare minimum and by regulating shading.
recommended as the fungus can survive on contaminated
 Chemical treatment can become necessary to control outbreaks of containers. Impacts on seedling production can be severe, as the
damping-off. Depending upon the pathogen(s) involved, drenching disease spreads rapidly.
with carbendazim, captan or mancozeb, applied in

40 41
Control and management
Web blight is more likely to be a problem where seed is sown
directly into seed beds or trays of potting media rather than in
nursery operations using plastic tubes or poly-pots. In the event of
an outbreak, chemical treatment can become necessary for
control. Drenching with carbendazim or Terrachlor (quintozene)
applied in place of normal watering, is reported to be effective
(Mohanan 1996; Sankaran 1996). After treatment, control of
watering to prevent excessive soil moisture helps to check further
spread of the disease.
4. PHYLLODE RUST
Fig. 32a Fig. 32b
Symptoms
Infected phyllodes, shoot tips, petioles and even fruits of infected
trees may suffer gross malformation more orderly cell proliferation
in the form of galls or bullate (blister-like) swellings (Figs 32a &
32b). These blisters are cinnamon brown in colour, covered with
spores and smooth to the touch when young but darkening to
become almost black when older. The surface of the blister is often
colonised by fungal parasites which may reduce their infectivity.
The rust also produces reddish brown pustules bearing
urediniospores on the surface of otherwise normal phyllodes.
When the growing points of young trees are infected, the rust
causes extreme swelling (hypertrophy) of the apical
42
meristem and death of leading shoots with consequent loss of stem
form.
The disease occurs in nurseries where all stock can be affected and
has to be destroyed. Failure to destroy seedlings results in the
pathogen being introduced into newly planted areas. Once
established in field locations, foliage of older trees bears many rust
pustules that may have little effect on growth but act as sources of
inoculum for young
plantations.
Impacts
The major impacts of the disease have been, so far, in nurseries and
newly planted stands of A. mangium. The disease has led to the loss
of several hundreds of thousands of seedlings in some nurseries in
Kalimantan, but the impact after out-planting has not been
assessed.
Mortality from this disease after plantation establishment seems
unlikely. The loss of foliage from potentially fast-growing trees
must, however, be regarded with concern. Future resources for
industrial processing will depend on predictable supplies from
short rotation crops, and crown retention is essential for fast
growth.
Control and management
Control of the pathogen in nurseries will be readily achieved using
appropriate fungicide sprays. There is no published information as
yet on suitable chemicals and spraying schedules specifically for
phyllode rusts on acacias but systemic fungicides such as Baycor
(bitertanol) and Plantvax (oxycarboxin), effective against other rust
fungi, are likely to be useful.
 Seedlings or cuttings raised in nurseries where the disease is known
to be present should not be transported long distances to new
plantation establishment sites. There is a strong possibility that
even in the absence of symptomatic plants the pathogen will be
introduced into new areas on infected planting stock.
 Control of the disease in plantations is more problematical. Due to
the vast number of spores produced on each lesion and the
43
 efficiency of dissemination of the spores by wind, hygiene
measures such as the removal and burning of infected branches or
trees are unlikely to have any effect on the level of disease in young
plantations.
8.1 Nursery Hygiene
 Sterile germination mix & sterile potting mix.
 Nursery equipment & the general working area should regularly
disinfect to prevent the build-up of diseases.
 Good air flow across & around seedlings, poor air circulation favors
the development of decay-causing organism.
 avoid over shading
 No water ponding, weeds, rubbish or animals. Excessive moisture
invites decay-causing organism.
 Proper removal of garbage is necessary to avoid breeding places
harmful organisms.
9.0 FERTILIZER, FUNGICIDE & INSECTICIDE APPLICATION
 The application of inorganic fertilizer may not be necessary if the
potting mix contains high amount of nutrients to support the
seedling growth. It is easy to scorch the seedlings, thus fertilizer
application can damage the seedlings if not done correctly.
 Materials needed: knapsack sprayer, insecticide, fertilizer, mask,
gloves.
 Soil fertilizer (UREA) - 1-2 grams/pot must be placed at about 4cm
from the pot bottom of the pot.
 Fungicide (Agrofuran) - for sterilizing the soil 1-2 grams/pot and
must be placed at about 4cm from the top of the pot.
 Gana foliar fertilizer – to promote maximum nutrient absorption,
dilute foliar fertilizer first before application. First application 2
tablespoon in 16 liters knapsack sprayer after 15 days, application
is every 15 days and 1 tablespoon usage.
 Insecticide application (Lorsban) – 25-35 ml (2-2.5 tablespoon)
dilute in 16 liters knapsack sprayer, spray after 1 month.
 16 liters knapsack sprayer can accommodate up to 50,000
seedlings.
44
9.1 Inoculation of rhizobia
 For leguminous species like Acacia mangium, it is advisable to
inoculate the seedlings with Rhizobia. This will help facilitate the
production of nodules, which contain nitrogen fixing bacteria that
can help in the growth of the seedlings. This procedure is done
during the pricking period.
 Steps:
Slighty prick the germinants using thin stick, remove young
seedlings by grasping their lower leaves not the stems. Prick out all
healthy germinants
Prepare slurry water b mixing 10-20 g of Rhizobia in 100-200 ml of
water.
Place uplifted seedlings immediately in the basin with slurry water
to protect the root hairs from exposure.
Using a small stick, make a hole in the potting medium.
Insert the root system into the hole and cover the hole gently with
the potting medium and carefully firm the potting mix to prevent
air pockets left around the roots.
9.2 Guidelines in applying insecticide, fertilizer.
 Review & follow all label directions dealing with application
techniques. (Fig. 33). Be sure you have all the materials necessary
for a safe and proper application.
 Mix chemicals in well-ventilated area.
 When applying pesticides, wear the protective clothing (Fig. 34)
and use the equipment the label requires.
 Do not use the same sprayer equipment for weed control, insect
control, fertilizer.
 Do not apply insecticides in winds greater than 10 to 16 kph, or
during an atmospheric temperature inversion.
45
 Spray the pesticide uniformly no more than 3 to 4 feet to your side
(Fig. 35) Direct the spray pattern so you do not walk through the
spray. Spraying should be continuous and uninterrupted, giving
uniform coverage with a minimum of overlap.
 Fertilizer application - for better nutrient absorption, make sure
that your foliar fertilizer sprays reach the undersides of leaves
where the stomata are located. The best time to spray is in the
morning so the spray has time to dry.
 Never eat, drink, or smoke while applying pesticides or before
cleaning up.
 Wash immediately and dispose of leftover chemicals
Fig. 33
9.3 Natural pesticides recipes
 Insecticide
Neem (Azadirachta indica) – It has been used effectively on over 10
leaf-insects. Collect mature seeds, wash, remove the husk & allow
to dry completely. Take 12 handfuls of dry seeds (or use 500g/L) &
grind then into a fine powder & mix the powder in 12L of water &
soak overnight.
Chilli, pepper (Capsium frutescens) – Collect 2 handfuls of chillies &
dry. Grind into a fine powder, taking care not to inhale too much of
the highly irritating dust, mix with 2 L of water & soak overnight.
Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) – Roots, seeds & leaves are poisonous
to rats & other animals. Insecticide against aphids.
Garlic (Allium savitum) – Finely chop 3 bulbs of garlic & mix with 10
L of water. Can store this up to 2 weeks unstrained, although its
effect on the plant lasts only for 1-3 days after applying.

