International Journal of Biology Sciences

International Journal of Biology Sciences

Online ISSN: 2664-9934; Print ISSN: 2664-9926
Received: 03-11-2018; Accepted: 05-12-2018
www.biologyjournal.net
Volume 1; Issue 1; January 2019; Page No. 09-10

Life cycle of oil palm bunch moth, Tirathaba mundella walker Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Reared Under
laboratory conditions on artificial diet

Su Chong Ming1, Patricia King Jie Hung2*, Calvin Tan Zhe Khai3, Kwan Yee Ming4, Zakri Fitri Bin Ab Aziz5, Joseph Bong
Choon Fah6, Ong Kian Huat7
1-7
Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, P.O. Box 396, Bintulu,
Sarawak, Malaysia

Abstract
Tirathaba mundella Walker is an important pest in many oil palm plantations especially those established on peatland. The life
cycle of T. mundella has not been described in detail despite its economic importance. This study aimed to describe the bionomic
characteristics of T. mundella, rearing on an artificial diet, at 25 oC. The duration of a complete metamorphosis cycle of T.
mundella was about 51.63 ± 3.80 days. The incubation period was the shortest (3.33 ± 0.80 days.), The most detrimental stage of
the pest to oil palm is at larval stage, which took 33.90 ± 2.60 days before pupating. The pupal period took about 5 to 11 days with
a mean ± SD period of 8.53 ± 1.48 days. The average of the adult’s longevity was about 6.05 ± 1.81 days. There is no statistical
difference between the duration of male and female longevity. Adult male and female moths reared in captivity feeded with 10%
sucrose solution would mate readily and produce fertile eggs. The mean preoviposition period were 4 days. Successful of rearing
T. mundella using artificial diet under laboratory conditions promises laboratory assessment for pesticide development which is
less tedious and time consuming than conventional field experiments.

Keywords: oil palm bunch moth, Tirathaba mundella, life cycle, artificial diet

Introduction externally. Beam steering, gain and bandwidth enhancement,

In recent years, biased ferrite material for microstrip antenna
structures has attracted noticeable attention. Ferrite is one of
the important magnetic materials which are used as in both
types single and polycrystalline. Some novel characteristics of
polycrystalline ferrite over normal dielectric material make it
very useful in microwave antenna applications. Different
types of polycrystalline ferrites have their specific advantages
as Li substituted ferrites has high dielectric constant, low
sintering temperature etc. than other substituted ferrites. The
integration of ferrite technology into microstrip printed circuit
antenna has numerous advantages and potential applications.
The reason for using ferrite materials in microstrip structures
is that the applied magnetic field changes the permeability and
thus the electrical properties of material, which in turn
changes the antenna properties. The significance of this is that
it is possible to change the antenna characteristics through the
DC magnetic field applied externally. Beam steering, gain and
bandwidth enhancement, RCS control, surface wave
reduction, switchable and electronic tunability are some of the
unique and inherent features of ferrite based microstrip
antennas and arrays, which have been discussed by numbers
of investigators for the C-band and S-band but not for the X-
band [1-6]. The reason for using ferrite materials in microstrip
structures is that the applied magnetic field changes the
permeability and thus the electrical properties of material,
which in turn changes the antenna properties. The significance
of this is that it is possible to change the antenna
characteristics through the DC magnetic field applied
RCS control, surface wave reduction, switchable and
electronic tunability are some of the unique and inherent
features of ferrite based microstrip antennas and arrays, which
have been discussed by numbers of and S-band but not for the
X-band [1-6]. In the present paper, the study of tunable antenna
with the concept of generation of the magnetostatic and spin
wave has been developed by taking a 4×4 array of triangular
patches printed on LiTiMg ferrite substrate in an X band (10
GHz.) of microwave frequency range.
2. Array Structure
Over the years the growth of the iron and steel industry has
been sustained and made to survive by extensive research
works. The demand for iron and steel has increased drastically
within the last decade sequel to breakthrough in technological
increased developmental projects throughout the globe. The
sintering method and the pelletizing method are the two
principal methods for ore beneficiation as reflected by the
high percentage of approximately 80%, which is ratio of ore
beneficiated by the two methods relative to the total amount of
raw materials charged into blast furnace in Japan [1].
3. Theory
Consider a plane wave propagating in the perpendicular
direction of slab with a magnetic bias field applied
longitudinally. As a result of elasticity of the spin (magnetic)
system, oscillations (precession) of the magnetic moments
with the frequency of exciting force can exist and they are in

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International Journal of Biology Sciences

resonance for the frequency equal to μoγHi, where Hi is the Education and Practice. ISSN 2222-1735. (Paper) ISSN
internal field in the magnetic material and γ is a gyromagnetic 2222-288X (Online), 2013, 4-20. www.iiste.org
ratio (2.8 MHz / Oe.). If these oscillations are excited in 4. Coley R. Differences in the gender gap: Comparisons
limited region of the ferrite sample, then due to elasticity of across racial/ethnic groups in education and work.
this system they will propagate with a defined velocity in the Princeton: Educational Testing Service. 2001, 451-222.
sample. Polycrystalline ferrite over normal dielectric material 5. Dennis JM, Phinney JS, Chuateco LI. The role of
make it very useful in microwave antenna applications. motivation, parental support and peer support in the
Different types of polycrystalline ferrites have their specific academic success of ethnic minority first-generation
advantages as Li substituted ferrites has high dielectric college students. Journal of College Student
constant, low sintering temperature etc. than other substituted Development. 2005; 46:223-236.
ferrites. The integration of ferrite technology into microstrip
printed circuit antenna has numerous advantages and potential
applications. The reason for using ferrite materials in
microstrip structures is that the applied magnetic field changes
the permeability and thus the electrical properties of material,
which in turn changes the antenna properties. The significance
of this is that it is possible to change the antenna
characteristics through the DC magnetic field applied
externally. Beam steering, gain and bandwidth enhancement,
RCS control, surface wave reduction, switchable and
electronic tunability are some of the unique and inherent
features of ferrite based microstrip antennas and arrays, which
have been discussed by numbers of investigators for the C-
band and S-band but not for the X-band [1-6]. The reason for
using ferrite materials in microstrip structures is that the
applied magnetic field changes the permeability and thus the
electrical properties of material, which in turn changes the
antenna properties. The significance of this is that it is
possible to change the antenna characteristics through the DC
magnetic field applied externally.

4. Result and discussion

The dispersion curve for the material has been plotted and
shown in fig. 2. It is clear from the curve that when ferrite
substrate is magnetized the propagation constant (k) vary with
frequency and the initial linear part of curve represents quasi
TEM wave excitation which is of very small order (10-100) in
comparison of scale (108). The rest part of curve represents
MSW and Spin wave excitation. Spin wave excitation is the
result of exchange forces between atoms. According to Fig. 2
the absorbing power due to the MSW generation is in a
particular limit. This particular limit depends upon the
thickness of substrate, Resonance Line Width (ΔH) and
external magnetic field orientation. Here obtained results are
simulated and are in close agreement with results available in
the literature. The dimensions of each element of antenna are
calculated by following

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