MATH – ECON – ENGG SCIENCE Parallelogram Cylinder Cylindrical Shell: V  2 xycurve dx


x2

x1

PLANE GEOMETRY ( ) Circular Ring: R 

y2
Rhombus: V  2
 r 2 dy
Polygons Pyramid y1

Number of diagonal: Nd = nC2 – n Propositions of Pappus

Interior angle: ( ⁄ ) Trapezoid First Proposition: A  2 R  S
Area of n-side polygon: Frustum of a Pyramid
( ) Second Theorem: V  2 R  A
side b: ( √ )
Trapezium Length of an Arc
( ) √( )( )( )( ) Cone x2

 1   y ' dx
2
s: semiperimeter S
inscribed in a circle:
θ: average of opposite angles x1
( )
Frustum of Cone TRIGONOMETRY
circumscribed in a circle: Cyclic Quadrilateral ( ) SOH CAH TOA
Bramaguptha’s Formula: ( ) CHO SHA CAO
S A
Circles √( )( )( )( ) Sphere H
O
Arc length: √( )( )( ) T C
θ
A
Sector Area:
Ptolemy’s theorem: ( )
Segment Area: ( ) Spherical: ( )
Circle Theorems = sum of prod. of opposite sides Wedge: ( )
Inscribed angle (a); Tangent & chord (b): Ellipse
Lune:
̂
√( ) Segment: ( )
Intersecting chords (c):
Parabolic segment √ √
(̂ ̂)
A 2 ab
( )
3
( )( ) ( )( ) Zone:
Plane Area
Intersecting secants (d): x2 y2 Cone: ( )
A   ycurve dx   xcurve dy
(̂ ̂) x1 y1 ( )
Pyramid:
A    ycurve,top  ycurve ,bottom  dx
x2
( )( ) ( )( ) Sine Law
x1 ( ) ( )
Tangent and Secant (e): 1 2
A   R 2 d Torus
(̂ ̂) 2 1 Cosine Law
( )( ) ( ) SOLID GEOMETRY
Prism Ellipsoid Tangent Law
(a) (b) (c) ( )
A A D A
( )
θ
θ x Oblate Spheroid minor axis
θ
B B C
B SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
A A
Truncated Prism A
D
B Prolate Spheroid major axis Ac
θ c b
θ b
C Prismatoid cc
B C a
(d) (e) ( ) Paraboloid B C B
a
Regular Polyhedron 180 < A + B + C < 540
Triangles Regular E Two bases:
F A V Volume
Polyhedron (F+V-2) Napier’s Rule I: Sin-Tan-Ad
2 3
[ ]
Tetrahedron 4 4 4 6 =
√ ( )( )( ) 12
Hyperboloid
( )⁄ Napier’s Rule II: Sin-Cos-Op
Hexahedron 6 6 8 12 = 3
[ ]
Inscribed in a circle: Sine Law
⁄ Octahedron 8 8 6 12 =
2 3 Conoid
3

Circumscribes a circle: Dodecahedron 12 12 20 30 = 7.66 3

Volume Cosine Laws: “SPAN”

Circle tangent to side a: Icosahedron 20 20 12 30 3 x2

= 2.18
Circular Disk: V   ycurve dx
( ) x1
 Spherical Defect, d: Spherical Coordinates z If m and n are odd, yp by MUC,
( ) P(r,θ,ϕ) 𝑓( )
ϕ 𝑝
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY y
r
Division of Line Segment θ
√ x 0 + 1 + 2
2
+


For tan u du or
 sec u du :
n n

Angle of Inclination cos ; sin cos + sin

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
cos ; [ 0 + 1 + +
Angle bet. 2 intersecting lines
d
dx
c  0
d
dx
 a x    log a e  a x sin +[ 0 + 1 + +
]
]
cos
sin
( ) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Distance bet. 2 parallel lines
d
 x n   nx n1 dx d
 ln x  
1
Variable Separable Substitute and solve for coefficients.
dx x Homogeneous DE yp by MVP,
√
d x
e   e x d
 log a x    log a e 
1 ( ) ( ) Substitute u to coefficients of yc.
Distance bet. line and a point
dx dx x degree of M = degree of N
d
 sin x   cos x dx
d
 sin 1
x  
1
Sol’n: y = vx or x = vy
√ dx 1  x2 Exact DE
Area of n-sided polygon d
 cos x    sin x
d
 cos1 x    1 2 ( ) ( )
* +
dx dx 1 x ⁄ ⁄ Solve for u’, integrate, and substitute.
d
 tan x   sec x Sol’n: Integrate Mdx and Ndy,
d
 tan x   1
2