Fig. 34  Virus Control

Wearing proper personal protective
equipment (PPE) to avoid
direct contact of insecticide
or pesticide
Bougainvilla (Bougainvilla sepium) - Mix 200 g of fresh leaves per
liter of water. Mix at least five in blender.
Dahlia (Dahlia pinnata) - Mix 150 g of fruit per liter of water.
Spinach (Spinacea oleracea) – Mix 200 g of fresh plant leaves per
liter of water & soak for 1 day.

 Non-plant substance Used as Insecticides

Chalk – Mix 3-5 g of chalk per liter of water. Soak for 12 hours if
Fig. 35 (Insecticide or
fertilizer application construction grade chalk is used; 3-4 days if natural chalk is used.
using knapsack sprayer) Stir frequency & apply directly. It dehydrates the insects when in
contact. It can burn young plant tissue & should be therefore only
be used on mature leaves.

47
46
 Mineral oil – use high grade oil such as ultra-fine spray oil. Mix 10- Macronutrients
30 mineral oil in a small amount of water, and then add 1 L of
water, stir constantly. Cooking oil can be used instead of mineral Name (symbol) Function Deficiency symptoms
(very general)
oil if soap is added. It dehydrates or suffocates the insects or their
eggs when in contact. nitrogen (N) Important component Old leaves turn yellow, plant
 Cow’s milk – Mix ½ cup of fresh, unpasteurized milk with 4 cups of amino growth retarded, small
of flour & 20 L if water. It kills insect eggs & acts against some acids and proteins. leaves. Be careful: too much
insects which carry viruses. nitrogen leads to overgrown
plants which are highly
susceptible to
 Fungicide diseases.
phosphorus (P) Provides energy (ATP). Small plants with erect
fungi thrives in areas of high humidity & shade. Reducing these 2 Helps in growth habit; thin stems,
factors helps control them. Fungi often appear first on the lower transport of assimilates slow growth. Leaves appear
leaves on the plant because the spores are released from the soil. during dirty grey-green, sometimes
Always apply fungicides to the soil & the bottoms of the leaves. photosynthesis. red.
Important
 Papaya (Carica papaya) – Finely chop 1 kg of dry leaves & mix of functions in fruit
1 liter of water. Stand overnight. Dilute with 4 L of water. ripening
 Garlic & onion (Allium sativum, A. cepa) – mix 500 g finely potassium (K) Important in Older leaves show first
chopped materials in 10 L of water. Allow to ferment for one maintaining cell chlorotic, later necrotic
week. Dilute with another 10 L of water. Incorporate into the soil. turgor, phloem borders. Younger leaves
transport, cell remain small.
growth and cell wall
development
(K deficiency leads to
susceptibility to pests
because
cell walls are
weakened).
calcium (Ca) Stabilizes cell Deficiency is often only
membranes and visible in retarded growth.
cell walls, interacts
with plant
9.4 Nutrients Deficiency hormones. Ca is
extremely
48 49
49
 immobile and can only carbohydrate formation
be taken are
up through young, hindered.
unlignified copper (Cu) Found in chloroplasts. Youngest leaves are
roots. Important chlorotic or necrotic, fruit
magnesium (Mg) Component of Old leaves chlorotic from for carbohydrate set is insufficient.
chlorophyll– middle or between veins, synthesis and
photosynthesis is rarely necrotic. Leaves protein synthesis.
hindered when orange-yellow, drop zinc (Zn) Has enzyme activating Small leaves and short
deficient. Binds ATP to prematurely. function, internodes; thin shoots.
enzymes. e.g. starch synthetase; is
Important for protein found
synthesis in chloroplasts.
sulphur (S) Component of etheric Similar to N-deficiency but molybdenum Important component of Old leaves develop
oils, symptoms show first on (Mo) enzymes, specifically necrotic borders, often
vitamin B, vitamin H, young leaves. nitrate the symptoms are caused
amino reductase and by secondary
acids, and has nitrogenase. N-deficiency.
important Essential element for all
functions in protein Nitrogen-fixing plants.
synthesis. boron (B) Found in cell walls, Youngest leaves are
Micronutrients important for deformed, thick, dark
transport of assimilates green to greyish. Root
iron (Fe) Component of Young leaves turn yellow and cell growth. If system development is
chloroplasts. to white. deficient, shoot tip hindered.
Part of the redox system dries.
in the chlorine (Cl) Important in maintaining Deficiency symptoms
electron transport during cell occur only in halophytes
assimilation, and tugor, increases sugar (salt-loving plants), mainly
important for content in fruits. as loss in turgor.
RNA synthesis.
manganese (Mn) Important for enzyme Youngest leaves show
activation, chlorotic spots, later they
photolysis. When grow into necrotic areas
deficient, parallel to the 10.0 HARDENING
protein synthesis and veins

50
50 51
  Hardening-off can be best facilitated when seedlings are raised off  A batch of seedlings will not grow at the same rate, some will
the ground. Elevating seedlings prevents absorption of moisture overgrow others. Arranging seedlings according to height (Fig.
from the ground. It also promotes aerial pruning, thus preventing 37) or ‘grading’ will provide sufficient space for smaller seedlings to
the development of long taproot that will penetrate into the receive ample sunlight and water to improve their growth.
ground causing severe stress to seedlings when lifted for
transplanting. Can be done by controlling:
 Watering — reduce the frequency of watering and the amount
water applied to the seedlings. If possible take the seedling to its
wilting point such that shoots will begin to wilt before watering.
However, care should be taken not to expose the seedlings to too
much wilting that it could not recover anymore and will result to
shedding off of leaves. Controlling the watering will accustom the Fig. 37 (arranging according to height)
seedlings to limited soil moisture on the field.
 Shading - shade must be removed a month before planting the  If seedlings on beds are not graded, the shorter seedlings will be
seedlings (Fig. 36). This will prepare the seedlings from direct overtopped with taller seedlings and become more deprived with
exposure to intense sunlight in the planting site. sunlight and water, leaving them unsuitable for planting together
 Root pruning - done to prevent the growth of long taproot and with the rest of seedlings in cohort.
encourage the development of young fibrous roots but should be  If any of the seedlings in your nursery are similar to the following
stopped two weeks before planting. illustrations, you should discard them: Figs. 38a & 38b
 Fertilizing — the frequency of application and amount of fertilizer
applied must be reduced. Fertilizer application must be stopped
two to three weeks from planting.

