*CULTURE - refers to the cumulative deposit
FORMATION OF CULTURE
of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values,
attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion,
notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts
of the universe, and material objects and
possessions acquired by a group of people in the
course of generations through individual and
group striving
- to the pattern of human activity–the
art, literature, language and religion of a
community;
our attitude; they are the founding principles of a
person’s life
- determines the structure of our
thinking, which influences our perception;
pattern of human activity
INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURE - looks at only
the main aspects of a situation
COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURE – consider
minor details
*SOCIETY - group of people who share a
common economic, social, and industrial
infrastructure
- the term was derived from the
French word societe, coming from the Latin
word societas, meaning ‘a friendly association
with others’
*IMPORTANCE OF SOCIETY
1. SUPPORT - can be in physical, emotional,
spiritual, financial or medical in form
2. FORMATION OF SOCIAL GROUPS -
characterized by social networks = patterns of
relationships = give rise to social interactions
between ppl. in the society
3.
*POLITICS - set of actions or occurrences that
raises questions on the community or society as
a whole;
activities associated with the governance of a country
or area
*ANTHROPOLOGY - accounts for the social
and cultural variation in the world;
- conceptualize and understand similarities and
differences between social systems and human
relationships
- comes from 2 Greeks words: ANTHROPOS –
human & LOGOS – reason/knowledge
*FAMOUS ANTHROPOLOGISTS
1. CLADE LEVI-STRAUSS – anth. tries to
grasp its object
through its most diverse manifestations
2. CLIFFORD GEERTZ - deals with the
differences between human and animals; man
has both substance and truth
*CONCEPTS TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN
VARIATION
1.1 NATIONALITY - is the identity that is tied
to being a part of a nation or a country;
1.2 ETHNICITY - is identity with a group of
people who share the cultural traditions of a
particular homeland or hearth; from Greek word
“ethnikos” = national
1.3 RACE - group of people that shares the same
physical attributes, such as skin color, height,
and facial features
*ISSUES ABOUT RACE AND ETHNICITY
1. RACISM - discrimination or prejudice based
on one’s race
2. ETHNOCENTRICISM - discrimination or
prejudice based on one’s culture
3. GENOCIDE - elimination of a group of
people from the same race, ethnic group,
religion, or nation; extreme action against people
from another ethnicity or race
4. ETHNIC CLEANSING - harassment, rape, or
forced migration of an ethnic group to banish
them from a certain area or territory
COMPOSITIONS OF MAJOR ETHNIC
GROUPS
Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%,
Bisaya/Binisaya7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%,
Bikol6%, Waray 3.4%
2.1 SEX - an aspect of one’s biological makeup
2.2 INTERSEXED - a person with biological
characteristics of both males and females
•MERMS: people with testes and some aspects
of female genitalia but no ovaries
2.3 SEXUALITY
ROMANTIC ORIENTATION – who you are
romantically attracted
SEXUAL ORIENTATION – who you are
sexually attracted
*SEXUAL & ROMANTIC ORIENTATIONS
•Heterosexual -The attraction to a gender different
from their own
•Homosexual-The attraction to a gender the same
as their own
•Lesbian-Women who are attracted only to
other women
•Bisexual-When you are attracted to two or
more genders.
•Pansexual-When you are attracted to all genders
and/or do not concern gender when you are attracted
towards someone
•Polysexual-When you are attracted to many
genders
•Asexual-Not experiencing sexual attraction
(ACE)

*THE 5 SEXES (by Ann Fausto-Sterling)

•FEMALE: people born with ovaries, no
testes
•MALE: people born with testes, no ovaries
•HERMS (or hermaphrodites): people born
with both an ovary and a testis
•FERMS: people born with ovaries and some
aspects of male genitalia but no testes
2.4 GENDER - refers to the constructed roles 3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS - determinants
include income, value of assets and savings,
cultural interest and hobbies, and economic
status
1. ECONOMIC CAPITAL – properties,
business, salary, leakages and
associations
2. SOCIAL CAPITAL – group of friends;
where you belong