Conic Sections dx
1
Equate to solve g(y) or h(x) LOGARITHM
dx 1  x2
Eccentricity Discriminant Unexact DE
Conics e f /d
d dv
 uv   u  v
du
B 2  4 AC ⁄ ⁄ ( )
dx dx dx
Hyperbola >1 >0 v
du
u
dv ( ) ( )
d ( ) ( )
Parabola =1 =0 u / v   dx dx ∫ * + ∫ * +
dx v2
Ellipse <1 < 0 (A ≠ C) Radius of Curvature
3/2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Circle =0 < 0 (A = C) 1   y '2  Linear Differential Equation ( )
R 
Ellipse: y '' ( ) ( )
( )
L’hôpital’s Rule ∫ ( )
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
Parabola: f  x f ' x f n  x ( ) ( )
Lim  Lim  ...  Lim n ( )
x a g  x  x a g '  x  x a g  x 
Hyperbola: ∫ ( )
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
( )
INTEGRAL CALCULUS Bernoulli’s Diff. Equation
MATRIX AND DETERMINANTS
  e  dx  e
( ) ( )
Diameter of the conics:   0  dx  C x x
Minor, Mij
Differential, y=x/m ( )∫ ( )
1 2 3
x n 1
 
dx 4 6
Polar Coordinates
 x dx  n  1  x  ln x ( )∫ ( ) M12  4 5 6 
n
∫ ( )
; 2ND order LDE 7 9
  sin x  dx   cos x
7 8 9
;
Cofactor
Folium of Descartes x3  y 3  2axy  0   cos x  dx  sin x Sol’n: Solve for roots. ( )
Lemniscate of Bernoulli r 2  a 2 cos 2   tan x  dx  ln sec x (a) Real and distinct Adjoint Matrix
Four-leaved Rose r  a sin 2  u dv  uv   v du ( )
r  a 1  cos   (b) Real and repeated Pivotal Method
Cardiod
 f  x  dx    f  x  dx
b a

4 1 3
2  3 4   3 2  1   3 0 
a b
Limacon r  b  a cos2
 f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
b c b
(c) Complex, x  2 0 1   1
x  a   sin   a a c 10   5 2  6   3 0 
( ) 10 6 5
Cycloid
y  a 1  sin  
Trigonometric Substitution
Non-homogeneous LDE Inverse Matrix, A-1
 sin u cos u du :
m n
z For ( ) ( ) Transpose
Cylindrical Coordinates P(r,θ,z) Sol’n: Form Adjoint Matrix
If m or n is odd,
z
y Divide by determinant
θ r
x
ALGEBRA Non-mutual exclusive Deferred Annuity Rate of Return, ROR
Binomial Expansion *
( )
+( )
term with yr:
n r r Conditional
n Cr x y Perpetuity Pay out Period
Arithmetic Progression Payout Total Investment  Salvage Value
Independent 
( ) Period Net Annual Cash Flow
Depreciation: Breakeven
( ) Repeated Trials Straight Line, SLD
P  n Cr pr qnr Annual depreciation, d Benefit to Cost Ratio
Geometric Progression p: success, f: failure Annual Equivalent Cost
STATISTICS Total depreciation, Dn C0 CL
( ) ( ) C 
Median: middle of arranged set 1  1  i  n   1  i n  1
Mode: most frequent value    
Book Value, Cn  i   i 
√ Mean: ̅ , average
Other Sequences: Variance Sinking Fund Benefit to Cost Ratio
M-gonal Numbers ( ̅) Annual depreciation, d ⁄
[ ( )( )] Population:
( ̅) (
(
)
)
(
(
)
) ENGINEERING SCIENCE
Pyramidal Number (triangle base) Sample:
( )( ) Total depreciation, Dn Vectors
Standard Deviation: ( ) A  Ax i  Ay j  Az k
Pyramidal Number (square base) Relative Variability: SD/mean * +
( )( ) Z-score Book Value, Cn Dot Product
A  B  A B cos 
Pyramidal Number (rectangle base) Declining Balance
( )( ) Cross Product
ECONOMICS Depreciation at nth year
Work Problems Simple Interest ( ) A  B  a n A B sin 
Unit work * time = 1 Friction
Total man-time = Σ each man-time ( ) √ √ Sliding Block
Ordinary: 360 days Book value
Exact: 365/366 days
( ) ( ) Compound Interest * + ( )
( ) Scrap value Rolling Friction
Mixture Problems ( )
( )
Quantity: A + B = C Nominal rate of Interest Total depreciation Belting Friction
Composition: Ax + By = Cz
Permutation: order Effective rate Double Declining Balance, DDB
( ) Same with Declining Balance but Cable
( )
Alike things: Continuous Compounding Parabolic: uniformly dist. horizontally
Sum of Years Digit, SYD
Depreciation at nth year
⁄
Ring: Discount ( )
( ) Discount: √( ⁄ )
Combination: group Rate of discount: Total depreciation
( ) ( )
( )
Rate of discount vs interest Catenary: uniformly dist. along length
taken 1 or 2 or n Service Output Method
( )