1 2 3 4

Fig. 36 (Seedlings at hardening area)

5 6 7
11.0 GRADING & SORTING
1. Bent stem
2. Too small
52 53
 3. Too few leaves 1. Grown from seeds or wildlings collected from genetically and
4. Two stems phenotypically superior mother trees or trees from seed
5. Dead main shoot production areas or seed orchards.
6. extremely small leaves 2. Healthy, free from diseases and with dark green leaves.
7. Overgrown (unbalanced shoot & root system) 3. Sturdy stem and with relatively large root collar diameter.
4. Root system that is free from deformities, dense with many fine
Source: Wightman (1999) fibrous hairs with white root tips.
5. Balanced root and shoot mass.
12.0 SEEDLING QUALITY 6. Fully hardened, accustomed to full sunlight and reduced water few
weeks prior to out planting
 The quality of seedlings has a profound effect on the growth  The following are examples of advantages of high quality
performance of planted trees seedlings compared with low quality seedlings: (Fig. 39)
High Quality seedlings Low Quality seedlings
12.1 Quality seed 1. Low Mortality 1. High Mortality
2. Low Plantation 2. High Plantation
 Seedling quality also depends on the seed used. Maintenance cost Maintenance cost
 The quality of seed planted in the nursery is of crucial importance, 3. Shorter Rotation Period 3. Longer Rotation Period
since seeds are the most basic input into any planting programme. 4. High Timber Recovery 4. Low Timber Recovery
 It is therefore necessary to pay proper attention to quality issues 5. High Timber Quality 5. Low Timber Quality
when procuring and subsequently storing tree seed until planting. Fig. 39 (Comparison between High & Low quality seedlings)
 Choose a supplier who provides good documentation on his or her Physical health: Q-seedlings should free from pest & disease, has robust stem
seed (this can be judged by asking suppliers for their seed Fig. 40
catalogues. The more information a supplier can provide about the Insect damage
seed, including provenance, source (natural, naturalized or planted
stand), collection method and collector, the better your selection
of material will be and the higher your chances of getting quality
planting material.
 Note: Normally, about 20-30% of seedlings raised in the nursery
will exhibit poor physical quality. Accordingly, there should be an
allowance of 20-30% more seedlings than the quantity of seedlings
required. 
Ideal (Healthy Seedling Poor health
12. 2 A high quality seedling has the following characteristics: straight & sturdy stem) (etiolated stem)

54 Shoot & root ratio: Q-seedlings should have balance shoot to root ratio.

55
 (Fig. 41)
 to produce a clone of a particular parent plant.
Fig. 41 Ideal (Balance shoot-root ratio)
Root Form: Q-seedlings should have well developed root system with no
evidence of root deformations. Fig. 42
Fig. 42
A good root system free of
deformities with straight taproot.
 Notice the many fine root hairs that
are important for the absorption of
water and nutrients
Seedlings with root system similar to illustrations below should not be
planted these will cause high mortality in planting in field
13.0 PLANTING STOCK PRODUCTION (Vegetative & Wildlings)
 When high-quality seeds are not readily available, production of
seedlings can be done by vegetative propagation.
 In the Philippines, cuttings of fast-growing species such as Acacia
mangium & Gmelina arborea were used in industrial tree
plantations conducted by Provident Tree Farms, Inc. (PTFI) in
Talacogon, Agusan del Sur.
13.1 Cuttings
 Cutting propagation is often the preferred method for plant
propagation because it is the easiest and most cost effective way
 Is a portion of the root, shoot, branch, stem, leaf or bud cut from
selected parent plant (PCARRD, 1992). With the aid of a hormone
Lanky or other suitable rooting media, they induced to produce roots &
shoots. Their field survival depends largely in their preparation,
handling, and capacity to produce roots.
 Materials: Pruning shear or knife.
 Stem cuttings: are prepared by cutting the branches into sections
of desired length. The ends of each cutting should be slanted and
smooth and at least 3 nodes in a single cutting (Fig. 43)
 Two methods in induce root formation: by wounding & by the use
of root hormones. The most popular active ingredients of plant
hormones are: indole-butyric acid (IBA), gibberellic acid (GA),
naphthalene acid (NAA).
 Liquid formations into which cuttings are placed are diluted in
water as prescribe by the manufacturer.
 Cuttings maybe planted either in vertical or slanting position with
basal portion in the hole. About ¼ of the total length of cutting is
buried.
 The rooting medium should be sterile, low in fertility and well-
drained to provide sufficient aeration.
 Cover the cuttings with plastic and place in shaded area to avoid
exposure to direct sun.
 Shoots sprout after two weeks, followed callous & root formation.
 Application of complete fertilizer in liquid form in beds with sand
medium helps to induce root formation.
56 57
 Cuttings are transplanted after producing sufficient roots with a
maximum length of 3-5 cm.

Fig. 44 (Young wildlings)