(MASCULINE/FEMININE), behaviors, activities, 3. CULTURAL CAPITAL –

and attributes knowledge, skills
*GENDER ROLES IN PHILIPPINE SOCIETY DURING *SOCIAL PHENOMENA - individual,
THE COLONIAL PERIOD
external, and social constructions that influence
1. SPANIARD - babaylan lost their role in the
a person’s life and development
religious life of the community (taken over by
Catholic priests)
2. AMERICAN – women were allowed to study
and work in any field they wanted; both genders
to have jobs and be educated
3. JAPANESE - women were usually kept inside
their houses to protect them from abusive
Japanese soldiers •7 Class System in Great Britain and US:
2.5 GENDER STRATIFICATION - refers to the 1. elite = wealthiest and most privileged group
social ranking; inequalities between women and in the UK
men regarding wealth, power, and privilege 2. established middle class = most gregarious
2.6 FEMINISM - is a commitment to achieving the equality and the second wealthiest of all the class groups
of the sexes 3.
*GENDER ORIENTATIONS
•Cisgender-When you identify with the gender
you were assigned at birth
•Transgender-When you identify with a gender
technical middle class = small, distinctive and
different than that you were assigned at birth
prosperous new class group
•Transsexual-When you have had medical
4. new affluent workers = likely to own their
sexual reassignment to change the sexual organs
own home
you were born with
5. traditional working class = likely to own their
own home
6. emergent service workers = have high social and
cultural capital
7. precariat = The poorest and most deprived
social group
*SOCIOECONOMIC CLASSES DURING THE PRE-
COLONIAL PERIOD
- community = barangay, headed by
a datu or rajah
1. MAHARLIKA (LEADERS AND ROYALS) -
first social class
2.TIMAWA (FREEMEN) - second or “middle”
social class; composed of all freemen living in
the barangay
3.1 ALIPING NAMAMAHAY - had their own
properties such as houses or pieces of land; often
from the timawa class and became slaves
because of debt
3.2 ALIPING SAGUIGUILID - did not have the
right to own any property
*SOCIOECONOMIC CLASSES DURING THE SPANISH
COLONIAL PERIOD
1. PENINSULARES - Spaniards in the Philippines
who were born in Spain
2. INSULARES - Spaniards who were of Spanish
descent but were born in the Philippines
3. MESTIZOS - those of mixed ancestry; usually
children of Spanish and Chinese couples or of
Spanish and indio couples
4. INDIOS - consisted of the natives; the lowest class
in society
5. PRINCIPALIA -consisted of native leaders in the
government and their families
6. ILUSTRADOS - the children of the principalia who
usually studied in Europe
4. POLITICAL IDENTITY - refers to the set of
attitudes and practices that an individual adheres to in
relation to the political systems and actors within his/her
society
EXAMPLE: Ang Ladlad, Kabataan, GABRIELA,
Pwersang Bayaning Atleta
5.RELIGION - defined as a set of practices and
behaviors
Sorcerer of Les Gabillou - Paleolithic artwork of
a half-human, half animal found in France
•Monotheism-belief in the existence of one god
•Polytheism-belief in the existence of multiple
gods
6. EXCEPTIONALITY AND NON-
EXCEPTIONALITY
*REPUBLIC ACT 7277 - Magna Carta for
People with Disabilities (PWDs); gives special
rights and privileges to persons with disabilities
(PWDs)
* - International Symbol of Access
*NATION - large aggregate of people united by
common descent, history, culture, language, and
economic life through inhabiting a particular
country or territory; particular group of people
*COUNTRY - physical dimensions and
boundaries of a geographical area
*STATE - self-governing legal and political
entity
*NATIONALITY - person’s instinctive
membership to a specific nation or country
 jus soli - acquired by an individual
from the country where he or she was born
jus sanguinis - acquired by an
individual through his or her parents
*CITIZENSHIP - person’s legal and political
status in a city or state

7. CULTURAL VARIATION – promotes

diversity and plurality
ETHNOCENTRISM - is a perspective that
promotes an individual’s culture as the most
efficient and superior
Examples of ethnocentrism:
CULTURAL RELATIVISM -promotes the
perspective that cultures must be understood in
the context of their locality
MODULE TOO COMIN’: Human Evolution
and Culture