PROBABILITY Annuity: ( )
( ) Working Hours Method
Complementary Ordinary: * + ( )

( )
Joint * + Bonds
( )
Annuity Due * + ( )
 Centroid (1ST Moment) Centrifugal Force  r4  r4
Ix  Iy 
S x   x dS Ft  mat 8 8
at  V t  r
4r
Ax   x dA y
3
V x   x dV Total accel  an 2  at 2 QUARTER CIRCLE y
Moment Of Inertia (2ND Moment)  r4  r4
Conical Pendulum Ix  Iy 
 T  W cos  16 16
2
I y   x 2 dA  A  x 4r 4r
cg
x y
Polar Moment of Inertia F V2 3 3 x
tan   n 
Jz  Ix  I y W gr QUARTER CIRCLE y
 ab3  a3b
Mass moment of Inertia t  2 h / g Ix  Iy 
16 16 b cg
I   r 2 dm Banking of Highway
x
4a
y
4b
a x
m
V 2
3 3
Thin Plate tan      SECTOR
I   t  r 2 dA gr 1 4 sin 2 
m Centroidal Rotation I x0  r   
4  2  y
Parallel Axis Theorem M  I  cg
I x  I x 0  Ar 2 1  sin 2 
I  mk 2 I y0  r 4   
θ
θ x
4  2 
I x  I x0  mr 2 KEr  1 2 I  2 2r sin 
Work-Energy Theorem x
Dynamics (Kinematics) 3
Uniform Accel. Motion (Free fall, a=-g) Wnet  KE ELLIPSE
V f2  V02  2a x x  V0 t  1 2 at 2 Impulse-Momentum Theorem  ab3  ab3
I x0  I y0 
V f  V0  at x  1 2 V f  V0 t   F t   P 4 4
Projectile Motion F  t f  t0   m  v f  v0  PARABOLA 1
y
bh3 b3 h
 y  V0 sin   t  1 2 gt 2 x  V0 cos   t Momentum Ix 
21
Iy 
5 h
cg
V0 sin  
2
V 2 sin 2  P before impact   P after impact 3
x b
3
y h x
h R 0
  
4 10 b
2g g e  V2 '  V1 ' V2  V1 PARABOLA 2 y
Rotational Kinematics 2bh3 2b3 h
b
Perfectly elastic: e=1 Ix  Iy 
same with linear but replace h
cg
Inelastic collision: 0<e<1 7 15
s   , v  , a   3 3
Perfectly inelastic: e=0 x b y h x
Linear and Angular Relations Special Case: 8 5
s  r , v  r , a  r SPHERE: SOLID HOLLOW
Dynamics (Kinetics)
Bounce: e h2 h1 2 2 2
I  mr 2 I mr
Newton’s Law of Motion Thrown at angle: e  tan  2 cot 1 5 3
1st Law: F  0 CYLINDER: SOLID HOLLOW
Angular Impulse
2nd Law: F  ma J  F  r  t
1
I  mr 2
2
I
1
2

m R2  r 2 
3rd Law: FR Angular Momentum ROD, CENTER ONE END
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
H  P  r  I 0 1 1 2
mm I mL2 I mL
F  G 12 2 OTHER GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES 12 3
s TRIANGLE HOLLOW, at end
G  6.67  1011 N-m2 /kg 2
D’Alembert’s Principle Ib 
bh3
I x0 
bh3
y
h I
1
12

m 3R 2  3r 2  4 L2 
12 36 3
F  REF  0 CONE: 3
RECTANGLE I mr 2
REF  ma 10
Circular Motion bh3 bh3 h RECT. PLATE thru CENTER
Ib  I x0  y
Centripetal Force 3 12 2 I
1

m a 2  b2 
Fn  man CIRCLE
r 4
r 4 12
I x0  I y0  J 
an  V 2 r  r 2 4 2
SEMI CIRCLE
y