Fig. 43 (A stem cutting showing the slanting cut at the end of the stem
with the leaf cut into half)
13.2 Wildlings
 Are seedlings growing naturally under the forest canopy. It can be Fig. 45a Fig. 45b (wrap in banana sheath)
used, provided they are properly hardened and taken care off.
However, their survival in the field is generally lower. Wildlings packed in banana sheath
 Newly germinated wildings about 1-3 months old and between 10- during the collection process
15 cm in height (normally with 2-4 pairs of Leaves) (Fig. 44) should
be collected. Older wildings, especially those from previous fruiting 14. 0 NURSERY MANAGEMENT
seasons and taller than 20 cm in height, should be avoided.
 They should be lifted with a ball of earth around the roots. 14.1 Nursery calendar
 Wildlings should be collected while they are still very young.  Prepare nursery calendar, this will show the production schedule
Collecting old wildlings will cause severe root damage which will in the nursery, contains information on date for sowing seeds,
result to high seedling mortality Also; potting old wildlings will the time it reach its plantable size. Knowing all the information
usually result to deformed root system such as J-rooting especially will aid the nursery in-charge to plan and schedule the purchases
when root pruning is not carried out prior to potting. of supplies (seeds, etc.), materials & equipment.
 The best time to collect wildling is early in the morning and late
afternoon. If collection is done during a sunny day, wildlings should
be covered to protect them from wilting. Mud packing of roots is
ideal and fresh banana sheath will serve as a good packing material.
(Figs 45a & 45b)
14.2 Plant development register

 Information about specific species information. 59

58
  This register contains records or data about each species by seed
lot. (Fig. 46)
 The information includes: seed sources, pretreatments, sowing
date, time of germination, germination percentage, percentage
of germinants, pricked out, potting substrate, and
microsymbionts. Used (origin and type), plant development, and
condition under they are produced. Cultural treatments
(mulching, shading, watering, hardening-off, root pruning, etc.)
are also recorded. Problems like pests and diseases are also
included. If possible, nutrient analyses of soil substrate used
should be also recorded. The information contained in the plant
register becomes valuable in nurseries with regular staff
turnovers.
Fig. 46 (Nursery Calendar sowing activities)
14.3 Nursery inventory
 Nursery calendars are helpful tools in scheduling necessary
 The inventory aids the manager in knowing if the required activities such as sowing dates and the purchase of supplies and
seedling production will be met by the planting season. For materials. The date for sowing seeds, for example, can be
commercial nurseries, this will also be valuable in knowing if calculated by counting backwards from the anticipated date of
seedling orders could be adequately met on time. Information planting, taking into consideration the number of days needed for
about species, age size, quantity, and bed location are essential. germination and further seed development until the right stage for
planting in the field (see example in Table 1), (Fig. 46).
14.4 Records of experiments  Seedlings for drier sites may need more time for hardening and
customers may need to be reminded of this when placing orders.
 This is advisable even for smaller nurseries to provide valuable Also different species grow and mature at different rates and this
information regarding the experiments conducted in the nursery' will influence timing of delivery and expectations from the Head
Simple experiments like watering, shading, substrate mix, and Office.
seed pre-germination treatments generate much needed
information for many nurseries.
 Recorded information is essential to ensure that the practice
could be repeated if successful.

61
60
 Fig. 48 (Seed & Plant Identification Record)

 When seed is received from Head Office, it already should

have an identity number and this is retained for identification
purposes as well. In addition to the use of identity number and
Fig. 47 (Calendar of Nursery Activities) species name, it is customary to include the date of sowing and
 Some nurseries prepare a second type of calendar to show, on a transplanting. An example of a Seed and Plant Identification Record
monthly basis the more important nursery activities such as is shown in Table 3. (Fig. 48)
dates for bed construction, preparation of potting soil, start of
compost production, sowing, weeding, and repairs to nursery
and the timing of annual staff leave. Table 2 (Fig. 47) is an
example of this type of calendar.