cg
 CONVERSIONS 1 lbf = 4.448 N c = 3 x 108 m/s
NA = 6.02 x 1023 /mole
PRESSURE
10^X PREFIX 10^X PREFIX ς = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4
1 atm = 101.325 kPa Solar Constant = 1353 W/m2
18 Exa -1 deci = 14.7 psi
Radius of Earth: 6.38 x 106 m
15 Peta -2 centi = 29.92 inHg = 760 mmHg
Earth Escape V: 11.2 km/s
12 Tera -3 milli = 760 torr
Human Heat: 225 Btu/hr
9 Giga -6 micro 1 bar = 100 kPa
6 Mega -9 nano 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2 WATER/ICE/LIQUIDS
3 Kilo -12 pico Cp = 4.186 kJ/kg.K
2 Hecto -15 femto ENERGY
Lf = 334 kJ/kg
1 Deka -18 atto 1 Btu = 1055 J
= 144 Btu/lbm
= 252 cal
Lv = 2257 kJ/kg
DISTANCE/SPEED/ACCEL = 778 ft-lbf = 97 0 Btu/lbm
1 in = 1000 mil 1 kcal = 4.187 kJ E = 2.1 x 106 kPa
1 ft = .3048 m = 3 hands 1J = 107 erg
Surface tension, ς
1 yd = 3 ft 1 chu = 1.8 Btu
@ 0C ς = 0.076 N/m
1 fathom = 6 ft 1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J
@ 100C ς = 0.059 N/m
1 chain = 66 ft
Cp of ice = 0.5(Cp water)
1 furlong = 660 ft
POWER Liquids:
1 mile = 5280 ft
1 hp = 0.746 kW SGmercury = 13.55
1 n. mile = 6080 ft = 1/60 degree
= 550 ft.lbf/s SGsea water = 1.03
1 knot = 1 naut. mile/hr
1 m/s = 3.6 kph = 2545 Btu/h
AIR/GASES
1 lightyear = 9.46 x 1012 m 1 metric hp = 736 W
k = 1.4 or 1.3 (hot)
1 parsec = 3.084 x 1013 m 1 kW = 3412 Btu/h
Cp = 1 kJ/kg-K = 0.24 Btu/lbm.R
1 Angstrom = 10-10 m 1 TOR = 3.516 kW
Cv = 0.7186 kJ/kg
9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2 = 12 000 Btu/hr
R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K
1 BoHP = 35 322 kJ/hr
= 53.34 lbf-ft/lbm.R
AREA
TEMPERATURE ρ = 1.2 kg/m3
1 acre = 1 furlong x 1 chain
F = 1.8C + 32 Latent hv = 2442 kJ/kg
1 are = 100 m2
R = F + 460 Specific heat ratio:
1 hectare = 10000 m2
K = C + 273 He, noble gases k = 1.667
VOLUME/FLOW RATE R = 1.8 K Carbon dioxide k = 1.287
1 gal = 3.785 L = 0.1337 ft3 F = 1.8 C Nitrogen k = 1.399
1 bbl = 42 gal
DYNAMIC VISCOSITY STEEL
1 m3 = 1000 L
1 poise = 0.1 Pa-s E = 30 x 106 psi
1 ganta = 8 chupas = 3 L
G = 12 x 106 psi
MASS KINEMATIC VISCOSITY α = 12 x 10-6 /C
1 kg = 2.2 lbm 1 stoke = 1 cm2/s ρ = 7860 kg/m3
1 lbm = 16 oz ANGLE
1 slug = 32.2 lbm OTHERS
1 rev = 360 Molecular Weights:
1 tonne = 1 MT = 1000 kg = 2π rad
1 short ton = 2000 lbm H(1),He(4), C(12),N(14),O(16)
= 400 grad S(32), Air(29)
1 long ton = 2240 lbm = 400 gons
DENSITY/CONCENTRATION = 6400 mils
OTHERS
1 kg/L = 62.4 lbm/ft3
1 ppm = 1 mg/L or 1 mg/kg CONSTANTS 1 clo = 0.880 [Btu/h· ft²·°F]-1
1 board ft = 1 ft x 1 ft x 1 in
GENERAL
̅ = 8.3143 J/mol . K
FORCE
1N = 100 000 dynes = 1545 lbf-ft/lbm.mol.R
1 kgf = 9.81 N = 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K
MACHINE DESIGN & SHOP PRACTICE
With shock factors Power Screw Brass Tubes
STRESSES Stmax = [( ) √( ) ( ) ] Collar friction TC = ( ) t/do < 0.025 Pcr = ( )
Axial Stress St = Ssmax = √( ) ( ) Raising & Lowering t/do > 0.03 Pcr = ( )
Shear Stress Ss = Vertical Shear SV = Square Tf = ( ) Short Tube
Torsion Ss = = = ACME Tf = * + Collapsing/Critical Pressure
( ) Angular Deformation θ =
Trapezoid Tf = * + Pcr = ( )
Bearing Stress Sb = KEYS
Crushing Stress
Shearing Stress SS = American Tf = * +
Bending Stress Sf = = Sc =
Compressive Stress SC = Total Torque T =
Sf = = RIVETS AND WELDED JOINT
( ) Efficiency e = =
Thermal Stress ST = ( ) Same Material L =1.18D Rivet
SPLINES Friction angle β = () St =
δ = ( )
Shearing SS = Linear Velocity V = NL
Design Stress Sd = = FS =
Lead Angle λ = ( )
Modulus of Elasticity S = Compression SC =
Lead L =P single e =
Modulus of Rigidity G = Total Torque T =
( ) L = 2P double
Combined Stresses Total Capacity TC = L = 3P triple Weld
S = COUPLING Outside D Do = ⁄ Ave. Shear Ss =
Handbook
Shearing of Bolt T = FS FS =
Stmax = √ ( ) ⁄
Screw D d =* + Max. Shear Ssmax =
Compression of Bolt T =
Ssmax = √ Trms Power HP = ( ) Max. Tensile Ssmax =
THREADED MEMBERS
Stmax = [ ] Stresses
Shaft D D = ( ) or ( ) BEARINGS
Valiance SW =
Ssmax = *diam. (inch); L (ft); rpm; hp Bearling Pressure F =
Faires Sd = PRESSURE VESSEL Max. Contact Stresses
Stmax = *( ) √( ) +
Applied Load Thin walled Cylinder Balls Ssmax = 0.31 Smax
Valiance Fa = Tangential St = Cylinders Ssmax = 0.31 Smax
Ssmax = √( ) Life in million revs
Faires Fe =
Variable Stresses Longitudinal SL = Balls L =( )
Bolt Constant, C
Ductile Materials Thin walled Sphere (t >0.1ri) Cylinders L =( )
Bronze c = 10 000
= Carbon Steel c = 5 000 Tangential St = Compressive Breaking Load
Brittle Materials Alloy Steel c = 1 500 Thick walled FC =
Working Strength of Bolt Carbon steel k = 100,000
= Thickness t = [√ ]
Ws = [ ] Alloy Steel k = 125,000
Bolt Spacing Z = Axial Sa = FS FS = 10
SHAFTINGS
Bolt Circle Diameter Dbc = ( ) Maximum Load Fmax =
Power Transmission P= Max. Tensile Stmax =
Depth Tap Diam. Clearance Cd =
Line Shaft P= Brittle h = Max. Shear Ssmax= SPRING
Valiance (Steel) h = End Type Actual n Solid L Free L
Short Shaft P= Faires (S, WI) h =D Eqv. Max.T. Stmax = Ground n
*units in hp, inches, rpm Initial Torque Critical Pressure Thin Tubes Plain n ( )
Valiance T = Stainless Steel Tubes Squared &
Diameter D=√ Faires n+2 ( )
t/do < 0.025 Pcr = ( ) Ground
Lubricated T = Squared n+2 ( )
Power
As received T = t/do > 0.03 Pcr = ( )
*kW,N-mm,rpm P = Spring Index c = =
Initial Tension Fi = Lap-welded Steel Tubes
*hp,lbf-in,rpm P = Whal Factor k =
t/do > 0.03 Pcr = ( )
Stresses
 Round Wire S = Torque T =( ) Belt tension ratio = Base circle D Db = D
Max. unit pressure Pmax = Center distance
Square Wire S = Centrifugal Force FC = external C =( )⁄
( ) Max. stress Smax =
Rect. Wire S = ( )
Effective Belt pull = F1 – F2 internal C =( )⁄
Deflections Actuating Force Fa = Angle of Contact
Round Wire δ = Differential Brake Open θ = ( ) BF Strength Fs =
( ) ( )
Actuating Force Fa,cw = Crossed θ = ( ) ( )
Square Wire δ = Dynamic Load Fd =
Block Brake Power transmitted P =( )
√