62 63

Fig. 49 (Nursery Production Record)
Nursery Production Record: This record is necessary to keep track
of the species and number of seedlings in different stages of
survival, development and distribution. A well-kept and up-to-date
production record helps to assess whether the nursery is operated
as planned and alerts Head Office in good time if seedlings are
under or over produced so that remedial action can be taken
promptly Table 4 (Fig. 49) shows an example of a Nursery
Production Record
 Besides growth records, it is equally important to have proper
records on the equipment, tools, fertilizers, chemicals, and all
consumable items purchased and consumed. Such records
should therefore also be properly kept and maintained
Example of calculating amount of seed needed
64
 800 trees of each species will be planted.
 To estimate the number of seeds to germinate, remember that:
seed germination (G) is 75%
variation in germplasm is relatively low, but expect to cull
10% (C) at pricking out due to poor development
Allow a 15% margin in germination calculations for plants
that need to be replaced (R) at a later stage
 Seedlings needed (S) for each species: 800
 Add for germination failure (GF): S x 100/G
800x100/75 = 1,067
 add for culling at transplanting (CT): GF x (100+C)/100
1,067x (100+10)/100 = 1,174
 add for replacing at outplanting (RO): CT x (100+R)/100
1,174x (100+15)/100 = 1,350
 Total seeds needed for each species 1,350. Given the seed
weights for L. leucocephala (20 000/kg), L. diversifolia (26
000/kg) and L. trichandra (34 000/kg), 67.5 g, 51.3 g and 39.2 g
respectively are needed.
14. 5 Staff training
65
  It is an important component of effective nursery management
to insure that even nontechnical personnel, particularly the
seasonal laborers, are capable to performing the various aspects
of nursery stock production.
 Going through the whole spectrum of seedling production from
germination to seedling packaging, and transport will be
beneficial in ensuring that high-quality seedlings are produced,
 Safety practices are also important to avoid accidents and
sickness in the nursery.
15.0 NURSERY AS BUSINESS
 Whatever the reasons for starting the nursery business, there are
a number of things one should know and resources that should
be available.
 First, success in the nursery business requires expertise in all
phases of plant production, from propagation to post-harvest
handling.
 To be successful, one needs to be conversant with handling both
employees and finances marketing & sales.
 Finally, all business ventures—including the nursery business—
require a capital investment to cover the cost of land, equipment,
buildings, supplies, labour and stock, in this case the initial
purchase of plants for propagation and growing to salable size.
 if you take the time and make the effort to learn the business
and develop a closely reasoned and comprehensive business
plan. Success in the nursery business isn’t just growing the plants.
You must also let everyone know about the business and how
your product is superior to the already available products in the
trade.
 Developing a business plan for the nursery
66
A nursery business plan will help to determine the type, market,
location, site, design and size of operation. In addition, one will
establish specific details on equipment and employee
requirements, operational costs, estimated pricing schemes,
projected return on investment and asset availability
 In deciding on the type of nursery business, one begins to define
the type and form (rooted cuttings, seedlings, liners, container
grown, field-grown seedlings, or a combination) of nursery stock to
be grown.
 Defining the market:
Each nursery owner must analyze and organize his or her own
marketing channels, develop a sales programme, prepare the
product for distribution, extend credit, and make collections.
 Defining competition:
Product quality, selection, lowest price and fastest service are what
should define your nursery.
Knowing the competition in the business is essential in developing
a marketing strategy. Understanding what other growers are
producing for the market will help to develop a better position for
products and services.
 Marketing Strategy:
 Marketing strategy is based on becoming an option for
contractors and the general public to fill their plant and
agroforestry needs and must include performance in the
following areas:
 Customer service
 Knowledgeable staff
 Affordable prices
 Great location
 Quantity and quality of plants, seedlings
67
  Sales strategy
Factors that influence primary sales:
 Excellent customer service
 Exceptional product knowledge
 Large and varied offer of trees and saplings
 Good location
 Good quality of saplings
 Affordable prices
Promotion
 Promotion strategy is everything that a person does for the
customer to encourage them to purchase the product
 This includes not only advertising, but also public relations and
personal contact.
 The concept of your promotion strategies should be to capture
the attention of the public and get them to buy the product.
Placement
 Now that the product is ready for sale, priced, and consumers
know that it exists, how do they get it? This is known as
placement of the product, or getting the goods to the customer
when and where they want it (distribution).
 Often businesses such as nurseries do not have the resources to
individually deliver the product to the consumer.
 Marketing in the nursery industry is just as important as in any
other business. One cannot simply rely on people to ‘’just ‘know’’
that you are a good grower; you have to make it known. With the
proper marketing strategies it is possible to succeed in this
business
Remember, growing the plants right and maintaining them is only the
first step.
APPENDIX 1: COMMON ERRORS FOUND IN TREE NURSERIES
1. Containers not filled properly:
68
After a short period, the growing media settles leaving space at the top,
exposing roots. The top of the bag folds inwards and consequently during
irrigation, insufficient water reaches
the seedling.
2. Cylindrical shape of container not maintained:
If the plastic bags take on different shapes in the transplant beds, each
seedling will not receive the same optimum space for growth and light.
3. Container not in upright position:
Plastic bags not placed in an upright position is one of the causes of stem
curvature.
4. Soil or sand used in germination beds not changed after each
production cycle:
Using the same germination media each year increases the risk of attack
from damping off fungi. Preventive methods are more effective than
control.
5. Sowing seed too deep:
This is often done to avoid the washing out or displacement of seed by rain
or heavy watering and results in unequal germination or low germination
percent.
6. Lifting transplant seedlings individually and wrenching them:
Transplant seedlings should be lifted carefully in groups with the aid of a
wooden knife to avoid destruction of the young tender roots and root
hairs.
7. Exposure of seedlings to air after lifting:
Exposure to air for longer than ten seconds can cause unnecessary wilting
and delay normal seedling growth.
8. Handling transplant seedlings by root or stem or at root collar:
Always hold seedlings by the foliage to avoid physical damage caused by
abrasive dirty fingers to delicate roots and stems.
9. Bad transplanting:
If principal or secondary roots are bent upwards, intertwined or benched, a
poor quality seedling will be produced with undesirable roots.
10. Leaving air space around the root of the young seedling after
transplanting:
Roots lack contact with soil and are unable to fulfill function of water and
nutrient uptake resulting in wilting, slow recovery and sometimes death.
11. Bad root pruning while transplanting:
Nursery workers use their fingers and fingernails to cut back long roots during & P. falcataria
transplanting. In doing so they squeeze the roots between their fingers,
damaging them. Roots should be cut with a sharp knife.
1. Seed viability test
12. Uneven transplant container beds:
Water collects in depressions causing chlorotic symptoms and stunted growth. Using floatation method (the seeds sink: viable)
13. Same knapsack sprayer used to apply weedicides and fungicides: 2. Seed pre-treatments:
Large quantities of seedlings have been killed by this practice even with
thorough washing.
14. Inadequate attention paid to root pruning in transplanted containers
 A. mangium
before transporting to field: For stored & old seeds:
Insufficient time available for the seedling to recover from shock and seedling Soak the seeds in boiling water for 3-4 minutes & soak in tap water
will wilt at the planting site. overnight OR
15. Hardening off process starting too late or neglected:
Do not wait until the last week or two to start this operation as seedlings will Soak the seeds in boiling water until the water turns cold overnight
not have had sufficient time to adjust to the harsher environment in the field. OR
The rains will also have started and controlling water reduction at this time Placed in boiling water for 30 seconds then cooled by soaking in
will be difficult.
cold water for 2 hours
16. Dispatch and transport of plants not properly done:
Often plants are lifted by their stems when loading and unloading vehicles and  P. falcataria
when transporting to the planting site. Never lift plants by the stem. Boxes or  Soak the seeds in boiling water for 3 minutes & soak in tap water
crates should be provided for the purpose. overnight OR
17. Too many trees in the nursery:
 Dipped in concentrated sulfuric acid for 10-15 minutes followed
Tall trees give unnecessary shade, harbor insects and other pests and make it
difficult to achieve a good hardening process. by washing and then 15 minutes of soaking in cool water to
18. Bad storage of plants near planting site: accelerate & ensure uniform germination
Try to avoid leaving plants in the shade without water for long periods after they 3. Preparing germination media:
leave the nursery.
Prepare pulverized soil and fine sand with 1:1 ratio
Mix the soil and fine sand thoroughly, sterilize for one (1) hour
Prepare the Seedbox or germination bed
Put the sterilize media in the seed box or germination bed