Rect. Wire δ = Braking Torque T= Intermittent Service

( )
= ( ) Belt cross-section A= ( ) Commercial cut (Vm  2000 fpm)
Stress (Torsion) S = ( )
Fd = * +
Brake Shoe
Deflection (Torsion) Belt length
Heat dissipated ( ) Carefully cut (2000  Vm  4000 fpm)
Helical round δ = in brakes H = Open L = ( )
for lowering brakes H = ( )
Fd = * +
Spiral round δ = Temperature rise tr =
Crossed L = ( )
Precision cut (Vm > 4000 fpm)
cast iron C = 0.13 Btu/lb.F
Belt Speed V= ( ) √
Spiral rect. δ = = ( ) Fd = [ ]
cast steel C = 0.116 Btu/lb.F
*a-moment arm; L-wire length V-belts Failure based on fatigue Nsf =
Spot Brake
Stresses (Leaf) Uniform load w/o shock Nsf = 1.0 to 1.25
Braking torque capacity Tension Ratio =
Single S = T = Medium shock Nsf = 1.25 to 1.5
= ( WIRE ROPES
Multiple S =
) Moderately heavy shock Nsf = 1.5 to 1.75
( ) CLUTCH Bending Load Fb = Heavy shock Nsf = 1.75 to 2.0
Deflections (Leaf) Plate/Disk Clutch Weight of rope Wr = Failure based on wear Fw  Fd
Single δ = Uniform Pressure T= * ( )+ Total Tension Ft = ( )( ) Wear Load Fw =
Fa = ( ) Ultimate Strength for plow steel GEARS (HELICAL)
Multiple δ =
( )
6 x 7; 6 x 19; 6 x 37 Fu = Radial Force Fr =
Length of Wire L = Uniform Wear T= * + Tangential Force Ft = ⁄
*units in lbf, inches
Free Length FL = Fa = ( ) Axial Force Fa =
Factor of Safety FS =
= Cone Clutch Normal Pressure Angle
Torque T= POWER CHAIN ϕn = ( )
Impact Load ( ) =( )
Pitch Diameter Di = Normal Diametral Pitch Pdn =
Spring Rate k = Axial Force Fa = ( ⁄ )

Spring System Fa = ( ) Outside Diam. D0i = * ( )+ Normal Circular Pitch Pcn =

Series k = [ ( ⁄ )] Block Clutch ( ) Axial Pitch Pa = =
Parallel k = Torque T= Chain Length L =
FLYWHEEL Radial Force Fr = GEAR (SPUR) Lead
Total Weight Wf = WA+WH +WR = ( ) Diametral Pitch Pd = single helix L = Pa
( ) Circular Pitch PC = double helix L = 2Pa
Rim weight WR = = Engagement Force Fe = ( )
Addendum a = triple helix L = 3Pa
Punch hole Energy E = Dedendum multiple helix L = nPa
Max. Pressure Pmax =
Punching Force ( ) 14.5 and 22.5 d = BF Strength Fs =
Steel round F = ( ) Expanding ring clutch 20 and 25 d = Dynamic Load
T = Outside D Do =
Steel square F = ( ) Fd =
( )
Band Clutch (same with band brake) Root D Drp = √
Brass rect. F = ( ) Centrifugal Clutch Drg = Wear Load Fw =
*units in tons, inches Torque T= ( ) Whole depth W =
Hoop Stress S = Working depth Wr = Formative no. of teeth Nev =
Radial spring force
Clearance c = = GEARS (WORM)
Coef. Of Fluctuation Cf = Radial spring S =
Tooth thickness t = Diametral Pitch Pd = ⁄
BRAKES Garter spring S = Lead L =
Band Brake ( ) Backlash B =
*units in lb, inches, rpm Lead Angle λ =
Tension Ratio = BELTS Face width b =
Pitch line velocity Vw =
 Vg =
Worm Force Fw =
Separating Force
FS = * +
Tangential Force on worm
FG = * +
Efficiency of the worm gear
e = * +
Face width b =
Worm OD Dwo =
Worm Diameter Dw =
Teeth BFS Fs =
Dynamic Load Fd = * +
Worm Load Fw =
Thermal Capacity Q =( )
GEARS (BEVEL)
Cutting or Root angle ω =
Face angle β =
Pitch angle γp = ( ⁄ )
γg = ( ⁄ )
Face width b 
Length of cone L =√

Strength Fs = * +
Dynamic Load Fd = * +
MACHINE SHOP
Time =
RPM(speed) =
Feed (in/min) = ( )
OTHERS
Petrox Formula Tf = , N.m
POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT
ENGINEERING = Capillary Action FUELS AND COMBUSTION
( )⁄ API =
THERMODYNAMICS =( ) =( )
Pabs = Water: θ = 0 Baume =
Polytropic: PVn = C
QS =  Mercury: θ = 140
Wn = =
( )
SGt = [ ( )]
QL = Variation in pressure
Ws = n W n Qh = kJ/kg
H = Qh = 33820C+144212(H- )+9304S kJ/kg
Ideal Gases Q = → ( ) Liquids:
Gases: Qh = 13500C + 60890H Btu/lb
= S = ( )
= Manometer Wta = ( )
CYCLES ( )
= ( ) SVSV OTTO STST CARNOT Pressure decreases upwards Wta =
= SPSP BRAYTON TVTV STIRLING Pressure increases downwards Wta =( ⁄ ) =
( ⁄ )
SPSP RANKINE SPSV DIESEL Buoyancy
= = ̅ PTPT ERICCSON SVPSV DUAL Waa =( ⁄ )
= Carnot Cycle = ( )
=
Flow in Pipes = ( )
= Composition of air:
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure Continuity Eqn
Compressible: By Weight: 23% O2 77% N2
= By Volume: 21% O2 79% N2
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE ̇ = ̇ → =
Processes ( ⁄ )
Otto Cycle: Incompressible:  =( ⁄ )
Nonflow Work:
Compression ratio rk = = = → = Gravimetric Analysis: %G =
=∫ = ( ) Bernoulli’s Eqn
Steady flow Work: Volume Displacement VD = Volumetric Analysis: %V = =
( )
=∫ = ( ) Percentage clearance c =
Reynold’s Number %G = %V( )
Heat Transferred: Clearance Volume VC =
= Efficiency e =
Isometric: V = C Noncircular: DIESEL POWERPLANT
Wn = 0 Mean eff. Pressure, Pm = Piston Disp.: VD =
Diesel Cycle: ; Piston Speed = 2 L N
Ws = ( )
Q = U Compression ratio rk = Laminar flow: Indicated Power
Turbulent flow: Pind = Pmi VD
S = ( ) Cut-off Ratio rc = Friction Losses Brake Power
Isobaric: P = C Expansion Ratio re = Pb = =
Wn = ( )
Orifices T = Fr
Ws = 0 Efficiency e = √
( ) Pb = Pmb VD
Q = H Weirs
Dual Cycle ⁄ ⁄ Friction Power
S = ( ) Pressure ratio rp = *( ) ( ) + Pf = Pind - Pb
Isothermal: PV = C ⁄ Mechanical efficiency: em =
Efficiency e =
Wn = ( )= ( ) ( )
;
√ Electrical efficiency: egen =
Ws = Wn ⁄
U = H = 0 FLUID MECHANICS Thermal efficiency: eti =
SG = Lift
Q = Wn
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity etb =
S = ( )
Isentropic: PVk = C Drag etc =
⁄
Wn =
( )
Viscosity Stokes’ Law
( )
Engine efficiency: eei =
Ws = k Wn Velocity of Sound
Surface Tension eeb =
U = -Wn
Soap: σ = ⁄
H = eec =
Liquid: σ = ⁄ √
Q = S = 0
 Volumetric efficiency: ev = ASME Evaporation Units Specific Speed Use Factor
AEU = ( ) NS = ⁄ U sF =
Va = Factor of Evaporation
Total efficiency Demand Factor
Specific fuel consumption FE = etotal = ehemev
( ) DeF =
mi = Equivalent Evaporation
EE = Diversity Factor
( ) NONCONVENTIONAL POWERPLANT
mb = Actual Specific Evap. or Boiler Economy Solar Power DiF =
mc =
( ) ASE = Qsun = Qw + PE + Qloss Utilization Factor
Equivalent Specific Evaporation UtF =
Heat rate MACHINE FOUNDATION
( ) ESE = Operation Factor
HRi = Boiler Efficiency Clearance, c
( ) ( ) Bedplate to edge: 6 in to 12 in OF =
HRb = ebo = To ground: 6 in min Plant Factor
HRc =
( ) Grate Efficiency Upper width PF =
egrate = a = w +2c
Generator Speed Weight of foundation
*mC is amount of carbon in ash CHIMNEY
N = Wf = 3 to 5 times Wm
Turbine Densities ρair =
Engine at High altitudes Vf = W f / ρ
Wt =
Lower width, b ρgas =
Wact = ( )
P = ( √ ) =
Pump Draft head
Wp = Depth, h hw = ( )
Pact = inHg
Wact = ( ) h = 3.2 to 4.2 times stroke Volume Flow Rate of Flue gas
T = R Vf = ( )
GAS AND FEEDWATER LOOP Qg =
*h in feet Weight of Steel bar reinforcements
Draft Loss Theoretical Velocity of Flue gas
GAS TURBINE POWERPLANT D= ( ) cm H2O WSB =
Thermal efficiency Vt = √ ( )
*Units in SI Anchor bolts
eth = Depth = Actual Velocity of Flue gas
Friction factor, f
Va = ( )
Overall efficiency Air-steel: f = 0.005 VARIABLE LOAD PROBLEMS Chimney Inside Diameter, D
eth = Air-concrete: f = 0.007 KW LOAD
Fluegas-steel: f = 0.014 Qg = ( )
Combustor efficiency
Fluegas-concrete: f = 0.014 Reserve
Eh = Fan Work Over Peak PLANT CAPACITY PIPING
GREEN Water
Net heat plant rate W= PEAK LOAD SILVER-GRAY Steam
VIOLET Acid/Alkali
NHR = Air Horsepower AVERAGE LOAD LIGHT BLUE Air
LIGHT ORANGE Electricity
HPt = WHITE Communications
STEAM POWERPLANT kW-hrs BROWN Flammable, Oil
Steam Rate Draft per 30m chimney TIME (hrs) YELLOW OCHRE Gases
BLACK Other Fluids, Drainage
SR = D30 = ( ) √ Reserve over Peak SAFETY RED Fire fighting
ROP = Plant Capacity – Peak Load SAFETY YELLOW Hazardous
Rated Boiler HP *Brick and steel: k =2.7
Average Load Pipe wall thickness
Water tube: RBoHP =
HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANT Ave. Load = Power Piping Systems:
Fire tube: RBoHP = Pwater = Load Factor tmin =
*A in m2 Pelton
LF = tnominal =
Developed Boiler HP h=
( ) Capacity Factor
DBoHP = Reaction (Francis and Kaplan) Industrial and Gas Piping Systems:
CF =
*ms in kg/hr tmin =
h=
*h in kJ/kg Annual Capacity Factor Refrigeration Piping Systems:
Percent Rating Peripheral Coefficient ACF = tmin =
Percent Rating = =
√
HEAT TRANSFER Adiabatic Compressor Efficiency Volume flow rate: V1’ = mv1 Sensible Heat Ratio: SHR =
Conduction ec(adiabatic) = Heat rejected, QR = ( ) Recirculated air: mr =
Q=
( ) Refrigerating Capacity, QA = ( ) Ventilation load: QV = ( )
MULTISTAGE COMPRESSOR
Refrigerating Effect, RE =
Fluid to Wall to Fluid Pm = √( ) ( )
( ) Coefficient of Performance MACHINERY ROOM
Q= Exhaust air, Q = ,m3/s
*( ) + COP = =
Composite Pipe Free aperture, F = , m2
*G in kg
Q= ( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ) PUMPS AIRCONDITIONING
Total dynamic head: Pressure OTHERS
Critical radius: rc = Pt = Pa + Pv
H=
( )
( ) 1 yd3 = 6 sacks cement
Radiation Q/t = σ [ ] Humidity ratio
Perfect Black Body Power: P = Turbine specific speed, ns =
w= = ⁄

Convection Q= ( ) Efficiencies: rk = rcre

Relative Humidity
Heat Exchangers epump = =
RH =
LMTD = ( ⁄ ) emotor =
Specific Volume
AMTD = eoverall = = e pe m υ=
Reynolds Number evol = Q/VD Enthalpy
(inertial/viscous) Re = Volume flow rate: Q = VA H=
Prandtl Number Slip: S = VD - Q Degree of saturation
Percent Slip: %S = S/VD
(momentum/heat) NPr = D= = ( )
√
Specific Speed NS = Psychometric chart
Nusselt Number ⁄

Similar pumps:
(Tgradient/overall T)

SPECIFIC HUMIDITY
NNu = SATURATION LINE
Q H P
Grashof Number SPECIFIC VOLUME
1 2 3 N WET BULB TEMP
(buoyancy/viscous) NGr =
3 2 5 D DEW POINT TEMP
REL. HUMIDITY
COMPRESSORS FANS AND BLOWERS DRY-BULB TEMP

SINGLE STAGE Air mixing

Static Head, hs =
, c = n, k, or 1 Mass:
VD = Total head: h = hs + Energy:
Capacity: V1 ’ = Capacity: Q = AV Moisture:
Clearance: c = VC/VD Power output: Pair = Temp:
Volumetric Efficiency Air conditioner
Power input: Pbrake = RC = ( )
⁄
ev = = ( ) Static efficiency, es = ( ) Rate of moisture removal = ( )
Actual: Volume flow rate: V1’ =
Similar Fans:
⁄ Cooling tower “drawing
ev = [ ( ) ] Q H P Range: TR =
Work: WS 1 2 3 N Approach: TA = –
Polytropic and Isentropic (n=k) 3 2 5 D Cooling tower efficiency
0 1 1 ρ e=
*( ) +
REFRIGERATION Dryer
Isothermal: Reverse Carnot COP COP = Regain =
( ) ( ) Refrigeration Load Q=
Moisture content =
Compressor Efficiency Vapor Compression Cycle
P
1-2: compression Aircon calculation
ec =
2-3: condensation 3 2 Sensible: Qs = ( )
Piston Speed: V = 2LN 3-4: expansion Latent: QL = ( )
4 1
Indicated Power: Pind = PmiVD 4-1: evaporation h Total: QT =