Guidelines in propagation of Acacia mangium

4. Sowing:
  A. mangium
 The treated seeds are broadcasted on prepared seed boxes
filled with topsoil & fine sand with a depth of 5mm & cover lightly
with fine sand or soil or
 Sowing in germination trays and transplanting the seedlings 6–
10 days later, when the radicle emerges.
 Sprinkler water on the sown seeds
 P. falcataria
 Sowing maybe done in drills in seed plots or in seedbeds. The
drills maybe spaced 5 cm apart & the seeds spaced 1 cm along
the drills.
Sprinkler water on the sown seeds
5. Potting
Sieved the potting medium at 5mm mesh to remove large
particles.
mix top soil, river sand & compost (1:1:1) OR
soil, rice hulls ,mud press or compost (3:1:1) OR
garden soil & sawdust (1:1)
sterilize the media
Polybags should have at least six holes on the bottom
 if not sterilize, While potting put fertilizer Urea (46-0-
0) 1-2 grams/pot at about 4cm from the pot bottom
and fungicide Carbofuran(Agrofuran) for sterilizing the
soil 1-2 grams/pot placed at about 4cm from the top
of the pot.
- A. mangium (5''x8'')
- P. falcataria (4x6)
Fungicide (Carbofuran)
Fertilizer Urea (46-0-0)
6. Transplanting
When the first of leaflets emerges, transplant into polybags.
Germinants are ready to be transplanted
 A. mangium 6-10 days after germination
 P. falcataria 5-10 days after germination
Water the seedlings a day before & one (1) hour before
pricking out.
Slighty prick the germinants using thin stick, remove young
seedlings by grasping their lower leaves and put the seedlings
in water as soon as you take them from the germination bed.
Don’t lift them out by the stem. The volume of seedlings to be
lifted at one time should be enough to be planted within 15
minutes.
Prepare planting holes with a stick & ensure they are sufficient
wide & deep. A small hole of about 2-3 cm in depth should be
made at the center of the polybags to plant the newly
germinated seedlings & while holding the seedlings at its
terminal leaf, insert the root system into the hole and cover
the hole gently with the potting medium and carefully
firm the potting mix to prevent air pockets left around the
roots.
Water the plants after planting. Do not water too much
7. Shading:  16 liters knapsack sprayer can accommodate up to 50,000
 A. mangium seedlings
 1 week at potted area (coconut net shade)  Insecticide application
 1 week at transplanting area (fishnet shade)  (Lorsban) 25-35 ml (2-2.5 tablespoon) dilute in 16
 1 ½ months (no shade area) liters knapsack sprayer, spray after 1 month.
 P. Falcata
 1 week at the at potted area (coconut net shade)
 1 week at transplanting area (fishnet shade)
 Then expose to full sunlight

8. Hardening:
 Reduce the watering and fertilizing gradually.
 Root pruning & fertilizer application must be stop two (2) weeks
before planting in the field
 A. mangium : 2-3 months in nursery & Plantable size of 25-40 cm
 P. falcataria: 1-2 months in nursery & plantable size of 10-15 cm
9. Maintenance:
 Watering:
 water the plants early in the morning & late afternoon
 Weeding & Pruning
 Should done regularly & pruning must be stop 2 weeks before
planting in the field
 After cutting the roots, the seedlings should be watered as
they may be stressed.
 Fertilizer application:
Gana foliar fertilizer – to promote maximum
nutrient absorption, dilute foliar fertilizer first before
application. First application 2 tablespoon in 16 liters

 knapsack sprayer after 15 days, application is every 15 days APPENDIX 3: PHASES OF SEEDLING STOCK PRODUCTION
and 1 tablespoon usage.
 Apply fertilizer every 15 days
Species
selection Wildlings
  Nursery shall be handled by experienced managerial and technical
Collection &
preparations personnel in managing nursery and contractual laborers to do the
Planting Asexually daily activities. The activities will be in accordance to the monthly
Stock propagated
source stocks working plan to ensure to meet the required target seedlings every
Soil bagging Container
month.
preparation
Seeds Seedbed/  All the personnel will undergo trainings/seminars related to the
Seedbox
preparation nursery operations and management, technical trainings for the

Collection, Sowing propagation of tree species.

Processing, Planting
Storage testing Pre-germination  Activities for Establishing Nursery:
treatments
1. Site selection & Preparation of the required papers/permits
Transplanting Early tending for the construction of the nursery.
Potting (Sorting, root activities
Soil Management (Watering,
pruning) 2. Site preparation- clearing the area from undesirable plants
(fertilization, shading,
inoculation, mulching) (weeds)
Composting, green
manuring) Transplant 3. Construction of Germinating beds, Potting Area,
beds
Transplanting Area, Hardening Area, Material depot, Fence.
Late tending activities
(Watering, shading, 4. Installation of water system
cultivation/weeding, root
pruning, fertilization, Pest and Disease 5. Procurement of planting materials- purchase of planting
hardening-off) prevention and control
materials, seeds, bags, etc.
6. Bagging/Potting
Grading 7. Seedling Production
Dispatch &
Sorting
Packaging Transport 8. Maintenance Activities
9. Monitoring and Evaluation
APPENDIX 4: ORGANIZATION & MANAGEMENT

Organizational Structure
 1. Gregorio, Nestor O., Herbohn, John L. and Harison, Steve R.
CARAGA RENEWABLE CORPORATION GUIDE TO QUALITY PRODUCTION
http://www.rainforestation.ph/resources/pdf/howto/Gregorio_et_al_201
0_Guide_to_Quality_Seedling_Production.PDF
2. Reforestation, Tree Farming and Plantation Development
NURSERY IN-
Technical Committee, 2007. The Philippines recommends for
CHARGE
reforestation, tree farming and plantation development.
Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 2008. 221p. (Philippines Recommends Series
No. 94/2008)
NURSERY AIDE 3. Ecosystem Research and Development Bureau. 2010.
Development and Management of Forest Plantations: A
Guide Book. Ecosystems Research Development
Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
CONTRACTUAL
College, Laguna.
LABORS 4. Malaysia-ITTO Project 'Sustainable Forest Management and Development
in Peninsular Malaysia; Guidelines for Nursery Establishment and
Practices.
Nursery In-charge http://www.itto.int/files/user/pdf/publications/PD185%2091/pd%
 He/she will work schedules, give directions and oversee the nursery 20185-91-3%20rev%202%20%28F%29%20e.pdf
works of the nursery aide and contractual labor. 5. World Agroforestry Centre Website
Nursery Management, Tree Propagation and Marketing
 Responsible on the processing of documents need for the nursery
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFs/MN17
and safe keeping of the equipment, tool and supplies of the said 565.PDF
project. 6. Jaenicke, Hannah GOOD TREE NURSERY PRACTICES: PRACTICAL GUIDELINES
 Required to submit monthly activity report. FOR RESEARCH NURSERIES
http://www.vtcommunityforestry.org/sites/default/files/pictures/tree-
 Required to conduct skills training on nursery management and nursery-practices-eng.pdf
establishment.
 Serve as quality controller. 7. Hall, Keats C., MANUAL ON NURSERY PRACTICES
http://www.forestry.gov.jm/PDF_files/Nursery_Manual.pdf
Nursery aide
8. Krisnawati, H., Kallio, M. and Kanninen, M. 2011 Acacia mangium
 Personnel who will be doing nursery works and ensure facilities of
Willd.: ecology, silviculture and productivity. CIFOR, Bogor,
the nursery be clean and in proper.
Indonesia. www.cifor.cgiar.org.
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BKrisnawati11
Contract Labor
01.pdf
 To be contracted on piecework (pakyaw) basis per act
References: