PPMO Bulletin 2074

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf
Public Procurement Journal
jif{ – ^ c+s – ! c;f/, @)&$
;Dkfbs d08n
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lgb]{zs >L >Lw/ kGyL–;b:o
zfvf clws[t >L 9fn axfb'/ lh=;L=–;b:o ;lrj
-o; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v /rgfx? n]vssf lghL ljrf/ x'g] x'“bf ;Dkfbs d08n
tyf k|sfzssf] s'g} lsl;dsf] lhDd]jf/L x'g] 5}g_
g]kfn ;/sf/
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Website: www.ppmo.gov.np, Email: info@ppmo.gov.np
Public Procurement Journal
June, 2017
Editorial Board
Secretary Binod K.C. Patron
Joint Secretary Harisharan Pudasaini Coordinatior
Director Rishiram Pangeni Member
Director Shreedhar Panthi Member
Section Officer Dhal Bahadur G.C. Member Secretary
The article of this journal are personal opinion of the author.
Government of Nepal
Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Minister
Public Procurement Monitoring Office

Redcross Marg, Tahachal, Kathmandu
Phone : 01-4030518, 4030546, Fax : 01-4030642
Website : www.ppmo.gov.np, Email: info@ppmo.gov.np

;DkfbsLo
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ cem v'nf,kf/bzL{,j:t'lgi7 / ljZj;gLo agfpg] p2]Zo ;lxt
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] Ps bzs eGbf a9L ePsf] 5 . o; cjlwdf ;fj{hlgs
vl/bnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ sfg'gdf ;+;f]wg,:6ofG88{ la8 8s'd]G6 lgdf{0f, Electronoc Government
Procurement (e-GP) nufot cfw'lgs k|ljlw cjnDag ;Ddsf k|of;x? ePsf 5g .
;/sf/sf] aflif{s ah]6af6 x'g] vr{ dWo] b'O{ ltxfO xf/fxf/L ah]6 ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf vr{ x'g] u/]sf]
tyf b]zsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] b'O{ b]lv tLg k|ltzt ;Dd ;fj{hlgs vl/bn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . olt
w]/} /sd vr{ ubf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] cfwf/e"t d"NodfGotf / l;4fGtx?nfO{ Jojxf/df cjnDag
u/fpg] lbzfdf s]lx kxn ePsf 5g . ;ffj{hlgs vl/bsf] d"n p2]Zo k|lt:kwf{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ xf] .
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf laB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] k|j]zn] k|lt:kwf{ j[l4 ug{ yk ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o;
lx;fan] x]bf{ vl/b sfo{nfO{ Jojxf/df k|of]u ubf{ cfOk/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ vl/b sfo{nfO{ cem
Jojl:yt / dof{lbt u/fpg vl/b sfg'g ;+;f]wg ul/ goFf ljlw ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/ gd"gf sfuhft
tof/L qmddf /x]sf 5g . lo ljlwx?af6 x'g] vl/b k|s[of ;d]t ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] d"NodfGotf eGbf
aflx/ ghfg] ul/ Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 . tyfkL ;+;f]lwt Joj:yfn] :jb]zL cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df
of]ubfg k'/ofpg], 3/]n' pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] vl/b ljlwdf nrstf ckgfpg ;lsg]
Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
o; klqsfdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b;+u ;DalGwt ;}4flGts kIfx?, sfg'gL Joj:yf / cEof;, vl/b
sfg'gsf] ;dLIff, vl/bdf cfPsf goFf cjwf/0fx?,;+3Lo ;+/rgf / vl/bdf ljB'tLo k|0fnL ;DalGwt
n]v/rgfx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . k|sflzt n]v /rgfx?jf6 vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ emg al9
Jojl:yt agfpg, ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DjGwL 1fg xfl;n ug{ tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf r'gf}tLx? /
;'wf/sf ;Defjgfx?, ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u / r'gf}tLx?, vl/b of]hgf,vl/b k|s[ofsf
/0fgLltx?, vl/bsf laleGg ljlwx? / k|s[ofsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L /fVg rfxg] lh1f;' kf7s tyf
af}l4s au{sf nflu kmnbfoL x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
o; klqsfsf] nfuL cfkmgf] n]v /rgf pknAw u/fO lbg' x'g] ;a} n]vsnfO{ cfef/ k|s6 ug{
rfxG5f} . ;fy} o; c+snfO{ o; ?kdf Nofpg d2t k'¥ofpg'x'g] ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbg
rfxG5f}+ . klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v /rgfsf ;DaGwdf k|ltlqmof tyf cfufdL lbgdf klqsfnfO{ cem
u'0f:t/Lo agfpg cd"No ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ub{5f} .
;Dkfbs d08n
ljifo ;"rL
qm=;= ljifo k]h g+=
!= ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf r'gf}tLM ;'wf/sf cj;/ !
lagf]b s]=;L=
@= Can Framework Agreement be a Panacea for Nepal ? $
Ramesh Kumar Sharma
#= An Empirical review of Public Procurement System Reform in Nepal !^
Suresh Pradhan
$= ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf ljB'tLo vl/b k|0fnLsf] k|of]u / o;sf r'gf}tLx? @$
xl/z/0f k'8f;}gL
%= ;fj{hlgs vl/b of]hgf lgdf{0fM ;lIfKt sfo{ljlw @(
afa'/fd >]i7
^= ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|s[ofM s]lx ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? #$
/d]z s'df/ s]=;L=
&= Procurement of Micro Enterprise Development Service Providers: an experience
of the MEDEP. #(
Dr. Ramji Prasad Neupane
*= Strategic public procurement managment: Essential for good governance in
public sector $*
Dr. Suman Kumar Regmi
(= Role of DTCO in making financial discipline ^!
Keshav Raj Subedi
!)= af]nkq ;DjlGw sfo{ljwLsf] Joj:yf M Ps ljZn]if0f ^$
l8NnL /fh >]i7
!!= k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ;DalGw sfg"gL Joj:yf &!
Clif/fd k+u]gL
!@= ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / sfof{Gjog cj:yf &(
kbd/fh kf}8]n
!#= tLg txsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ;fj{hlgs vl/b / ;d;fdlos ;jfnx? *%
u'?bQ ;'j]bL
!$= ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf vl/b clwsf/L ()
cd[t axfb'/ /fO{
!%= ;/sf/L lgsfodf ;xof]uL ;]jf k|fKtLdf vl/b sfg'g kfngfsf] ;afn (^
bLks kf}8]n
!^= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / vl/bsf Joj:yfksLo cfofdx? !)@
tf/f 1jfnL
!&= dWo:tf / dWo:ystf{sf] lg0f{osf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg / k|efjsfl/tf !)&
lbnLk s'df/ k|wfg
!*= vl/b sfg'g / ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u !!$
9fn axfb'/ lh=;L=

;fj{hlgs vl/bsf r'gf}tLM ;'wf/sf cj;/
lagf]b s]=;L= *
k[i7e"ldM
/fHoaf6 ul/g] s'n vr{sf] ;f7L k|ltzt eGbf a9L ;fj{hlgs vl/bn] cf]u6\g] u/]sf] tYonfO{ x]bf{
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] k|efju|fxL Joj:yfkg ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 . o;af6 ldtJolotf, k|lt:kwf{,
kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfdf clej[l4 x'g uO{ hgtfn] lt/]sf] s/af6 x'g] vr{sf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9\g]
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 ;'zf;gk|ltsf]] /fHosf] hjfkmb]lxtfdf j[l4 cfpFb5 / ;fj{hlgs
vr{sf] d"No ;fy{stf (Value for money) df j[l4 x'G5 . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLsf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljutsf cEof; tyf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ ;do ;d]If kl/jt{g u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,
@)^# tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ nfu" e};s]sf] 5 . o;/L hf/L ePsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]gn] ;a} ;/sf/L tyf :yfgLo lgsfox?, cw{ ;/sf/L ;+3, ;+:yf / ;ldltx? ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6]sf]
x'gfn] o; P]gsf] :j?k 5ftf P]g (Umbrella Act) sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} o; P]gn] ;fj{hlgs
vl/bdf cj;/sf] ;dfgtf, ;"rgfdf kxF'r, kof{Kt ;"rgf / kf/blz{tf, ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf]
k|of]u, k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg, ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] :jfoQ lgodgsf/L ;+:yfut ;+oGq / :jtGq
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] dfWodn] cg'udg tyf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ h:tf ljifox? xfd|f] ;fj{hlgs
vl/bsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s ljz]if Joj:yf u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf hjfkmb]lxtf / ;'zf;gnfO{
;'lglZrttf ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf ;fj{hlgs rf;f] x'g' :jefljs g} dflgG5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf :j:y / :jR5
vl/b k|lt:kwf{df slxn]sflx ljleGg c:jfefljstfx? b]vfkb{5g\ h'g ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] d"No
dfGotf eGbf ljkl/t x'G5 .
To;} u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b ubf{ k|lt:kwf{ l;ldt x'g], e]befj x'g], s[lqd ?kn] ;fgf] jf 7"nf] PsfOdf
Kofs]h agfO{ vl/b ug]{ h:tf s'/fn] kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, k|lt:kwf{ / ldtJolotfdf c;/ kg{
hfg] ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs vl/b ug]{ lgsfon] s'g} klg vl/b ubf{ ;Dej eP;Dd v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{Tds
ljlw4f/f vl/b ug{'kb{5 / of]Uo af]nkqbftfnfO{ vl/b k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g lagf e]befj ;dfg
cj;/ k|bfg ug{'kg]{ ljifo klg P]g df g} Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] o:tf] vl/b
1
;F:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g] ;+/rgf / ljlw agfpg' kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] vl/b;DaGwL sfo{ljlw tof/ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg
sfof{nonfO{ lbP cg'?k cfjZos kg]{ af]nkq;DaGwL sfuhft (Standard Bidding Documents)
k"j{of]Uotf ;DaGwL sfuhft (Standard Pre-Qua lification Documents), vl/b ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL
2

* ;lrj, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 1

sfuhft (Standard Contract Document), k|:tfj dfu ug]{ ;DaGwL sfuhft (Request For
Proposal) h:tf Standard sfuhft tof/ u/L hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{ Joj:yfksLo sfo{ xf] . o;n] ;+u7gsf] Joj:yfksLo p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xof]u
k'¥ofpFb5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ o;sf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx? cg's'n / p2]Zo k|flKt pGd'v agfpgsf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ sfg'g, lgod sfo{ljlw / lgb]{lzsfx? g} o;sf ;+/rgf x'g\ . o;s} ;]/f]km]/f]df
vl/b sfo{ ;DkGg x'G5g\ . ;fy} ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 /sd vr{ ug{'kbf{ lawflosfn] agfPsf] P]g, lgod,
sfo{ljlw tyf k|lqmofx?sf] kfngf ug{' kb{5 / To;/L u/]sf] sfddf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ljwflosf
tyf ;/sf/k|lt hjfkmb]lxtf ;d]t jxg ug{'kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k|d'vnfO{ g} lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf]
5 eg] ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] u/]sf] vl/b sfo{sf] lgodg tyf cg'udg ug]{ sfo{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b
cg'udg sfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] u/]sf] vl/bsf] k|lqmof pk/ ph'/L tyf
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltnfO{ ;'Dk]sf] 5 eg] vl/b ;Demf}tfdf
ljjfb pTkGg ePdf ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ljlwx?sf] Joj:yf P]gdf g} u/L vl/b ljlwnfO{ lawflosL
lgoGq0fdf /flvPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;j{dfGo ;}4flGts / ;f/e"t kIfx?sf] Joj:yf P]gdf g}
ul/Psf] / vl/b;+u ;DalGwt sfo{ljlwhGo ljifox?nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ sfo{kflnsfnfO{ lgodfjnL,
lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlwx? agfpg lbO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 .
jt{dfg cj:yf
olt x'bfx'b} klg b]xfosf cj:yf sfod} /x]sf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs x'b} cfPsf 5g .
!= s'g} j:t' jf ;]jfsf] k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf vl/b jf ljqmL d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ jf vl/b jf
ljqmLsf zt{x? tf]Sg],
@= s'g} j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ahf/ l;ldt jf lgoGq0f ug]{ jf ;f] sf] k|fljlws
ljsf; jf pGgtLsf] nflu ul/g] nufgL ;Lldt jf lgoGq0f ug]{,
#= k|efjzfnL x}l;otsf] b'?kof]u u/L vl/b / vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ k|efj kfg{ vfHg] u/]sf]
$= k|lt:kwf{nfO{ lgolGqt ug{ ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx? Ps cfk;df ;+o'St pkqmd ug]{ jf ufleg] jf
ldNg] ;d]t u/]sf pbfx/0fx? k|z:t} kfOG5 .
%= af]nkqdf ldn]dtf] ug]{,
^= lje]bsf/L af]nkq sfuhft / zt{x? /fVg],
&= kfn}kfnf];+u af]nkq lng]lbg] (Bid Rotation) ug]{,
&= s[lqd af]nkq jf Cover bidding ug]{,
*= ahf/sf] jfF8kmFf8 ug]{,
(= Psnf}6L sf/f]af/ ug]{,
!)= e|dk"0f{ lj1fkg ug]{ .
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf x'g] o:tf lqmofsnfkn] ;'zf;g tyf vl/bsf] dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ sbflk ;d[4
t'Nofpg ;Sb}g .

r'gf}tL
o; ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf sdhf]/ cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg, u'0f:t/df k|Zg p7\g] sfo{, c:j:Yo
k|lt:kwf{, pBdlzntfsf] cefj, sfof{Gjogdf c;Ifdtf, ;Demf}tf k|zf;gdf c;Ifdtf h:tf
;d:ofx? af/Daf/ bf]xf]l//xg] u/]sf] 5g\ . ;fy} ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{ tyf ldtJooL
agfpg] ;Gbe{df y'k|} r'gf}ltx? b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . h:t} ;fj{hlgs vl/b gLltsf] cefj, lje]bsf/L
Joj;flos gLlt, k]zfut tyf Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf] cefj, vr{ Joj:yfkg Ifdtfsf] cefj, Rent
Seeking Behaviour sf] k|j[QL, Empire Building Syndrome sf] k|j[QL, ljleGg dfkb08x?
cWofjlws x'g g;Sg', ;+:yfut ldn]dtf] / u'6jGbL sfod} /xg', sfnf];"lrsf] Joj:yfkgdf ljleGg
;d:of / cj/f]wx? sfod} /xg', ;fj{hlgs sfo{df jLdfsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sg', g]kfnsf]
lgdf{0f Joj;fonfO{ pBf]usf] ?kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg', vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] k|zf;g Ifdtfjfg x'g
g;Sg', 3/]n' k|fyldstfsf] gLlt Jojxf/tM k|of]u x'g g;Sg', lg0f{o k|lqmofdf l9nfO{ x'g', lhDd]jf/L
kG5fpg] k|j[lQdf sdL gcfpg', cfkm"n] ug]{ lg0f{o ;d]t dlGqkl/ifb\df nu]/ lg0f{o u/fpg] ljifo
;+:yfut x'g] u/]sf], vl/b sfuhft tyf lgb]{lzsf Ps?ktf gx'g', gD;{x? cWofjlws / ;do;fk]If
gx'g', nfut cg'dfgdf oyfy{tf x'g g;Sg' h:tf k|j[lQx? b]vf k/]sf 5g .
pk;+xf/
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf If]qdf b]vf k/]sf laleGg ;d:of, r'gf}tL tyf v/fa k|j[lQnfO{ sd ug{
;/f]sf/jfnf ;a} If]q ljz]if u/L ;/sf/, gLlh If]q, Joj;foL / ;dfhsf] klg ;f]rfO{ / sfo{z}nLdf
kl/jt{g cfpg' h?/L 5 . ;fy} ;a}n] ;'wf/sf sfo{x?df ckgTj lnO{ hfg' g} pQd ljsNk xf] . ;fy}
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]qnfO{ k|effjsf/L agfpg ;lsPdf ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] d"No ;fy{stf /
ljZj;gLotfdf j[l4 cfpFb5 / ;/sf/n] ug]{ vr{df hgljZjf; clej[l4 x'g] tyf ljsf; / ;d[l4
tkm{ d'n'snfO{ 8f]/ofpg] dfu{ k|z:t ug{ ;lsg]df ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ ;dfu|LM
!= cfly{s sfo{ljlw, ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf e|d0f vr{ ;DaGwL s]lx P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] ;+u|x
@)&# sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+
@= www.ppmo.gov.np

Can Framework Agreement be a
Panacea for Nepal ?
Ramesh Kumar Sharma3
1. Context
Framework arrangements in procurement are successful tools in worldwide practices of
purchasing. Since 2007 Nepal has also visualize it for procurement practices. Although,
Public Procurement Act, 2007 (PPA) does not provide the clear ground of framework
agreement (FA), Public Procurement Regulation, 2007 (PPR) defines it as a form of
contract only applicable to the procurement of goods and other services only for a single
year contract4. Whereas another clause of this PPR states that the procurement of civil
works, goods and consulting services within the preferred limits of cost estimate can be
done through framework agreement5. Prior to the 3rd amendment of the PPR, provision
for FAs existed only in the direct purchase modality of procurements of Goods and
other services. These typical provisions were suppose to be used for “single sourcing”
of commonly procured supplies or services as needs arose repeatedly in a given period
of time. However, no PE's have been found using these provisions, 3rd amendment of
PPR again adds the provisions relating the process of FA for commonly used in civil
works, supplies and services items through a separate organization called Public
Procurement Service Office (PPSO)6. However, PPSO is not yet established and FA
process have not been initiated yet, again 4th amendment of PPR authorized central
level PEs to use FA as per guidelines and/or standard framework bidding documents
approved by PPMO7. Standard framework document have not been issued and in
practice yet. These legal and practical ambiguities are not clarified yet, per se, PE's are
seem to be reluctant to use the legal provisions of FA at present in hand.
The purpose of this article is to provide guidance to public entities (PE's) on the
operation of FAs as provided under the current amendment of PPR. It aims to provide a
discussion forum and outlines the procedures for establishing frameworks, types of
frameworks (open or close contracts; single or multiple contracts) and procedure for
award of contracts based on FAs. In the absence of a specific procedures and/or
guidelines covering framework, there was uncertainty as to how some of these
arrangements complied with the legal provisions of the PPA/PPR. This uncertainty shall

3
Mr. Sharma is Ex-Secretary of Government of Nepal.
4
Part-b of Annex-3 and Clause 2(R) of the Public Procurement Regulation, 2007.
5
Clause 85(2) of the Public Procurement Regulation, 2007.
6
Clause 145Ka (1) of the Public Procurement Regulation, 2007.
7
Clause 145Ka (3ka) of the Public Procurement Regulation, 2007.

be removed only with the implementation of directives and/or technical notes issued by
the Public Procurement Monitoring Office (PPMO) in near future.
2. Definition
A framework is an agreement with suppliers/contractors/service providers to establish
terms governing contracts that may be awarded during the life of the agreement. In
other words, it is a general term for agreements that set out terms and conditions for
making specific purchases (call-offs) contracts. A framework normally covers the
provision of a generic group of goods, works or services (or a combination), for
example:
 Goods – office supplies, furniture etc,
 Services – design consultancy, supervision consultancy etc,
 Civil Works – construction of buildings, Bridge etc.
A procurement framework is an agreement put in place with a provider or range of
providers that enables buyers to place orders for services without running lengthy full
bidding exercises. Frameworks are based on large volume buying. The master
agreement is a document agreed between the parties that sets out standard terms that
apply to all the transactions entered into between those parties. Each time that a
transaction is entered into, the terms of the master agreement do not need to be re-
negotiated and apply automatically. So a framework agreement is an 'umbrella
agreement' that sets out the terms (particularly relating to price, quality and quantity)
under which individual contracts (call-offs) can be made throughout the period of the
agreement (normally a maximum of 5 years). A frame agreement is a form of
collaboration agreement that involves the establishment of a common protocol and set
of standard terms on which a succession of task agreements may be based. A framework
is an agreement with suppliers to establish terms governing contracts that may be
awarded during the life of the agreement. In other words, it is a general term for
agreements that set out terms and conditions for making specific purchases (call-offs)
contracts.
PE's normally have one ‘framework’ for each generic group and have a ‘framework
agreement’ with more than one supplier under each framework. A call-off contract
specifies terms, conditions and prices with suppliers of goods and services. These
umbrella agreements may be used for long term duration of time up to 5 years, and the
contract is legally binding. Procurement practices of some countries illustrates that a
purchase order is a formal request to a vendor to supply specific goods or services under
specified conditions may form a contract, but in other many countries formal contract
formed to have a call-off for purchase. Here is an example of procurement framework
with two agreements and four contracts. In this example it should be consider that each
school building construction project called-off under the agreement has its own contract.

The FA itself may be a contract, but only if this agreement creates an obligation to
procure and supply. However a FA is more likely to not be a contract itself, but merely
an agreement about the terms and conditions that would apply to any order placed
during its life. In this case, a contract is made only when the order is placed and each
order is a form of separate contract.
3. Framework Setup
Frameworks can be set up by individual contracting authorities (PEs), a contracting
authority acting on behalf of a number of other contracting authorities or a central
purchasing authority acting on behalf of a sector or group of contracting authorities.
When a framework is being established on behalf of a group of contracting authorities
or a central purchasing authority, the authorities which are party to it must be made
clear. This can be done either by listing the authorities in the IFB notice or framework
bidding documents (FBD) or describing them in a way that makes the scope and range
of the framework clear to market operators. For instance it would probably be
acceptable to describe a framework as applying to “all central Government Departments
and Offices” or “all Local Authorities in the province of….” in the IFB, and for greater
clarity, listing the relevant authorities (PEs) in the framework bidding documents. On
the other hand, for example, describing a framework as “open to all public bodies”
would not be sufficiently clear and transparent and cannot work transparently.
However, open bid competition is a very common and transparent method for
framework solicitation8, limited and restricted bid procedures can be used as per the
requirements. But such all framework structures shall advertised using the standard IFB
and when publishing, the PE must indicate:
(i) that the intention is to establish a framework,
(ii) whether the framework is single supplier or multi–supplier and if latter number of
suppliers it intends to include (open or close framework),
(iii) the duration of the framework (Single year or multi-year framework),

8
Annex XV; Clause 4.1 of the Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers, 2016; The World Bank.

(iv) an estimate of the total value or quantity of purchases expected to be made for the
duration of the framework,
(v) procedures being used (open bid, restricted bid, limited bid etc.), and
(vi) a group of contracting authorities or a central purchasing authority (single/multi-
PEs).
Firms awarded to FAs have no guarantee of any call-off contracts, so that the number of
firms awarded FAs should be proportionate to the anticipated demand. This allows all
FA firms an opportunity to be awarded a call-off contract9. Similarly, FAs shall only be
used between the PEs and FA firms, but if several PEs have established a FA together, a
lead PE can be appointed to act on behalf of other PEs10. Once a FA is established, PEs
doesn't need to open advertisement for individual call-off contracts.
4. Classified Framework Procedures
There are different ways to apply framework procedures as per the requirement of PEs.
Open and closed framework and single or two stage framework procedures or
single/multiple suppliers are very common into practice. It is the requirements of PEs
that can identify itself a proper option among these procedures. Solicitation in the
context of the procurement methods applied, variety of requirements of PEs, terms and
conditions applied and availability of suppliers or contractors or consultants may
identify proper method of framework itself.
4.1 Open/Close Frameworks
By means of open bid proceedings or other restrictive procurement methods both open
and closed framework procedures can be applied, but consideration of transparency and
competition is must. Generally, open framework agreements are based on the notion
that in each stage of proceedings bidders shall have a right to bid. 'Open framework
agreement' means a FA to which a supplier (or suppliers) or contractor (or contractors)
in addition to the initial parties may subsequently become a party or parties11. For the
purpose PE may establish and maintain an open FA online too. But in a closed
framework procedure only initial bidder can participate in the competition. A 'closed
framework agreement' means a FA to which no supplier or contractor that is not initially
a party to the framework agreement may subsequently become a party12. So in the
closed framework scenario a procurement contract under a FA may be awarded only to
a supplier or contractor or consultant that is a party to the framework agreement
initially. Due to the reason, all bidders shall not have equal and continuous opportunity
to present their bids in close FA system.

9
10
11
Clause 2(e)(iii) of the UNICITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement, 2014.
12
Clause 2(e)(ii) of the UNICITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement, 2014.

4.2 Single/Double stage FA Procedure
Generally, 'Framework agreement procedures' means a procedure conducted in two
stages: a first stage to select a supplier (or suppliers) or contractor (or contractors) to be
a party (or parties) to a FA with a PE, and a second stage to award a procurement
contract under the FA with a supplier or contractor13. Similarly, a 'framework
agreement' means an agreement between the PE and the selected supplier (or suppliers)
or contractor (or contractors) concluded upon completion of the first stage of the FA
procedure14. 'Framework agreement procedure with second stage competition' means a
procedure under a open FA or closed FA with more than one supplier or contractor in
which certain terms and conditions of the procurement that cannot be established with
sufficient precision when the FA is concluded are to be established or refined through a
second stage competition15. Whereas, 'Framework agreement procedure without second
stage competition' means a procedure under a closed FA in which all terms and
conditions of the procurement are established when the FA is concluded16.
4.3 Single/Multiple PE Frameworks
A FA is required for one PE and is awarded; following the selection process, on the
“most economically advantageous” or “lowest price” basis to a single supplier or
contractor is a single to single FA. In this simple framework procedure single PE and
single supplier or contractor selected. And the PE calls-off its requirements, during the
period of the framework, on the basis of the terms agreed when the framework was set
up. But if a FA is required to cover a number of PE's needs over subsequent effective
years the procedure may slightly different. In this case, following the IFB notice and the
selection process, based on financial, economic and technical capacity, bids are
evaluated on the “most economically advantageous” or “lowest price” basis for entry
into the framework contracts for multiple PEs. The PE's authority proceed to the
supplier within the framework whose offer is the “most economically advantageous” or
“lowest price”, based on the original award criteria, for each call-off required
throughout the five years. As the terms do not need to be refined or supplemented in this
case, the PE may not need to use the mini-competition option.
5. Framework for Goods and Supplies
As we discuss above, a FA is required for one authority and is awarded, following the
selection criterion, on the “most economically advantageous” or “lowest price” basis to
a single supplier. Then the concerned authority of PE can calls-off its requirements,
during the period of the framework, on the basis of the terms agreed when the
framework was set up. But if a FA is required to cover a number of different products

13
Clause 2(e) of the UNICITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement, 2014.
14
Clause 2(e)(i) of the UNICITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement, 2014.
15
Clause 2(e)(iv) of the UNICITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement, 2014.
16
Clause 2(e)(v) of the UNICITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement, 2014.

involves different supplier or contractor for PE's needs even in a single year or over
subsequent effective years, following the IFB notice and the selection process, based on
financial, economic and technical capacity, different bids are evaluated on the “most
economically advantageous” or “lowest price” basis for entry into the framework
contracts for each requirements to different suppliers or contractors. For example, a
number of suppliers can be included in the framework to supply a variety of paper types
– plain, lined, recycled, colored, etc. – over the five-year period. The PE's authority
proceed to the supplier within the framework whose offer is the “most economically
advantageous” or “lowest price”, based on the original award criteria, for each call-off
required throughout the five years. As the terms do not need to be refined or
supplemented in this case, the concerned authority of the PE may not need to use the
mini-competition option. An alternative approach might be to award a framework to a
single supplier for each region or product or for rotation supply. In some instances a
conventional bidding process specifying a need, inviting and evaluating bids and
awarding contracts to the best bidder in accordance with the award criteria may be
suitable for establishing a single supplier or multi-supplier framework.
6. Framework for Consulting Services
If a FA is required for a range of consultancy services, a notice is issued and candidates
for the framework are short-listed on the basis of financial, economic and technical
capacity – including track record and ability. Proposals are then evaluated on the “most
economically advantageous” or “highest ranked” basis, including quality and cost based
selection systems. A number of companies may be included in the framework, covering
the range of consultancy services required on the basis of hourly rates for different
grades of staff form part of the agreed terms. When there is a need to call-off specific
services, within the framework, the contracting authority holds a mini-competition with
all service providers capable of meeting that need for the category of services required
in order to establish which company provides the “most economically advantageous” or
“highest ranked” offer for the particular mix of grades/rates required.
7. Framework for Civil Works
In the case of minor civil works, a framework can be awarded to several contractors on
NCB basis, following selection process and award criteria on the “most economically
advantageous” or “lowest price” basis. These small contractors provide a range of
services within categories, such as building, plumbing and electrical services. Hourly
rates, call-out charges and levels of quality are set under the framework agreement.
When a call-off is required, the PE's authority proceeds to the contractor providing the
“most economically advantageous” or “lowest priced” offer, on the basis of the original
award criteria, for the particular need of minor civil works. There is no need for a mini-
competition in this case, as the terms do not need to be refined. An alternative approach
might be to award a framework to a single contractor for each region.

If a framework is needed for units to be constructed as part of a major civil works,
following the IFB notice and a selection process, based on financial, economic and
technical capacity, a framework is awarded to a small number of prime contractors for
units to be constructed as necessary throughout the period of the agreement. The kinds
of units in question might include prison cells, categories of hospital beds (e.g. acute,
accident and emergency etc) garages etc, where there is a standard size, design or
requirement. The awards are made on the basis of the particular mix of quality/unitary
prices to meet the need. At the call-off stage, a mini-competition is held and bids are
invited from all contractors capable of meeting the requirement for the specific units,
with the call-off awarded to the contractor providing the “most economically
advantageous” or “lowest price” bid for the units required.
If a framework is required for the construction of standard building units or office space
in various locations over a five-year period, following the IFB notice and the selection
process, based on financial, economic and technical capacity, a framework is awarded
to a number of prime contractors on “the most economically advantageous bid” or
“lowest evaluated bid” basis. Each of the prime contractors must have the skills and
supply chains necessary to undertake the different aspects of the construction work
during the period of the framework. A decision is made, at each call-off, as to whether a
mini-competition is needed – based on whether the terms need to be refined. If a mini-
competition is necessary, bids are invited from all prime contractors capable of meeting
the particular need. Call-offs under the framework, which may be awarded any time up
to the end of the agreement itself, can continue beyond the period of the agreement until
the work is completed.
8. Benefits of framework arrangements
FA can provide many benefits to the PEs. In FA proceedings, all arrangements with
suppliers need to be managed once they have been put in place, by seeking end-user's
and buyer's feedback, as well as through feedback from the suppliers. Performance
measurement of procurement proceedings can be so easier never been before. Reviews
can be undertaken regularly within a FA for continuous improvements. This is
particularly important when setting up FA on behalf of a large organization. Some direct
benefits we can observe as follows:
8.1 Buying through multi-user FAs is a good idea because:
 Frameworks are a pre-competed route to market providing a vehicle to centralize
procurement spending,
 It enables e-procurement, credit cards and other electronic instruments,
 It avoids duplication by buying through one PE on behalf of other PE,
 Suitable business method for firms,
 It can be used as variety control or standardization,
 Shared procurement expertise and resources, and

 Shared risk and contract management.
8.2 Frameworks reduce administrative burden:
 Time and cost compared to running a full procurement procedure each time (and
helps to ensure legal compliance). FA is saving time at a critical stage of a
project, as the buyer can firm up the requirement at the appropriate time and
simply call-off rather than having to go through a competitive bid process that
could cause unnecessary delays to the project.
 The requirement has been advertised and capable suppliers have been identified
through competitive procurement, so at mini-competition there may be fewer
bids to evaluate for each requirement - particularly if the framework is divided
into distinct lots.
 At mini-competition it should be easier to compare bids, particularly where the
framework is divided into distinct lots, because the products and services
making up those lots will normally have been defined and categorized when the
framework was established.
 Flexibility: use of FAs is not mandated and authorities are free to use these
agreements where they provide value for money or to go elsewhere if they do
not (but when taking into consideration the potential savings of going elsewhere
you would of course need to factor in the potentially considerable cost of
running another procurement exercise).
 Security of supply (on multi-supplier agreements) - if one supplier on a
framework runs into difficulty there would still be other suppliers who are
capable of delivering the requirement.
 It avoids re-work on purchasing.
8.3 Framework creates aggregate demand:
 Larger volumes are more attractive to suppliers and can achieve lower unit costs,
 Leverage/economies of scale through aggregation can be achieved,
 Smaller organizations working together will gain benefits usually only
achievable by large organizations,
 Lower bid costs are incurred by suppliers, and passed on to buyers, and
 Opportunities to standardize goods, services and operations across framework
users to further reduce costs.
However these advantages can only be achieved where public purchasers have an
understanding of the market in which they are operating, and how competitive pressures
works in that market, to enable them establish the appropriate conditions for the
framework to operate.
9. Syndrome of Mini-competition
All the terms may not be precisely specified at the time of establishing the initial
framework. There is now a provision where by sub competitions or “mini–

competitions” may be used to determine the most competitive supplier for a particular
requirement among framework participants. An appropriate timeframe must be allowed
for the submission of bids for the mini-competition. This timeframe is not prescribed
but it must be reasonable and have regard to the complexity and time required to
prepare a bid for submission. The bids received are then evaluated and contracts
awarded on the basis of award criteria indicated under the rules of the framework. It is
also permissible to use an electronic reverse auction17, Best and Final Offer competition
(BAFO) 18 and competitive negotiation19 conducted under the provisions of technical
notes provided and the corresponding national implementation measures, among the
competing participants to determine the 'most economically advantageous' or 'lowest
evaluated' offer.
FA procedure with second stage competition means a procedure under an open FA or a

closed FA with more than one supplier or contractor in which certain terms and
conditions of the procurement that cannot be established with sufficient precision when
the FA is concluded are to be established or refined through a second stage mini-
competition. The institution would have to be quantifiably certain that the figure arrived
at can be fully justified and have the calculations ready at the start of the process should
it ever come into question. The most prudent line would be to include the figure within
the mini-competition document to seek avoidance of a challenge around the
introduction of additional evaluation criteria at a later stage and this influencing the
final decision. Doing so may inevitably reduce the appetite of bidders to win the
business and the incumbent may feel they don't have to sharpen their pricing model
quite so tightly to retain the business. It would therefore be advisable to weigh up the
pros and cons of its inclusion very carefully before commencement.
10. Legislative Provisions of FA in Nepal
Present PPA does not provide the clear ground of FA, whereas Clause 2(R) of PPR
defines it as a form of contract only applicable to the procurement of goods and other
services. This clause and Annex-3 of the PPR contains the following provisions for
Framework or Unit Rate Contract:
 PE may form a framework or unit rate contract arrangements to procure goods
and other services from one or more suppliers under the stipulated terms and
conditions, rates and time.
 This Contract shall contain minimum and maximum quantity of goods and other
services.
 Duration of this contract normally shall be of one year.

17
Clause 6.49 of the Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers, 2016; The World Bank.
18
Clause 6.32-6.33 of the Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers, 2016; The World Bank.
19
Clause 6.34-6.36 of the Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers, 2016; The World Bank.

Clause 85(2) of this PPR states that the procurement of civil works, goods and
consulting services within the preferred limits of cost estimate can be done through
framework agreement. Prior to the 3rd amendment of the PPR, this provision for FAs
existed only in the direct purchase modality of procurements of Goods and other
services. Third amendment of PPR limits its scope relating it to use of standing list as
per the Clause 85(4) of PPR. This mandatory use of the provision restricts its use in
practice. These typical provisions were suppose to be used for “single sourcing” of
commonly procured supplies or services as needs arose repeatedly in a given period of
time. However, no PE's have been found using these provisions, 3rd amendment of PPR
again adds the provisions relating the process of FA for commonly used in civil works,
supplies and services items through a separate organization called Public Procurement
Service Office (PPSO)20. Clause 145ka of PPR has following provisions relating to FA:
 Government of Nepal may establish PPSO, a central level organization, in order
to assist centralized PEs as defined by PPA for the procurement of goods and
selection of suppliers (through FA??).
 Government of Nepal, through Gazetted notification, shall identify the list of
goods that can be procured from a supplier or suppliers selected by PPSO under
the framework arrangements. This FA shall be through MOU between PEs and
PPSO.
 PPSO shall have following duties to perform:
 To collect procurement needs from centralized PEs and MOU with them
(Framework),
 To analyze the procurement needs and prepare technical specifications, cost
estimates and bidding documents on the basis of analysis (Framework
Arrangement),
 To issue IFB notice and select suppliers (Framework Agreement),
 To notify PEs for procurement (Framework contract) as per agreed terms and
conditions (framework agreement),
 PPMO shall issue separate Procurement Guidelines for Government
Procurement Services (Framework Arrangements).
 PEs may select the cheaper rate of market than the framework rates if it occurs.
However, PPSO is not yet established and prescribed framework arrangements have not
been initiated yet. So due to the reason, again 4th amendment of PPR have been made
and authorized central level PEs to use framework agreements as per standard
framework bidding documents approved by PPMO21. These provisions are indicative
arrangements for framework and quite unclear to use in practice. Nevertheless, FA can
be used effectively in the following areas of procurement management in Nepal:

20
Clause 145Ka of the Public Procurement Regulation, 2007.
21
Clause 145Ka (3ka) of the Public Procurement Regulation, 2007.

 Procurement of Goods like: medical supplies, medicines, Office supplies,
Furniture, Fixture, vehicle servicing items, computers and IT related items
and small cash and carry items;
 Procurement of Civil Works like: Repair and maintenance works, fixed rate
items, lump sum contract, sanitation supplies, electrical supplies, drawings
and designs etc.
 Procurement of Consultants like: Accounting and auditing, system design,
software, repair and maintenance of software applications, system security,
hourly rate services etc;
 Procurement of Other Services like: transportation, house rent, office
security, lease of assets, contract services, appointment of agents, canteen
services, equipment maintenance contracts etc.
11. Nutshell
FAs are agreements with contractor or suppliers or service providers which set out
umbrella terms and conditions under which specific purchases (call-offs) contracts can
be made during the terms and timeframe of the agreement. For the purpose, PPR should
have to define FA as ‘an agreement between one or more contracting authorities (PEs)
and one or more economic operators (contractor or suppliers or service providers), and
the purpose of which is to establish the terms governing call-off contracts to be awarded
during a given period of time, in particular with regard to right price and, where
appropriate, the right quantity. Framework procedures and/or FAs may not suitable for
all procurements. A carefully planned framework arrangement that is used well can
bring many benefits for the economy and save time/money through being able to call-
off requirements. Conversely, a poorly planned framework that is used incorrectly can
create issues for buyers and suppliers and is at risk of challenge.
The new amendment of PPA/PPR only takes on board while the clear definition and
procedures of framework arrangements introduces strong provisions designed to ensure
that they are awarded in an open, transparent and competitive manner. For the purpose,
PPMO should have to define, firstly, whether the framework agreement as an open or
close agreement between one or more contracting authorities(PEs) and one or more
economic operators (bidders), secondly, to establish the standard terms and conditions
for governing call-off contracts to be awarded during a given period of time, thirdly,
duration of the framework agreements, fourthly the procedures and the anticipated
frequency of mini-competition, and lastly but not least, whether the award of
procurement contracts (call-offs) under the FA will be to the 'lowest price' or 'most
advantageous' notion. These are some fundamental provisions required for the effective
use of framework arrangements to be a panacea.

References
 Public Procurement Act and Regulation, 2007; GON
 UNICITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement, 2014; UN
 Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers, 2016; The World Bank.
 Commonwealth Procurement Rules, 2012; Australian Government.
 Procurement Guidelines, 2015; Asian Development Bank.
 Framework Arrangements; 2012; CIPS, UK
 Best Practice Guide on Public Procurement, 2007; Republic of Cyprus.
 The Law and Economics of Framework Agreements; Gian Luigi Albano &
Caroline Nicholas; March 2016; Cambridge University Press; UK

An Empirical review of
Public Procurement System Reform in Nepal
Suresh Pradhan *
General Background: Public procurement has ever been a major concern in the Public
Financial Management (PFM) of Nepal. Through the ages of six decades of planned
economic development from 2013 (B.S), when plan failed to achieve targets; when
program did not attain output ; when the project failed to expend the budget and when
financial progress were not met then procurement function has always been named as
one of the major constraints of such non-performance. As the fundamental elements of
PFM, when problems arise in maintaining fiscal discipline, strategic resources
allocation (policy priorities) and efficient as well as effective operational management
then procurement has a major stake in it. Consequently, the problems of fiduciary risk
can also emerge as public funds may not be used for the intended purposes, not properly
accounted, and difficulty in achieving the value for money. So public procurement has
been a prime area of reform in PFM of Nepal. In this regard this article primarily
focuses on Country Procurement Assessment Review (CPAR) that was carried out in
2002 to reform this area and served as the background for enacting a separate act for
this sector. This will highlight the major reform suggested by this review then and its
performance status at present.
The CPAR findings were based on the performance of procurement activities under then
Financial Administration Rules (FAR) 2056 BS. As per CPAR major findings were as
follows:
Legal and Regularity Framework: The findings reported that then FAR were issued
by government and not by the legislature; therefore it was felt that it is not in the public
interest. The report also pointed out major problematic provisions regarding public
procurement practices regarding GoN rules application or that of development partners;
a separate "Revenue and Government Contracts Act, 1968 that does not apply to the
procurement; "Construction Ent22erprises Act, 1999" classifying local contractors into
classes that results in a massive restriction of competition, which is not in public interest
or favor the development of a healthy local construction industry. Similarly, for bidders'
grievances and contractual disputes FAR have no provision for a speedy settlement
mechanism and bidders lack confidence in the fairness of the procurement process.

* Joint Secretary, Ministry of Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation


Arbitration Act, 1999 also was not properly used which would seem to provide a useful
framework for domestic commercial arbitration proceedings.
Procedures and Practices: The report highlighted that FAR'56 includes numerous
procedures that do not seem to reflect accepted good public procurement practices for
National Competitive Bidding. It was then regarded this provision as was not of a
transparent nature and not properly represents the public interest. The following issues
were major concerns for the procedural practices:
 Sufficient advertising, and sufficient time for bid preparation
 Bid documents availability to prospective bidders by mail or in person
 Pre-disclosed criteria for evaluation and stated in the bidding documents
 Bids opening in more than one place and even after the submission deadline
 Preference to local bidders in international competitive bidding
 Contracts awarded to the lowest and not to the lowest evaluated bidder
 Post-bidding negotiations with the lowest or any other bidder
 Bids rejection merely on the basis of a price estimate
 All Bidders requirement for bid and performance securities and no awards by
lottery
 Bids invitation on the basis of a percentage premium or discount over the estimated
cost; and
 Restriction on the delivery of bids
 A new Public Procurement Law for addressing above issues
Bidding Documents: The observation was that there is need for country-specific
Standard Bidding Documents (SBDs) for ICB and NCB. Similarly, public works
guidelines and a manual to maintain uniformity in respect to public works and the
consulting services was felt, which among others have preparation of sample bid
invitation, bidding documents and technical and financial proposals for consulting
services, bid evaluation criteria, weightage, evaluation procedures, etc. Without which it
was encouraging to employer to act irrationally to safeguard only his interest at the cost
of the contractor and thus, was not only being unfair to the contractor but created an
environment conducive to producing higher cost and promoting corruption.
Other concerns of conflicts in SBD were minimum time for bid preparation period,
award bid to substantially responsive and lowest evaluated bid instead of lowest priced
responsive bid and criteria like financial position, experience, capacity, and the
reliability of the bidder (which are all subjective and not quantifiable). Other issues of
bid security return of the unsuccessful bidder at the end of the bid validity period and
three lowest bidders only after a contract is signed and bidders bid once submitted may
not be given or taken back.

Human Resources Development: In this regard it was then concluded that
procurement was not a recognized profession in Nepal. Peoples like Project Managers,
Engineers and the Accountants were involved. Their career path and frequent transfers
made the procurement function difficult. They also lack knowledge of efficient
procurement concepts, rationale for procedures and ethics, which often resulted in poor
documentation, mismanagement, delays in decision making and overall lack of
efficiency. The so called procurement cells were manned by general staff having no
relevant education and training.
Audit: Auditor General (AG) has been carrying out the independent audit of all
government expenditure to ascertain its disbursement whether it is as per law, purpose
intended and were duly authorized. AG's audit was observed to be mainly related to
financial auditing and also that of procurement-related documents and processes.
However, their audit reports were seen mainly pointed minor irregularities and
unauthorized expenditures and not major irregularities, malpractice or corruption. Its
main thrust was found to be contract award to the bidder bidding the lowest price. The
AG carried out performance auditing but this office did not have expertise in the field of
procurement and performance auditing.
Anti-Corruption Measures: During the assessment period two anti-corruption law,

first, the "Anti-Corruption Act, 1961 (as amended) and "Commission for Investigation
of Abuse of Authority (CLAA) Act, 1992 was in force. These Acts, however, showed
concern of for bribes, abuse of power and criminal penalties that may then be imposed
on public servants if found guilty. But it did not mention about a person or firm offering
or giving such a bribe in order to bring about the unlawful action/inaction of the public
servant. There was also an impression for not allowing or inviting bidders to report acts
of bribery by other bidders and/or solicitations of bribes by public officials which
indeed are a serious gap in the Nepalese anti-corruption legislation.
Therefore, to prevent corrupt and fraudulent practices in public procurement (PP) the
following provision in new PP law was sought: use of open procedures to address
grievances, disclosure of evaluation criteria in SBD, open bid in one place and
immediately after the submission deadline, awarding contract to the lowest evaluated
bidder, prohibition of post-bidding negotiations with the lowest or any other bidder;
and abolish a two-envelope system for the procurement of goods and works.
Private Sector: The assessment of private sector revealed that manufacturing sector
less developed and it mostly comprised of commodity traders, local agent and foreign
manufacturers. Local construction industry was weak due to the business environment,
unsound and corrupt practices followed by employers. The contracting firms were
highly personalized management structures and mostly owned and operated by a family.
Proprietors were involved in the day-to-day operations of the business. And except a

few, construction contractors operate generally in a labor-intensive manner and they
lack finance and equipment and mostly depended on government contracts. Contractors
also were facing considerable difficulty in recruiting qualified engineers and technicians
due to security of tenure and a higher social status in the public sector. The contractors
also needed training in planning and bidding strategies and contract management.
So if public procurement is to work effectively and to the benefit to the people, the
business community of suppliers, contractors and consultants must be trained in the
concepts of public procurement, made technically and professionally competent, given
access to finance and construction equipment, made to adopt a strict code of ethics and
made to complement the efforts of the public purchaser to make the whole process
economic, efficient and free of corruption.
General Risk Assessment: The report also pointed that proportion of projects risk was
high in Nepal often due to problems related to procurement. The problems and risks
were often related to procedures and practices, anti-corruption measures, corrupt
practices, legal and regulatory framework etc. Similarly, inadequate institutional
capacity, poor project and contract management capability, inadequate recordkeeping,
external pressures to contract awards, poor quality of evaluation reports and inordinate
delays in deciding to award contracts. Moreover, other identified problems due to
restrictive bidding, to inadequate bidding periods, to price negotiations with the lowest
priced or all bidders and to the failure of the bidding documents to provide for post
qualification and evaluation criteria as well as procurement planning.
Reform Measures: In order to overcome shortcomings of then procurement system the

review team recommended the following reform measures:
 Replace FAR'56 with Model Law for Procurement adopted by the United
Nations Commission for International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and applicable to
public procurement by all public entities and parastatals
 A small, independent procurement regulatory agency essentially be confined to
procurement policy matters and not to oversight be created
 Speedy dispute settlement mechanism to handle bidders' grievances and
blacklisting provisions for them those engaged in acts of fraud or corruption.
 Ensure good governance in public procurement through principles of transparency,
economy and efficiency through following provisions:
 Provisions for sufficient advertising and sufficient bid preparation time
 Bid documents availability in person, courier or by post
 Bids evaluation as per disclosed criteria in bid documents and no preference to
local bidders; bids must not be rejected merely on the basis of a price estimate;
awards must not be made on the basis of nationally negotiated rates, no awards by
lottery;

 No post-bidding negotiations and no re-bidding without justifiable reasons, no
awards by lottery; Mandatory bid- and performance securities;
 No bids on the basis of a percentage premium or discount over the estimated cost;
No restriction on the delivery of bids
 Bid documents as per small civil works, and contracts costing
 A separate procurement cadre
 Training at all levels including a training of trainers approach
 Qualification for public procurement related topics in their commerce and
business management and engineering degree
 AG's staff be trained in procurement concepts and rationale for procedures,
 Nepal's anti-corruption legislation is amended to impose penalties also on acts of
active corruption, i.e., the offering/giving of bribes to public servants and bidders to
report acts of fraud or corruption by other bidders, as well as solicitations of bribes
by public officials.
Current Status of Reforms: Present status of public procurement shows that the
shortcomings as highlighted by the CPAR have mainly been addressed and the most of
the recommendations for reform made by the review team has also been fulfilled. In the
process of reform Government of Nepal (GoN) has enacted a separate Public
Procurement Act 2007 and approved the Public Procurement Rules, 2008 to
accommodate the public interest. This separate law in public procurement mainly
addressed major concerns over the issues and problems regarding contractor's classes
and enables healthy local construction industry, their grievances and contractual
disputes settlement mechanism.
Similarly, the procurement law addressed all procedures and practices of accepted good
public procurement such as advertising, bid preparation, Bid documents, Pre-disclosed
criteria for evaluation, bids opening, preference to local bidders, Contracts awarded to
the lowest evaluated bidder, grounds for bids rejection, bid and performance securities
have been included in the said act. Standard Bidding Documents (SBDs) for public
works and technical and financial proposals have also been arranged. The human
resources development aspect has been addressed through institutionalization of
Procurement Units as appropriate. The provision of this unit from qualified manpower
and professional staffs are in the process along with education and training. Training to
Auditor General (AG) has also been given and they have more concerns about raising
irregularities, malpractice or corruption in procurement sector. In addition, the provision
for ethical code of the bidders to check bribes, abuse of power and criminal penalties by
a person or firm offering or giving in the said act has been a major concern for
combating corruption in this sector.
The provision made has also been made for the needed training in planning, bidding
strategies and contract management for the bidders and the contractors to enable them

for developing the private sector. In the same manner other risk areas such as
institutional capacity, project and contract management, recordkeeping, contract awards,
evaluation reports, price negotiations, lowest evaluated evaluation and procurement
planning have also been addressed through the act, rules, technical notes and SBDs.
Main recommendation reform agendas for public procurement reform have also been
made in the act and in practice. Public Procurement Monitoring Office was established
as a small, independent procurement regulatory agency and confined to procurement
policy matters as recommended. Dispute settlement mechanism to handle grievances
and blacklisting provisions for them those engaged in acts of fraud or corruption. The
objectives of the act are as per United Nations Commission for International Trade Law
(UNCITRAL) which is based on the good governance aspect through principles of
transparency, economy and efficiency. Post-bidding negotiations quashed and re-
bidding provisions only in specified condition and need justifiable reasons; Awards by
lottery dropped and mandatory provision is made for bid- and performance securities;
SBD developed as per small civil works, and contracts costing; training of trainers
approach exercised and conducted training at all levels. However, the recommendation
for a separate procurement cadre could not be implemented and consequently,
qualification for public procurement personnel could not be fixed as prescribed for
commerce and business management and engineering degree qualification.
The PPA act and rules has undergone amendments in recent days. The act has been
amended first time and rules provision has been amended recently as Fifth Amendment.
Some noteworthy provisions include the bid evaluation of works and goods in one stage
and two envelop system, additions of procurement methods as lump sum, catalogue,
buy back etc and direct procurement from public entity. In addition, the evaluation
marks for Request for Proposal has been changed and addition of performance
guarantee for the lowest bidder within stipulated estimated amount has been made for
bidders to check the problems of low value bids. Similarly, the time of re-bid has been
reduced from 30-45 to 15-21 days and 7 days (exceptional time). Moreover, the
amendment also included the special circumstances. User's Committee threshold
increased and provision for preference of Nepal products has been made. Furthermore,
separating procurement of business public entity has also been the provision of recent
amendment. Some of the recent amendments have basically violated the philosophy of
public procurement on which ground the PPA was formulated to adjust the petty interest
of the different stakeholders.
What achieved? And what did not?
With the reform measures as above we achieved a lot in reforming public procurement
in Nepal. The procurement process has been more transparent with provisions of SBD,
pre-defined evaluation criteria, more tendering instead of direct and quotation methods,
letter of intent and review process. Capacity enhancement programs have been

strengthened. Review mechanism and blacklisting process has enhanced the
professional approach in bidders and consultants. Establishment of PPMO has served as
the responsible monitoring agency in the SBD preparation enforcement, modernizing
the bidding process through e-procurement methods. The office also conducting training
and awareness programs for better understanding of procurement process which was not
previously being done.
Similarly, a separate legal provision has made the public procurement a distinct and
recognized profession. The procurement process has gained greater importance in the
process of expenditure management and especially, in the process of approving
budgeting and program. The procurement plan has been a major tool for implementation
of program and projects. The time limit prescribed in each procurement steps has
created time bound approach in expenditure system through enforcement of
procurement plan. Therefore, a separate law and distinct institution (PPMO) has been
enabling for strengthening public procurement system in Nepal.
However, this new systemic provision did not lessen the image for being one of the
major causes of delay in public expenditure. This system has been regarded as more
process orientation and thereby causing delay in project implementation. Despite the
procurement units in every public entity, no qualification has been fixed until now to
work in the unit. It is thus not creating a distinct career in this field. No proper
responsibilities have been assigned among the units involved in procurement process,
especially between procurement units and accounts section. Proper monitoring from
respective ministry and department as well as that of PPMO could not take place, which
is causing frustration and negligence in procurement job and contract management.
More trust on the systemic adoption and lack of punishment measures in procurement
act also causing non-compliance of the procedures. As the recent (2072) Auditor
General's Annual Report has pointed non-compliance of act in terms of splitting, not
charging liquidated damages, extension of time with proper reason and price adjustment
without proper reason, but not action has been taken to this regard so far. Such instances
have been causing 'fiduciary risk' in financial spheres of the government programs and
its expenditure budget.
What to be done?
Nothing much is necessary to be done in reforming and strengthening public
procurement system in Nepal. Few fundamental aspects need serious attention. First and
foremost, the procurement plan must be the guiding tool for budget formulation by
Ministry of Finance and program approval by concerned higher agency or ministry and
National Planning Commission. Second, strong monitoring system on every trimester
based on procurement plan. Third, a career orientation with defined academic
qualification for manning procurement units is a must with clear responsibilities vis a
vis other units involved in expenditure, financial and program management. Fourth,

skill based professional procurement training and accreditations of training programs.
Fifth, PPMO should make its effective monitoring system as per PPA and without delay
need to issue procurement steps and bid evaluation guidelines with examples as per
PPA and PPR. Sixth, instead of getting general comments from whoever, establish
system for getting advice/recommendation from professional experts for the issues and
problems of procurement. Seventh, awareness program for proper understanding and
enforcement of procurement law. Eighth, punishment measures for non-compliance in
procurement process and contract management should be made in the procurement act.
Ninth, e-Procurement system needs to be effectively implemented. Last but not least,
while reforming law or any process philosophy of openness and competitiveness and
objective performance as per UNCITRAL model, which was the basis of PPA, need a
serious attention otherwise the spirit of preamble and objectives of the act cannot not be
achieved for which the whole public procurement process was reformed to achieve.
Petty interest should be disregarded if the reform process is to be made successful.
The procurement reform process can be termed as successful when it achieve the goal of
concerned program and project with due compliance of procurement law with that of
Financial Procedure Act and Rules. Similarly, it should be implemented with due
compliance with other norms, standards and process. Finally, this function should be
considered the responsibility of entity chief not only of procuring units and that of
financial administration units. Similarly, for effective functioning of procurement
system it should be given due consideration during policy formulation as well as while
developing and approving plan, program, project, budget and expenditure management.
References:
 The World Bank, Nepal Country Procurement Assessment Report, April 11, 2002,
Procurement Services, South Asia Region, Kathmandu.
 Shrestha, Prithvi Man, New Procurement Act to end hassles for PEs,
eKantipur.com, Posted on: 2014-06-05
 Law Book Management Committee, Public Procurement Act, 2007, Kathamandu,
Nepal
 Law Book Management Committee, Public Procurement Rules, 2008, Kathamandu,
Nepal.
 Office of the Auditor General, Annual Report, 2072, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu.
***

;fj{hlgs vl/bdf ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf]
k|of]u / o;sf r'gf}tLx?
xl/z/0f k'8f;}gL*
k[i7e"ld M
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof tyf lg0f{onfO{ v'nf, kf/bzL{,a:t'lgi7 / ljZj;gLo
agfpg, ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, OdfGbfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ljZj;lgotf k|j{4g
u/L ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{af6 clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ / ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ u/fpFbf dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf cGo ;]jf vl/b ubf{ To:tf] vl/bsf]
Joj:yfkg Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L pTkfbs,laqm]tf, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf ;]jf k|bfosx?nfO{
ljgf e]befj vl/b k|s[ofdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/ ;'lgZlrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{
p2]Zon] @)^# ;fn k'; #) ut] klxnf] k6s ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|s[ofnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;fjhlgs
vl/b P]g hf/L ePsf] lyof] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# hf/L eP kZrft ljut nfdf] ;do b]lv o; If]qdf /x]sf] l4ljwf /
cGof]ntf ;dfKt ePsf] lyof] . vl/bsf k|s[ofx?sf] ;+lxtfs/0f ;+u} ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|s[ofnfO{
;"rgf k|ljlw d}qL agfpg] kl/sNkgf ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . vl/b P]gsf] sfof{Gjog qmd;Fu} o;
P]gsf] bkmf ^( df ljB'tLo ;~rf/sf] dfWodaf6 vl/b sf/f]jf/ x'g ;Sg] u/L klxnf] k6s vl/b
k|lqmofdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ cjwf/0ff NofOof] . P]gsf] k|f/Dedf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
;DaGwdf lgDg Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .23
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ljB'tLo ;~rf/
dfWodaf6 k"j{ of]Uotf lgwf{/0fsf] k:|tfj dfu ug]{, af]nkq cfJxfgsf] ;"rgf hf/L ug]{,
cfzokq dfu u/L ;+lIfKt ;"lr tof/ ug]{, k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] ;"lr, k|:tfj dfu ug]{, af]nkq k"j{
of]Uotf ;DaGwL sfuhft k7fpg], pNn]lvt k|:tfjx? k|fKt ug]{,vl/b ;Demf}tf ug]{ lbg / cGo
;"rgf lbg jf lng ;Sg],
 P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgod / vl/b lgb]{lzsf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/L / ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs
vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] j]e;fO6df /fVg' kg]{ .
P]gsf] pNn]lvt sfg"gL k[i7e"lddf ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf af]nkqbftfsf] kFx'r cg'lrt ?kn]
lgolGqt x'g glbg] d'Vo p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] klxnf] r/0fsf] e-Bidding
portal sf] z'?jft u¥of] . pQm k|0ffnL lgDg cfwf/e"t l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ tof/ ul/Psf]
lyof] .
 k|of]ustf{x? ;]jfsf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{,
 vl/b k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tf,

* ;x;lrj, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

 nufgL cg';f/sf] k|ltkmn,
 sfo{Ifdtf / k|efjsfl/tf k|j4{g,
 cfd hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL,hjfkmb]xL / lhDd]jf/L jxg tyf ;~rf/,
 ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnL,
ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft M
ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL e-Bidding n] af]nkq k|lqmofdf af]nkqbftfsf] ;xh / :jtGqtfk"j{s efu
lng kfpg] s'/fnfO{ k|j4{g u¥of] t/ klg o;n] klg P]gn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] :jR5tf,a:t'lgi7tf /
ljZj;lgotfdf r'Sof] . of] k|0ffnL vl/b k|lqmofsf] k|:tfj btf{ / vf]Ng] k|lqmofdf dfq l;ldt /xof] .
ljz]if u/]/ vl/b k|lqmofn] ;a}eGbf hl6n / ljjflbt d"NofÍg kZrftsf k|lqmofdf o; k|0ffnLn]
;xhLs/0f ug{ ;s]g . vl/b k|0ffnLsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ / ;d:ofu|:t vl/b ;Demf}tf Joj:yfkg
;DaGwdf of] k|0ffnL cglj1 g} /xof] . h;n] ubf{ vl/b k|lqmofsf k|f/lDes r/0f t'ngfTds ?kdf
kf/bzL{ / j:t'lgi7 ePklg kl5Nnf dxTjk"0f{ r/0fx?df ljleGg afwf, cj/f]w Joj:yfkg cglj1tf
/ cGof}ntf a9g uO{ ;du|df vl/b k|0ffnL emg hl6n aGg uof] . cfof]hgfx?sf] k|ultdf ;d]t
pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]g .
o; k[i7e"lddf ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] klxnf] r/0fsf ;sf/fTds pknlAwx?nfO{ ;+/If0f ub} o;df
yk ;'wf/ u/L ;du| vl/b rqm (Procurement Cycle) nfO{ ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4
u/fpg k|of; :j?k bf]>f] r/0fsf] Electronic goverment Procurement (e-GP) sf] ;'?jft
ul/of] . of] k|0ffnL clt a[xt ePsf]n] o;nfO{ nfu" ug{' k"j{ vl/b P]g @)^# df ;+;f]wg ul/of] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgdf ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL ;DaGwL Joj:yf ePsf
k|fjwfgx? M
bkmf ^( sf] ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf M
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b sfo{sf] s'g} jf ;a} k|lqmofdf ljB'tLo sfo{ljlw k|0ffnL dfq ckgfpg
;Sg]5 / pQm k|0ffnLaf6 x'g] vl/bsf] sfo{ljlw, k|0ffnL / o;sf cGt/lglxt l;4fGt ;fj{hlgs
vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -kfFrf} ;+zf]wg_ df /x]sf] Joj:yf M
lgod !$^-!_ M ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu Pp6f dfq kf]6{n /xg] u/L ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ;~rfng /
Joj:yfkg ug]{5 .
lgod !$^-@_ M ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] lgodfjnLsf] lgod !$^-!_ cg';f/ :yfkgf ePsf] ljB'tLo
vl/b k|0ffnLdf cfa4 eO{ vl/b sf/f]af/ ;+rfng ug{'kg]{ .
lgod !$^-#_ M ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b sfo{ ubf{ lgod !$^-!_ adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf]
ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] kf]6{ndf btf{ eO{ vl/b sf/jfxL ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ .
lgod !$^-$_ M ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLaf6 x'g] vl/bsf]
sfo{ljlw,k|0ffnL / o;sf cGt/lglxt l;4fGt ;do ;dodf hf/L ug]{5 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnLsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgdf pNn]lvt
k|fjwfg ;dfj]z u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{noaf6 e-Bidding sf] k"0f{tf:j?k e-GP
Phase Second,@)&# kf}if !& (January 1, 2017) b]lv cf}krfl/s k|of]udf cfO;s]sf] 5
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] ^( sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ;8s ljefu / zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg
cGtu{tsf lgsfox? afx]s k|fo ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfon] ?=^) nfv eGbf a9Lsf] vl/b ubf{ o;
k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ul/x]sf 5g .
ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL -e-GP_ sf p2]Zox?
 klxnf] / bf]>f] r/0fsf] ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL (e-Bidding) sf] Plss/0f ug,]{
 cGt/fli6«o ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4 ug]{,
 ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf l;4fGtx?sf] cjnDag ug]{,
 vl/b k|0ffnLdf kf/blz{tf k|j4{g ug]{,
 vl/b k|0ffnLdf ;a} af]nkqbftfsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{,
 af]nkqbftfsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xhtf Nofpg],
 vl/b k|0ffnLdf u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug]{,
 vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ of]hgf / ah]6 k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4 ug]{,
 cgfjZos k|lqmof / sfuhftnfO{ 5f]6ofpg],
 ljsf; ;fem]bf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] k|0ffnL;Fu Ps?ktf -Harmonization_ ug]{ .
ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL -e-GP_ sf ljz]iftfx? M
 k|uf]ustf{x?sf] btf{ / kf;j8{ pknAw u/fpg],
 aflif{s vl/b of]hgf / u'?of]hgf tof/ ug]{,
 vl/b sfuhft tof/L / ;"rgf k|sfzg,
 vl/b ;DaGwL k|:tfj btf{ x'g],
 af]nkq k|:tfj vf]Ng] k|fjwfg /x]sf],
 af]nkqsf] k|fljlws / cfly{s k|:tfjsf] d"NofÍg k|0ffnLaf6} x'g],
 vl/b s/f/ Joj:yfkg,
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;"rgf k|0ffnL Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u,
ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL -e-GP_ sf k|d'v pknAwLx?
 vl/b k|s[ofdf ;xh kx'Fr / kf/blz{tf k|j4{g,
 vl/b k|lqmofdf x'g] cgfjZos ldn]dtf], l9nf;':tLdf Go"lgs/0f,
 vl/b k|s[ofdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o af]nkqbftfx?sf] kx'Fr j[l4,
 cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{ nfUg] ;do / nfutsf] jrt,
 cg'udg / d"NofÍg k|lqmofdf ;/nLs/0f,
 vl/b k|s[ofdf Ps?ktf,
 vl/b k|s[ofdf cfd gful/sf] rf;f] / kx'Fr clej[l4,
 lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;/nLs/0f / j:t'lgi7tf clej[l4,
 ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf;,

 vl/b k|s[ofdf kf/blz{tf, ;xeflutf / k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g,
 Plss[t ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;,
 gLlt / ah]6 th{'dfsf] nflu Plss[t ;"rgf pknAw x'g,]
 cGt/ lgsfo / cGt/;+:yf aLrdf ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ k|j4{g x'g],
ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLdf dfly pNn]lvt s]lx pknAwLx? k|fKt ePsf] b]lvP tfklg klg k|d'v ?kdf
b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;d:ofx? b]lvPsf 5g .
 gLltut cGof}ntf sfod /x]sf],
 w]/} sd{rf/Lx?df k|fljlws 1fgsf] sdL,
 ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] nflu cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf] Go"gtf,
 bIf hgzlQmsf] ckof{Kttf,
 cfjZos cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Go"gtf,
 s]lGb|s[t Joj:yfksLo ;+/rgf,
 dgf]j}1flgs ;d:of,
 tflndsf] Joj:yfksLo ;d:of,
 bIf hgzlQmsf] :yfloTjsf] cefj,
 cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo sdhf]/ /x]sf] cj:yf,
 cGo ;/sf/L ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL;Fusf] cfj4tf / PsLs/0fsf] ;d:of,
 k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f / lbuf]kgfsf] ;d:of .
k|:t't ul/Psf ;d:ofnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ o;df ;'wf/sf k|z:t u'~hfo; b]lvG5 h;nfO{ b]xfo
adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
eljZok/s b[li6sf]0f M
 vl/b k|s[ofdf ;+nUg hgzlQm / ;+:yfx?sf] ;anLs/0f,
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, lgodfjnL cg';f/ ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/,
 ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL k|of]ustf{ dfu{bz{g / sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f ug'{kg,]{
 cfjZos k|ljlws ;xof]usf] pknAwtf / Joj:yfkg,
 ;a} lhNnfx?df ;xh ?kdf ljB't / OG6/g]6 ;'ljwfsf] cfk"lt{sf] ;'lglZrttf,
 ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLdf ;+nUg hgzlQmnfO{ plrt pTk|]/0ff / :yfloTj,
 ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg's'nsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] k'g;+/rgf ug]{,
 k|of]ustf{d}qL vl/b k|0fnLsf] lgdf{0f,
 k"0f{?kdf k|of]u ug]{ lgsfox?nfO{ plrt k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf,
 cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo ug{ clwsf/ k|fKt ;dGjo ;+oGq u7g,
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut ;anLs/0f,
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nodf vl/b sfo{df cg'ejL sd{rf/Lsf] dfq ;?jf ug]{ gLltut
lg0f{o,
 e-GP df sfo{/t hgzlQmnfO{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf,
 e-GP ;~rfng ug{ bIf hgzlStsf] Joj:yf u/L cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ;Lk / k|ljlw tTsfn
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ .

lgisif{
;/sf/sf] aflif{s ah]6sf] sl/a &)Ü ef/ jxg ug]{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ kf/bzL{, j:t'lgi7,
ljZj;gLo, k|lt:kwL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg] p2]Zon] vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf]
dfWodaf6 5'§} kf]6{n dfkm{t sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] k|of;af6 o; If]qdf ljut b]lvg] u/]sf
gsf/fTds wf/0ffx?nfO{ s]xL dfqfdf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 . tfklg hgck]Iff cg';f/sf]
k|ltkmn k|fKtLdf ljleGg lsl;dsf cj/f]wx? cem} klg ljBdfg ePsf]n] o;df ;+nUg ;a} kIfx?
;/sf/L lgsfo, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, k/fdz{bftf, cfk"lt{stf{, a}+sx?, gful/s ;dfh / ljsf; ;fem]bf/
jLr cGt/ ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ljgf ;d:of ;dfwfg ;Dej x'b}g . t;y{ xfn k|rfngdf cfPsf]
ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ k|of]ustf{d}qL agfO{ ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ u/L k"0f{?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg
;s]df ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] lnPsf] p2]Zo k|fKtL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]df b'Odt /xb}g .

;fj{hlgs vl/b of]hgf lgdf{0f M
;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw
afa'/fd >]i7 *
;f/f+z
hf] ;kmn of]hgf agfpg ;Sb}g, p c;kmn x'gsf nflu of]hgf agfO{ /x]sf] x'G5 . s'g sfd s;/L,
slxn] / s;n] ug]{ < eGg] d"n dd{df cfwfl/t lhDd]jf/L ;lxtsf] vfsf g} of]hgf xf] . vl/bsf]
;Gbe{df, vl/b ;DalGw lqmofsnfkx? (Procurement Activities) nfO{ ;"rLs[t (Listing) ug]{, oL
lqmofsnfkx? ;Dkfbg ug{ / o; cGtu{tsf sfo{ k|s[ofx?nfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhd nfUg] ;donfO{
r/0fa4?k (Sequential Order) df tof/ ul/g] vfsf vl/b of]hgf xf] . vl/b of]hgf ef}lts jf
cef}lts :j?ksf ;fwgx?sf] cfh{g jf k|fKtL ug]{ lalw, tl/sf, nfut / kl/0ffd ;lxtsf] ;do
lgwf{l/t sfo{ tflnsf (Calendar of Operation) xf] .
k[i7e"dL
;'zf;g, ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xL / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;/sf/sf] pRr k|fyldstfsf] ljifo xf] . /fHosf]
;j{;l~rt sf]ifaf6 ul/g] s'n vr{sf] s/Lj ;Q/L k|ltzt ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf vr{ x'g] ub{5 . of]
tYonfO{ x]bf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . .
;/sf/L vr{sf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf cfpg] j[l4n] ;/sf/n] ug]{ nf]s sNof0fsf/L vr{df hgljZjf;
clej[l4 x'G5 / ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf d"ne't l;4fGt k|lt:kwf{,
kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtfsf] dfWodn] dfq vr{sf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf a[l4 Nofpg ;lsG5 . o;/L
;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg, ;/sf/sf] vr{ k|efjsf/Ltf / ;'zf;gsf] k|ToIf ;DaGw /xg] ub{5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg'gsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf g} of]hgfj4 vl/b Joj:yfkg xf] h;sf] k|d'v tTjx?
dWo]sf] Ps vl/b of]hgf klg xf] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b of]hgf
;fj{hlgs vl/b of]hgf eGgfn] s'g} vf; cjlwdf ;fj{hlgs sf]ifaf6 ;~rflnt s'g} sfof{no jf
cfof]hgfsf] ;du| p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ k|o'Qm x'g] jf ug{ ;lsg] ;j} ef}lts jf cef}lts :j?ksf
;fwgx?sf] cfh{g jf k|fKtL ug]{ lalw, tl/sf, nfut / kl/0ffd ;lxtsf] ;do lgwf{l/t sfo{ tflnsf
(Calendar of Operation) 24a'lemG5 . vl/b of]hgf s'g} lgsfosf] vl/b;+u ;DalGwt sfo{ ;Dkfbg
ug]{ sfo{ of]hgf (Procurement Action Plan) xf] h;sf] cfwf/df ;du| vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{
;doj4 ?kdf ;+rfng x'G5 .

* ;x;lrj, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no


s'g} klg sfof{no jf cfof]hgfn] ;+rfng ug]{ s'g} cfof]hgfsf] cjlwe/ jf ;f] lgsfosf] lglZrt
cfly{s aif{sf] nflu to u/LPsf] sfo{qmd jf ;+rfng sfo{sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] Psd'i7 ljj/0f xf],
h;af6 vl/b ug'{ kg]{ dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{ tyf ;]jfsf] ljj/0f, vl/bsf] nflu ckgfO{g] lalw,
k|lqmofut ?kdf ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ cjlw / sfdsf] km]xl/:t P]gf ;/x b]lvG5 . of] sfuhft x]/] kl5
sfof{Gjogstf{, cg'udgstf{ jf hf];'s}n] klg vl/b ;DaGwL s'g sfd slxn] / s;/L z'? e} vl/b
lgsfon] slxn] pknAwL xfl;n ub{5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;lhn} hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5 . o;n] vl/b
Joj:yfkgnfO{ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg ;3fp k'/\ofpFb5 / ;fj{hlgs vl/b
Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfonfO{ k|efjsf/L tj/n] pknAwL xfl;n ug{ d2t k'/\ofpF5 .
vl/b ug]{ lgsfon] cfkm\gf] lgsfo cGtu{t ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ vl/b ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx?
(Procurement Activities) nfO{ ;"rLs[t (Listing) u/L ;f] lqmofsnfkx? cGtu{t r/0fa4?k
(Sequential Order) df nfUg] ;do / sfo{ k|s[ofnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfo{ r/0f / cfjZostf cg'?k
vl/b sfo{x?sf] ;"rL / k|flKt ;dofjlw ;lxtsf] sfo{qmd tof/ ul/G5 . o:tf] vl/b of]hgf aflif{s
bz nfv eGbf a9Lsf] vl/b ug'{ kg]{ ePdf cfufdL cfly{s aif{sf] cg'dflgt aflif{s sfo{qmd tyf
ah]6 tof/ ubf{ aflif{s vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug'{ kg]{ / ax'aifL{o of]hgfsf] ?kdf cyjf Ps aif{ eGbf
a9L cjlwsf] nflu ;+rfng jf sfof{Gjog x'g] vl/b sfo{sf] nflu / aflif{s bz s/f]8 ?k}of eGbf
a9L /sdsf] vl/b ug'{ kg]{ ePdf u'? vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
vl/b of]hgfsf] dxTj / sfg"gL Joj:yf
vl/b of]hgf s'g} klg vl/b sfo{ ug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo ljz]ifu/L kF"hLut ;DaGwL vr{ ug]{
cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ 5 . vl/b sfo{df 7"nf] /sdsf] nufgL x'g],
o:tf] sfo{df :jR5tfsf] ck]Iff ul/g] / of]hgf Pj+ cGo sfo{;~rfng ubf{ lgdf{0f sfo{, j:t' jf
;]jfx¿ ldtJooL / sfo{s'zntfk"j{s k|fKt ug{ ljZj:t t'Nofpg vl/b sfo{ ;dodf g} ug{ h?/L
x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b;DaGwL tof/L ubf{ vl/b of]hgf agfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs vl/b
sfg"gdf clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . csf]{ cy{df vl/b sfo{sf] Ps cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf vl/b of]hgfnfO{
pNn]v u/L k|:t't of]hgfsf] tof/L ljgf vl/b sfo{ ug]{ kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ^ / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod & / * df vl/b of]hgf tof/
/ ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ 9fFrf tof/ ug'{ kg]{ lhDd]jf/L
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nonfO{ lbO{Psf] 5 . ;f] sfof{non] ;fj{hlgs vl/b of]hgfsf] 9fFrf
tof/ u/L sfo{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6 th'{df lbUbz{g, @)^$ df vl/b of]hgf
tof/ u/L ;f] cg';f/ ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd tof/ ug'{ kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b
sfg"gn] lgDg vl/b of]hgf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] sfo{ k|s[lt, cfjZostf tyf pkof]lutfsf] cfwf/df
tof/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!_ vl/b u'? of]hgf (Master Procurement Plan)
@_ jflif{s vl/b of]hgf (Annual Procurement Plan)

vl/b of]hgf lsg <
-s_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo k|flKt / ;du| jh]6 tyf sfof{Gjog tflnsf;Fu vl/b
sfo{sf] tfbfTDotf sfod u/L cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ;Dkfbg ;xh t'Nofpg .
-v_ lgodgsf/L tyf cg'udg ug]{ lgsfox¿ -h:t} dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no, clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, tfn's dGqfno, ljefu, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg
sfof{no_ nfO{ ;fdlos vl/b sfo{;Dkfbg u/] gu/]sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;Dej / ;Ifd agfpg .
-u_ vr{ Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpgsf] nflu sf]if Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ ;/n /
oyfy{df cfwfl/t agfO{ sfo{qmd / jh]6nfO{ vl/b sfo{sf] Kofs]hsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L
dfkgof]Uo, j:t'lgi7 / sfof{Gjogof]Uo agfpg .
-3_ vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{df ;+nUg kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L tyf hjfkmb]lxtf :yflkt u/L
vl/b sfo{ kl/0ffdd'vL t'Nofpg .
vl/b u'? of]hgf (Master Procurement Plan)
vl/bsf] u'?of]hgf k|foM lglZrt cjlw tf]s]/ :yfkgf ul/Psf] cfof]hgf tyf ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿
(Projects and Programs) df cfjZos x'G5 . ;fy} jx'jifL{o of]hgfsf] ¿kdf cyf{t Ps jif{eGbf
a9L cjlwsf] nflu ;~rfng jf sfof{Gjog x'g] vl/b sfo{sf] nflu klg tof/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't of]hgfdf cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmd ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd lglZrt r/0fdf ul/g] k/fdz{
;]jf, j:t', lgdf{0f sfo{ tyf cGo ;]jfsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ vl/b lqmofsnfk osLg u/L vl/b sfo{qmdsf]
lqml6sn ky (Critical Path) df /x]sf] vl/b sfo{nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gn] o:tf] of]hgf lgDg cj:yfdf of]hgf jf cfof]hgf jf vl/bsf] cjlwe/sf
nflu agfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
-s_ Ps jif{ eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd ;~rfng x'g] of]hgf jf cfof]hgfsf] nflu ul/g] vl/bsf] xsdf,
jf
-v_ jflif{s bz s/f]8 ¿k}of eGbf a9L /sdsf] vl/b ug'{kg]{ ePdf .
vl/b u'?of]hgfdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifo j:t'x?
 vl/bsf] k|sf/, kl/df0f / df]6fdf]6L cg'dflgt d"No,
 vl/b ljlw,
 clwstd k|lt:kwf{sf nflu vl/bnfO{ 6'q\mØfO{g] jf Kofs]h agfOg] eP ;f] ;DaGwL Aoa:yf,
 ;du| vl/b sf/jfxL k"/f ug{sf] nflu ul/g] ;Demf}tfx¿sf] df]6fdf]6L ;ª\Vof / To:tf] vl/b
sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ ;Sg] d'Vo d'Vo sfd,
 vl/bsf] nflu k"j{ of]Uotfsf] sf/jfxL ug'{ kg]{ eP ;f] ;DaGwL s'/f,
 vl/b sf/jfxLsf] df]6fdf]6L ;do tflnsf,
 vl/bsf] nflu k"j{ of]Uotfsf] sf/jfxL ug'{ kg]{ eP ;f] ;DaGwL s'/f,
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] vl/b u'? of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ egL lgwf{/0f u/]sf
s'/f,

vl/b u'? of]hgf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] ;lrjaf6 :jLs[t ePsf] x'g' kg]{ / k|To]s cfly{s jif{df
cBfjlws ug'{ kb{5 . vl/b u'? of]hgf Ps jif{eGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu sfof{Gjog ul/g] vl/b
sfo{sf] nflu x'g], 7"nf] /sdsf] of]hgf x'g] eO{ ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] k|ltj4tf hgfpg' kg]{ ePsf]n] ;lrj
:t/;Dd k'u]/ :jLs[tL ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf sfg"gdf ul/Psf] 5 . of] jf:tjdf eljiosf] jflif{s
of]hgfnfO{ vl/b Kofs]h lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xo]fu k'Ug] lsl;dn] vl/b Kofs]h, nfut cg'dfg, ;ª\Vof,
vl/b sfo{sf] ljj/0f df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . sfo{qmd tyf of]hgfsf] ;du| cj:yf
osLg ug{ / jflif{s vl/b of]hgfnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{ k|:t't vl/b u'? of]hgf a9L pkof]uL x'G5 .
jflif{s vl/b of]hgf (Annual Procurement Plan)
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] jflif{s bz nfv ¿k}ofFeGbf a9L /sdsf] vl/b ug'{kg]{ ePdf cfufdL cfly{s
jif{sf] cg'dflgt jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 tof/ ubf{ jflif{s vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . jflif{s vl/b of]hgf tof/ ubf{ ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] :jLs[t ePsf] vl/b u'?
of]hgfsf] cfwf/df tof/ ug'{kg]{5 .
jflif{s vl/b of]hgfdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿M
o:tf] of]hgfdf ;f] lgsfon] cfufdL cfly{s jif{ e/L ug]{ k|To]s vl/b ;DaGwL b]xfosf s'/fx¿
pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 M
-s_ vl/b ul/g] dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{, k/fdz{ ;]jf / cGo ;]jfsf] ljj/0fM o:tf] dxndf vl/b
sfo{sf] k|s[lt / Kofs]h cg';f/ r/0fj4 ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{sf] ljj/0f cfly{s jif{
cg';f/ gDal/Ë u/L pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] ljj/0f sfo{qmd / ah]6sf] Joj:yf cg';f/
vl/bsf] sfg"gdf pNn]lvt Joj:yf cg';f/ pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
-v_ vl/bsf] ;Defljt Kofs]hM dfn;fdfg lgdf{0f sfo{ jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] ljj/0fdWo] dfn;fdfgdf
klg k|sf/sf] cfwf/df h:t} sDKo"6/, kmlg{r/, d;nGb cflbsf] Kofs]h, ejg ;8s gx/ k'n
cflbsf] Kofs]h, k/fdz{df sfg"gL, ;km\6j]o/, lgdf{0f k|fljlws, ljQLo k/fdz{ cflbsf] Kofs]h
5'§f5'§} ug'{ kb{5 . Pp6} k|sf/sf] vl/b sfo{ eP klg ;do cg';f/ Kofs]h km/s km/s x'g
;S5 .
-u_ vl/b sf/jfxLsf] ;do tflnsfM dfn;fdfg vl/b x'g]df :k]l;lkms]zg tof/ ug]{, vl/b sfo{sf]
nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{, l;njGbL b/efpkq kmf/fd, k'j{of]Uotfsf] k|:tfj jf, af]nkq cfJxfg
ug]{ jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfj ;DaGwL sfuhft tof/ ug]{, ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{, k|:tfj
d"NofÍg ug]{, k|:tfj :jLs[tL ug]{, ;Demf}tf ug]{, sfo{ cf/De ug]{ / sfo{ k"/f ug]{ ;do pNn]v
ug'{ kb{5 . oL ;a} ;dofjlw sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf] clgjfo{ ;donfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' kb{5 .
sltko sfo{x¿ sfof{nosf] sfo{ ;+:s[lt jf sfof{nodf zfvfut sfof{Tds ;xof]uL cj:yf /
sfo{ k|lqmofdf e/ kb{5 .
-3_ vl/b ljlwM sfdsf] k|s[lt, nfut cg'dfg / /sdsf] ;Ldf cg';f/ vl/b ljlw pNn]v ug'{
kb{5 . dfn ;fdfg jf lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu af]nkq, b/efpkq, ;f]em} vl/b, cdfgt,pkef]Qmf
;ldlt, Psd'i7 b/ lalw Sof6nu ;lkË, lnld6]8 6]08l/Ë cfbL x'G5 eg] k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] nflu
k|ltikwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu u/L jf ;f]em} jftf{ ug]{ u/L vl/b lalw pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
-ª_ ;Demf}tfsf] lsl;dM vl/b sfo{sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;Demf}tfsf] lsl;d km/s x'G5 . e'QmfgLsf]
tl/sf, kl/df0f dfkg, hf]lvdsf] afF8kmfF8, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] tl/sf cflb km/s kg]{ ePsf]n]

;Demf}tf 5gf}6df Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 . lgdf{0f tkm{ PsfO{ b/, Psd'i7, ;f]wegf{,
dfn;fdfg / Hofnf b/ cflb 5g eg] dfn;fdfg vf; dfn;fdfg, ;+/rgfTds b/ cflb /
k/fdz{ ;]jfdf Psd'i6 ;Demf}tf cflb k|sf/sf] ;Demf}tf 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .
-r_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] jflif{s vl/b of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ egL ;do ;dodf
lgwf{/0f u/]sf s'/fM sfof{non] ;do ;dodf u/]sf] cg';Gwfg tyf sfof{Gjog cg'ejaf6
vl/b of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug{ tf]s]sf] ljifodf klg sfof{non] Wofgdf /fvL vl/b of]hgf tof/
u'g{ kb{5 .
vl/b of]hgf s;n] slxn] agfpg] <
vl/b u'? of]hgf / jflif{s vl/b of]hgf ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k|d'vn] tof/ u/L cfufdL
cfly{s jif{sf] cg'dflgt jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 ;fy To:tf] of]hgfsf] Ps Ps k|lt tfn's
sfof{nodf / cy{ dGqfnodf k7fpg' kb{5 .
k|:tfj ul/P cg';f/sf] ah]6 k|fKt gePsf] cj:yfdf jf sfo{qmd ;+;f]wg e} vl/b sfo{sf] ljj/0f
s'g} kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf ePdf ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] :jLs[t
sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 k|fKt ePkl5 kl/dflh{t jflif{s vl/b of]hgf ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
k|d'vn] :jLs[t ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] kl/dflh{t vl/b of]hgfsf] Ps Ps k|lt tfn's sfof{nodf, sf]if
tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no / ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . vl/b of]hgf cg';f/ tfn's ljefu tyf dGqfnosf] ;fy} ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non]
pNn]lvt ;dodf vl/b sfo{ eP gePsf] cg'udg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf] 5 .
vl/b of]hgf ;fdfGotM sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[t eO{ lglZrt ePsf sfo{x¿ / ;f] cg';f/ tof/
ePsf] k|:tfljt vl/b of]hgf tyf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] :jLs[t u/]sf] sfo{qmd sf] cfwf/df oyfy{
vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug'{kb{5 .
lgisif{ (Conclusion)
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjogsf] nflu vl/b of]hgf Pp6f cfwf/ xf] . nufgLsf]
plrt k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{, k|ltikwf{sf] clea[4L ug]{, kf/blz{tf / v'nfkgsf] ljZj:t, hjfkmb]xLtf
:yflkt ug]{, e|i6frf/sf cj;/df Go"g ug]{, ;a} ;DefJo af]nkqbftfx?sf] kx'Frdf k'/\ofpg] sfo{df
vl/b of]hgf s8Lsf] ?kdf /xg] laifodf ;Gb]x 5}g . o;sf] nflu sfg'gn] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] k|fjwfg
cg'?k vl/b of]hgf, o;sf] t}of/L / sfo{Gjogsf] laifodf ;Da4 lgsfo, ;+nUg /xg] JolQmx? /
cg'udg ug]{ lgsfonfO{ ;d]t a[xt hfgsf/L lbnfpg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . vl/b of]hgf tof/
ug]{ sfo{ Ps k|flalws kIf (Technical Aspect) ePsf]n] o:tf] of]hgf tof/ ug]{ ;Lk (Skills) sf]
nflu cfjZos dfu{bz{g jf lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L sfo{Gjogdf Nofpg h?/L 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? M
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g @)^#, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL @)^$, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+
vl/b of]hgfsf] cfjZostf, tof/L / k|of]u, ;'/]z k|wfg, ;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf, aif{ !, c+s !,
c;f/ @)^*
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg, /d]z s'df/ zdf{, k|]d 9'+ufgf, k|sfzsM jL0ff 9'Fufgf -@)^$

;fj{hlgs vl/b k|s[ofM s]xL ;d:of
tyf r'gf}tLx?
/d]zs'df/ s];L *
;f/f+z
;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjog / cfly{s pTkfbgdf /fHosf] e"ldsf cxd\ /xG5 . ;fj{hlgs ?kdf x'g]
cfly{s pTkfbg / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+rfngsf lglDt klg a:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|flKt jf vl/b
cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnL JolQmut vl/b eGbf leGg x'g] / o;sf cfofdx? cfd
;/f]sf/sf ljifo x'g] ePsfn] klg ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbg] ul/G5 .
u'0f:t/, ;'zf;g, k|lt:kwf{, k|lqmofsf] kl/kfngf, Ifdtf ljsf;, sfo{ ;/nLs/0f h:tf ljifox?
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;DaGwdf a9L ;/f]sf/ /fVb5g\ . g]kfndf kl5Nnf aif{x?df ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljleGg kxn / k|of; ePsf 5g\ t/ Ps hLjGt ljifosf ?kdf /
ablnFbf] kl/j]z cg';f/ ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g cem} klg k|an ?kdf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ .
;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf rf;f]x? ;dod} ;Daf]wg u/L yk k|efjsf/L agfpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf klg xf] .
k[i7e"ld
;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ ;fdfGotM ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cf}krfl/s ?kdf ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|flKt
;DaGwL ljifonfO{ hgfpF5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ cj:yf / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ;/sf/L vl/b,;/sf/L
k|flKt, ;fj{hlgs n]gb]g klg eGg] ul/G5 . ;/sf/sf x/]s sfo{ jf sf/f]af/ h;df cfly{s ljifo
k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kn] ;+nUg ePsf] x'G5 tL ;a} ljifox? ;fa{hlgs vl/bsf ljifo x'g .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# df ;fa{hlgs lgsfon] s'g} dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cGo ;]jf k|fKt
ug]{ jf s'g} lgdf{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg] sfdnfO{ vl/bsf] kl/efiffdf ;d]6]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf]
kl/efiff;+u} ;fj{hlgs lgsfo, dfn;fdfg tyf j:t' jf ;]jf, vl/b k|s[of, cfk"lt{stf{ h:tf ljifodf
klg :ki6 x'g cfjZos 5 . pQm P]gdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo eGgfn] ;/sf/L,k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldTj
ePsf lgsfo, :yfgLo lgsfo, ljsf; ;ldlt jf g]kfn 25;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;'rgf k|sflzt u/L
;fj{hlgs lgsfo elg tf]lsPsf] ;+:yfnfO{ a''em\g'kg]{ pNn]v 5 .
;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf ;/sf/n] k|fKt ug]{ dfn;fdfg jf j:t' / ;]jf cGtu{t klg Jofks ljifox?
;dfj]z x'g] ub{5g\ o; cGtu{t ;lhj jf lglh{j, ef}lts jf cef}lts, ;+rfng jf af}l4s j:t' tyf
;]jfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o:tf j:t' tyf ;]jf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ljleGg tl/sf canDag u/]/ k|fKt
ug]{ ub{5g\ . ;fdfGotof o:tf k|flKtsf tl/sfx? h;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b ljlw klg elgG5 nfO{
d'Vo ?kdf tLg :j?kaf6 x]g]{ ul/G5 . klxnf] k|lt:kwf{Tds af]nkq ljlw, bf]>f] ;Demf}tf ljlw /
t]>f] ;f]em} ahf/ ;lkË ljlw . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * df eg] b]xfosf bz ljlw
dWo] s'g} ljlw ckgfO{ vl/b ug{ ;lsg] pNn]v 5 .

* ;x;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

1= cGt/fli6«o v'Nnf af]nkq
2= /fli6«o v'Nnf af]nkq
3= l;naGbL b/efpkq
4= ;f]em} vl/b
5= pkef]Stf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d"xsf] ;xeflutfdf
6= cdfgtaf6
7= Psd'i6 ljlwaf6
8= pTkfbs jf clws[t ljqm]tf dfkm{t lgwf{l/t b/df Sof6nu ;lkË
9= l;ldt af]nkqbftf dfkm{t lnld6]8 6]08l/Ë
10= gofF k''/fgf] ;f6km]/ ljlw -afO{ Aofs d]y8_ .
o;/L ;/sf/L j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|flKt ug]{ tl/sf jf ljlw ;f] j:t' tyf ;]jf jf ;f] k|flKtsf]
k|s[lt,vl/b ;do, u'0f:t/ tyf sfo{;~rfng ;xhtf / hl6ntf h:tf ljifonfO{ x]/]/ cf}lrTotf Pj+
cfjZostf cg';f/ vl/b ljlw to ug]{ ul/G5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] :yfkgf / Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbg'sf k5fl8 s]xL dxTj /
cfjZostfx? cGt/lglxt /x]sf 5g\ . d'Vo ?kdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ v'Nnf,
kf/blz{,p2]Zod"ns / ljZj;gLo agfpg, k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ /
O{dfGbfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / zf;sLo Ifdtf k|a4{g ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLsf] dxTj
/xG5 . To:t} u/L ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] cf}lrTok"0f{ tj/n] kl/rfng ug{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgsf
If]qdf hgzlQm ljsf; tyf Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ / ;]jfk|bfossf] Ifdtf ljsf;af6 k|fKt x'g]
cj;/x?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ klg ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf cfofdx?M ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|s[ofnfO{ ljleGg cfofdx?af6 x]g{ ;lsG5 .
o sfg"gL cfofdM ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0fflnsf] sfg"gL cfofd cGtu{t sfg"gsf k|fjwfgx?, sfg"gsf
zflAbs, cfg';flËs / cf}lrTosf] AofVof, sfg"g lgdf{0fsf cfwf/ nufotsf ljifox? x]g]{
ul/G5 . sfg"gL cfofdn] s'g} klg sfg"gsf] pb\ej jf l;h{gf lsg ul/Psf] xf]-sG6]S:6_,
sfg"gdf s] s:tf ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf] 5 -sG6]G6_ / ;f] sfg'gsf] clek|fo jf c;/ s'g xb
;Dd kg{ ;Sb5 -sG;]Sj]G;]h_ h:tf ljifonfO{ x]g]{ ul/G5 . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"g
agfO{g'sf] dS;bdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof / lg0f{onfO{ cem a9L
v'nf,kf/blz{, j:t'lgi7 / ljZjf;gLo agfpg sfg"g th'{df ul/Psf] s'/f sfg"gsf] k|:tfjgfdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
o /fhg}lts cfofdM nf]stGqdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;fj{hlgs zf;lso ;+oGqdf ;xeflu x'g kfpg]
s'/fnfO{ clwsf/sf] ?kdf lnO{G5 . lxt ;d'xx?sf ;/f]sf/ / zf;g tyf k|zf;lgs ljifo
/fhgLlts cfofd cGtu{t x]l/G5 . ;xeflutf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ;'zf;g, Gofo / ;dfgtf h:tf
ljifox? ;fj{hlgs tyf zf;sLo dxTjsf ljifo x'g] / ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLdf klg o:tf
ljifox? tfTko{k"0f{ x'g] ub{5g\ .
o ;fdflhs cfly{s cfofdM ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ ;fdflhs cfly{s cfofdaf6 klg x]g]{
ul/G5 . ;dfhsf d"No dfGotfx?n] ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf k|efj kf/]sf x'G5g . pkxf/ jf sldzg

lbg] k|rng a9\b} uP/ ;fdflhs ;+:yfx?df ;+:sf/sf ?kdf ljsl;t x'Fb} 5 . ;fdflhs ?kdf
s]xL dxFuf] eP klg :yfgLo jf d'n's leqs} j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pkof]u ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf x'g'kb{5
eGg] dfunfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsGg . ;fdflhs cfly{s cfofd cGtu{t ;dfhdf cfly{s
pkfh{gnfO{ s'g ?kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 eGg] s'/fn] klg dxTj kfPsf] x'G5 . ljZj a}+sn] clk|msL
d'n's uflDaofsf] slG6« k|f]So'/d]G6 Pl;:d]G6 l/Eo'df pNn]v u/]sf pTs[i6 vl/b k|0ffnL ljsl;t
x'g ;'emfPsf rf/ ljifonfO{ pNn]v ug{ ;fGble{s x'g] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L
x'g ;'emfPsf rf/ ljifox?,
 kof{Kt ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL gLlt, sfg"g / k|lqmofsf] cEof; x'g cfjZos 5,
 alnof] vl/b k|0ffnL k|zf;g ug]{ ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf / kl/rfng,
 kof{Kt / Ifdtfo'Qm hgzlQmsf] ljBdfgtf /
 u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf] oyf]lrt ;+oGq .
o ahf/ ;Da4 cfofdM cfly{s ljsf;sf lglDt lghL If]q jf ahf/sf] e'ldsf plQs} dxTjk"0f{
/xG5 . v'nf ahf/ cy{tGq canDag u/]sf] d'n'ssf ?kdf g]kfndf k|lt:kwf{, u'0f:t/ /
;dfgtf h:tf kIfnfO{ /fHon] k|a4{g u/]sf] 5 . ahf/sf] :jR5 k|lt:kwf{n] a:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ dfq ;xof]u ub}{g a? k|lt:klw{ ahf/ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug{ / ;fj{hlgs
vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
o cfly{s cg'zf;g / ;'zf;g ;DaGwL cfofdM sdhf]/ zf;sLotfnfO{ w]/} gsf/fTds k|j[lQsf]
d'xfg dflgG5 . lhDd]jf/L, hjfkmb]lxtf / ;'zf;g k|a4{g u/L zf;lso Ifdtf clej[[l4 ug{
h?/L b]lvG5 . dxfn]v k/LIfssf] aflif{s k|ltj]bg nufot ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;'zf;g ;Da4
;+:yfx?n] pNn]v u/]sf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLdf b]vf
kg]{ ljs[lt dWo] cfly{s cg'zf;g / :jfy{ g} k|d'v x'g] ub{5 . kf/blz{tf, sfg"gsf] zf;g,
nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfsf] canDag ;'zf;g :yfkgf ug]{ k|d'v cfwf/ x'g, h;sf] cefjsf
sf/0f ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLdf k|Zg lrGx nfUg] ub{5 .
o k"jf{wf/, ;fdflhs / cGo ljsf; ;Da4 cfofdM d'n'sn] ug]{ ljsf;df ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf]
e'"ldsf cxd\ x'G5 . rfx] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; xf]; of ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf; g} lsg gxf];\
;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLsf] pTs[i6 glthfaf6 g} xf] ;sf/fTds c;/ kg]{ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
x]g]{ xf] eg], nfdf] vl/b k|0ffnL, u'0f:tl/o sfdsf] cefj, /fhgLlts kIfkf]if0f h:tf ljifo
;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLdf cGt/3'ng e} lbFbf ljsf;sf] /km\tf/ ck]lIft x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;DaGwdf ePsf Joj:yfx?M g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;fj{hlgs
vl/b ;DaGwL ljifonfO{ emGeml6nf], k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsg], ;do nfUg] / kl/jt{gzLn ljifosf
?kdf x]l/g] ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yf, kl/of]hgfx?sf] ck]lIft glthf xfl;n x'g g;Sg'sf] sf/0f s'g} g
s'g} ?kdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg b]lvG5 . ;'zf;g k|a4{g ug]{ /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?sf] Pl;:d]G6df klg ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnL hf]l8P/ cfPsf] kfO{G5 . dxfn]vf
k/LIfssf] aflif{s k|ltj]bgdf cf}NofO{g] a]?h"x? / cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfox?n] /fVg] rf;f] /
;/f]sf/x?df ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ g;lsPsf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] kfO{G5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL o:tf ljifox?nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ljleGg kxn tyf
k|of;x? ePsf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# / ;f] ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^$ nfu" x'g' To:t}
kxnx? dWo] Ps xf] . ;f]xL P]gsf] kl/R5]b (-bkmf ^$,^%_ cGtu{t k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb

sfof{no cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no :yfkgf e} ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . ;do ;dodf
ljrf/ uf]li7, cGt/lqmof, ;]ldgf/x?sf] cfof]hgf u/L sfof{Gjog :t/df s] s:tf ;d:of /x]sf 5g
/ s;/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/] kxnx? e} /x]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;do cgnfO{g dfkm{t
af]nkq ;dfj]z ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ;d;fdlos sfg"gL ;'wf/, Ifdtf ljsf;, k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ yk Jojl:yt agfpg] pkfox?
cjnDag ul/Psf 5g\ .

;fj{hlgs vl/b k|s[ofdf k|lt:kwf{ jftfj/0f / v'nf cy{tGqsf] k|efj k/]s} x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k|0ffnLn] hf]8 lbg] s'/f k|lt:kwf{, u'0f:tl/otf / :jR5 k|zf;g xf] . sltko cj:yfdf v'nf
cy{tGqsf sf/0f :jb]zL pTkfbg / :jb]zL pkqmdaf6 dfq j:t' tyf ;fdfgsf] cfk"lt{ x'g g;Sg] e}
ljb]zL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] vl/b x'g hfg] / o;n] /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ k|a4{g ug]{ nIonfO{ ;xof]u
gk'u]sf] u'gf;f] klg ;'Ggdf cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;Daf]wg tLg tj/n] ug{ ;lsG5, klxnf] /fli6«o
gLltsf] :ki6tf h;df xfd|f] nIo /fli6|o cy{tGq alnof] agfpg] pkfox? s] s:tf x'g ;S5g :ki6
k|fyldstf tf]lsg cfjZos 5 . bf]>f] :jb]zL j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:kwf{df Nofpg] ;sf/fTds
lje]b jf gg 6\ofl/km Aofl/P/ nufpg ;lsG5 . t]>f] eg]sf] ljZjJofkLs/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/
hfg] . casf] cy{tGqn] /fli6«otfsf] ;Ldfleq dfq ;d]l6P/ a:g ;Sb}g ctM ;a} k|lt:kwf{sf nflu
tof/ eP/ a:g] /0fgLlt lng kg]{ x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf b]lvPsf s]xL ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?M
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofsf ;Gbe{df ef]Ug'k/]sf s]xL ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ b]xfo
cg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
 Go'gf+s saf]n -nf] lal8+u_M ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf clwsf+z ;Gbe{df ;a}eGbf Go'g c+s
saf]n ug]{ ;]jfk|bfos 5gf}6 x'g] ;+efjgf /xG5 . Go'g saf]naf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ kl5 Go'g
u'0f:t/sf] sfd x'g], e]l/P;gdf hfg'kg]{, ;]jfk|bfos jf 7]s]bf/sf] Ifdtf emg sdhf]/ x'g]
h:tf s'/fx? b]vf k/]sf 5g .
 d"Nof+sg hl6ntfM sltko cj:yfdf vl/b ul/g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ hl6ntfn]
clws ;do nfUg], oyfy{ eGbf km/s glthf cfpg ;Sg] h:tf ;d:ofx? klg cfpg] u/]sf
b]lvG5g\ .
 cu|Ld sfo{ k]ZsL lnO{ ;]jfk|bfos j]kQf x'g] cj:yf g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf b]lvPsf] 7"n}
;d:of xf] . b08 k|0ffnL lkmtnf] x'g', s'g} tj/n] /fhgLlts cflzjf{b kfpg', ;]jf k|bfosnfO{
dfq lhDd]jf/ agfP/ hjfkmb]lxtf kG5\ofpg] k|a[lQ a9\g' o; ;d:ofsf sf/0f x'g . sfo{
z'ef/De ubf{ lbO{g] k]ZsL /sd cGo sfddf kl/rfng u/L cGtTjuTjf ;du| ;]jf, j:t' jf
lgdf{0fsf] u'0f:t/df ;Demf}tf x'g hfG5 . w]/} k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;dod} x'g g;Sg'df of] kIfnfO{
klg lhDd]jf/ dflgPsf] 5 .
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gnfO{ ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLn] cfcfkm\g} efjdf JofVof ug]{ / cfkm"nfO{
cGofo ePsf] b]vfpg] k|rng klg Pp6f ;d:ofsf ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . GofoLs lg?k0fdf
ljnDa -cbfntL k|lqmofsf] em0em6_ h:tf s'/fn] ;dod} sfo{ ;DkGg gx'g] t 5Ffb} 5 sfg"gsf]
vf]n cf]9]/ ;do 3sf{pg] ;+:s[lt ljsl;t x'g yfn]sf] klg b]lvG5 .

 ;fj{hlg vl/b sfg"g w]/} sfo{x?df nfu" x'G5 . /fhZj p7fpg] b]lv xjfO{hxfh vl/b ug]{,
/+uzfnf lgdf{0f b]lv sfof{nosf] sf]7f yKg] ;a} sfo{x?sf] sfg"gL cfwf/ Pp6} 5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu :yfgLo lgsfox?n] k|fs[lts >f]t ;+sngsf nflu /fhZj a9fa9 k|lt:kwf{df klg oxL
sfg"g nfu" x'G5 / ;a}eGbf 36f36 saf]n u/L ;jf/L ;fwg vl/bdf klg ;f]xL sfg'g nfu" x'Fbf
To;sf] ;fGb{lestf, j:t'l:ylt nufotdf cGof]n / hl6ntf klg b]vf k/]sf] 5 .
 sdhf]/ u'0f:tl/o sfo{df x'g] sf/jfxL k|s[of sdhf]/ x'Fbf klg u'0f:t/df Wofg sd x'g k'u]sf]
5 . To:t} k'/:sf/ / b08nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ;+u cfa4 ug{ g;lsFbf klg k|f]T;fxg /
b'?T;fxgnfO{ oyf]lrt Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
 kf/blz{tf / ;'zf;gsf] cEof;sf b[li6sf]0fn] klg ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLdf obfsbf k|Zg
p7\g] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ldn]dtf], l;ldt k|lt:kwf{ / lg0f{odf cf}lrTosf] eGbf sfg"gsf zAbsf]
cf8 lng] k/Dk/fn] ;du| vl/b k|0ffnL u'0f:tl/o agfpg] clei6df ca/f]w cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
 cGo ;d:of tyf ;/f]sf/x?df, vl/b of]hgf k|efjsf/L gePsf], y]|;xf]N8 l;df tf/Gtf/
km]/abn e} /xg] h:tf] ls of t Ps cfly{s aif{sf lglDt Pp6} y]|;xf]N8 agfpg'' kof]{, ls t %
jf !) aif{ ;Dd ldNg] u/L y]|;xf]N8 l:y/ /fVg'kof]{ .
/ cGtdf, /fHosf] clGtd p2]Zo gful/ssf] ;'v, ;'ljwf, Gofo / u'0f:tl/o hLjg lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u
ug'{ xf] . o:t} p2]Zo k|flKtsf lglDt ;+u7g ;+/rgf, sfg'g, k|s[ofx?sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b k|s[ofsf ;DaGwdf rf;f]x? klg a9L g} b]lvG5g\ . vf; u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k|0ffnLsf dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ljs[lt glelqof];, d'b|fsf] ;xL d"No k|fKt xf]];\ / ;du|
;'zf;g sfod xf]]; eGg] ck]IffnfO{ :jfut g} ug'{ kb{5 . Ps hLjGt ljwfdf ;/f]sf/sf kIfx? klg
Hofbf x'g] ub{5g . ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] ljifon] hlt ;}4flGts ?kdf :ki6tfsf] dfu ub{5 Tolt g}
Jojxfl/s ?kdf sfof{Gjog of]Uotfsf] klg ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 . sfof{Gjogsf bf}/fg b]vf k/]sf
pk/f]St ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?sf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ uPdf cfufdL lbgdf To:t} ;d:ofaf6 u'h|g' t
kg]{ 5}g ;fy} u'0f:tl/o vl/b cEof; ug]{ nIo klg xfl;n x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
o g]kfnsf] ;++ljwfg -@)&@_, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn sf7df08f} .
o ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn sf7df08f} .
o cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%%, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn sf7df08f} .
o ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL,@)^$, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn sf7df08f} .
o ;'zf;g P]g,@)^$, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn sf7df08f} .
o C., Daniel (2014) Public procurement in Zimbabwe issues and challenges journal
of governance and Regulation vol. 3/4 University of south Africa, Pretoria.
o Transparency International,(n.d.) National Integrity System, received from
www.transparency.org
o Hunja, R. (2001). Obstacles to Public Procurement in Developing Countries. Paper
4, World Bank.
o Arrowsmith,W (2010). Public Procurement: Basic Concepts and the Coverage of
Procurement rules.EU, Asia Inter University Network.

Procurement of Micro Enterprise Development Service
Providers: an experience of the MEDEP.
Dr. Ramji Prasad Neupane *
Introduction
The Micro-Enterprise Development Programme (MEDEP) is a poverty alleviation
initiative through micro-enterprise development (MED). This is a joint program of
Government of Nepal (GoN) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
which is currently being supported by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
(DFAT), Australian Government. It was initiated in 1998 as a pilot programme in ten
districts of Nepal promoting self-employment opportunities in the informal sector.
Currently in its fourth phase (2013-2018), MEDEP is known for its efforts in the
creation of large numbers of micro-entrepreneurs (ME) from among the poor, the hard-
core poor, marginalised26 and vulnerable groups like women, youths and dalits. Many of
those poor and socially excluded entrepreneurs have now lifted themselves above the
poverty line and have been empowered.
Recognizing the important role played by MEDEP in promoting MED, the Ministry of
Industry (MoI)/GoN has already institutionalized this model in the name of Micro
Enterprise Development for Poverty Alleviation (MEDPA). As the priority one (P1)
program, MEDPA is running in 69 districts in current fiscal year, which will be
extended to all 75 districts from fiscal year 2074/75. The current phase of the project
was conceptualized to support the GoN in internalizing the MED model into MEDPA
by capacity development of GoN, the micro-enterprise development service providers
(MEDSP) and micro-entrepreneurs association. To implement the program, the GoN
has approved the MEDPA strategy plan and guidelines. As a successful model of
poverty alleviation and employment creation, MEDPA is being integrated into the
approved 14th national three year plan (FY 2016/17-FY 2018/19) by the National
Planning Commission. The entrepreneurs are created by specialized agencies- the
Micro Enterprise Development Service Providers (MEDSPs) which are selected through
competitive bidding process as per the Public Procurement Act (PPA), Public
Procurement Regulation (PPR) and MEDPA implementation guidelines. The MEDSPs
implement the program under the results based sub-contracting mechanism.

*National Programme Manager, Micro‐Enterprises Development Programme
26
Poor are defined as those having Per Capita Income (PCI) of Nrs. 19,261 (US $ 200 approx.) as per
Nepal Living Standard Survey (201/11), Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), National Planning Commission
(NPC).

Micro-Enterprise and its Development Model:
A micro-enterprise is a tiny business or economic unit that typically supports local
economic development and caters to people, first at the rural market centres and later
beyond the local market27. A total of 116943 micro enterprises are promoted by
MEDEP and MEDEP by the end of 2016 (APR, 2016). They are crucial for
development of small, medium and large industries as input/raw material supplier but
are scattered in the rural areas and almost invisible like roots of a tree. MEDEP takes a
strategic approach to promote micro-enterprises which connects local resources to
potential beneficiaries' interest, giving them access to local market and beyond. MEDEP
involves a process oriented micro-enterprises development scheme which includes six
major components (figure 1). Following paragraph depicts the brief description of
MEDEP developed micro enterprise development (MED) model.

Figure 1: Micro Enterprise Development Model
Social mobilisation (SM) is the key to inclusive MED for the poor. The Enterprises
Development Facilitator (EDF), professionally trained grass roots level worker,
conducts participatory rural appraisal (PRA) to identify potential target groups and
communities. Availability of local resources is mapped out and market demand is
analysed at this stage. Following SM, the potential entrepreneurs are provided with

27
GoN, Australian Aid and UNDP (2013). Micro‐Enterprises Development Programme: Reaching the
Unreached. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal


entrepreneurship development training- the "Start and Improve Your Business"
(SIYB),28 training package. During SIYB training, potential MEs select their own micro
enterprises based on the available natural resources, market demand and investment.
The technical skills training, which are necessary to develop them into micro-
entrepreneurs, is only provided once a micro-enterprise is selected by potential
entrepreneurs.
The potential entrepreneurs need the start-up capital to invest in the selected micro-
enterprise, which can either be done by using their own savings or taking credit.
MEDEP does not provide direct financial support but facilitates to establish linkages
between entrepreneurs and local Financial Service Providers (FSPs) to gain access to
finance. Likewise, MEDEP facilitates for improved access of micro entrepreneurs to
appropriate technology (skills, equipment, machinery) by making links with the
technology supplier. Marketing and business counselling support including pricing,
labelling, branding are so crucial for marketing of products, scaling up and graduation
of the MEs. The MEDEP model of poverty alleviation through microenterprise
development has been well evaluated. Several studies have indicated that it has been
able to accomplish in a situation of high levels of poverty, social and economic
instability, political turmoil and violent conflict. Owing to this, the current 14th Plan of
the GoN has given high priority for microenterprise development for poverty
alleviation. The implementation of MED model through results based sub-contracting to
competent MEDSPs has been proven to be successful mechanism practiced since
several years of MEDEP and MEDPA experience.
Results based sub-contracting:
The creation of micro entrepreneurs (ME) and initiation of enterprises by going through
the different steps as per the MED model (Figure 1) is the responsibility of MEDSPs
selected through competitive bidding procedures. The MEDSPs, also known as
Business development service providers (BDSPO) are one of the major stakeholders of
MEDPA who are engaged to render professional services to micro-entrepreneurs.29. As
per the MEDPA five year strategic plan (2070/71 to 2074/75), the MEDSPs are mainly
responsible to:
 Maintain quality, transparency, credibility of micro enterprise related to business
development services

28
This training module is developed with technical support of International Labour Organisation (ILO)
and adapted to Nepal. The SIYP training has four levels: level one "Training of Potential Entrepreneurs"
(ToPE), level two "Training of Starting Entrepreneurs" (ToSE), level three "Training of Existing
Entrepreneurs" (ToEE), and level four “Training of Growing Entrepreneurs" (ToGE).
29
The tasks of MEDSP include: (a) market, resources and feasibility study; (b) participatory rural appraisals and household surveys;
(c) group formation and capacity development; (d) entrepreneurship development and business training; (e) skill development
training; (f) cooperation and facilitation for access to financial services; (g) business development counselling and market linkages;
and, (i) facilitation for access to appropriate technology.

 Pursue terms and conditions of result based subcontracting
 Provide information regarding ME creation and development to Department of
Cottage and Small Industries (DCSI), Cottage and Small Industries Development
Board (CSIDB) and MEDEP.
 Implement programme in direct contact and collaboration with concerned agencies
(DCSI/CSIDB offices, VDC, DCC and MEDEP)

The MEDSPs are responsible to create micro-entrepreneurs (specific results-targets)
who will start the enterprise of their choice and not just involved in SM and providing
various training. Engagement of MEDSPs is based on tender processes for pre-
qualification managed by the DCSI and CSIDB at the central level. EoIs by MEDSPs
are received by DCSI/CSIDB and those found eligible are evaluated by Selection
Committees30 at the central level. The pre-qualified MEDSPs are thereafter invited to
submit technical and financial proposals at the district-level which are evaluated by
District Enterprise Development Committee (DEDCs). The districts based offices of
DCSI or CSIDB upon approval of DEDCs then enter into contractual agreement with
the highest scoring MEDSPs. This is done following two stage procurement process at
the central and district levels.
Procurement process for MEDSPs selection:
The MEDSPs are selected following the PPA/PPR and MEDPA operating guidelines
2070 (amendment 2073). The MEDPA Operating Guidelines has clearly mentioned the
MEDSPs procurement process at two levels- central and district. There are two separate
selection committee one each at DCSI and CSIDB at the central level which are
responsible to implement programs in 27 and 48 districts respectively. Both the DCSI
and CSIDB select three to six best MEDSPs for each district based on the selection
criteria and forward the prequalified list to the concern districts for further selection
procedure. The procurement process at central level is presented in the flow chart below
(Figure 2). Likewise, after the prequalification from the central level, the DEDC forms
the evaluation sub-committee and call the technical and financial proposal from the
prequalified MEDSPs for the district level selection process. The Chief of the district
offices of DCSI (27) and CSIDB (48) will be the Coordinator of district level evaluation
sub-committee under DEDC with other four members representing DDC, DTCO,
DEDC and MEDEP for evaluation (Figure 3). The DEDC selects the best one among
the prequalified MEDSPs on the basis of technical and financial bidding and
subsequently for implementation. With DEDC approval the MEDSPs are sub-contracted
through concerned DCSI/CSIDB district offices.

30
The Selection Committees comprised representatives from DCSI/CSIDB, MEDEP, UNDP, MoI and the Ministry of
Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD).

Figure 2. MEDSPs procurement flow chart at Central level
Formation of MEDSPs selection committee at central level

At DCSI At CSIDB

Develop TOR for EOI Develop TOR for EOI

Publish public notice -DCSI Publish public notice-CSIDB

Collect EOI - DCSI Collect EOI - CSIDB

Formation of evaluation sub – Formation of evaluation sub-
committee at DCSI committee at CSIDB

Opening of EOI in the presence of Opening of EOI in the presence of
bidder's representatives bidder's representatives

Evaluation of EOI from Evaluation of EOI from Subcommittee-
Subcommittee- DCSI CSIDB

Submission of evaluation to selection Submission of evaluation to selection
committee committee

Approval of best six proposals for Approval of best six proposals for
each district each district
Re advertise if less than 3 selected Re advertise if less than 3 selected
Publish the selected list in national Publish the selected list in national
news paper
news paperInstruct concerned district Instruct concerned district for Technical

for Technical & financial proposal & financial proposal

Figure 3. MEDSP selection process at district level

Evaluation sub‐committee under DEDC

 Chief of district office of DCSL/CSIDB‐ Coordinator

 DDC programme officer or MEDPA focal person‐ Member

 Representative, District Treasures Controller office (DTCO)‐ Member

 Representative from DEDC‐ Member

 Representative, MEDEP‐ Member

DCSI CSIDB

Send letter to the prequalified bidder requesting for the
technical & financial proposal.

Collect the bidding documents within given Time

Open bidding documents in the presence of bidders
representatives by sub committee

Technical proposal evaluation
by Sub technical committee

Notify the technical proposal result
Financial proposal evaluation of technically qualified bidders
Submit evaluation to DEDC
Approval from DEDC

A
Agreement with bid winners

MEDEP has facilitated the procurement processes at both the central and district level
to strengthen the institutionalizations process and build the capacity of MEDSPs. The
annual trend of MEDSPs bidding for MEDPA shows that the DCSI and CSIDB have
received increased number of EoIs since 2013 (Table 1). The increasing trend of
numbers of MEDPS to implement MEDPA is due to greater awareness among the
potential bidders as well as the increasing number of MEDPA districts.
Table 1. Annual Trend of MEDSPs bidding for MEDPA
2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17
EoI received by organization 2070-71 2071-72 2072-73 2073-74
Number of bidders for DCSI 199
districts 101 118 144
Number of bidders for CSIDB 204
districts 105 129 133
Total Applicants 206 247 277 403
Total MEDPA district 46 55 64 69
Source: MEDEP Annual Progress Report, 2016
MEDEP experiences in procurement:
Since its initiation and particularly in second (2003-2008) and third (2008-2013) phases,
MEDEP worked with MEDSPs selected through UNDP’s national implementation
modality (NIM). But when GoN started institutionalizing MED model into MEDPA and
implementation through results based sub-contracting to MEDSPs during Phase IV
(2013-2018), MEDEP also started using the same MEDSPs selected for MEDPA from
2015. Over the period, MEDEP has experienced both GoN and NIM system of
procurement while selecting the MEDSPs and implementation. There are lots of
similarities in both procurement systems. However, the time taken to procurement of
MEDSPs is relatively less under UNDP’s NIM system compared to GoN’s procurement
as per PPA/PPR. The GoN officials engaged in procurement are familiar with PPA/PPR
provisions which has created enabling environment for internalizing MEDEP promoted
MED model into government systems. There are some delays in overall procurement of
MEDSPs owing to two levels of selection process and involvement of different
stakeholders in the evaluation/selection committees.
The greater ownership from GoN entities is a positive factor in institutionalization

process. However, the GoN’s 2015 Public Expenditures and Financial Accountability
(PEFA) assessment31 found the legal and regulatory framework for procurement to be
well-developed in terms of ensuring transparency, comprehensiveness and competition.

31
PEFA Secretariat‐MoF (2015): “Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) Assessment – Nepal PFM Performance
Assessment”, May.

There are two different views within the MEDPA stakeholders on use of two levels of
procurement process. One view is to give full responsibility to district/local level for
selection of MEDSPs while another group think the two-stage selection process is still
sensible given the challenges that exist at the district-level, such as limitations in
procurement capacity and the risk of political interference in the tender process.
Some issues and challenges observed in procuring MEDSPs as per the MEDPA
Operating Guidelines 2070 are listed below.
 The operation guidelines are designed under the PPA/PPR but the PPA/PPR is
more oriented toward construction based activities.
 The procurement of MEDSPs has been the time taking process limiting time for
implementation of MED model. The significant time is taken to select MEDSPs,
which limits the period that micro-entrepreneurs are receiving support from them.
 Lack of familiarity with PPA/PPR requirements resulting from insufficient capacity
particularly at district level and frequent transfer of the committee members both at
central and district level has delayed in decision making process.
 The liberty of changing the human resources after the selection of MEDSPs based
on initial proposal is prone to reduce the strength on quality work.
 Different interpretation of same provision/clause in different districts and or under
different context has been observed.
 Requirement of different documents for submission of Expression of Interest (EOI)
and Request of Proposal (RFP) is limiting the crowding in of MEDSPs, particularly
from locally based organizations.
 As there are limited numbers of qualified/experienced organizations at district
level, the requirement of minimum 3 MEDSPs in each district to qualify for
selecting one for implementation has made the process more complicated.
 In few districts, unhealthy competition among MEDSPs has been observed owing
to the practice of awarding for low financial bid.
 In the context of federalism whether the existing procurement system remains same
or not is a debatable issue.
Conclusion
The MEDSPs procurement process for the successful implementation of MEDPA by
DCSI and CSIDB has been well institutionalized with last 3 years of practical
experience. The process, strategies and guidelines have been improved on the practical
need and experience of different district, context and environment. Despite successful
internalization of the process and systems in place, there are different issues and
challenges. The capacity to deal with different issues and challenges is improving both
at central and district levels. MEDPA is reaching to all 75 districts from next fiscal year
(2074/75). With the expansion of districts, the number of MEDSPs applying to provide
MED services is also gradually increasing. The efforts are underway to address the

challenge of delay in timely selection of MEDSPs in annual basis. The Ministry of
Industry has received consent from the National Planning Commission for multiyear
sub-contracting with MEDSPs, which once implemented will allow sufficient time for
MEDSPs to serve the micro-entrepreneurs.
In the current context of state restructuring process, the discussions are initiated among
the MEDPA stakeholders on the relevancy of the existing procurement system. Under
the local level restructuring, it is crucial that sufficient capacity building efforts need to
be undertaken to put in place the MEDSP selection process at local level- the Gaun and
Nagar Palikas. However, the two-stage selection process needs to be continued during
the transitional period and until the local level structures (Gau and Nagar Palikas) are
able to conduct the procurement process.

Strategic public procurement managment: Essential
for good governance in public sector
Dr. Suman Kumar Regmi*

ABSTRACT
As government responds to demands to become more efficient and effective,
procurement personnel are expected to focus primarily on the strategic aspects of
procurement. In reality, strategic public procurement management protects the ability
of government to transform taxes and other revenues into consumption by government
institutions at central level including proposed state and local levels, in fact for the
public good.
Procurement processes are managed by understated individuals who are required, first
and foremost, to satisfy the complex accountability processes of the government, an
administrative principle, which is reinforced by timely failures of corporate financial
governance. Furthermore, a search of contemporary literature shows little evidence
that public procurement has penetrated the theoretical limits of public procurement
management in strategic concept despite the profession’s efforts over decades and
decades to develop its profile.
This paper incorporates the boundaries of public procurement within the context of
good governance and the surface of public accountability, which impedes the
integration of public procurement into good governance and strategic theory. This
Paper provides expectation and guidance on developing a procurement strategy when
procurement has been identified as integral to the business strategy.32
Key Words: Public procurement, strategy, local self governance, development,

stakeholders, government, PPMO.

* Former Deputy Executive Director, Trade and Export Promotion Centre


I. INTRODUCTION
Developing a procurement strategy includes the areas of public sector purchases,
grants, and gifts. For managing funding arrangements with external parties, it is needed
to discuss the need for a public bodies to take a strategic approach to managing public
funds. Although it may not always be separately identified as a specific issues, this high
level thinking will often involve considering the different types of funding arrangement
a public body could apply. In these processes, a public body will often make basic
decisions on the types of funding preparations it will use to achieve its goals, and on
how important a particular type of funding preparation is for its functioning.
If these issues have been well considered, it should be relatively simple to understand
the importance of procurement to the public entity achieving its overall goals and
business strategy.
It was not until the 1990s that the public procurement area took significant steps toward
becoming a respectable profession. Much of this progress was due to the electronic
technology boom, which prompted such efforts as e-procurement, e-business, and e-
commerce. In a sense, this advancement in private and public business sectors forced
public purchasers to step up and take on a strategic, leading role with their respective
organizations or risk being left behind in shadows.
II. STRATEGIC PROCUREMENT: BASIS FOR EXPECTATION AND
GUIDANCE
2.1 Expectation
It is expected that each public entity will have a thorough understanding of the: type of
procurement that it does, value and risk associated with the procurement, and
importance of procurement to achieving its overall goals and business strategy.
A public entity should develop a procurement strategy if procurement is fundamental to
achieving the overall business strategy.
When and where procurement is not integral, a public entity should still be able to
demonstrate: a knowledge of the type, value, and risk associated with the goods or
services it procures; and that policies and procedures are in place for those involved in
procurement activity to ensure that good procurement principles and practices are
adopted.
It is expected that a public entity to: prepare a business case to support the
procurement of higher value and higher risk items; and require the business case to be
part of the project approval process. In some instances, a public entity may use a
preliminary business case or equivalent document in the early stages of a particularly

large or complex procurement. It will then refine this case into a full business case.
A public entity should carry out an appropriate level of market research to ensure that it
prepares a good business case and that it makes an informed decision on the
procurement method.
In all cases, the scale and complexity of the business case should be proportionate to the
risk and value of the procurement. It is expected that a public entity to clearly specify
goods or services before procuring them. If a public entity is using a competitive
proposal process and the public entity is open to innovation, the specification may focus
on the outputs and outcomes rather than the process to be followed to deliver the
outputs or outcomes.
The specification should contain a clear, concise, logical, and accurate description of the
goods or services being procured. This will help potential suppliers and those who will
be involved in making the procurement decision.
It is expected that a public entity to prepare a procurement plan that brings together the
previous analysis and requirements in the planning process. The content and size of the
procurement plan will vary depending on the value and risk of the procurement, and the
size and resources of the public entity.
The form of the contract will depend on the value and complexity of the purchase as
well as the nature of the goods or services being procured, the uncertainties that may be
involved in contract performance, and the extent to which the public entity or the
supplier is to assume the risk of the cost of performance of the contract. Contracts differ
in the degree of responsibility assumed by the supplier.
For low value, low risk purchases, the contract will be as simple as completing a
purchase order or requesting goods and services with a procurement card. For medium
value, low risk purchases, a short form contract may be required. For higher value and
higher risk purchases, a more detailed contract will be required that reflects the risk and
nature of the goods and services being procured.
It is expected that the contract terms used to be appropriate to: the nature of the goods
or services; any anticipated uncertainties in the supplier's ability to perform its
contractual obligations; and the extent of any risk that the supplier will be required to
assume.
A public entity's procurement contract should: be comprehensive enough to meet the

objectives of the procurement; reflect the full specification of the goods or services; be
consistent with the conditions specified for the procurement process; define and protect
the rights and obligations of all parties; be consistent with the entity's statutory

functions, duties, and powers; be fair to both parties and pass the “sense test”,
particularly where clauses cover limitations or exclusions of liability, indemnities,
warranties, and intellectual property; be included in the procurement documents, and
respondents should be required to confirm whether they would accept the proposed
contract terms (or propose alternative terms); and comply with relevant public sector
constraints – for example, the contract may not be able to contain indemnities, and
cannot contract out of the Right to Information Act.
2.2. Guidance
Public entity's relevant policies and procedures should include a strategic component
that assesses whether procurement is sufficiently integral to the business strategy that it
leads to a separate procurement strategy. To do this, a public entity will need to
understand what it is procuring and how integral this is to its overall business goals.
Regardless of the size of the function, a public entity should know: what goods and
services it procures; how much it spends by category type and also on individual
procurements; its main suppliers and the volume and value of the procurements; and the
main markets it procures in. The public entity should include guidance in its policies
and procedures on how it will develop and implement its procurement strategy. The
guidance should cover: who will have overall responsibility for procurement planning;
who will be involved in the planning process and when they will be involved; and how
the procurement strategy will be linked with the public entity's broader strategic
planning processes.
A public entity should include guidance on preparing a business case in its relevant
policies and procedures. This guidance should outline: when a business case needs to be
prepared; and what the business case should contain.
As a minimum, the guidance should require every business case to: identify the outputs
and outcomes to which the procurement process contributes; identify the specific
objectives of the proposed procurement; assess the costs, benefits, and risks involved;
examine whether the initiative is feasible; identify the preferred strategy and method for
the procurement; identify and assess options; provide for consultation with affected
persons; show that the preferred option will meet the procurement objective; and justify
any departure from a procurement method that the public entity is required to follow.
A public entity should include guidance on developing a procurement plan in its related
policies and procedures. This guidance should cover when a procurement plan needs to
be prepared and the expected contents of a plan.
The amount of detail in the plan will depend on the value and associated risk of the
procurement. The content may include: the project scope; the procurement method;
selecting an evaluation model (including the evaluation criteria) and process. the type of

contract and contractual conditions; the responsibilities of the public entity's staff and
any other stakeholders; the risks; the need for independent oversight or assurance over
the process; the timelines and key milestones; the resources needed (for example,
project manager, evaluation team members, tender or proposal manager, and approving
authority); and the budget, including the budget for conducting the procurement (for
example, for external quality assurance, independent assurance, legal advice, and
project management).
A public entity should include guidance on specifying goods or services in its related
policies and procedures. This could include the different types of specification of goods
or services, and when each should be used.
Examples of different types of specifications are: a functional specification, which

focuses on what is to be achieved from the procurement – that is, the desired outcome,
rather than how it will be reached; a performance-oriented specification, which defines
the performance parameters required of the goods or services but not the methods to be
used to achieve them; a technical specification, which usually sets out the physical
characteristics of goods (for example, their size or capacity, the type of materials they
contain, or their tolerance) in a highly prescriptive way; or a combination of the above.
Other potential contents of a specification include: mandatory requirements and non-

mandatory preferences for the goods or services; requirements relating to timetable,
delivery date, and so on; and performance standards, including key performance
indicators and targets that cover inputs (the total resources), outputs (what will be
produced), and outcomes (the effects of the service).
The guidance should also cover the type of situation where market research should be
considered and examples of the types of market research that may be done. The extent
of the research required will depend on the value and risk of the procurement.
In some cases, the public entity will be looking for a more detailed understanding of the
supplier market and the range of technologies that might be available. In these cases, a
formal request for information (RFI) may be appropriate.
If the procurement function is large, a public entity may need to have systems in place
to gather and analyse information on its procurement activities. It will also need to
decide: how it will gather this information; and how the information will be analysed
and used for decision-making.
Thus, in the federal procurement system, decentralization is needed to meet the unique
procurement requirements of numerous agencies. Although local governments are much
smaller than the federal government, procurement decentralization is also needed
(Regmi,2016).

The strategies a public entity may use to approach markets can range from simple credit
card purchases with local suppliers to complex multi-stage offers. When deciding which
strategy to use, a public entity should take into account: the value and risk of the goods
and services; the availability of the goods and services; the importance of the goods and
services to the public entity; the characteristics of the market and any action the public
entity may want to take to develop or otherwise influence the market; the transaction
costs associated with the procurement; and government policy objectives – for example,
sustainability.
In the federal country, the federal government has a very complicated and fragmented
procurement organizational structure. First, the federal procurement operates within a
democratic framework, under the constitutional checks and balances powers of the three
branches of government; legislative, judiciary and executive (Regmi,2016).
There are a variety of tools and techniques public entities can use to help them with
their strategic procurement analysis. One tool that is widely used in strategic analysis is
matrix analysis (sometimes referred to as quadrant or portfolio analysis). Typically,
some aspect of risk, difficulty of supply, importance to the organization, or equivalent is
plotted on a graph against expenditure on various goods or services. Combinations of
these factors and the goods or services are then categorized into four quadrants on the
graph for comparative analysis.
In principle, the Government and Parliament are responsible for implementing

procurement statutes and procurement authorization and appropriations. These
establishes government-wide procurement policies and procedures through executive
orders, makes political and management decisions relative to procurement programs and
appoints agency heads and other officials who have direct or indirect management
control over procurement programs and procurement organization. As the federal
government has to spend a large budget on procurement and has to procure a great
variety of goods, services and capital assets, its procurement administrative structure
has a centralized structure to maintain a uniform standard and control, and a
decentralized structure allowing for flexibility to meet unique requirements of over
many proposed federal agencies(Regmi,2016).
A public entity should include guidance in its relevant policies and procedures on the
factors that should be taken into account when selecting the type of contract – for
example: the nature of the goods or services; the type and complexity of the
procurement; the likely administrative costs for both parties; any likely difficulty in
clearly defining the contract requirements; how much technical or operational co-
ordination the public entity will need to provide; the intended duration of the contract;
the likely volatility of cost inputs; and the extent of risk that either party will have to
assume.

The guidance should also set out the circumstances when the public entity should seek
legal advice or assistance in preparing the contract. Legal advice will often be required
in a procurement process, particularly for high risk, complex, or strategic procurements.
The public entity should consider this advice early in the planning stage, since it may
need to develop specific documentation, including a draft contract, to accompany the
procurement documents.
An incomplete understanding of limitations or exclusions of liability, indemnities,

warranties, and intellectual property and the resulting risks can lead to unnecessarily
conservative contractual positions, which reduce the opportunities that may evolve from
a contract.
The guidance should specify that the contract needs to reflect the relationship that the
public entity wishes to establish with the supplier. For example, as well as the more
traditional “arm's length” contracts, partnering or alliances are increasingly being used.
The guidance should set out the types of issues that the contract should cover – for
example, who owns intellectual property created under the contract, and defining and
ensuring the public entity's right to use background intellectual property.
The guidance should also set out the types of standard conditions that the contract might
include – for example: conditions relating to termination, default, and insurance
liabilities; and special conditions specific to the procurement – for example, delivery
and payment conditions, financial and performance guarantees, liquidated damages,
copyright, confidentiality, and dispute resolution.
The public entity team managing the procurement and other personnel either directly or
indirectly involved must be fully accountable for the procurement process and ensure
that it is in line with accepted standards. To help them fulfill this role, a public entity
may appoint an independent adviser for high value, high risk procurement to oversee the
process.
A public entity should include guidance in its relevant policies and procedures on the
situations where a public entity should consider engaging an independent adviser. An
independent adviser may be engaged for particularly large, complex, or sensitive
transactions. However, complexity alone is not enough to justify using an independent
adviser, because a public entity should be able to monitor compliance with its own
procurement standards and not have to rely on “contracting in” such expertise.
The terms of engagement should include: who the independent adviser will report to
(this should normally be to the person or body responsible for the procurement); the
scope of the engagement; the timing of the independent adviser's reports (usually at
important stages of the procurement process and at the end of the process); attendance at
meetings; and remuneration, or the method for determining it.

III. A REACTUION TO PUBLIC SECTOR REQUIREMENT
Procurement professionals can control the destination of such a significant amount of
the annual government spend, their activities must be closely examined. Both public and
private organizations have witnessed the timely trend of increasingly responsible duties
in procurement.
A survey by Purchasing magazine notes that 84% of company managers are committed
to maximizing strategic procurement functions (Milligan, 1999).
Below Table identifies some specific tasks related to the evolvement of purchasing from
a tactical function to one of a strategic nature.
Table showing Specific Tasks Related to the Evolvement of Purchasing
Tactical (Historic) Strategic (Leading)
Purchase order issuance Supplier alliances
Vendor file maintenance Cost management
Excess inventory Global sourcing
Order tracking Life cycle costing
Unit cost focus Procurement planning
Local vendors Spend management
Source: Based on literature observation
Professional purchasers were left to take on challenging, high amount of procurements.
Additional responsibilities were laid out of necessity at the door of others, and while
certainly accountable for their own actions, these professional purchasers operated
under the auspices of the purchasing department. Like other areas of administrative
reform, procurement has experienced an attempt to alter the existing structures of power
and influence (Rosenbloom, 1993).
While much is made about the extent of public procurement’s broad range of power in
expending the public’s money, certain boundaries exist that often go unnoticed. Each
public agency has stringent policies and guidelines on how procurement will be
handled.
There should be are reputable colleges and universities offering purchasing and supply
management courses as part of undergraduate and graduate programs in the universities.
Such institutions as University may have formidable degree programs in purchasing.
Ethical boundaries also surround the public purchaser. Perhaps more so than other
administrative disciplines, purchasing is expected to operate within rigid guidelines.

IV. GOOD GOVERANCE: PROCUREMENT REFOM AND
TRANSPARENVY ISSUES
Public procurement reform is one of the major reform areas in improving financial gove
rnance in the country. Public procurement system is relatively new in Nepal and is unde
rgoing various strengthening activities.
Good governance programmes require that public procurement reforms support

essential concepts and values, as follows:
- Accountability to establish clear lines of responsibility in decision- making
structures; -Responsiveness to citizens of the country;
- Professionalism to improve individual and system performance;
- Transparency to ensure that procedures and policies are understood and acceptable
by procuring entities;
- Competition to attract high-quality national and international partners investing in
meeting government needs through contracts; and,
- Appeal rights to redress meritorious grievances of suppliers.
A well-functioning public procurement system must seek value-for-money in meeting

the needs of government agencies for goods and services to support public missions.
These needs must be reconciled with those of suppliers conducting commercial
operations for their own profit when supplying goods and services to government
entities. This must be done within the bounds of public policies established to ensure
that procurement transactions take appropriate consideration of the public good and
political decisions in the allocation of state resources.
An effective public procurement system allows suppliers to provide satisfactory quality,

service and price within a timely delivery schedule. The basic tenet of public
procurement is straightforward: acquire the right item at the right time, and at the right
price, to support government actions.
The degree of transparency helps to determine the effectiveness of the public

procurement system. Transparency, in the context of public procurement, refers to the
ability of all interested participants to know and understand the actual means and
processes by which contracts are awarded and managed. Transparency is a central
characteristic of a sound and efficient public procurement system and is characterised
by Well-defined regulations and procedures open to public scrutiny Clear, standardised
tender documents bidding and tender documents containing complete information Equal
opportunity for all in the bidding process.
In other words, transparency means the same rules apply to all bidders and that these
rules are publicised as the basis for procurement decisions prior to their actual use. It is

an effective means to identify and correct improper, wasteful--and even corrupt--
practices.
Reducing waste and corruption and improving financial accountability are essential
elements of good governance, needed to introduce effective government policies. No
country in the world appears to have runaway of improper, wasteful and corrupt
practices in public procurement.
Other benefits of an effective transparent public procurement system integrated into

improved national budgeting procedures are a more realistic market price structure, and
a better control of public expenditures and resources.
Transparent procedures help attract more investment by lowering risk. A transparent

procurement system allows competing private enterprises to judge the risk of doing
business with the government. They can make more realistic economic investment
decisions where government procurement policies are in line with good commercial
practice and public accountability requirements.
Market-based systems work best when constructive pressure exists to change and
improve pricing, quality, or performance of a product, or to otherwise satisfy customer
needs. If a competitor arranges to minimise market pressures by relying on personal
contacts, bribes or other means to "influence" the system, both parties are diminished:
the public sector (buyer) will most likely receive a less satisfactory product to satisfy the
public need at a higher price than if fairly set by the market place; and, -the contractor
(seller) loses initiative and energy to make its product or service more competitive.
The presence of strong institutional support at the top levels of government for
administering and monitoring the public procurement process is an essential factor for
promoting integrity and proper application of procurement law. This leads to increased
efficiency and professional performance in procurement operations.
Procurement planning provides many benefits. In particular the Strategic plan benefits:
draw a strategic connection between the higher level project planning and
implementation through the procurement process; provide to government procurement
officers for the opportunity to focus on the procurement process at the earliest stage of
a project and enable consideration of high level issues before a contract is under way;
use project methodology to add value in planning, contractor selection , reporting and
review; encourage debating and settling of issues early in the planning stage rather than
later at contract approval stage, when it might be too late to change the course of the
procurement; ensure that a valid business case and project plan supports the proposed
acquisition before the procurement cycle commences; gather stakeholder commitment
and support at the earliest possible stage of the procurement process; establish direction

and goals for the procurement for all parties involved in the procurement process;
ensure that a framework is established for monitoring and review of performance and
application of sanctions where appropriate; provide early advice to industry of the
tender; provide a core source of documents for other procurement and contracting
documentation; provide the primary source of information for contract management
planning to ensure that the original intentions are met; and ensure that procurement
team formed has the knowledge, skills and qualification to carry out the task
(Karna,2015).
However, procurement planning process is very weak in Nepalese context due to the
following reason: weak planning process, weak financial administration, lack of
professional in procurement fields, and weak monitoring mechanism of PPMO.
V. PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY SHADOW
Members of the general public and private business community routinely pass judgment
on the government. Perhaps this is done in reaction to a personal experience with a local
entity, or based upon information garnered through the local newspaper or television
network. Governments at all levels are facing increased scrutiny which, according to
Coggburn (2003), is warranted.
It is such performance that is spotlighted by reinvention of government supporters as a

prime area for reform (Gore, 1993). The important questions seem to be “what is the
role of the public purchaser in today’s government?” and “how ultimately accountable
is this purchaser?” It is imperative to examine the role of the public purchaser.
Following figure offers an stimulating process model. The public purchasing process is
divided into four different activities, or phases: planning, formalization,
implementation, and evaluation, as shown in the figure. All activities support service
delivery needs of using departments and managers.
Figure showing Interrelation among Strategic Public Purchasing Process,

Procurement System, and Good Governance
Public Pro. System Major Value Major Value of Good
Strategic Public Purchasing -Efficiency and Effectiveness: Money Governance
Management Process Value and Timeliness Transparency, accountability,
-Environmental Analysis -Fair and Open System: Competition, rule of law, participation,
-Procurement Planning open to outsiders, remedies provided, efficiency and effectiveness,
-Procurement Formulation transparency, and accountability equity and inclusiveness
-Pro. Implementation
-Pro .Evaluation and Feedback
Source: Based on Own Observation

Procurement planning calls for early involvement of the purchasing office so that
options and alternatives can be explored with the requesting user. Issues such as
purchase estimates, product specifications, make or buy decisions, and outsourcing
opportunities may very well be on the agenda.
The another phases include formalization and implementation of the procurement

action. Essentially these entail adapting the request for a formal solicitation, either an
invitation for bids (IFB) or request for proposals (RFP) and issuing it to the private
supplier community for consideration of offers. In most organizations, this would also
include a public notice of bid letting, followed by a sealed envelope process where
offers are opened and read aloud at a public opening.
After all, if questioned on the outcome he or she can merely acknowledge, “Just doing
my job.” Procurement evaluation is the final step of the process model. Not only does
this phase serve to evaluate the effectiveness of the process just conducted, but it also
serves as an improvement tool for future actions. The interesting aspect of evaluation is
that, again, others are heavily relied upon to contribute and answer for the effort.
The public purchaser steps into the arena whenever these public dues are fixed to be
spent. Purchasers will finalize the expenditure of operating and capital budget Rupees
upon request, so perhaps they still somewhat play the role of a gatekeeper for their
entity. The transformation of taxation into expenditure may have been planned,
authorized, and appropriated by another administrator, but the purchasing officer
essentially serves as the final processor of the acquisition at hand. When supplies or
equipment are purchased by an agency, the revenue by which they operate is literally
consumed. This consumption may be considered by some to be fully justified, because
appropriate steps and protocol have been followed. However, if the good or services
acquired are not of good value or quality, or heaven forbid, are unneeded by the agency,
then the purchasing officer may have masked the very accountability that government
should stand for.
VI. CONCLUSION
The public sector has responded in to the public’s expectation to become more efficient
and effective. Spending such a significant portion of an agency’s publicly funded
budget, the purchasing professional /authority has no choice but to heighten his or her
performance. Much is said these days about the strategic aspects of procurement. The
environmental scanning shows that purchasers are focusing more on front end planning
and less on routine, tactical functions. Despite the history of government purchasing and
its evolution over the centuries, it has still not been completely adopted by the academic
community as a formidable stakeholder within good governance. Certainly contributing
to this dilemma is the lack of educational alignment by the field, as well as a deficiency
in formalized training and identification by its practitioners.

Many boundaries exist for today’s public purchasers. Innovation and possibly creativity
tend to be limited when government agencies follow uniform and routine standards.
Though consistent methodologies do have their benefits, they can also aid in masking
the accountability for those employing them. Ethical boundaries also exist for the field
and must be carefully behaved according to law. As government purchasing officials
pay out public funds that have been requested and approved, their activity is the added
step in transforming of taxes into expenditure. Care must be given by purchasers,
however, as their activities are shadowed at times from public accountability. Finally,
this field must evaluate its past and present standing to fully comprehend its omission
from mainstream public accountability. Hopefully, this will help explain the timely
situation of the public procurement official/ profession and assist with the planning of
future strategies/strategic change.
REFERENCES
ADB (2013). Procurement Guidelines. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI). (2007, May 5-6). High Level Seminar on E-
Governance. Retrieved November 10, 2013, from ADBI Website: ttp://www.unapcict.org/
Coggburn, J. (2003). “Exploring Differences in the American States’ Procurement Practices.”
Journal of Public Procurement, 1 (3): 3-28.
Dr.Suman Kumar Regmi (2016).Public Procure System: A Check and Balance Power. Public
Procurement Journal, Vol: 5(1), pp:47-65.
Gore, A. (1993). Creating a Government that Works Better and Costs Less. Washington, DC:
US Government Printing Office.
Karn, Sunil Kumar(2016). Procurement Planning in Nepal. Public Procurement Journal, Vol:
4(1), pp:12.
McCue, C. & Gianakis, G. (2001). “Public Purchasing: Who’s Minding the Store?” Journal of
Public Procurement, 1 (1): 71-95.
Milligan, B. (1999, September). “Purchasing Pros Stumble Toward Strategic Supply
Management.” Purchasing, [Online]. Available at www.purchasing.com
Rosenbloom, D.H. (1993). “Have an Administrative Rx? Don’t Forget the Politics!” Public
Administration Review, 53 (6): 503-07.
National Information Technology Center (NITC). (2013, November 10). Resources: NITC.
Retrieved November 10, 2013, from NITC Website: http://www.nitc.gov.np/
Poudel, M. (2014). A Summary of Anti-Corruption Measures in Nepal. Retrieved on August
22, 2014from www.unafei
PPMO. Standard Bidding Document. Kathmandu: PPMO.
PPMO(2014). Annual Report. Kathmandu: Public Procurement Monitoring Office. Public
Procurement Act 2007(2063).
The Asian Development Bank (2010). A Guide on Bid Evaluation. Manila: ADB.
The World Bank (2011). Guidelines for Procurement of Goods, works and Non-consulting
Services. Washington: WB.
The World Bank (2009). Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Corruption in Projects
financed by IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and Grants. Washington: World Bank.
Wikipedia.(2012). Retrieved on different dates, from Wikipedia.org /wiki/ Public_Procurement

Role of DTCO in making financial discipline
Keshav Raj Subedi*
ABSTRACT
Treasury management is the core function of the DTCO. It was established in 2038
B.S..Altogether 79 DTCO are in function one each in every District of the Country .
Cash flow management ,Committed Accounting, E payment of the government
transaction, and internal Audit are most prime functions they are performing till now
dates. There is presence of Accounting group personnel in each government spending
unit. Coverage of the Total government financial records information is within DTCOs
periphery.
Financial discipline
According to Merriam-webster dictionary '' financial discipline is as of behaving that
shows a willingness to obey rule or orders " .It includes planning , execution ,
procurement, expenditure, recording of financial activities within according to law.
Rationality of the public expenses should be justifiable .value for the money should be
achievable. Liability of the public servants in democracy is to answer should be made
in each discipline of activities related to people's concern. Public finance is property of
people, hence every expenditure made in favor of public from treasury should prevail
people's interest and benefit .
Guiding laws, regulations, directives for Financial discipline
Constitution of Nepal 2072 ,Financial procedure Act 2055, Regulation 2064, public
procurement Act 2063, regulation 2064 CIAA Act 2048,regulations 2059 ,corruption
eradication Act2059 ,Annual Budget speech etc. are the main tools for maintaining
financial discipline .
Institutions related to the financial discipline .
Public accounts committee ,Office of the Auditor general, Office of prime minister and
council of minister ,CIAA, Nepal Rastra Bank, Financial comptroller general office,
Revenue investment department ,Anti Money laundering Department are the some
institutions for making financial discipline in tact .33
Treasury operation ; part of the public financial management
According to the Financial procedure Act 2055 operation of treasury and Account of
treasury are main functions of the FCGO. Public financial management is wholesale

* Chief Treasury Controller, District Treasury Controller Office, Tripureshwor

cycle of the budgeting, authorization, procurement, disbursement, recording of financial
activities and up to scrutiny. Treasury operation begins with authorization from
concerned CHIEF ACCOUNTING OFFICER to the lower level offices within fiscal
year and lasts up at the end of fiscal year. It will shows total government treasury
disbursement in that fiscal year.
Treasury single account ;milestone in treasury management
Treasury single Account is consolidated accounting system centralized and operated by
DTCO by means of opening single account in designated Bank. It was enforced since
2065 B.S.as piloting from 2 districts ,nowadays Government's whole treasury is within
this system. Bank shall run zero opening balance .Total disbursement in daily basis is
credited from Government Account . Payment order is Requested to DTCO from client
office and DTCO issues cheqe as per order after checking all information in DTCO.
Main objective of this system is to get real time data of government treasury ,to help
cash planning, utilization of ideal cash holding at individual government account, to
reduce banking charge For government transaction.
RIMS ; Another change in revenue Accounting system
DTCO operates revenue accounting records of the Revenue generating office . For this
purpose non operative revenue account is open in the name of DTCOs. Formerly it was
manually but it is online and RMIS covers 90 percent of nations revenue system. In
this system bank, client office and DTCO are interlinked. Online records are posted
from client office. DTCO gets records from client office and from Bank also. Mistakes
are corrected in order by concerned office.
INTERNAL AUDIT; vital function
According to the Financial procedure Act 2055, internal audit shall be conducted by
financial comptroller general office. It is very challenging and awaited function of
DTCO. There is question of debate that disbursing of treasury and auditing office is
whether same or not. Although quality and standard of internal audit is being
questioned, internal audit covers all governmental financial activities. Total
Arithmetical numerical data are being checked regularly. That is very crucial tasks.
Beside of Limitation of trained manpower, multy tasked business, lack of resources
they are doing regulatory audit as much they can.
E payment ; new change point in public financial management
Making public financial management more transparent and authentic, FCGO/DTCO
has conducted e-payment piloting through singh durbar DTCO from this fiscal year.
physical appearance of client/beneficiary is no more important. Online payment is
made on beneficiary's account as per request/order by client office. It is hoped that
taxation and fraud ,red tapism will overcome from this new development.

Financial discipline ; a major stakeholder
As per above mentioned argument , DTCO can play vital role in making financial
discipline in government transaction. Due access in information on client financial
records, Authorization letter, line item expenses details, Regular internal audit are the
main tools for controlling the initial leakage as well as finally DTCO can monitor the
arrear mentioned in OAG final reports. Therefore It can be said that DTCO is bridge
for making discipline in action. For that it should have clear its role as follows;
1) Internal Audit part should be made more qualitative, authentic, reliable. Separate
division of internal Audit wing should be established,
2) Employees in DTCO should be well trained.
3) Regular Auditing and Monitoring
4) Focus in qualitative aspects of internal audit.
Having,lack of trained manpower, professional training ,resources, DTCOs are doing

treasury operation and Accounting of treasury, pension management, Asset
management, internal audit with high effort which result that treasury management
Government is in tact and real time data of treasury is possible. Informative access in
client office records, daily contact to the personals, New developments in treasury,
revenue and payments mode they can play vital role for making sound discipline. For
this purpose they needs more flexible authority in internal audit, as well as techno
friendly environment, trained manpower and positive attitude to the business which
tends good governance in countrys.

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;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] vl/b sfo{sf] k|s[tL, pknJwtf, of]Uotf tyf Ifdtf, k|ljlw,
jh]6, ;dosf] cj:yfsf cfwf/x?df vl/b ljlwx?sf] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n]
cfkm\gf] vl/b sfo{nfO{ tf]lsPsf] vl/b ljlwx?dWo] pko'St vl/b ljlw 5gf}6 u/L vl/b sfo{ ug{
;Sb5g\ . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g @)^# sf] bkmf *-!_ df Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd vl/b ljlwsf ljBdfg
Joj:yfnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 34
jf]nkq dfu ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ sfo{ljlw M
!= af]nkq cfXjfg ug]{ ;"rgfsf] k|sf;g M
s_ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df v'Nnf jf]nkq cfXjfg u/L vl/b ubf{ M
 jf]nkq ;DjGwL sfuhft tof/ ubf{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfkm"n] dfu u/] cg'?ksf]
dfn;fdfg jf lgdf{0f sfo{ vl/b ubf{ :jb]z leq k|lt:kwL{ d'Nodf Ps eGbf j9L lgdf{0f

* lgb]{zs, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

Joj;foL tyf cfk'lt{stf{jf6 vl/b sfo{ ug{ ;Dej gePdf, o:tf] vl/b sfo{ /fli6«o:t/df
jf]nkq cfXjfg u/L u/fpbf s'g} klg jf]nkq gk/L ljb]zL lgdf{0f Joj;foL tyf
cfk'lt{stf{jf6 jf]nkq dfu ug'{ kg]{ ePdf, bft[kIf;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf jdf]lhd j}b]lzs
;xfotf >f]tjf6 ljb]zL dfn;fdfg jf lgdf{0f sfo{ vl/b ug'{kg]{ egL zt{ lgwf{/0f ePdf /
ljz]if tyf hl6n lsl;dsf] dfn;fdfg jf lgdf{0f sfo{ ePsf]n] cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf]
jf]nkqjf6 vl/b ug'{kg]{ egL ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] cj:yfdf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df
v'Nnf jf]nkq cfXjfg u/L vl/b sfo{ u/fpg'kb{5 .
 cGt/f{li6«o:t/df v'Nnf jf]nkq cfXjfg ubf{ sDtLdf $% lbg cjlw ePsf] jf]nkq k]z ug]{
;"rgf lbg' kb{5 . o:tf] ;"rgf cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf] j]e;fO6df / ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg
sfof{nosf] j]e;fO6df klg /fVg ;lsg]5 .
 k|yd k6s k|sfl;t ubf{ s'g} jf]nkq kg{ gcfPdf jf kg{ cfPsf jf]nkqx? ;f/e"t?kdf
k|efju|fxL gePdf bf];|f] k6s ;"rgf k|sflzt ubf{ @! lbgsf] Dofb lbP/ jf]nkq cfXjfg
ug{'kb{5 . bf];|f] k6s klg jf]nkq kg{ gcfPdf jf kg{ cfPsf jf]nkqx? ;f/e"t?kdf
k|efju|fxL gePdf t];|f] k6sdf & lbgsf] ;"rgf lbP/ jf]nkq cfXjfg ug{'kb{5 . o:tf]
;"rgf lbbf Pstx dflysf] clws[tsf] :jLs[[lt lng'kb{5 .
 o:tf] jf]nkq cfXjfgsf] ;"rgf c+u|]hL efiffdf k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ 5 eg] jf]nkq ;DjGwL
;Dk"0f{ sfuhft c+u|]hL efiffdf pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ 5 .
 ljb]zL jf]nkqbftfn] jf]nkq k]z ubf{ g]kfn /fHodf cfkm\gf] s'g} Ph]G6 lgo'Qm u/] jf
gu/]sf] s'/f v'nfpg' kg]{ 5 . olb Ph]G6 lgo'Qm u/]sf] eP Ph]G6sf] gfd, 7]ufgf, sldzg
h:tf ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v u/L k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
v_ /fli6«o:t/df v'Nnf jf]nkq cfXjfg u/L vl/b ubf{ M
 ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] la; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L nfut cg'dfg ePsf] dfn;fdfg jf lgdf{0f
sfo{ vl/b ubf{ /fli6«o:t/df v'Nnf jf]nkq cfXjfg u/L sDtLdf #) lbgsf] cjlw lbO{
/fli6«o :t/sf] klqsfdf ;"rgf Kf|sflzt ug'{kb{5 .
 o; jf]nkqdf k|yd k6s k|sfl;t ubf{ s'g} jf]nkq kg{ gcfPdf jf kg{ cfPsf jf]nkqx?
;f/e"t?kdf k|efju|fxL gePdf bf];|f] k6s ;"rgf k|sflzt ubf{ !% lbgsf] Dofb lbP/
jf]nkq cfXjfg ug{'kb{5 . bf];|f] k6s klg jf]nkq kg{ gcfPdf jf kg{ cfPsf jf]nkqx?
;f/e"t?kdf k|efju|fxL gePdf t];|f] k6sdf & lbgsf] ;"rgf lbP/ jf]nkq cfXjfg
ug{'kb{5 . o:tf] ;"rgf lbbf Pstx dflysf] clws[tsf] :jLs[lt lng'kb{5 .
 o:tf] ;"rgf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] lgsfo eP ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] j]e ;fO6df /
cfKfm\gf] sfof{nosf] j]e ;fO6df ;d]t k|sf;g ug'{kb{5 . lhNnf:t/sf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
xsdf ;f] ;"rgf ;DjlGwt lgsfo / ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] j]e ;fO6df /fVg
;lsg] 5 .
@= af]nkq cfXjfg ug]{ ;"rgfdf ;dfj]z ug]{ s'/fx? M
 ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] gfd / 7]ufgf,
 vl/b sfo{sf] k|s[lt / ;do ;Ldf, dfn;fdfg cfk"lt{ ug'{ kg]{, ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ jf lgdf{0f
sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ :yfg,
 af]nkq hdfgt cfjZos kg]{ eP ;f]sf] /sd / dfGo cjlw,
 Aff]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft kfO{g] :yfg, k|fKt ug]{ tl/sf / ;f] jfkt nfUg] b:t'/,

 Aff]nkq tyf k|:tfj k]z ug]{ jf k7fpg] :yfg, tl/sf, clGtd ldlt / ;do,
 jf]nkq tyf k|:tfj vf]Ng] ldlt, ;do, :yfg,
 af]nkq vf]Ng] ;dodf af]nkqbftf jf lghsf] clwsf/ k|fKt k|ltlglwnfO{ cfdGq0f ug]{ s'/f,
 /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] jf]nkqsf] hfgsf/L,
 Aff]nkq tyf k|:tfj k]z ug]{ jf k7fpg] :yfg, tl/sf, clGtd ldlt / ;do,
 jf]nkq cfjfxfg ul/Psf] vl/b ljlwsf] hfgsf/L,
 ljw'QLo jf]nkq bflvnf ug]{ tl/sfsf] hfgsf/L,
 of]Uotf grflxg] b'O{ s/f]8 ?lkofF;Ddsf] lgdf{0fsf] jf]nkqdf nfut cg'dfg ;fj{hlgs u/L
/fli6«o:t/sf] jf]nkqdf Psd'i7 b/ ljlwsf] cfwf/df vl/b ug]{ s'/f,
 :jb]zL Joj;foL;Fusf] pkqmdnfO{ k|fyldstf M ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{ vl/bsf] xsdf
ljb]zL af]nkqbftfn] :jb]zL lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ;+o'Qm pks|d u/]df To:tf] ljb]zL
af]nkqbftfnfO{ k|fylds lbg ;lsg],
 3/]n' k|fyldstf M cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] af]nkq dfkm{t ul/g] vl/bdf g]kfnL pBdL tyf
Joj;foLnfO{ 3/]n' k|fyldstf -8f]d]l:6s k|]km/]G;_ lbg ;Sg] / ;f] s'/f af]nkq cfÅjfgsf]
;"rgf / af]]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhftdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{,
 Ph]G6 lgo'lQm M ljb]zL af]nkqbftfn] af]nkq k]z ubf{ g]kfn /fHodf cfkmgf] s'g} Ph]G6
lgo'Qm u/] jf gu/]sf] s'/f v'nfpg' kg]{ / Ph]G6 lgo'Qm u/]sf] eP af]nkq k]z ubf{ Ph]G6
;DaGwL cfjZos ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v ug{'kg]{,
 ;Lldt jf]nkq eP To:tf] l;ldt jf]nkqbftfnfO{ lbg'kg]{ ;'rgf,
 /fli6«o:t/sf] lgdf{0f vl/bsf] jf]nkqdf Ps ca{ ?lkofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg;Dd :jb]zLn]
dfq efu lng] s'/f
 sfnf];"rLdf k/]sf JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLn] jf]nkq k]z ug{ g;Sg] s'/f,
 af]nkqsf] ;"rgfdf nfut cg'dfg v'nfpg' kg]{ -lgodM $(_ M b'O{ s/f]8 ?k}ofF;Ddsf] lgdf{0f
sfo{sf] af]nkq cfAxfgsf] ;"rgfdf nfut cg'dfg /sd v'nfpg' kg]{,
 ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfjZos 7fg]sf cGo s'/fx? .
#= af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft ljqmL Joj:yf M
o af]nkq . k"j{ of]Uotf;DaGwL sfuhft b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf kfOg]
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .
o af]nkqbftf . k|:tfjbftf jf lghsf] clws[t k|ltlglw cfkm} pkl:yt eP/ vl/b ug{ ;Sg] .
o x'nfs jf s'/Lo/ dfkm{t k7fO{ lbg lnlvt cg'/f]w k|fKt ePdf x'nfs jf s'l/o/ dfkm{t klg
af]nkq;DaGwL sfuhft k7fpg' kg]{] . t/, To;/L af]nkq;DaGwL sfuhft k7fpFbf ;dodf
g}} k|fKt ug{ g;s]df ;fj{hlgs lgsfo hjfkmb]xL gx'g] .
o laqmL ubf{ af]nkq . k|:tfj;DaGwL sfuhftdf l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ pNn]v u/L s'g gDa/sf]
af]nkq . k|:tfj sfuhft s'g JolSt kmd{ jf ;+:yfnfO{ laqmL ul/Psf] xf] ;f] laqmL lstfadf
hgfpg' kb{5 .
o af]nkq jf k"j{ of]Uotf ;DaGwL sfuhft vl/b tyf ljs|L ubf{ cj/f]w x'g] ;+efjgf ePdf
s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfo, af]nkqbftf jf k|:tfjbftfn] ;'/Iff dfu u/]df ;DalGwt lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{non] clgjfo{?kdf ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ lbg' kg]{ .

o af]nkq;DaGwL sfuhftsf] b:t'/ M af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
k|d'v jf lghn] tf]s]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] b:tvt / sfof{nosf] 5fk nfu]sf] sfuhft b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] b:t'/ lt/L lng' kg]{5 .
la; nfv eGbf dfly b'O{ s/f]8 ?k}ofFF;Dd – tLGf xhf/

b'O{ s/f]8 eGbf dfly bz s/f]8 ?k}ofFF;Dd – kfFr xhf/
bz s/f]8 eGbf dfly kRrL; s/f]8 ?k}ofFF;Dd – bz xhf/
kRrL; s/f]8 ?k}ofFFeGbf dfly hlt;'s} /sd – aL; xhf/
$= af]nkq k]z ug'{ k"j{sf] a}7s / lgdf{0f :ynsf] e|d0f
o af]nkq;DjGwL sfuhft, lgdf{0f:yn, :k]l;lkms];g jf cGo s'/f ;DjGwL hfgsf/L lbgsf]
nflu /fli6«o:t/sf] ;"rgfsf] xsdfM af]nkq k]z ug]{ clGtd lbg eGbf sDtLdf !) lbg
cufj} -k|yd k6s_, kfFr lbg cufj} -k'gM cfXjfg_ / cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] ;"rgfsf] xsdf
sDtLdf !% lbg cufj} -k|yd k6s_, ;ft lbg cufj} -k'gM cfXjfg_ j}7s ug'{kb{5 .
o a}7saf6 af]nkqdf ;+zf]wg x'g] ePdf ;+zf]wg u/L ;a} af]nkqbftfnfO{ % lbgleq hfgsf/L
lbg'kb{5 .
o af]nkq tof/ ug{ / vl/b ;Demf}tf ug{ cfjZos ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ af]nkqbftf cfkm} jf
lghsf] sd{rf/L jf Ph]G6nfO{ cfkm\g} vr{df ;Defljt hf]lvd k|lt cfkm} pQ/bfoL x'g] u/L
lgdf{0f :ynsf] e|d0f ug{ u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
o ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfjZostfg';f/ lgdf{0f:ynsf] e|d0f ug{ cg'dlt lbg' kg]{ ePdf To:tf]]
cg'dlt lbg'kg]{5 .
o ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] af]nkqbftfnfO{ lgdf{0f:ynsf] oyfy{ hfgsf/L lbg af]nkq k"j{sf] a}7s
cl3 lgdf{0f:ynsf] e|d0f u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
%= af]nkq dfGo cjlw tyf Hfdfgt;DaGwL Joj:yf
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] af]nkq jf k|:tfj cfXjfg ;DaGwL sfuhftdf jf]nkq dfGo x'g] cjlw lgDg
jdf]lhd pNn]v ug'{kb{5 M
• bz s/f]8 ?k}ofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] jf]nkq gJj] lbgsf] / bz s/f]8 eGbf hlt ;'s}
a9L nfut cg'dfg ePsf] jf]nkq Ps ;o aL; lbgsf] x'g'kb{5 .
• :JfLs[t nfut cg'dfg b'O{ b]lv tLg k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sdsf] ;Ldfleq /xL lglZrt
/sd tf]sL jf]nkqsf] ;"rgfdf jf]nkq hdfgt /sd pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 .
• hdfgt /sd gub} jf jfl0fHo a}+sn] hf/L u/]sf] ;f] /sd j/fj/sf] jf]nkq hdfgt
x'g'kg]{5 .
• nfut cg'dfg gv'Ng] jf OsfO{ b/ dfq v'Ng] u/L jf]nkq cfXjfg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf
Psd'i7 /sd tf]sL jf]nkq hdfgt dfu ug{ ;lsg]5 .
• jf]nkq hdfgtsf] cjlw jf]nkq dfGo cjlweGbf sDtLdf tL; lbg j9Lsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
• ljb]zL a}+sn] hf/L u/]sf] jf]nkq hdfgt g]kfnleqsf] jfl0fHo a}+sn] k|lt–k|Tofe'lt u/]sf]
x'g'kg]{5 .
• jf]nkqsf] Dofbleq vl/b ;Demf}tf ug{ g;lsg] ePdf /Lt k'u]sf ;j} jf]nkqbftfx?nfO{
jf]nkq dfGo x'g] cjlw j9fpg kqfrf/ ug'{kg]{5 .

• jf]nkqsf] dfGo cjlw cg';f/ g} a}+sjf6 hdfgtsf] cjlw yk ug'{kg]{ . olb jf]nkqbftfn]
jf]nkqsf] DffGo x'g] cjlw :jLsf/ ug{ grfx]df hdfgt hkmt ug{ g;lsg] / lghsf]
hdfgt lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{5 .
• jf]nkq hdfgt hkmt ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf hdfgtsf] Dofbleq} bfjL ul/;Sg' kg]{5 .
• vl/b ;Demf}tf ePsf] tLg leq jf]nkq hdfgt lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{5 .
^= jf]nkqdf sfuhftdf yk tyf ;+zf]wg
 af]nkq;DaGwL sfuhftdf s'g} ljj/0f pNn]v ug{ 5'6]df jf :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v gePdf jf
;+zf]wg ug'{ k/]df af]nkq k]z ug]{ cjlwleq} /fli6«o:t/sf] b}lgs ;dfrf/kqdf /
cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] af]nkqsf] xsdf cGt/f{li6«o ;~rf/ dfWoddf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L yk36
ug{ jf :ki6 ug{ jf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
 ;"rgf k|sfzg ubf{ af]nkqbftfnfO{ af]nkq k]z ug{ yk ;do cfjZos kg]{ ePdf af]nkq
k]z ug]{ clGtd ;do ;d]t a9fpg' kg]{5 .
 sfuhft k]z gug]{ af]nkqbftfsf] af]nkq pk/ sf/afxL x'g] 5}Gf .
&= af]nkq bflvnf ug]{ Joj:yf
 af]nkq jf k"j{ of]Uotf;DaGwL k|:tfj k]z ug]{ jf k7fpg] :yfg v'nfp+bf Pp6} ;fj{hlgs
lgsfodf dfq k]z ug]{ jf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .
 af]nkq jf k"j{ of]Uotf;DaGwL k|:tfj k]z ug{ jf k7fpgsf] nflu s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfo,
af]nkqbftf jf k|:tfjbftfn] ;'/Iff dfu u/]df ;DalGwt lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non]
clgjfo{?kdf ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf t'?Gt ldnfO{ lbg'kg]{ .
 af]nkq jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfj k]z ubf{ k"j{ of]Uotf, af]nkq jf k|:tfj cfXjfg;DaGwL
sfuhftdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] d"n k|lt / cfjZostfg';f/sf] 5fofFskL k]z ug{' kg]{
s'/f pNn]v ug'{kg]{ .
 laqmL / btf{sf] clen]v 5'§f 5'§}M k"j{of]Uotf ;DaGwL sfuhft, af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft jf
k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfjsf] laqmL / btf{sf] clen]v 5'§f5'§} /fVg'kg]{ .
 a'em]sf] e/kfO{ lbg'kg]{ M af]nkqbftf jf k|:tfjbftf cfkm}n] jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn]
k"j{of]Uotfsf] k|:tfj, af]nkq k]z ug{ NofPdf a'lem lnO{ lghnfO{ ldlt / ;do v'n]sf] ekf{O{
lbg'kg]{ .
 btf{ gDj/ pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ M k|fKt ePsf] af]nkqsf] aflx/L vfddf btf{ lstfadf btf{ ePsf]
btf{ gDa/ pNn]v ug'{kg]{ .
 btf{ lstfa aGb ug'{ kg]{ M af]nkq laqmL / btf{ x'g] ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs
lgsfosf] k|d'v jf lghn] tf]s]sf] clws[t sd{rf/Ln] btf{ jf laqmL lstfjdf b:tvt u/L
aGb ug'{ kg]{ .
 af]nkqsf] ;'/Iff M ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] k|fKt ePsf] af]nkq jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfj
af]nkq vf]Ng] ;do cl3 s;}n] vf]Ng gkfpg] u/L ;'/lIft tj/n] /fVg' kg]{ .
 Dffn;fdfgsf] gd"gfsf] ;'/Iff M ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] af]nkqsf] ;fy k]z ePsf] gd"gfsf]
ljz]iftf af]nkq vf]Ng' cl3 ;fj{hlgs gx'g] u/L uf]Ko / ;'/lIft tl/sfn] /fVg' kg]{ .

*= af]nkq lkmtf{ jf ;+zf]wg
 ljw'tLo jf]nkqsf] xsdf k]z ug]{ clGtd ;dofjwL;Dd, cGo jf]nkqsf] xsdf clGtd
;do ;dfKt x'g'eGbf rf}la; 306f cufj} ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf lkmtf{ jf
;+zf]wgsf] lgj]bg vfdjGbL u/L k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
 lkmtf{ jf ;+zf]wgsf] vfdjGbL lgj]bgdf vfdsf] jflx/L efudf lgDg s'/fx? pNn]v u/L k]z
ug'{ kg]{5 M
 af]nkq jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfjsf] ljifo,
 af]nkq jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfj cfJxfg ug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf clwsf/Lsf] gfd /
7]ufgf,
 af]nkq jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfj ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] jf lkmtf{ dfu ul/Psf] ljifo, /
 af]nkq jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfj vf]Ng] lbg / ;dodf dfq vf]Ng' kb{5 .
(= af]nkq vf]Ng] ;DaGwL Joa:yf
 k]z x'g cfPsf jf]nkq tyf k|:tfj vl/b clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf sDtLdf b'O{ ;b:o /xg]
;ldlt u7g u/L ;f] ;ldltjf6 af]nkq k]z ug]{ clGtd ldlt / ;do ;dfKt ePsf] nuQ}
;f]xL lbg Jff]]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhftdf plNnlvt ;do / :yfgdf vf]Ng' kg]{5 .
 ;ldltn] jf]nkq vf]Ng' cl3 Dofb gf3L k|fKt ePsf jf]nkqsf vfd, jf]nkq lkmtf{ jf
;+zf]wgsf] lgj]bg vfd / /Ltk"j{s btf{ ePsf jf]nkqsf vfd 5'6\ofO{ Dofb gf3L k|fKt
ePsf jf]nkq vfd gvf]nL lkmtf{ ug'{kb{5 / vl/b clen]v /fVg' kb{5 .
 af]nkqbftf jf lghsf] k|ltlglwsf] /f]xa/df af]nkq vf]Ng'kg]{, t/ af]nkqbftf jf lghsf]
k|ltlglw pkl:yt gePsf] sf/0fn] dfq af]nkq vf]Ng afwfF eg]kg]]{ 5}g .
 Dofb gf3L cfPsf af]nkq lkmtf{ u/]kl5 af]nkqbftfn] lkmtf{ ug{ dfu u/]sf] af]nkqsf] vfd
vf]nL To:tf] af]nkqbftfsf]] gfd k9]/ ;'gfpg' kg]{5 / To;kl5 af]nkq ;+zf]wg ug{sf] nflu
lbOPsf ;j} vfd vf]nL To:tf vfdleq /x]sf] Aoxf]/f k9]/ ;'gfpg' kg]{5 .
 k|fljlws / cfly{s k|:tfj 5'§f 5'§} dfu ul/Psf] cj:yfdf aflx/L vfd vf]nL k|fljlws
k|:tfj ;lxt cGo sfuhft ePsf] vfd dfq vf]Ng] / cfly{s k|:tfjsf] vfd gvf]nL ;'/lIft
/fVg' kb{5 .
 bflvnf ePsf af]nkq qmd};Fu vf]nL To:tf] af]nkqsf] d'r'Nsfdf pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ s'/f k9]/
;'gfO{ ;f]sf] d'r'Nsf tof/ u/L To;df pkl:yt af]nkqbftf jf lghsf] k|ltlglwsf] b:tvt
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
!)= d'r'Nsfdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ s'/fx?M
 af]nkqbftfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf,
 af]nkqsf] saf]n cÍ / k|To]s PsfO{ b//]6 e/]sf] jf ge/]sf],
 af]nkqdf s'g} 5'6 lbg k|:tfj ul/Psf] eP ;f]sf] Joxf]/f,
 k|fljlws :k]l;lkms]zgsf] ljsNk k|:tfj ul/Psf] eP ;f]sf] saf]n cÍ,
 af]nkq hdfgt eP jf gePsf],
 cÍ / cIf/sf aLr leGgtf eP ;f] leGgtfsf] ljj/0f,
 af]nkq kmf/fd, d"No ;'rLdf af]nkqbftf jf lghsf] k|ltlglwsf] x:tfIf/ eP jf gePsf],

 af]nkq;DaGwL sfuhftdf ;RofO{Psf] jf s]/d]6 u/]sf]df s]/d]6 u/L pNn]v u/]sf] /sd /
Joxf]/f -af]nkqbftf jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn] x:tfIf/ u/] jf gu/]sf]_
 af]nkq kmf/fddf af]nkqbftfn] s'g} s}lkmot pNn]v u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] Joxf]/f / b//]6 ljj/0f
-Rate Analysis_ dfu u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f, /
 ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] pko'Qm 7fg]sf] cGo cfjZos s'/f .
lgZsif{ M
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] clwgdf /xL vl/b ljlwsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ v'nf
k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ;Lldt kfg]{ tyf c;/ ug]{ u/L vl/b sfo{ ug'{x'b}g . vl/b ljlwsf] 5gf}6 u/] kl5 klg
P]g sfg"gdf pNn]lvt k|fjwfgsf] kfngf gubf{ vl/b sfo{df ;d:of cfO{ vl/b sfo{ g} ug{ g;Sg]
jf vl/b k|s[of g} l9nfO{sf] cj:yf ;d]t ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] jf]nkqsf]
dfWod4f/f vl/b ubf{ vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ cIf/z Wofg lbP/ vl/b sfo{
ug'{ kb{5 . h;jf6 vl/b sfo{df l4ljwf x6fpg d4t k'Ub5 .
स दभर् सामाग्री
१. सावर्जिनक खिरद ऐन २०६३, कानन
ु िकताव यव था सिमित बबरमहल काठमाड
२. सावर्जिनक खिरद िनयमावली २०६४, कानन
ु िकताव यव था सिमित बबरमहल, काठमाड
३. www.ppmo.gov.np

k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf
Clif/fd k+u]gL*
!= k|f/lDes
;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, OdfGbfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / ljZjf;lgotf k|a4{g u/L
;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f 9+uaf6 cTo'Qd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ / ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|fKt ubf{ jf vl/b ubf{ vl/bsf] Joj:yfkg Ifdtf clea[l4 u/L pTkfbs,
laqm]tf, cfk"lt{stf{ nufotsf ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ lagf e]befj ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g]
;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof tyf lg0f{onfO{
kf/bzL{, j:t'lgi7 / ljZj;gLo agfpg h?/L x'G5 .
b]zsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @ b]lv # k|ltzt / afli]f{s ah]6sf] ^) k|ltzteGbf a9L /sd
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf k"jf{wf/ nufotsf ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0fdf
u'0f:tl/otf sfod ug{sf nflu klg ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ ljj]sk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ;Dkfbg u/L vl/bdf
u'0f:t/Lo sfod ul/g' cTofjZos x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ cem Aojl:yt /
;f/e"t?kdf k|efju|fxL agfpg vl/bnfO{ kf/bzL{, v'nfkg, j:t'k/stf, ljZjf;lgotf, k|lt:kwf{,
:jR5tf, OdfGbfl/tf, pQ/bfoL / ldtJooL agfpg' clt cfjZos 5 .35
@= k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b;DaGwL Aoj:yf
;fj{hlgs lgsfo cfkm}df k"0f{ x'g ;Sb}gg\ . cfkm} ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf k"0f x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] dfq cfk\mgf]
;fj{hlgs bfloTj tyf lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{af6 klG5g ;Sg] cj:yf klg x'b}g . To;}n] pknAw
hgzlQmaf6 s'g} sfd x'g g;Sg] ePdf jf bft[kIf;Fusf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd j}b]lzs ;xfotfaf6
Aoxf]l/g] u/L k/fdz{af6 ;]jf k|fKt ug'{ kg]{ ePdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] s'g} JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf
sDkgLaf6 k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] !% lbgsf] cjlw lbO{ v'Nnf ?kdf cfzo kq dfu u/L ;+lIfKt ;"rL tof/ ug'{kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs lgsfodf k|fKt x'g cfPsf cfzokqbftfsf] of]Uotf, cg'ej / Ifdtf ;d]t d"Nof+sg u/L
k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg ;Sg] tLg b]lv 5 j6f JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLsf] ;"rL tof/ u/L slDtdf #)
lbgsf] ;do lbO{ l;naGbL k|:tfj dfu ug'{kb{5 . k|:tfj k|fKt ePkl5 aflx/L vfd vf]nL klxnf
k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] d"NofFsg ug'{kb{5 . k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] d"NofFsgaf6 of]Uo ePsf k|:tfjbftfsf]
dfq cfly{s k|:tfj vf]nL d"NofFsg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|:tfj sfo{If]qut zt{x? cg';f/ ;f/e"t ?kdf
k|efju|fxL gePdf, 5gf}6 ePsf] k|:tfjbftfsf] nfut ;f/e"t?kdf a9L ePdf, k/fdz{ ;]jf cfjZos
gkg]{ ePdf / ldn]dtf] u/L k|:tfj lbPsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] k|:tfj
c:jLs[t u/L vl/b sf/jfxL /2 ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]\ 5 . To;kl5 cfly{s k|:tfjbftfn]
;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ ;'ljwfsf ljifodf jftf{ u/L ;xdtLdf k'u]df :jLs[t

* lgb]{zs, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

ug{'kg]{5 . o; ljlwaf6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b ;Demf}tf :jLs[t ug]{ cfzosf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt
k|:tfjbftf / ;"rLdf k/]sf cGo k|:tfjbftfnfO{ klg lbg'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
#= k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bsf] d'Vo r/0fx?
k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] vl/b ubf{ k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu u/]/ / ;f]em} jftf{af6 ul/ b'O{ tl/sfn] ug{
;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf lj1tfsf] sdLsf] sf/0fn] ahf/df /x]sf] lj1tfsf] pkof]u u/L
;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L, u'0f:t/Lo agfO{ clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{sf nflu k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] vl/b
ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . o; ;]jfsf] vl/bsf nflu d'Vo ?kdf b]xfosf r/0fx? k"/f ug'{kb{5 M
-s_ v'Nnf ?kdf cfzokq dfu u/L ;+lIfKt ;"rL tof/ ug'{kg]{
k/fdz{ ;]jf JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf ;F:yfaf6 lng ;lsG5 . o:tf ;+:yfx?sf] hfgsf/L lngsf] nflu
sDtLdf !% lbgsf] cjlw lbO{ sfdsf] ljj/0f, vr{ Joxf]g]{ ;|f]t, of]Uotf, sfo{ Ifdtf, sfo{fg'ej,
sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ nfUg] ;dofjlw, k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhft, k]z ug'{kg]{ clGtd ldlt, ;Dks{ JolQmsf]
7]ufgf h:tf s'/fx? v'nfO{ ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/G5 .
-v_ k|:tfj dfu ug]{
;+lIfKt ;"rLdf k/]sf cfzokqbftfx?af6 vl/b ug'{kg]{ ;]jfsf] k|s[lt, ;]jf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ cjlw,
:yfg, sfo{If]qut zt{x?, ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ sfo{, ck]lIft kl/0ffd, k|fljlws / cfly{s k|:tfj ;DaGwL
Joj:yf, d"Nof+sgsf] ef/, vl/b ;Demf}tfsf zt{x?, 5gf}6 ug]{ ljlw, sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf] Joxf]/f h:tf
s'/fx? v'nfO{ k|:tfj dfu ug'{kb{5 . o;/L k|:tfj dfu ubf{ k|fljlws / cfly{s k|ZgfjnL cnu
cnu vfddf /fvL l;naGbL u/L k|To]s k|:tfjsf] aflx/ s'g k|sf/sf] k|:tfj xf], :k:6 ?kdf pNn]v
u/L b'j} k|:tfjnfO{ csf]{ 5'§} vfdaGbL u/L k]z ug'{kb{5 .
-u_ k|:tfj vf]Ng]
k|:tfj bflvnf ug]{ clGtd Dofb ;dfKt ePkl5 k|fKt k|:tfjx?sf] aflx/L vfd vf]nL k|fljlws /
cfly{s k|:tfjsf l;naGbL vfd 5'6\6ofpg'k5{ . klxn] k|fljlws vfd vf]nL ;f] d"Nof+sg kl5 dfq
cfly{s k:tfjsf] vfd vf]nL d"Nof+sg ug'{kb{5 .
-3_ k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] d"NofFsg ug]{
k|:tfj;DaGwL sfuhftdf pNn]v ePsf] d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df /x]/ g} k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] d"Nof+sg
ul/G5 . ;fdfGotofM k|:tfjbftfsf] sfdsf] cg'ej, sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ tl/sf, sfo{ If]qut zt{k|ltsf]
k|efju|flxtf, hgzlQmsf] of]Uotf / cg'ej, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f jf tflnd tyf :jb]zL hgzlQmsf]
;xeflutf h:tf cfwf/df ul/G5 .
-+ª_ cfly{s k|:tfjsf] d"NofFsg ug]{
k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] d"Nof+sgaf6 of]Uo ePsf k|:tfjbftfsf] dfq cfly{s k|:tfj vf]Ng'kg]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L vf]lnPsf] cfly{s k|:tfjsf] d"Nof+sg k|fljlws / cfly{s k|:tfjsf]
;+o'Qm d"Nof+sg u/L ;a}eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{nfO{ 5gf}6 ug]{ u'0f:t/ / nfut ljlw, k|fljlws
k|:tfjdf pRrtd cFs k|fKt ug]{nfO{ 5gf}6 ug]{ u'0f:t/ ljlw, ah]6sf] ;Ldfleq k/L k|fljlws
k|:tfjdf ;a}eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{nfO{ 5gf}6 ug]{ lglZrt ah]6 ljlw jf k|fljlws k|:tfjdf ;kmn

/ ;a}eGbf sd nfut ePsf] Go"gtd nfut ljlwdWo] s'g} Ps ljlw ckgfO{ cfly{s k|:tfjsf]
d"Nof+sg ul/G5 .
-r_ k|:tfjbftf;Fu jftf{ ug]{
5gf}6 ePsf k|:tfjbftf;Fu k|:tfljt ;]jfsf] sfo{If]q, k|ult k|ltj]bg, ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] pknAw
u/fpg'kg]{ ;'ljwfsf ljifodf jftf{ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f]wegf{ x'g] k|s[ltsf vr{sf ;DaGwdf jftf{ ug{
;lsg] ePklg k|:tfj 5gf}6df u'0f:t/ ljlw ckgfOPsf]df afx]s cfly{s k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf
k]zfljbx?sf] kfl/>lds ;DaGwdf eg] jftf{ x'g g;Sg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . jftf{
ubf{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / k|:tfjbftf b'j}nfO{ :jLsf/ x'g] ;xdtL xfl;n x'g g;s]df u'0f:t/ /
nfut ljlw, u'0f:t/ ljlw / lglZrt ah]6 ljlw ckgfO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] k|:tfjsf] xsdf To;kl5sf]
pRrtd c+s k|fKt ug]{ / Go"gtd nfut ljlw ckgfO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] k|:tfjsf] ;DaGwdf To;kl5sf]
;a}eGbf sd nfut ePsf] csf]{ k|:tfjbftf;Fu qmd};Fu jftf{ ug'{kb{5 .
-5_ vl/b ;Demf}tf ug]{
k|:tfjbftf;+usf] jftf{ ;xdtLdf k'u]df k|:tfj :jLs[ltsf nflu 5gf}6 ul/G5 . k|:tfj 5gf}6 ePsf]
& lbgleq k|:tfj :jLs[t ug]{ cfzosf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt k|:tfjbftf / ;"rLdf k/]df cGo
k|:tfjbftfnfO{ lbg'kb{5 . & lbgleq k'g/fjnf]sgsf] s'g} klg lgj]bg gk/]df 5gf}6 ePsf]
k|:tfjbftfnfO{ ;Demf}t fug{ cfpg !% lbgsf] cjlw lbO{ ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 . pQm cjlwleq 5gf}6
ePsf] k|:tfjbftfn] ;Demf}tf ug{ cfPdf ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]{ / gcfPdf eg] u'0f:t/ / nfut ljlw,
u'0f:t/ ljlw / lglZrt ah]6 ljlw ckgfO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] k|:tfjsf] xsdf To;kl5sf] pRrtd cFs
k|fKt ug]{ / Go"gtd nfut ljlw ckgfO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] k|:tfjsf] ;DaGwdf To;kl5sf] ;a}eGbf sd
nfut ePsf] csf]{ k|:tfjbftf;Fu qmd};Fu jftf{ u/L ;Demf}tf ug'{kb{5 .
$= k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b;DaGwL k|lqmofut Joj:yf
ljleGg sfo{sf cfk\mg} ljlw / k|lqmof x'G5g\ . ljlw / k|lqmofleq /x]/ ul/Psf sfo{x? u'0f:tl/o,
;]jfu|fxLd}qL, sfg"g;Ddt x'G5g\ . o;}n] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bdf u'0f:tl/otf, kf/blz{tf, ljZjf;lgotf,
j:t'lgi7tf sfod ug{ ;lsof];\ egL ckgfpg'kg]{ ljlw tyf k|lqmof lglZrt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o:tf
ljlw tyf k|lqmofx? b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf] kfOG5M
-s_ k/fdz{bftfsf] sfo{sf If]q tyf zt{x? tof/ ug]{,
-v_ v'nf ?kdf cfzokq dfu u/L cfzokqbftfx?sf] ;+lIfKt ;"rL tof/ ug]{,
 cGt/f{li6««o:t/sf] cfzokq dfu ubf{ Ps tx dflysf] clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt lng],
 d"NofFsgsf] cfwf/ ;d]t olsg of]Uotf, cg'ej / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg ;Sg]
cfzobftfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{,
 cGt/f{li6««o:t/sf] cfzokq 5gf}6 ubf{ Ps :yfgLo kmd{ jf sDkgLsf] klg 5gf}6 ug]{,
 Vofltk|fKt k/fdz{bftf;Fu ;Dks{ u/L ;"rLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg],
 slDtdf tLgj6f cfzokq 5gf}6 x'g g;s]df k'gM ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L cfzokq dfu ug]{,
 bf];|f] k6s ;"rgf k|sfzg ubf{ klg slDtdf tLg j6f cfzokq 5gf}6 x'g g;s]df 5gf}6
ePsf hlt dfq ;"rL sfod ug{ ;lsg],
 ;"rLsf] hfgsf/L cfzokq k]z ug]{ ;a} cfzokqbftfnfO{ lbg],

 ljb]zL sDkgLn] :jb]zL sDkgL;Fu ;Fo'Qm pkqmd u/]sf]df bf]xf]/f] gkg]{u/L ;f]nfO{
k|fyldstf lbg ;lsg],
 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf]sf cfzokqbftfn] cfk"mn] k|fKt u/]sf] cFs / 5gf}6df kg{ g;s]sf] sf/0f
dfu u/]df % lbgleq lbg] .
-u_ ;"rLdf k/]sf cfzokqbftfaf6 k|:tfj dfu ug{]
 k|:tfj d"NofFsgsf] cFsef/ pNn]v ug]{,
 k|:tfjsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ u'0f:t/ / nfut ljlw ckgfpFbf k|fljlws k|:tfjnfO{ &) b]lv () /
cfly{s k|:tfjnfO{ !) b]lv #) ;Dd lbg],
 k|:tfj;DaGwL sfuhftsf] cfwf/df k/fdz{bftfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ cFsef/ pNn]v ubf{ sfdsf]
k|s[lt / hl6ntf cg';f/ s"n !)) c+sdf ga9\g] u/L -s_ vf; sfdsf] cg'ejnfO{ @%
k|ltzt;Dd -v_ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] tl/sf / sfo{If]qut zt{k|ltsf] k|efju|flxtfnfO{ #) b]lv
^) k|ltzt;Dd -u_ d'Vo d'Vo hgzlQmsf] of]Uotf / cg'ej #) b]lv ^) k|ltzt;Dd -3_
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f jf tflnsf !) k|ltzt;Dd / -ª_ :jb]zL hgzlQmsf] ;xeflutf !)
k|ltzt;Dd lbg],
 dflysf ;a}nfO{ tLgj6f pkcfwf/df ljefhg u/L ;f]jfktsf] cFs ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/L
plQ0ff{+s ;d]t lgwf{/0f ug]{,
 sfo{df ;FnUg hglzQmnfO{ kl5Nnf] k|:tfjsf] d"NofFsgsf] ;dodf u0fgf gug]{ .
-3_ bz nfv ?k}+ofeGbf sd /sdsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf df}h'bf ;"rLdf /x]sf k/fdz{bftfaf6 lnlvt
?kdf k|fljlws / cfly{s k|:tfj dfu u/L vl/b ug{ ;lsg],
 ;Dej eP;Dd ^ j6f / slDtdf # j6f k/fdz{bftfnfO{ k|:tfj;DaGwL sfhuft k7fO{
k|fljlws / cfly{s k|:tfj 5'6\6f5'6\6} dfu ug]{,
 k|:tfj d"NofFsg u'0f:t/ / nfut ljlwsf] cfwf/df ug]{ .
-ª_ k|:tfj tof/ ug{sf nflu pNn]v ug'{kg]{ ljifox? ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] lbg'kg]{,
-r_ k|:tfjsf] 5gf}6 ug]{,
 k|:tfj 5gf}6sf] ljlw ;fdfGotofM u'0f:t/ ljlw x'g] / ljefuLo k|d'vsf] :jLs[lt cfjZos
kg]{,
 /fd|/L cEof; eO;s]sf, lgoldt k|s[ltsf / sd nfutsf n]vfk/LIf0f, ;fdfGo
OlGhlgol/+u l8hfOg tyf vl/b Ph]G;L h:tf sfdsf nflu eg] Go"g nfut ljlw ckgfpg
;lsg] .
-5_ k|:tfj vf]Ng] tl/sf
 k|:tfjbftf jf k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df vf]Ng'kg]{,
 Dofb gf3]sf k|:tfj ;DalGwtnfO{ lkmtf{ u/L ;f] s'/f vl/b k|ltj]bgdf v'nfpg],
 /Ltk"j{ssf] k|:tfjsf] aflx/L vfd vf]nL ;f]df /x]sf] k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] vfd vf]nL
k|:tfjbftfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf, k|:tfjbftfsf] x:tfIf/ eP jf gePsf], s]/d]6df x:tfIf/ eP
jf gePsf] / cGo pko'Qm s'/fx? k9]/ ;'gfO{ d'r'Nsf tof/ ug]{,
 d'r'Nsfdf k|:tfjbftf jf k|ltlglwsf] klg x:tfIf/ u/fpg],
 oyfzL3| d"NofFsg ;ldltdf k7fpg] .
-h_ k|fljlws k|:tfj d"Nof+sg ug]{ tl/sf,
 d"NofFsg ;ldltsf k|To]s ;b:on] 5'6\6f5'6\6} d"Nof+sg ug]{,

 d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/ / c+sef/ pNn]v ubf{ sfdsf] k|s[lt / hl6ntfcg';f/ s"n !)) c+sdf
ga9\g] u/L -s_ vf; sfdsf] cg'ejnfO{ @% k|ltzt;Dd, -v_ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] tl/sf /
sfo{If]qut zt{k|ltsf] k|efju|flxtfnfO{ #) b]lv ^) k|ltzt;Dd, -u_ d'Vo d'Vo hgzlQmsf]
of]Uotf / cg'ej #) b]lv ^) k|ltzt;Dd, -3_ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f jf tflnsf !)
k|ltzt;Dd / -ª_ :jb]zL hgzlQmsf] ;xeflutf !) k|ltzt;Dd cFs lbO{ k|:tfjbftfn]
k|fKt u/]sf] c+s olsg ug]{,
 dflysf ;a}nfO{ tLgj6f pkcfwf/df ljefhg u/L ;f]jfktsf] cFs ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/L
pQL0ff{+s ;d]t lgwf{/0f ug]{,
 k|fljlws k|:tfj d"Nof+sg ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt lj1 ;lxtsf] # ;b:oLo pk;ldlt u7g
ug{ ;Sg],
 k|To]s ;b:on] lbPsf] c+ssf] cf}ift c+s lgsfNg],
 pRrtd c+s k|fKt ug]{ af6 z'? u/L ;Dk"0f{ plQ0ff{+s k|fKt ug]{ k|:tfjbftfx?sf] ;"rL tof/
ug]{,
 pQL0ff{+s k|fKt ug]{sf] dfq cfly{s k|:tfj vf]Ng],
 pQL0ff{+s k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf k|:tfjbftfsf] cfly{s k|:tfj gvf]nL ;DalGwtnfO{ lkmtf{ ug]{ .
-em_ d"NofFsg k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{,
-`_ k|fljlws k|:tfj d"NofFsg ubf{ 5gf}6 ePsf k|:tfjbftfnfO{ cfly{s k|:tfj vf]Ng] ;"rgf lbg],
 :yfg, ldlt / ;do pNn]v u/L /fli6««o:t/sf] k|:tfjnfO{ & lbg / cGt/f{li6««o:t/sf]
k|:tfjnfO{ !% lbg] pkl:yltsf] ;"rgf lbg],
 pQL0ff{+s gx'g] k|:tfjbftfnfO{ k|fljlws k|:tfj 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f;lxt cfly{s
k|:tfj lkmtf{ ug]{,
 cfk"m 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f dfu u/]df % lbgleq k|:tfjbftfnfO{ lbg'kg]{ .
-6_ cfly{s k|:tfj vf]Ng],
 k|:tfjs jf k|ltlglwsf] pkl:yltdf vf]Ng],
 d"Nof+sg ;ldltn] k|:tfjbftfsf] gfd, k|fljlws k|:tfjdf k|fKt u/]sf] c+s / cfly{s
k|:tfjdf k|:tfj u/]sf] ;]jf z'Ns k9]/ ;'gfpg],
 k|:tfjbftfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf, k|:tfljt ;]jf z'Ns, ;]jf z'Nsdf 5'6 lbg k|:tfj u/]sf] eP
;f]sf] Joxf]/f, cFs / cIf/df leGgtf eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f, k|:tfjdf x:tfIf/sf] cj:yf,
s]/d]6df x:tfIf/ tyf s]/d]6 u/]sf] /sd / Joxf]/f / ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] pko'Qm 7fg]sf
cGo cfjZos s'/fx? v'nfO{ d'r'Nsf tof/ ug]{ .
-7_ cfly{s k|:tfjsf] d"Nof+sg
 cfly{s k|:tfjdf Eof6afx]s k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd s/. k/fdz{, e|d0f vr{ nufotsf
lz/f]ef/ vr{h:tf zf]wegf{ x'g ;Sg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{x? ;]jf z'Nsdf ;dfj]z ePsf] dfGg],
 k|:tfjdf s'g} c+s ul0ftLo q'6L ePdf ;Rofpg ;lsg],
 q'6L ;RofpFbf PsfO{ b/ / s"n /sddf leGgtf eP PsfOb/ dfGo x'g] / ;f]xL cfwf/df s"n
/sd ;RofO{ k|:tfjbftfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg],
 c+s / cIf/df /sd km/s kg{ uPdf cIf/df n]lvPsf] dfGo x'g],
 saf]n c+sdf 5'6 lbg vf]h]sf] s'/f d''r'Nsfdf pNn]v ePdf d"Nof+sg ;ldltn] ;f] ;d]t
;dfof]hg ug]{,

 d"Nof+sg kZrft ;a} k|:tfjbftfsf] saf]n c+ssf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ .
-8_ k|:tfjbftfsf] 5gf}6
5gf}6 ePsf k|:tfjbftf;Fu jftf{ ug'{kg]{ ePdf /fli6««o:t/sf] eP & lbg / cGt/f{li6««o:t/sf] eP !%
lbgleq jftf{ ug'{kg]{, ;Demf}tf ug]{ k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tfsf] ldltn] #) lbgleq s"n /sd ;d]6\g]
u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ lgMzt{ e"QmfgL x'g] k]zfut bfloTj jLdf k]z ug'{ kg]{ / ;f] gu/]df vl/b
;Demf}tf cGt u/L sfnf] ;"rLdf /fVg ;DalGwt lgsfodf l;kmfl/z ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]
5.
;fdfGotofM k/fdz{bftfsf] k|:tfj 5gf}6 ubf{ b]xfo cg';f/sf $ ljlw ckgfOG5 M
!= u'0f:t/ / nfut ljlwaf6 5gf}6
o; ljlw4f/f k|:tfj 5gf}6 ubf{ k|fljlws k|:tfj / cfly{s k|:tfjsf] ;+o'Qm d"Nof+sg u/L b'j}df
;a}eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{ k|:tfjbftfsf] k|:tfj 5gf}6 ul/G5 . o; ljlwn] sfo{sf] u'0f:t/sf ;fy}
nfut /sdnfO{ klg Wofg lbG5 . o; ljlw4f/f vl/b ug{ ;lsg] ePklg k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|s[lt
c;fdfGo ?kn] hl6n / /fli6««o cy{tGqdf jf efjL kl/of]hgfdf pNn]vgLo k|efj kfg{ ;Sg]
cj:yfdf eg] u'0f:t/ ljlwsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6 b]xfosf] cfwf/df k|:tfjsf]
5gf}6 ug'{kb{5 M
 k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] k|fKtf+snfO{ ;f]xL If]qnfO{ 5'66\ofOPsf] c+sef/n] u'0fg u/L k|fKt
u'0fgkmnnfO{ !)) n] efu ubf{ cfpg] efukmn k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] v'b k|fKtf+s x'g],
 k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] d"Nof+sgaf6 ;kmn ePsf k|:tfjbftfdWo] ;a}eGbf 36L saf]n c+snfO{
cfly{s k|:tfjsf] nflu 5'66\ofOPsf] c+sef/n] u'0fg u/L k|fKt u'0fgkmnnfO{ d"Nof+sg ul/g]
k|:tfjbftfsf] saf]n u/]sf] cFsn] efu ubf{ cfpg] c+s cfly{s k|:tfjsf] v'b k|fKtf+s x'g],
 k|fljlws / cfly{s k|:tfjsf] v'b k|fKtf+s hf]8L ;+o'Qm d"Nof+sg ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L c+s
kfpg] k|:tfjbftfnfO{ 5gf}6 ug]{ .
@= u'0f:t/ ljlwaf6 5gf}6
;]jfsf] k|s[lt c;fdfGo ?kn] hl6n, /fli6««o cy{tGqdf bL3{sfnLg k|efj kfg{ ;Sg], efjL
kl/of]hgfdf klg pNn]vgLo k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] k|:tfjsf] 5gf}6 u'0f:t/ ljlwaf6 ul/G5 . o; ljlwaf6
k|:tfjsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ k|fljlws k|:tfjdf pRrtd c+s k|fKt ug]{ k|:tfjbftfsf] dfq k|:tfj 5gf}6
ug'{kb{5 .
#= lglZrt ah]6 ljlwaf6 5gf}6
ah]6sf] ;LdfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ k|:tfj 5gf}6 ug]{ ljlw g} lglZrt ah]6 ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf ah]6
;LdfeGbf a9L nfut ePsf] k|:tfj /2 ul/G5 . ah]6sf] ;Ldfleq k/L k|fljlws k|:tfjdf pRrtd
c+s k|fKt ug]{ k|:tfjbftfsf] k|:tfj 5gf}6 o; ljlwaf6 ul/G5 .
$= Go"g nfut ljlwaf6 5gf}6
o; ljlwdf k|:tfj 5gf}6sf] d"Vo cfwf/ nfut /sdnfO{ lnOPsf] kfOG5 . o;df k|fljlws k|:tfjdf
;kmn x'g Go"gtd c+s tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd c+s k|fKt ug]{ k|:tfjbftfx?dWo]
;a}eGbf sd nfut ePsf k|:tfjbftfsf] k|:tfj 5gf}6 ul/G5 .

%= ;f]em} jftf{af6 vl/b ljlw
;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ tflnd, uf]i7L / ;]ldgf/ h:tf ljifodf ;]jf lng k/]df kfFr
nfv ?k}+ofF;Ddsf] k/fdz{ ;]jfdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k|d'v cfkm}n] / ;f]eGbf dflysf] xsdf Ps
tx dflysf] clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ;f]em} jftf{af6 vl/b ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . kfFr nfveGbf
dflysf] vl/bsf] xsdf 5gf}6 ePsf k|:tfj bftf;Fu sfo{ If]qut / k|:tfljt ;]jfsf] sfo{If]q, k|ult
k|ltj]bg, ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ ;'ljwfsf] ljifodf jftf{ ug{ ;lsg] eP klg u'0f:t/
ljlwaf6 5gf}6 x'g] cj:yfdf afx]s cfly{s k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf k]zfljbx?sf] kfl/>ldssf] ;DaGwdf
eg] jftf{ x'g g;s]klg zf]wegf{ x'g] k|s[ltsf vr{sf ;DaGwdf jftf{ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
kfOG5 . jftf{ ubf{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / k|:tfjbftf b'j}nfO{ :jLsfo{ x'g] u/L ;xdlt x'g g;s]df
u'0f:t/ / nfut ljlw, u'0f:t/ ljlw / lglZrt ah]6 ljlw ckgfpFbf bf];|f] pRrtd c++s k|fKt ug]{ /
Go"g nfut ljlw ckgfpFbf To;kl5sf] ;a}eGbf sd nfut ePsf] csf]{ k|:tfjbftf;Fu qmd};Fu jftf{
ug'{kb{5 .
^= cGo ljlw
s'g} sfd ug{ pRr:t/sf] ljz]if1tf cfjZos k/]df, 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu k/fdz{ cfjZos k/]df jf
;do Go"g ePdf, s]xL k/fdz{bftf dfq sfd ug{ of]Uo ePdf, k/fdz{bftf 5gf}6 ug{ w]/} ;do nfUg]
eO{ sd ;do pknAw ePsf] cj:yfdf ljz]if1tf / of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df k/fdz{bftf 5gf}6 u/L ;]jf
lng ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
-9_ k|:tfj :jLs[t ug]{ kbflwsf/L,
k/fdz{ ;DaGwL k|:tfj :jLs[t ug{ gldNg] ePdf Ps tx dflysf] clwsf/Laf6 :jLs[t u/fpg'kg]{ /
;+j}wflgs cFu jf lgsfo, dGqfno, ;lrjfno / o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo sfof{nosf ;lrj jf k|zf;sLo
k|d'vn] cfk\mgf] sfof{nosf] nflu ul/g] vl/bsf] hlt;'s} /sdsf] k|:tfj :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/ eP
klg ;fdfGotofM k/fdz{;DaGwL k|:tfj :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/ b]xfo cg';f/ x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5M
 bz nfv ?k}+of;Ddsf] /fhkqfFlst t[lto >]0fLsf] sfof{no k|d'v,
 krf; nfv ?k}ofF;Ddsf] /fhkqfFlst l4tLo >]0fLsf] sfof{no k|d'v,
 tLg s/f]8 ?k}ofF;Ddsf] /fhkqfFlst k|yd >]0fLsf] sfof{no k|d'v,
 tLg s/f]8 ?k}ofFeGbf a9Lsf] ljefuLo k|d'v .
%= lgisif{ tyf lgrf]8
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] ;DaGwdf :k]lzlkms];g tof/ ug{df a9L ;do nufpg], ;dod} vl/b k|lqmof
z'? gug]{, k|:tfj jf af]nkq bflvnf ug{ ;do a9fpg], d"Nof+sgsf] z'?jft ug{ jf k|lqmofd} a9L
;do nufpg], af]nkq bflvnf ug{ clGtd ;do s'g]{, w]/} af]nkq laqmL eP klg Go"gtd ;+Vofdf
dfq af]nkq bflvnf ug]{, :jLs[ltsf] k|lqmofdf l9nfO{ x'g], ;Demf}tf Joj:yfkgdf l9nfO{ x'g], jftf{
cf}krfl/s x'g] h:tf ;d:ofx?n] klg ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] ;dod} u'0f:t/L ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;d:of
k/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ klg vl/b ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|lqmofnfO{
;DalGwt kbflwsf/L ;+j]bgzLn eO{ ;dod} ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ cfhsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf dxz';
ul/Psf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf,
OdfGbfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf ljZjf;lgotf k|a4{g ug'{ clt cfjZostf /xG5 . o;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs
vr{sf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf ckgfO{ ljj]sk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] k|ltkmn s;/L xfl;n ug{
;lsG5 eGg]tkm{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|d'v tyf kbflwsf/Lx?n] Wofg lbg'k5{ . ;fj{hlgs lgsfon]
k/fdz{ ;]jf k|fKt ubf{ k|lt:kwf{Tds d"Nodf, u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf, pko'Qm ;dodf k|fKt ug]{tkm{ ;w}+
bQlrQ x'g' kb{5 . hgtfsf] y}nLsf] k|of]u u/]kl5 hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug{sf nflu ;d]t of]hgfa4
?kdf vl/b sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg, vl/b sfo{df ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{]
jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0ftkm{ klg ljrf/ k'/\ofpg' plQs} cfjZos x'G5 . b]zsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]
s/La Psrf}yfO{ / jflif{s ah]6sf] s/La b'O{ ltxfO{ vr{ x'g] o; If]qdf ldtJolotf, OdfGbfl/tf,
lhDd]jf/L tyf hjfkmb]lxtf k|a4{g ug{ ;s]df ;'zf;g sfod u/fpgdf ;xof]u k'Ug] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs
vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof tyf lg0f{onfO{ v'nf, kf/bzL{, j:t'lgi7 / ljZj;gLo agfpg clt
h?/L 5 .
;Gb{e ;fdu|L
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, sfg'gL lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f} .
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$, sfg'gL lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f} .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsfsf laleGg c+sx? .
www.ppmo.gov.np

;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf /
sfof{Gjog cj:yf
kbd/fh kf}8]n*
kl/ro
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{ d"nt g]kfnsf] ah]6 @))& ;fndf NofP kZrft z'?jft ePtfklg
g]kfnsf] cfjlws of]hgf @)!# af6 o;n] ljlwjt ?kdf vl/b sfo{ ug{ yk Jofkstf kfPsf] xf] .
;/sf/sf] ah]6sf] cfsf/ / ;]jf k|jfxdf ePsf] a[l4;Fu} vl/b sfo{nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] ;fljssf] cfly{s k|zf;g ;DjGwL lgodfjnL @)%^ df ePsf] Joj:yfn] dfq ck'u e}
@)^#÷(÷#) df ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DjGwL sfo{ljwL, k|s[of tyf lg0f{onfO{ cem a9L v'nf, kf/bzL{,
a:t'lgi6 / ljZj;lgo agfpgsf] nflu a]Un} P]g4f/f vl/b P]g @)^# tyf ;f] P]gsf] bkmf &$ n]
lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL @)^$ NofPsf] xf] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b zAbn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] s'g} dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cGo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ jf
s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . of] P]g 5ftf P]g ePsf] / o;sf] bfo/fdf
;j} ;/sf/L lgsfo, ;+:yf, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/L cg'bfgdf ;~rflnt lgsfo / ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf
cGo lgsfonfO{ o; cGt{ut ;d]6]sf] kfO{G5 . d"ntM vl/b sfo{df dfn;fdfg cyf{t rn jf crn
h'g;'s} j:t', ;]jf / ;f];Fu hl8t cGo ;]jfnfO{ hgfp5 eg] lgdf{0f sfo{n] s'g} ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{,
eTsfpg], dd{t ;Def/ ug]{, gS;f, k|of]uzfnf kl/If0f, e"–pku|xLo kmf]6f] lvRg] sfo{ ;d]tnfO{
hgfpg] Joj:yf 5 . To:t} k/fdz{ ;]jf eGgfn] s'g} cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;e]{If0f, ef8fdf lng],
9'jfgL ug]{ jf dfn;fdfg dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ sfd ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg] u/]sf] 5 . 36
vl/b ubf{ kfngf ug]{ Joj:yf
vl/b sfo{ubf{ nfut cg'dfg tof/ u/]/dfq ug'{kg]{, nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t ug]{ lhDd]jf/L txut
?kdf lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf], ? !) nfv dflysf] vl/b ubf{ vl/b of]hgf / !) s/f]8 dflysf vl/bdf
vl/b u'?of]hgf tof/ ug]{, nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{ jf l8hfOg kl/jt{g u/L nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t
ug'{kg]{ ePdf To:tf] JolStnfO{ sf/jfxLsf] eflubf/ agfpg'kg]{, vl/bsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ cfk"lt{stf{,
lgdf{0f Joj;foL, k/fdz{bftf, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf jf ;]jf k|bfossf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df 5'6\6f 5'6\6}
;"lr tof/ ug'{kb{5 . vl/b ;DjGwL sfo{ljlw k'/f u/L vl/b ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
k|d'vsf] x'g], vl/b ;DjGwL sfo{jf]em / sfo{ k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df 5'6\6} dxfzfvf jf OsfOaf6 vl/b
ug{ ;lsg], vl/b ljlw 5gf}6 ubf{ dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f jf cGo ;]jf vl/b ubf{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/af6
l;njGbL, ;f]em}, nfeu|fxL ;d"x, cdfgt, Psd'i6 vl/b ljlw, clws[t ljqm]tf, ;Lldt jf]nkqbftf

* lgb]{zs, dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{no

aLraf6 jf gof lng] k'/fgf] lbg] ljlwaf6 vl/b ug{ ;lsG5 eg] k/fdz{ ;]jf lnbf k|ltik|wf{Tds
?kdf k|:tfj dfu u/L jf ;f]em} jftf{af6 lng'kb{5 .
jf]nkqaf6 vl/b ubf{ k"j{ of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/L jf gu/L v'Nnf ?kdf jf]nkq cfJxfg ug'{kg]{, vl/bsf]
k|s[lt cg';f/ jf]nkqsf] sfuhft tof/ ug'{kg]{, cGt/f{li6«o jf]nkq cfJxfg ubf{ g]kfn /fHosf
PseGbf a9L cfkl"t{stf{ gePdf, /fli6«o jf]nkq ubf{ s'g} jf]nkq gk/]df, ljz]if / hl6n k|s[ltsf]
dfn;fdfg jf lgdf{0f ePdf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df cfJxfg u/L af]nkq cfJxfg ug{ ;lsG5 . jf]nkq
;DjGwL b'ljwf ePdf :ki6 kfl/lbg'kg]{, jf]nkq k/LIf0f ubf{ jf]nkq of]Uo eP gePsf], jf]nkq k"0f{
eP gePsf], jf]nkqdf pNn]v ePsf] lsl;d, cjlw / /sdsf] hdfgt ;+nUg eP gePsf], k|fljlws
:k]lzlkms]zg nufotsf ljj/0f k/LIf0f ug'{kb{5 . km'6s/ vl/bubf{ Pp6fdfq cfk"lt{stf{, k|f]k|fO6/L
;fdfg, csf]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo;+u vl/b ubf{, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 ljz]if kl/l:yltdf ;f]em} vl/b
ug{ ;lsg], ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b sf/jfxL jf lg0f{o ubf{ s'g} q'6Lk"0f{ lg0f{o u/]sf] jf csf]{
kIfnfO{ dsf{ k/]df ;fj{hlgs lgsfo ;dIf k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 .
vl/b ;Demf}tf ubf{ kIfx?sf] gfd / 7]ufgf, kmf]g / ;Dks{ JolQm olsg ug]{, vl/b ;Demf}tfsf]
sfo{If]q, lnvtsf] ljj/0f, sfo{;Dkfbg tflnsf, cfk"lt{ ;do, vl/b ;Demf}tf lgwf{/0f ug]{ tl/sf
lgdf{0f sfo{ jf ;]jf :jLsf/ x'g] zt{x?, d"No ;dfof]hg Joj:yf, sfj'jflx/sf] kl/l:ylt -kmf];{
d]h/_, vl/b ;Demf}tf ;+;f]wg / e]l/Pzg cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;lsg] eP ;f]sf] Joj:yf, jLdf hdfgt
/sd, k"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{, jf]g;, vl/b ;Demf}tf /4 ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf, ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] ;+oGq,
nfu' x'g] sfg"g nufotsf k|fjwfgdf :ki6 Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . o;/L vl/b ;Demf}tf ePkl5 jL;
k|ltzt;Dd k]ZsL lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . To:t} vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f kfngf
ubf{ lgikIf sfo{ug]{, ;fj{hlgs lxtdf x'g]u/L ug]{, Zjfy{ jflemg] sfo{ gug]{, af]nkq bftfsf] ;DkQL
;DjGwL hfgsf/L uf]Ko /fVg], glhssf] gft]bf/n] af]nkqdf efulnPdf cfkm" vl/b sfo{af6 cnu
/xg], hfn;fhL sfo{af6 6f9f /xg], k|ltikwf{sf] nfe af6 kmfObf lng ldn]dtf] gug]{, h:tf c;n
cfr/0f b]vfpg'kb{5 .
vl/b ;Demf}tf ug{ gcfpg], cfr/0f ljkl/t sfo{ug]{, vl/b sfo{df efu lng cof]Uo ePdf jf
of]Uotf 9Ff6L sfo{ u/]df jf]nkqbftfnfO{ sfnf];"lrdf /fVg ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cg'/f]w u/]df
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] Ps jif{ b]lv # jif{ ;Dd sfnf] ;"lrdf /fVg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] vl/b ;DjGwL gLlt jf sfg"g ;'wf/ ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
l;kmfl/; ug]{, 6g{ ls, Olk;L ;+/rgfTds jf OsfO{ b/ ;DjGwL lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlw / k|fljlws
dfu{bz{g hf/L ug]{, jf]nkq ;DjGwL sfuhft, k"j{of]Uotf ;DjGwL sfuhft / k|:tfj dfu ug{ ;lsg],
ljB'tLo vl/b ;DjGwL lgb]{lzsf hf/L ug]{, vl/b lj1 k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ u/fpg] nufotsf sfo{ ;d]t
ug{ ;lsG5 .
of]hgf tyf ah]6sf] Joj:yf
rfn' rf}wf} of]hgfdf -@)&#÷&$ b]vL @)&%÷&^_ df s"n ?= #@ vj{ vr{ x'g] nIodWo] ( vj{ %$
cj{ k"FhLut vr{ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs nufgLnfO{ ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf]
;xeflutfnfO{ Ps csf{sf] kl/k"/s / ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf ljsl;t u/L vr{ ul/g], ;fj{hlgs
nfufgLnfO{ cfly{s a[l4 / ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{tkm{ pGd'v ul/g], k'glgdf{0f, cfly{s a[l4, cf}Bf]uLs/0f /

/f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{, ;xsf/LnfO{ s[lif, kz', ljB't / ;fdflhs If]qdf kl/rfng ul/g] Joj:Yff /xL
k"FhLut ah]6 kl/rfng ug]{ kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
To;}u/L rfn' @)&#÷&$ sf] ah]6df s"n ?= !) vj{ $* cj{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf]dWo] k"FhLut
tkm{ ?= # v{ !! cj{ /x]sf] 5 . k/fdz{df ?= ( cj{ ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fdf ?= ! vj{, ejg lgdf{0fdf
?= *^ s/f]8 vr{x'g] cg'dfg 5 . oL sfo{sf nfuL /fHosf] jt{dfg ;+/rgf / hgzlQmjf6 ;dodf
;DkGgu/L ck]lIft cfly{s a[l4b/ xfl;n ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf M
jt{dfg ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, lgoddf ePsf Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf]
Joxf]/f ljleGg lgsfoaf6 k|sflzt ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L Pj+ dxfn]vfsf] aflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;d]t
pNn]v u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
qm=;+ ljifo ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] cj:yf
!= 7]Ssf cfly{s sfo{ljwL ut jif{ dGqfnon] ^# cj{sf] 7]Ssf
jGbf]j:t lgodfjnL,@)^$ cg';f/ k|yd jGbf]j:t u/]sf]df bf]>f] / t]>f]
rf}df;s leq 7]Ssf k§fsf rf}dfl;sdf dfq %* cj{sf] 7]Ssf
sfo{;DkGg ug'{kg]{ . nufPsf] / cfiff9df dfq @* cj{sf]
7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ePsf]n] sfg"gsf] kfngf
gePsf] cj:yf 5 .
@= nfut ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL lhNnf b/ gD;{sf] ljwL pNn]v gu/L
cg'dfg @)^$ sf] lgod !) -$_ d]zLg ef8f, 9'jfgL Hofnfdf lhNnf b//]6
cg';f/ nfut cg'dfg ug]{ tyf gD;{df :ki6 Joj:yf ge} utjif{ ?=
ljwL pNn]v 5 . !* s/f]8sf] ;fdfu|L vl/b ePsf] x'bf
sfg"g kfngfdf lkmtnf] ePsf] cj:yf
5.
#= k|lt:kwf{ ;fj{hlgs P]g,@)^# sf] bkmf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, dfn;fdfg vl/bdf km/s
* -@_ cg';f/ k|lt:kwf{ l;dLt km/s sfo{qmddf j]Unfj]Un} /sd ePsf]
xg] u/L 6'qmf6'qmf kf/L vl/b cj:yf d} utjif{df ? &! s/f]8sf]
sfo{ ug{ gx'g] . 6'qmfkf/L vl/b sfo{ ePsf]df
sfof{Gjogdf s7LgfO ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
$= d"No ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt ;dodf lgdf{0f sfo{
;dfof]hg lgodfjnL,@)^$ sf] lgod gu/L Dofb yk kZrft ;d]tsf] nfuL
!!( df afx| dlxgfsf] vl/bdf k|To]s jif{ ! cj{ eGbf a9L d"No e'QmfgL
lgdf{0f ;fdfu|Lsf] d"No a[l4nfO{ x'bf sfg"gL hl6ntf x6fpg' kb{5 .
;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf
5.
%= k/fdz{bftf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# sf] lgsfodf k|ofKt hgzlQm g/x]sf] k|i6\ofO{
;]jf bkmf @( df ;fj{hlgs j]u/ g} ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ? @ cj{ eGbf
lgsfodf hgzlQm geP/ a9L k/fdz{ ;]jfdf e'QmfgL u/]sf]df
bftfsf] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v P]gsf] k|fjwfg sfof{Gjog ug{ s7Lg
ePdf k/fdz{ ;]jf lng ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

Joj:yf 5 .
^= k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] dgfl;j dflkmssf]
Ifltk"lt{ @)^$ sf] lgod !@! df k|df0f j]u/ lbPsf] lgj]bg pk/ 5fgljg
dgfl;j dflkmssf] Joj:yfdf gu/L Dofb yk u/]sf] t/ To;/L Dofb
jfx]s ;dodf sfo{ gu/]df k"j{ yk ubf{ k"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{sf] lx;fjn]
lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ lng'kg]{ yk u/]sf] ePdf /fHonfO{ aflif{s ?= !%
Joj:yf 5 . s/f]8 art x'g] cj:yf x'bf sfg"g
kfngfdf s8fO ug'{kb{5 .
&= pkef]Qmf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL h6Ln k|sf/sf sfo{ u/]sf] cfwf/df ? $
;ldltsf] @)^$ sf] lgod (& df cj{ / aif]{gL e'QmfgL u/]sf] ? ## s/f]8
vr{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 ^) nfv eGbf a9Lsf] vr{sf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs
;Ddsf] sfo{ Nofpg ;lsg] gu/]sf] cj:yfx'bf sfg"gL kfngfdf j[l4
Joj:yf / vr{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ug'{kb{5 .
/ h6Ln k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ug{
gkfOg] Joj:yf 5 .
*= lgdf{0fdf ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt Dofb leq utjif{ *$! j6f ;Demf}tf e} !! cj{sf]
l9nfO{ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ . sfo{ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df % cj{ dfqsf] sfo{
;DkGg ePsf]df jGb, x8\tfn nufotsf
;d:of tTsfn ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug'{kb{5 .
(= nfut j[l4 ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# sf] 7]Ssf ;dodf ;DkGg x'g] gu/]sf] /
bkmf @& cg';f/ vl/b ;Demf}tf ;dodf of]hgf ;DkGg x'g g;Sbf
ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . d]nDrL, rd]lnof ljB't of]hgfdf
nfutsf] t'ngfdf] lgs} a9L nfutdf a[l4
ePsf] cj:yf /x]sf] x'bf ;dodf
sfo{;DkGg ug{ /fHoaf6 yk kxn
ug'{kb{5 .
!)= jLdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL Dofb yk ;lxt q'l6 ;Rofpg] cjwL
@)^$ sf] lgod !!@ df !) ;d]6Lg] u/L ljdf x'g] gu/]sf]df sfg"gL
nfv dflysf] lgdf{0f sfo{df :ki6tf Nofpg'kb{5 .
jLdf u/fpg' kg]{ .
!!= vl/b ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g @)^# sf] cf}iftdf af]nkq af6 sfo{ u/fpbf ^)Ü
;Demf}tf bkmf !$ cg';f/ jf]nkq df 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf x'g] gu/]sf]df
cfJXfg u/L k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] lgdf{0fsf] u'0f:t/df c;/ k/]sf] cj:yfdf
Joj:yf 5 . ;'wf/ Nofpg'kb{5 .
!@= e]l/Pzg ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# sf] e]l/Pzgjf6 jif]{gL ! cj{ eGbf a9L
bkmf %$ cg';f/ vl/b e'QmfgL x'g] u/]sf]df sfg"gL h6Lntf
;Demf}tf ubf{ k"jf{g'dfg ug{ x6fpg'kb{5 .
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf e]l/Pzg
ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5

;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b sfo{ ubf{ P]g lgoddf ePsf] Joj:yfsf] kfngf ug{ g]kfnsf] e"jgf]6
;'xfpbf] gePsf], ;j} :yfgdf ;dodf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfo g/x]sf] / ;/sf/n] vl/b ug]{ g'gb]lv
;'g;Ddsf vl/b sfo{nfO{ Pp6} 5ftf P]gn] ;d]6\g g;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . Jojxf/df sfo{ ubf{
ljljw ;d:of e} /x]sf] / tL ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{ eGg] kof{Kt sfg"gL ;'lglZrttf ;d]t lng]
cj:yf 5}g . oL / o:tf sfo{df yk Jojl:yt kfb}{ hfg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
;d:ofM ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgod ;do ;dodf ;'wf/sf sfo{ ub}{ cfPtfklg sfof{Gjogdf
d'Vot lgs} ;d:of b]lvPtf klg d"Vot lgDg ;d:of /x]sf] kfO{G5M
 lgdf{0f sfo{df q'6Lk"0f{ nfut cg'dfg tof/ u/]sf] .
 sfo{ ;Dkfbg hdfgt lnbf Dofb gf3]sf] .
 nfut cg'dfgsf] t'ngfdf Go"g c+s sjf]n ubf{ 7]Ssf lnO{ ;dod} sfo{ z'? gu/]sf] .
 af]nkq bflvnf ug]{ pklgod ;dodf lkmtf{ lng] u/]sf] .
 k]ZsL lnP/ nfdf] ;do ;Dd sfd z'? gu/]sf] .
 z'? ;Demf}tf cjlwsf] t'ngfdf cToflws cjlw Dofb yk u/]sf] .
 sfddf nfk/jfxL ubf{ ;d]t 7]Ssf cGTo ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] u/]sf] .
 7]Ssf cGTo ubf{ kg{ hfg] cltl/Qm bfloTj ;DjGwdf :ki6 Joj:yfkg x'bf cGTo ug'{ kg]{
cj:yfsf 7]Ssf ;d]t cGTo gu/]sf] .
 af]nkq :jLs[t ePk5L ;Demf}tf gug]{nfO{ sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf gePaf6 ;Demf}tf gu/L
;/sf/nfO{ yk bfloTj kf/]sf] .
pkfoM ;'wf/ sfo{ cfkm}df h6Ln / Jofks cjwf/0ff ePtf klg o;nfO{ gLltut, sfg"gL, Jojxfl/s
tyf dgf]ufTds ?kdf b]xfosf sfo{ ubf{ s]xL xb;Dd ePklg ;d:ofnfO{ 36fpg ;lsG5M
 vl/b P]gnfO{ If]qut ljz]ifdf vl/b k|s[of tf]Sg'kb{5 .
 vl/b P]g lgod / k|rlnt cfly{s P]gdf tf]sLPsf] k|fjwfgdf Ps?ktf Nofpg'kg]{ .
 e]l/Pzg cfb]z lbg] cfwf/ tf]Sbf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;, cfjZostf / cGo k|s[oaf6 k'Ug] Iflt
;d]tsf] k'i6\ofO{ /fVg] Joj:yf Joj:yf Joj:yf ug]{ .
 vl/b sfo{sf] d"No ;"lr lhNnfaf6 Psd'i6 ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L k|lt OsfO b//]6 :jLs[t u/L
lni6 tof/ ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
 clVtof/L, sfo{qmd, a}b]lzs >f]t ;dfj]z ePsf]df bftfaf6 ;dodf /sd ;f]wegf{ lng kxn
ug]{ .
 k|To]s jif{ vl/b P]gdf / cfly{s ljB]osdf ePsf kl/jt{g ;dfof]hg ub}{ n}hfg] .
 af]nkq sfuhft kl/df0f jf/]df j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ tf]Sg] .
 k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] gD;{ gePsf]df s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] ;dGjo u/L gD;{ agfpg] .
 d"No ;dfof]hgsf] cfwf/ cjwf/df / clwstd xb ls6fg ug'{kg]{ .
 vl/b ;Demf}tfsf zt{x? / k|fKt clen]vsf] a}wtfsf] kl/df0f ;DjGwdf sg"gL Joj:yf :ki6
kfg]{ .
 cGt{/fli6«o jf]nkqaf6 ePsf vl/b sfo{df a}b]lzs e'QmfgL / g]kfnL d'b|fsf] km/s kf/]sf]
;DjGwdf 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfdf /fVg ;lsg] zt{ jf/]df :ki6 kfg]{ .
 k/fdz{ tyf a}b]lzs d'b|fdf e'QmfgL ubf{ x'g] cGt/d"No /sdsf] yk Joj:yf ug]{ jf/]df sfg"gL
?kdf :ki6 ug]{ .

 aflif{s of]hgf / sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] km/s ;do jf/]df gLltut ?kdf Ps?ktf Nofpg] .
 vl/b sfo{df b]lvPsf ;d:of / lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] nfut cg'dfgsf] t'ngfdf cToGt 36L /sd
sjf]n ug]{ / 7]Ssf lng] / k]ZsL /sd lng] t/ ;dodf sfo{ ;DkGg gu/L Dofb yk ub}{
of]hgfsf] nfut a9fpg] sfo{df Jofkstf ePsf] / u'0f:t/df ;d]t c;/ k/]sf] x'bf Go"gtd
sjf]n c+ssf] jf]nkq :jLsf/ ug'{eGbf Go"gtd / a9L d'No sjf]n ug]{ dWo]af6 cf};ft d"Nosf]
saf]n ug]{nfO{ 7]Ssf :jLs[t ug]{ u/]df jt{dfg ;d:of ;dfwfgdf sdL cfpg] b]lvG5 .
lgZsif{M
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgdf{0f sfo{n] g} /fHosf] efjL ;+/rgfsf] :ki6 vfsf tof/ kfg]{, u'0f:t/ sfod ug{
;/n x'g], /fHosf] jblnbf] ;+3Lo 9Ffrf ;'xfpbf ljsf; of]hgf cg'?k gof lgdf{0f / k|fljlws b[i6Ln]
hl6n ;+/rgf ;d]t g]kfnL hgzlQmaf6 ;d]t u/fpb} nuL /fHonfO{ k|fljlws If]qdf yk ;Ifd
jgfpb} n}hfg' cfhsf] k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf vl/b sfo{ ;dfkg ug]{, Manual
k4ltaf6 eGbf ljB'tLo k|s[ofaf6 vl/b ug]{ sfo{df hf]8 lbg], k|To]s sfo{non] ug]{ vl/b sfo{nfO{
;/nLs/0f ug{ lhNnf l:yt s'g} tf]lsPsf] sfof{nojf6 Osf/, b/, u'0f:t/ d"No tf]sL sfo{ cuf8L
a9fPdf o;n] lgsfosf] ;]jfdf kefjsf/Ltf cfpg], k"FhLut lgdf{0f sfo{df l56f] 5l/tf] vr{ ug{
;/n, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ug]{, /fHosf] ;du| cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ yk rnfodfg u/fpg;d]t
dxTjk"0f{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
k/fdz{, lgdf{0f, dfn;fdfg nufotsf vl/b sfo{ ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnL NofOPsf]
xf] tfklg ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf hxfh vl/b, ;'?ª lgdf{0f b]vL xfOj], l;+rfO, ;8ssf sfo{ tyf
Jofkf/Ls k4tLaf6 rNg'kg]{ ;+:yf;d]tn] ljljw k|sf/sf sfo{ ug'{kg]{ / lghLIf]q;+u Jofkf/Ls ?kdf
k|ltik|wf{ ug'{kg]{ sfo{df ;d]t at{dfg vl/b P]g, lgodn] ;d]6\bf ljqmL sfo{ ;d]t ljljw h6Lntf
/x]sf] x'bf o;nfO{ j:t'lgi7, sfo{cg'?ksf] af]nkq sfo{ tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf lng] u/L hfg' cfhsf]
cfjZostf 5 . /fHosf] gLlt sfo{qmd leq /xL ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ ug'{kg]{, jh]6 ;dodf k]z x'g]
Joj:yf ePtf klg a}b]lzs ;xfotfsf sf/0f tf]sLPsf] ;dodf ;j} sfo{ ug{ g;lsg], jg,
vfg]kfgL, 6]lnkmf]g, 9n, nufotsf cGo lgdf{0fsfo{df ;dGjo ?kdf n}hfg g;Sbf so{df bf]xf]/]kgf
/ nfut a9\g] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu /fHo ;+rfngsf] hLjg k|jfx ug]{
vl/b sfo{sf] sfg"gdf ;do ;fk]If jgfpg], ;/lns/0f ug]{ / tf]sLPsf] ;dodf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf
k|jfx ub}{ ;'zf;g clea[l4df dxTjk"0f{ 6]jf k'Ug] sfo{df ;xhtf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
>f]t
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g @)^#
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL @)^$
 dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&)÷@)&!÷@)&@
 rf}wf} of]hgf / @)&#÷&$, @)&%÷&^
 jflif{s jh]6 @)&#÷&$
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfo{nosf] gD;{ / b/
 www.google. procument.com
 vl/b ;DjGwL ljleGg klqsfdf k|sflzt ljrf/x?

tLg txsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ;fj{hlgs vl/b
/ ;d;fdlos ;jfnx?
u'?bQ ;'j]bL*
!= k[i7e"dL
s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfkm\gf] cfjZostfsf j:t',k/fdz{ ;]jf, lgdf{0f, nufPtsf sfo{x? k"j{
lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/ tyf :k]lzlkms]zg jdf]lhd tTsflng ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf]
clwgdf /lx P]gsf] efjgfsf] k|lts'n gx'g] u/L tyf tf]lsPsf] k|ls|of k'/f ul/ k|fKt ub{5 eg]
To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b elgG5 . vf;u/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,@)&@ nfu' e};s]k5L b]z ;+3Lo
;+/rgfdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 h:sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"lr % df ;+3sf] clwsf/sf] ;"lrsf]
jf/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg';"lr ^ df k|b]zsf] clwsf/sf] ;"lrsf] tyf cg';"lr& df ;+3 tyf
k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"lr pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg';'lr * df :yflgo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL
/ cg';"lr ( df :yfgLo tyf k|b]zsf] ;femf ;"lrsf] jf/]df pNn]v u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ToxfF pNn]v
ul/Psf ;"lrx?nfO{ x]bf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DjGwL ljifox? Pj+ cg'udgsf sfo{x? s;n] ug]{ eGg]
k|i6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] kfO{b}g . o;sf] cfwf/df k|To]s txx?n] cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] sfg"gL joj:yfx?
ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5.h:sf] nflu jt{dfgdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf]
e'ldsfdf ;d]t kl/jt{g Nofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;n] ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] vl/b ;DjGwL JoJ:yfx?sf]
cg'udg tyf Joj:yfkg ug'{sf] ;fy} :yfgLo tyf k|b]z txsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] nflu ;jnLs/0f
ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
o;sf] kIfnfO{ yk jn k'/\ofpgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/L ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ;+ljwfgdf
pNn]v ul/Psf cg';"rL jdf]lhdsf sfo{x?sf] sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0fsf] k|b]z / :yflgo txsf] ;femf
;"lrsf] !)=!=$ df :yfgLo ;fj{hlgs vr{ ;DjGwL gLlt th'{df sfo{Gjog / lgodg ug]{ sfo{nfO{
pNn]v ul/Psf]n] To;nfO{ g} lgb]{lzt u/]sf] kfOG5 .37
g]kfndf jt{dfgdf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g @)^# tyf lgodfjnL @)^$ df ePsf
Joj:yfx? tyf ;dofg's'n ;+;f]wgn] ubf{ cGt/fli6«o :t/sf] ePsf] 5 eg] o;nfO{ Psftkm{
cGt/fli6«o k|lt:kwf{nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|lt:kwL{ jgfpg' k/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ k|fGtLo / :yfgLo
txsf] Ifdtf cg's'nsf] klg ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf ;d]t ug'{kg]{ cfhsf]

* sfo{sf/L clws[t, gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no lkmlbd,kf“ry/


cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . kl/jlt{t Joj:yf cg';f/ oL P]g tyf lgodx? cGt/fli6«o :t/sf] /x]sf] /
o;df ljZjdf k|rngdf /x]sf k|d'v Joj:yfx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
;'zf;g, ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xL / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;/sf/sf] pRr k|fyldstfsf] ljifo xf] / x'g' klg
kb{5 . ;/sf/L vr{sf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4n] ;/sf/n] ug]{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L vr{df hgljZjf; clej[l4
eO{ ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . /fHosf] ;j{;+lrt sf]ifaf6 ul/g] vr{sf] sl/a ^) k|ltzt
vr{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df vr{ x'g] tYon] ;fj{hls vl/b sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 ePdf ;/sf/L
vr{sf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg ;lsg] b]vfpFb5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b ljsf; cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] Ps
cleGg c+u xf] . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] Oltxf; cfly{s k|zf;gsf] c+usf] ?kdf ljsl;t eP/
xfn ljsf; cfof]hgf Joj:yfksLo :jfoQ c+usf] ?kdf sfof{lGjt ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf
cGt/fli6«o cEof;x?n] s]xL ;j{dfGo p2]ZofTds l;2fGtx? ;d]tsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 h;sf]
cfwf/df g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g / lgodfjnL ag]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf tL p2]Zo tyf
l;4fGtx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
 ldtJolotf (Economy) / sfo{s'zntf (Efficiency) clej[l4sf] l;4fGt M ;/sf/L sf]ifsf]
pkof]uaf6 ;fj{hlgs vl/b ubf{ pkof]u ul/g] vl/b ljlwn] ;du| vl/bdf ldQJolotf,
sfo{s'zntf, k|efjsf/Ltf / k]zfut ;du|tf (Professional Integrity) sf] ljsf; ug{
;Sg'kb{5 .
 ;xeflutf (Participation) clej[l4{ l;4fGt M ;fj{hlgs vl/b ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnfn] lagf
e]befj efu lng kfpg] jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 .
 /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«oJofkf/ k|jw{g (Trade Promotion) sf l;4fGt M ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofn]
/fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/ ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ k|s[ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 .
 Ifdtf (Capacity Building) clej[l4 l;4fGt M ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgn] cfly{s ljsf;
k|j{4g u/L lghL If]qsf ;fy;fy} ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]qsf] ;d]t Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u ug]{
jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; ug{' kb{5 .
 k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g (Competition Promotion) sf] l;4fGt M ;fj{hlgs vl/b ug{ / vl/b
k|s[ofdf of]Uo cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL / k/fdz{bftfx?sf] ;xefuLtfnfO{ clek|]l/t ug{
kf/bzL{ / lagf e]befj k|lt:kwf{ k|j{4g ug'{ kb{5 .
 ;dfgtf (Equity) sf] l;4fGt M ;a} pTkfbs jf ljqm]tf jf cfk"lt{stf{ jf ;]jf k|bfosn]
;dfg ?kdf k|lt:kwf{Tds tl/sfn] ;xefuL x'g kfpg] jftfj/0f >[hgf u/fpg cfjZos 5 .
jt{dfg cj:yf;Dd k|lt:wf{df :jtGq ?kdf efu lng gkfO{/x]sf], To;df ljleGg k|sf/sf
cj/]fwx? sfod} /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
 hg ljZjf; (Public Confidence) clej[l4sf] l;4fGtM ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|s[ofdf :jR5tf /
OdfGbf/Ltf 5 eGg] hg ljZjf; hufpg d2t ug]{ :j?ksf] x'g' kb{5 . o;n] ;/sf/ k|ltsf]
hgljZjf; clejl[4 ub{5 .
 kf/blz{tf (Transparency) sf] l;4fGtM ;du| vl/b k|s[ofdf kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt ug{
k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, ;dfgtf / k'g/fjnf]sg sf] ;+oGq >[hgf ug'{ kb{5 .
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g @)^# tyf lgodfjnL @)^$ df Joj:yf eP cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo
elg lgDg lnlvt lgsfox?nfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] x'gfn] logLx? g} ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]q leq
kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfox? eGgfn] lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

 ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfox? M ;+a}wflgs c+u jf lgsfo, cbfnt, g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
dGqfno, ljefu, ;lrjfno, ljefu / cGtu{tsf ;/sf/L lgsfo jf sfof{nox? .
 cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfox? M
 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z :jfldTj jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] ;+:yfg, sDkgL, a}+s
jf ;ldlt jf ;fj{hlgs :t/df :yflkt jf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul7t cfof]u, ;+:yfg,
k|flws/0f, lgud, k|lti7fg, af]8{, s]Gb|, kl/ifb cflb .
 g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ;~rflnt jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z cg'bfg k|fKt
ljZjljBfno, dxfljBfno, cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / cGo k|fl1s÷z}lIfs ;+:yfx? .
 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] C0f tyf cg'bfgdf ;+rflnt ;+:yfx? .
 :yfgLo lgsfox? / ljsf; ;ldltx? -ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!#_ .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g @)^# tyf lgodfjnL @)^$ df Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd dfly
pNn]v ul/P jdf]lhdsf lgsfox?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] /
o; cGt{ut $) xhf/ eGbf j9L lgsfox? /x]sf] tyf s'n uf|x:Yo pTkfbgsf] @)
k|ltzt tyf s'n jflif{s jh]6sf] ^) b]lv &) k|ltzt ;Dd vr{ x'+g] ;fj{hlgs
vl/b k|ls|ofnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf cuf8L j9fO{ ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f nufPtsf
ljsf;fTds ultljwLx? ;+rfng ug{df s7LgfO{x? ;[hgf x'+guO{ ljsf; jh]6 vr{
x'g g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf Psflt/ /x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf
kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DjGwdf tflnd tyf cWoogsf] cefjdf
Ifdtfsf] sdLsf] sf/0fn] Joj;flostfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 eg] sltko P]g sfo{ljlw
tyf lj8 8s'd]G6x? ;d]t ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf] /f;g vl/b b]lv h6Ln k|s[ltsf]
xjfO{hxfh vl/b b]lv xfO8«f]kfj/ ;Dd Ps} k|sf/sf] ljlw / k|s[ofsf] sf/0fn] ubf{
h6Lntfsf] cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ljleGg ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df
j}b]lzs ;xfotf -C0f tyf cg'bfg_ /x]sf] / ;f] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tfsf] cj:yfdf g}
bftfsf] dfu{bz{g tyf ufO{8nfO{gsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ jfWofTds cj:yfsf] ;[hgf x'+bf
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] bfo/fdf ;+s'rg cfPsf] cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ Pp6}
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] Ps} ;dodf km/s km/s ljlw / k|ls|ofsf] cjnDjg ug'kbf{
h6Lntfsf] ;[hgf eO{/x]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf Jojxfl/s
r'gf}tLx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf d'Vo r'gf}tL / ;jfnx? M
 kof{Kt bIf hgzlQm ljsf; / Joj:yfkgsf] cefj M;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]qdf k|ydt bIf
hgzlStsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ePsf hgzlStsf] klg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df lhDd]jf/L
gtf]lsbf ePsf hgzlStsf] klg ;lx ;b'kof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;+u ;DjlGwt
vl/b O{sfO{sf] u7g tyf lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] sfo{ klg of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df eGbf klg
cfkm\gf] dfG5] jf dg kg]{ gkg]{ cfwf/df tf]Sg] ul/G5 . eg] csf]{tkm{ s'n jflif{s jh]6sf] 7'nf]
lx:;f vr{ x'g] o; If]qdf tflndsf] cToGt} cefj /xg'sf] ;fy} k|fyldstfdf g} gkl//x]sf]
cj:yf 5 h;n] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]qnfO{ /fli6|o k|fydLstf k|fKt If]qsf] ?kdf cuf8L
j9fpg' cfkm}df r'gf}tL k'0f{ /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ Pp6f 5'§}
;d'xsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/ cuf8L a9\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

 ljB't / OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] pknJwtfM csf]{tkm{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]qdf ljw't / OG6/g]6
;]jfsf] k|of]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g,ljB't s6f}tLsf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 eg] OG6g/g]6sf] k|of]usf] nflu
sfg"gL k|Tofe'ltsf] cnfjf u'0f:t/Lotfdf ;d]t ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .
 kof{Kt dfqfdf cg'udgsf] Joj:yf M ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]qdf cg'udg nufot ljljw
lhDd]jf/Lx? ;lxt ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 o; sfof{non] ;f]
lbzfdf ;sf/fTds sfo{x?sf] yfngL u/]sf] eP tfklg ck]lIft pknJwL xf;Ln ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g
eg] csf]{tkm{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg ;fdfGo /fo k/fdz{ lbg]
sfo{df dfq l;ldt ePsf] tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nonfO{ b08fTds clwsf/x?
gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;d]t o; sfof{nosf] cg'udg cf}krf/Lstfdf dfq l;ldt ePsf] kfO{G5
eg] cGo lgsfox?sf] cj:yf klg To:t} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
 Design, Norms, standards, specification, Actual cost Estimate and contract
management df bIf hgzlStsf] cefj M l8hfOg, gD;{ nufPtsf sfo{x?sf] nflu bIf
hgzlStsf] cefj /xg'sf ;fy} ePsf] hgzlStn] klg ;f] ;DjGwL sfo{x? gu/L sG;N6]G;Lsf]
dfWofdjf6 u/fpbf u'0f:t/Lotdf sdL cfPsf] kfOG5 eg] gD;{sf] ;Gbe{df klg ljleGg
lgsfox?sf] cnu cnu gD; /x]sf] sf/0fn] Ps} k|sf/sf] sfo{df klg lgsfout ?kdf Ps?ktf
kfO{b}g . To;}n] gD;{df Ps?ktf Nofpg'sf ;fy} nfut cg'dfg tyf l8hfO{gdf cGt/fli6«o
:t/sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug'{ csf]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .
 j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f / ;xfotf k|bfos ;Fu lg/Gt/ ;dGjo / ;'emfj M j]b]lzs
;xfotfsf] ;DjGwdf ;xfotf bftfsf cgfjZos zt{x? dfGg], b]zsf] k|rlnt sfg"gsf] kfngf
ug'{sf] cnfjf bft[ lgsfosf zt{ / ufO8nfO{gsf] kfngf ug{df pT;fxLt /xg] ,j}b]lzs
;xfotfsf] gfddf vr{ ePsf] /sd klg ;f]wegf{ k|fKt ug{ sl7gfO{sf] ;fdgf ug'{ tyf sltko
;f]wegf{ g} k|fKt g} gug'{ .
 vl/b ljlwsf] 5gf}6 -selection of procurement methods) M ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] s'g
ljlwsf] dfWofdjf6 vl/b ug]{ xf] To;sf] Plsgsf] nflu k|rngdf /x]sf vl/b ljlwx?sf] jf/]df
hfgsf/L x'g' kb{5 t/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbflwf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd tyf cWoogsf] cefjdf
ljlwsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L gePsf] sf/0fn] pko'St cWoog ljlwsf] 5gf}6 ug{ g;Sbf ;Dk'0f{
vl/b sfo{ g} c;kmn x'+g;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 .
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, k|fljlws dfu{bz{g tyf ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx? lgdf{0f ug]{ M
ljleGg lgsfout sfo{ljlw tyf lgb]{lzsfx? tof/ gx'bf,s}bLsf] nflu l;/s lsGg] / hxfh
lsGg] ;Dd Ps} k|sf/sf k|ls|ofx? cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] sl7gfO{sf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] .
 s]Gb|Lo 8f6f a}+ssf] :yfkgf u/L ;~rfng ug]{ tyf ;f]xL cfwf/df cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{
;"rgfx? Plss[t ?kdf / tTsfn pknJw x'+g] Joj:yf ug'{ klg cfkm}+df r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
5.
 Jf9bf] ;fj{hlgs vr{,;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] Ifdtfsf] cefj M $) xhf/ eGbf j9L lgsfox?af6
s'n ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] &) k|ltzt / s'n u|fx{:Yf pTkfbgsf] aL; k|ltzt vr{ x'g] lgsfox?df
Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 sltko sfof{nox?df hgzlStsf] ;d]t cefj /x]sf] 5, eg] ePsf]
hgzlSt ;d]t bIf Pj+ tflnd k|fKt 5}g .
 ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xLtfsf] cefj M ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?df
lhDd]jf/L hjfkmb]xLtfsf] cefj /x]sf] tyf lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQn] k|>o kfPsf] cj:yf
ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 eg] u/]sf] sfd ;d]t emf/f 6fg]{ k|j[lQ /x]sf] 5 .

 ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf pRr g]t[Tjsf] pbf;Lgtf M ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf pRr g]t[Tjsf] pbfl;gtf
/x]sf] / ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DjGwL sfo{ n]vfkfn tyf :6f]/ lsk/x?sf] xf] eGg] vfnsf] ;+s'lrt
;f]r /x]sf] kfO{G5 eg] 7'nf 7'nf vl/bsf sfo{x? ubf{ ;s];Dd pRrkb:y sd{rf/Lx? vl/b
k|ls|ofdf ;+nUg x'g gk/f]; eGg] vfnsf] dgf]j[lQ /x]sf] kfO{G5 . tNtf] txsf sd{rf/Ldf e/
k/]sf] cj:yf ljwdfg /x]sf] .
 lglh If]qsf] Ifdtf / Jofj;foLs g}ltstfsf] cefj M lglh If]qsf] Jofj;flos bIftf /
g}ltstfsf] cefjn]] ubf{ ljleGg cg}lts sfo{x? u/]]/ 6]08/ cfkm}n] kfg'{kg]{ / gk/]df To;nfO{
h;/L klg /f]Sg tkm{ nfu]/ u}/ Jofj;flso sfo{df nfUg] k|rng /x]sf] .
 ljsl;t ePsf k|ljlwx?sf] k|of]usf] cefj M ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwx?sf] k|of]usf]
;d]t cefj /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DjGwL sfo{sf lg0f{osf txx? cToflws /xg' M sltko ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf
lhNNff:t/Lo sfof{non] vl/b sfo{ ug'{kbf{ lg0f{osf] nflu !@–!$ tx;Dd cuf8L j9fpg' kg]{
cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ n] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] lg0f{osf
txnfO{ #,$ txdf l;ldt ug]{ eGg] kl/sNkgf sfuhdf dfq l;ldt ePsf]n] lg0f{osf txx?
36fP/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|ls|ofnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] jgfp+g' cfkm}df r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
 ljsf; ;xfotf ;Demf}tf ;DjGwL M ljsf; ;Demf}tfsf] dfWofdjf6 l4kIfLo ̸ jx'klIfo ;Demf}tf
ul/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DjGwL sfo{x? ubf{ ;xfotfbftf lgsfosf] ufO{8nfO{g cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs
vl/bsf] sfo{ ug'kbf{ Pp6} sfof{no cyjf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] klg Pp6} ;dodf b'O{ k|sf/ Pj+
jx'k|sf/sf] Joj:yf jdf]lhd vl/b sfo{ ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] bft[ lgsfox?;+u ;d]t s'/f ul/
xfdf]{gfO{h]zgsf] dfWofdjf6 Pp6} sfod ug'{ r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
 :yfgLo txx?sf] Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug'{ k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] k|b]zsf]
;+/rgfut Joj:yf ;d]t gePsf] ;Gbe{df To:tf lgsfox?nfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{ csf]{ r'gf}tLsf]
?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .


;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf vl/b
clwsf/L M g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{
cd[t axfb'/ /fO{ *
;f/f+zM
;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;Ifd, ;do;fk]If / k|efjsf/L jgfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] cTo'Qd
pkof]u ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ n] ;fj{hlgs
vl/b sfo{sf] nflu x/]s ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df lglZrt sfd / lhDd]jf/L;lxtsf] vl/b clwsf/L
/xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofsf] hl6ntfnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ug]{ k|of;;Fu} of] ljwf
ljlzli6s/0f x'Fb} uPsf] / o;df xfd|f] sfg'gL Joj:yf tyf ;+:yfut ;+oGqx? ;d]t ;f]xL
lbzftkm{ lgb]{lzt x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gsf] Joj:yf / ;f] sf] ;d;fdlos
kl/dfh{gsf] k|of; x'g' ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ Jojl:yt / ljlzi6 jgfpg' xf] . ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k|lqmof kf/bzL{, k|lt:kwL{ / hjfkmb]xL jgfO{ o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
ljt/0fnfO{ ;xh jgfpg'sf ;fy} ;du| ljsf;nfO{ ltj|Q/ jgfpg ;3fpg' vl/b sfg"gsf] d'ne"t
p2]Zo /xg] ub{5 . sfg"gL ?kdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DjGwL ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf tyf
;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df vl/b clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/g' ;sf/fTds kIf ePklg vl/b ;+oGq /
vl/b clwsf/LnfO{ vl/b sfg"gdf lglb{i6 ul/Psf sfd tyf lhDd]jf/L cg'?k sfo{If]qdf lhDd]jf/
jgfpg g;Sg' ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf
ub}{ vl/b Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xh / ck]lIft jgfpg ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] sfg"g cg'?k vl/b
dxfzfvf, zfvf jf OsfO{sf] u7g u/L vl/b ;DjGwL tflnd lnO{ Go"gQd cfwf/e"t 1fg / ;Lk
xfl;n u/]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ vl/b clwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/ lbO{ pgLx?sf] sfo{df pTk|]/0ff j9fpg
clxn]sf] k|d'v cfjZostf xf] . ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gn] vl/b clwsf/LnfO{ vl/b k|lqmofsf ;j}
r/0fx?df dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] vl/b sfo{df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf]
;dfwfg ub}{ vl/b Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L / ck]lIft jgfpg vl/b clwsf/LnfO{ ;Ifd, pTk|]l/t /
hjfkmb]xL jgfpg cfjZos 5 .
d'Vo zAbx? M ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"g, ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf l;4fGt, vl/b dxfzfvf÷zfvf÷OsfO{,
vl/b clwsf/L, vl/b Joj:yfkg, vl/b clen]v Joj:yfkg, vl/bdf lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]lxtf .
ljifo k|j]z38
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L jgfpg vl/b ;DjGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf
ePsf] Ps bzs gfl3;s]sf] 5 . /fHon] df}lns xssf] ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{

* zfvf clws[t, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

kf/blz{tf k|j4{g ug]{ tyf ;'zf;gnfO{ zf;gJoj:yfsf] d"n nIosf] ?kdf u|x0f u/]sf] sf/0f
;fj{hlgs vr{ k|0ffnLdf Jofks ;'wf/sf nflu cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o If]qaf6 bjfj cfpg' :jfefljs
xf] . ;fj{hlgs k"FhLdWo] 7'nf] lx:;f ;fj{hlgs vl/bdfkm{t g} vr{ eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df vl/b
k|0ffnLnfO{ yk ldtJooL / kf/bzL{ jgfpg'kg]{tkm{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvof] . ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k|lqmofnfO{ hjfkmb]xL / e|i6frf/lxt jgfpg tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf ;bfrf/ / g}ltstf
k|j4{g ug{ gLltut dfu{bz{g / sfg"gL Joj:yf cfjZos 7flgof] . kmn:j?k ;fj{hlgs vl/b
Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg gLltut dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# /
lgodfjnL @)^$ hf/L ul/of] . ;fj{hlgs vl/b kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL jgfpgsf nflu sfg"g
cfjZos /xg] s'/fnfO{ PlzofnL ljsf; a}+}s nufotn] klg hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . æ:ki6, kf/bzL{ /
:jR5 ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf nflu jf]wuDo ljwflosL Joj:yf k"j{zt{sf ?kdf /xG5 . ToxL eP/ x/]s
/fi6«x?nfO{ vl/b sfg"gsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu pTk|l/t ul/G5 .Æ -k] @%, PlzofnL ljsf;
j}+s÷cf]Ol;8L_ . ctM g]kfndf klg ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL / ldtJooL jgfpg
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gsf] Joj:yf u/L ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ug]{ sfd ePsf]
5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmof hl6n x'g] / o; k|lqmofdf ;fgf] uNtLn] klg ;fj{hlgs If]qdf 7"nf
gsf/fTds c;/x? cfpg ;Sg]] x'gfn] ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf / vl/bsf cfwf/e"t
l;4fGtx?af6 6f9f /x]/ vl/bsf] Joj:yfkg ;xh 9+un] cl3 j9fpg ;lsGg .
;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofsf ljleGg r/0fx?df sfg"gL kl/kfngf / vl/bsf
;}4flGts cjwf/0ffx?sf] kfngf ub}{ vl/bnfO{ lgikIf, k|lt:kwL{ / kf/bzL{ jgfpg vl/b ;DjGwdf
1fg / ;Lk ePsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;} dd{ cg'?k xfd|f] vl/b sfg"gn] klg
;fj{hlgs lgsfodfkm{t x'g] vl/b sfo{nfO{ ;xh, Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ jgfpg vl/b clwsf/Lsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . vl/b sfg"gn] vl/b Joj:yfkg / vl/b clen]v Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L
jgfpg vl/b clwsf/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 . xfd|f] vl/b sfg"gn] ævl/b eGgfn]
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# jdf]lhd s'g} dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cGo ;]jf
k|fKt ug]{ jf s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] sfo{ ;Demg'k5{Æ eg]sf] 5 / ;f] vl/bsf sfo{ ug{sf]
nflu ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|d'vn] lhDd]jf/L jgfPsf] JolQm g} vl/b clwsf/L xf] .
ljut s]xL jif{otf vl/b sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g g;ls ;fj{hlgs vr{ Hofb} Go"g x'Fb}
uPsf] tyf vl/b k|lqmof ljnDj eO{ :ki6 hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ g;lsPsf]
;Gbe{df vl/b sfg"gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf dx;'z eO{ ut jif{ dfq ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]g tyf lgoddf ;+zf]wgdfkm{t ;'wf/sf k|of; ePsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{
Jojl:yt jgfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ ;zSt, ljZj;gLo, e/kbf]{ / hjfkmb]xL
jgfpg] yk k|of; :j?k ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)&# n] vl/b k|lqmofsf]
nflu k|To]s ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df vl/b dxfzfvf, zfvf jf OsfO{sf] Joj:yf ub}{ vl/b clwsf/Lsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . vl/b clwsf/Lsf] sfd / lhDd]jf/L ;d]t sfg"gdf g} k|i6 ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs
vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg @)&# n] vl/b clwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cem} lj:tf/ ub}{
vl/b k|lqmofdf vl/b clwsf/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;+nUgtf / e"ldsfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] jt{dfg Joj:yf cg';f/ vl/b clwsf/Lsf] k|d'v sfo{nfO{ o;/L
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

 vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug]{,
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] tof/ u/]sf] gd"gf jf]nkq ;DjGwL sfuhft (SBD),
gd"gf k"j{of]Uotf ;DjGwL sfuhft (SPQD), gd"gf vl/b ;Demf}tf ;DjGwL sfuhft (SCD),
df ;fdfGotof ;f/e"t?kdf km/s gkg]{ u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ k"j{ of]Uotf ;DjGwL sfuhft,
jf]nkq ;DjGwL sfuhft / vl/b ;Demf}tf ;DjGwL suhft tof/ ug]{,
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] tof/ u/]sf] gd"gf k|:tfj dfu ;DjGwL suhft (SRFP),
df ;fdfGotof ;f/e"t?kdf km/s gkg]{ u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfj ;DjGwL
sfuhft tof/ ug]{,
 vl/b ;DjGwL ;"rgfx? ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{,
 k"j{of]Uotf ;DjGwL sfuhft, jf]nkq ;DjGwL sfuhft ljt/0f ug]{ jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfj
;DjGwL sfuhftx? k7fpg],
 k"j{ of]Uotfsf] k|:tfj, jf]nkq jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfjx? k|fKt ug]{ / To;nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg],
 kg{ cfPsf k"j{ of]Uotfsf] k|:tfj, jf]nkq jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfj d"Nof+sgsf] nflu d"Nof+sg
;ldltdf k]z ug]{ / d"Nof+lst jf]nkq :jLs[ltsf nflu k]z ug]{,
 k"j{ of]Uotfsf] k|:tfj, jf]nkq jf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|:tfj :jLs[tsf] ;"rgf lbg],
 sfo{;Dkfbg hdfgt lng] / To;sf] k/LIf0f u/L ;'/lIft tl/sfn] /fVg],
 vl/b u/]sf] dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{ / ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug]{ u/fpg],
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] dfu u/]sf] hfgsf/L / sfuhft pknAw u/fpg],
 tf]lsPsf] cGo sfo{ ug]{ .
vl/b clwsf/Ln] ;DjlGwt sfof{no k|d'vsf] :jLs[t lnO{ pNn]lvt sfd ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5
h;n] vl/b sfo{nfO{ ce}m lhDd]jf/ / ;dGjofTds jgfpg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . vl/b sfo{nfO{
k|efjsf/L jgfO{ vl/b k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tf, ldtJolotf, hjfkmb]lxtf, k|lt:kwf{Tdstf h:tf
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf d"ne"t l;4fGtx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg pNn]lvt sfg"gL Joj:yf /
lhDd]jf/Lsf] k|fjwfg dxTjk"0f{ x'g] s'/fdf b'ljwf /xGg . oBlk vl/b sfo{sf] nflu cnUu} vl/b
dxfzfvf, zfvf jf OsfO u7g u/L vl/b clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf u/L lhDd]jf/ jgfO{Psf] ePklg ;j}
;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df vl/b ;DjGwL 1fg / ;Lk ePsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPsf] cj:yf
eg] 5}g .
vl/b clwsf/L / vl/b zfvf jf OsfO{df /xg] sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/L ;j} ;fj{hlgs
lgsfox?df of]Uo / ;Ifd sd{rf/L /xg] Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg'n] klg ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf
;d:ofx? cfPsf] b]lvG5 . vl/b OsfOdf /xg] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ljleGg ;dodf Ifdtf ljsf;sf]
sfo{qmd NofOPklg To;nfO{ ;j} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df Ps}?kn] nfu" ug{ g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
ævl/b OsfOdf s] s:tf] of]Uotf / tflnd kfPsf] sd{rf/Lx? /fVg] eGg] ljifodf of]Uotf lgwf{/0f
ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nonfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] ePtfklg o:tf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f eO{
g;s]sf]n] vl/b OsfOdf /flvg] sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf / Ifdtfdf eg] Ps?ktf 5}gÆ -zdf{, !@!_ .
o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] xfd|f] ;j} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df of]Uo, tflndk|fKt / ;Ifd vl/b
clwsf/Lx?sf] Joj:yf x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] ;Ifd vl/b
clwsf/Lx?sf] Joj:yf ug{ ljleGg tflnd / Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? lgoldt ?kdf ;+rnfg ug]]{
u/]sf] ePklg of] kof{Kt gePsf] dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 . vl/b OsfO s] s:tf] of]Uotf ePsf] sd{rf/L

/fVg] eGg] s'/fdf klg Ps?ktf lbg ;lsPsf] cj:yf 5}g . oBlk ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] lgsfo
k|d'vnfO{ vl/bsf] clwsf/ / vl/b clwsf/Ln] ug'{kg]{ sfdx?sf] ljj/0f pNn]v u/L vl/b k|lqmofnfO{
Jojl:yt / lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ jgfpg] vf]h]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL @)^$ df ;d]t vl/b clwsf/Lsf] sfdnfO{ cem]} lj:t[t / :ki6 ul/Psf]
5 . lgodfjnLsf] lgod !^ -#_ jdf]lhd vl/b clwsf/Ln] P]gsf] bkmf & -#_ df pNn]lvt sfdsf]
cltl/Qm b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{5 egL k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 M
 vl/b sf/jfxL ;Fu ;DjlGwt sfddf ;dGjo ug]{,
 vl/b dfu ;+sng u/L :jLs[ltsf] nflu clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf k]z ug]{,
 jf]nkq jf k|:tfj vf]Ng] ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs eO{ sfo{ ug]{,
 vl/b sf/jfxLsf] clen]v /fVg] -lgod !$( df pNn]v ePjdf]lhd_, /
 Dofb yk, sfo{ ;Dkfbg hdfgt / cg';"rL jdf]lhdsf] k|lttkqsf] clen]v /fVg] .
vl/b cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/L vl/b ug'{kg]{ j:t', sfo{, k/fdz{ jf ;]jfsf] ljj/0f :jLs[tsf nflu
k]z ug]{ tyf jf]nkq jf k|:tfj k|fKt u/L ;f] vf]Nbf jGg] ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs eO{ sfo{ ug]{ h:tf
dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L vl/b clwsf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . cfjZos k/]sf] jvt k]z ug]{ u/L vl/b ;DjGwL
;Dk"0f{ clen]vx? sfg"g jdf]lhd ;'/lIft /fVg] lhDd]jf/L klg vl/b clwsf/Ldf g} 5 . o;y{ uf]Ko
/flvg'kg]{ sfuhftsf] ;"rgf jflx/ hfg glbg tyf k|fKt ePsf] k|:tfjx? b'?:t /fVg ;Sg] ;Lk /
v'jL vl/b clwsf/Ldf x'g' cTofjZos 5 . jf]nkq jf k|:tfjx?sf] d'r'Nsf ubf{ ;+of]hssf] x}l;otn]
s] s:tf ljifox? pNn]v u/L d'r'Nsf tof/ ug]{ tyf s:tf JolQmx?sf] /f]xj/df sfuhftsf]
lznjGbL vf]Ng] h:tf ljifodf Wofg lbO{ vl/b k|lqmof ;xh / kf/bzL{ 9+un] cl3 j9fpg ;Sg]
JolQm g} ;kmn vl/b clwsf/L jGg] s'/fdf b'Odt b]lvGg .
vl/b of]hgf th'{df /
:jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ug]{
vl/b of]hgf jgfpg] jf]nkq jf k|:tfj

vf]Ng] ;ldlt ;+of]hs
vl/b clwsf/L
jf]nkq jf k|:tfj d"Nof+sg

vl/b clen]v
vl/bsfo{sf ;j} k|lqmofdf ;ldltsf] ;lrj
Joj:yfkg
;dGjo ug]{
vl/b Joj:yfkgdf vl/b clwsf/L M ;d:ofx?

vl/b sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf ub}{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg ;fj{hjlgs vl/b
P]g tyf lgodsf] sfof{Gjogdf NofOP klg ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df vl/b clwsf/Lsf] e"ldsf
ck]Iffs[t jgfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] vl/b sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePjdf]lhdsf] vl/b
clwsf/LnfO{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/ jgfO{ ;Ifd sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] jgfpg Wofg lbg g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf
5 . vl/b sfo{sf] lgoldt cg'udg / k[i7kf]if0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . vl/b clen]v sdhf]/ b]lvG5 .

;du|df ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf vl/b clwsf/Lsf] e"ldsf sdhf]/ eO{ vl/b k|lqmof sdhf]/
/xg'df oL k|d'v ;d:of tyf k|efjx? b]Vg ;lsG5 M
 vl/b clwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ jgfpg g;Sg',
 vl/b clwsf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;df Wofg glbg'
 vl/b dxfzfvf, zfvf jf OsfO{df /xg] sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f x'g g;Sg',
 vl/b dxfzfvf, zfvf jf OsfOdf /xg] sd{rf/LnfO{ k|i6 TOR ;lxtsf] lhDd]jf/L jf]w
gu/fpg'',
 vl/b clen]v Joj:yfkg sdhf]/ x'g',
 vl/b sfg"g kl/kfnfgf sdhf]/ /xg',
 tfn's lgsfo tyf kbflwsf/Lx?af6 vl/b clwsf/Lsf] sfd / lhDd]jf/Lsf] lgoldt cg'udg
gx'g',
 vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg vl/b clwsf/L / sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ g;Sbf ;dodf vl/b gx'g] /
o;n] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj kg'{ .
vl/b Joj:yfkgdf vl/b clwsf/L M ;'emfjx?
;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ Jojl:yt, kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L jgfpgsf] nflu ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ If]qx? ljljw
5g\ . o;dWo] vl/b clwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf ptfb}{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] vl/b
clwsf/LnfO{ vl/b sfg"g jdf]lhdsf] sfg"g kl/kfngfdf hf]8 lbg cfjZos b]lvG5 . vl/b
Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ug{ vl/b clwsf/Lsf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;jn jgfpg'
ckl/xfo{ 5 . vl/b clwsf/Lsf] sfo{nfO{ vl/b Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsf/L jgfpg tn pNn]v ul/Psf
;'wf/sf pkfox? cjnDjg ug'{ cfjZos 5 M
 vl/b clwsf/Lsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL jdf]lhd tflnd lbO{ Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg],
 vl/b clwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ oL s'/fdf lhDd]jf/ jgfpg] M
 vl/b cfjZostf klxrfgdf,
 vl/b sfuhftx? jf]nkq, k|:tfj nufot tof/Ldf,
 lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf ;"rgf k|sfzg ug{df,
 jf]nkq ljqmL tyf btf{sf clen]v b'?:t /fVgdf,
 jf]nkq vf]Nbf ;+of]hssf] x}l;otn] ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLsf jf/]df,
 d"Nof+sg ;ldltsf] ;lrjsf] x}l;otn] d"Nof+sgsf dfOGo"6 n]vgdf,
 vl/b ;DjGwL ;Dk"0f{ clen]v ;'/lIft /fVg] ;DjGwdf .
 vl/b dxfzfvf, zfvf jf OsfO{df /xg] vl/b clwsf/L / sd{rf/LjLr ;dGjo ;'b[9 jgfpg],
 vl/b sfg"g kl/kfnfgfdf lgsfo k|d'v tyf vl/b clwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ jgfpg],
 tfn's lgsfo tyf kbflwsf/Lx?af6 vl/b clwsf/Lsf] sfd / lhDd]jf/Lsf] lgoldt cg'udg
u/L k[i7kf]if0f sfof{Gjog u/fpg],
 ;fj{hlgs lgsfo k|d'vn] vl/b sfg"g kl/kfnfgfdf hf]8 lbO{ vl/b clwsf/LnfO{ ;b}j
Motivate ug]{,

lgisif{
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{gn]
;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L jgfpg gLltut ;'wf/sf ;fy} sfof{Tds ;'wf/
;d]tsf nflu vl/b dxfzfvf÷ zfvf÷OsfO / vl/b clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{, k|lt:kwL{ / hjfkmb]xL jgfpg ;d]t ;fj{hlgs vl/b clwsf/Lsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] dxTj / ;fGble{stf b]lvG5 . clkt' ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt jgfO{ o;sf]
k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{df oL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog tyf vl/b clwsf/Lsf]
;Ifdtf / lhDd]jf/Lkgfjf]wn] klg vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] ;kmntfnfO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/fdf b'Odt
/xGg . ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gn] vl/b clwsf/LnfO{ vl/b sfo{df lbPsf] sfd / lhDd]jf/L cg'?k
sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd jgfpg ;Sg] xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf ;xhtf, kf/blz{tf,
k|lt:kwf{Tdstf / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} vl/b clen]v b'?:t x'g] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g
;lsG5 . vl/b clwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsfdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? Go"gLs/0f ub}{ ;fj{hlgs
lgsfosf k|d'vx?n] vl/b sfg"gsf] kl/kfngfdf hf]8 lbO{ vl/b Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg'
kg]{ ljifo g} jt{dfgsf] ck]Iff xf] . o;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] vl/b clwsf/LnfO{ sfg"g
jdf]lhd lhDd]jf/ jgfpg pgLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; / pTk|]/0ff a9fpgtkm{ Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .
;Gbe{ ;|f]tM
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg -l;4fGt / Jojxf/_, /d]z s'df/ zdf{ ltlD;gf, @)&$
Curbing Corruption in Public Procurement in Asia and the Pacific, 2006 ADB/OECD

;/sf/L lgsfodf ;xof]uL ;]jf k|flKtdf
vl/b sfg'g kfngfsf] ;jfn
िदपक पौडेल*
१= खिरद तथा िनजामती कानुनमा सहयोगी सेवा ूाि सम्बिन्ध ब्यबःथाः
सावर्जिनक खिरद सम्बिन्ध कायर्िबिध ूिबया तथा िनणर्यलाइ अझ खुला पारदिशर् बःतुिनंठ र
िब सिनय बनाउन सावर्जिनक खिरद ूिबयामा ूितंपधार् ःवच्छता इमान्दािरता जवाफदे िहता
िव सिनयता ूव र् न गिर िमतब्यिय तथा िववेकप"णर् ढङ||गबाट सावर्जिनक खचर्को अिधकतम ूितफल
ूा गनर् र सावर्जिनक िनकायले िनमार्ण कायर् गदार् गराउदा मालसमान परामशर् सेवा तथा अन्य
सेवा खिरद गदार् त्यःतो खिरदको ब्यबःथापन क्षमता अिभबृि गरी उत्पादक िबबेता आपुितर्कतार्
िनमार्ण ब्यबसायी वा सेवा ूदायकलाइ िबना भेदभाव सावर्जिनक खिरद ूिबयामा सहभागी हुने
समान अवसर सुिनि त गद सुशासनको ूत्याभ ुती गनर् गराउन सावर्जिनक खिरद ऐन २०६३ तथा
सावर्जिनक खिरद िनयमावली २०६४ जारी भइ लागु समेत भएको छ ।39
यःतै सावर्जिनक खिरद ऐन २०६३ को दफा ६४ को उपदफा १ मा भएको ब्यबःथा बमोिजम

सावर्जिनक िनकायबाट हुने खिरद कायर्को अनुगमन, िनयमन, र सावर्जिनक खिरद ूणालीलाई
ब्यबिःथत गनर् ूधानमिन्ऽ तथा मिन्ऽपिरषदको कायार्लय अन्तगर्त यस सावर्जिनक खिरद अनुगमन
कायार्लयको ःथापना भएको छ । यस कायार्लयलाई ऐनको दफा ६५ मा ब्यबःथा भएको काम
कतर्ब्य अिधकारका अितिरक्त सोिह दफाको उपदफा -२क_मा सावर्जिनक िनकायबाट भएको खिरद
कारवाही यो ऐन वा यस ऐन अन्तगर्त बनेको िनयम कायर्िविध वा िनदिशका िवपिरत भएको पाईएमा
सावर्जिनक खिरद अनुगमन कायार्लयले सो सम्बन्धमा त्यःतो खिरद कारवाहीमा भएको ऽुटी
सच्चाउन र खिरद कारवाहीमा सङलग्न पदािधकारी उपर ूचिलत कानून बमोिजम कारवाहीका
लागी सावर्जिनक िनकायको ूमुखलाई र सावर्जिनक िनकायको ूमुख नै त्यःतो खिरद कारवाहीमा
सङलग्न रहेको अवँथामा अिख्तयारवाला समक्ष ध्यानाकषर्णका लागी लेखी पठाउन सक्ने र यसरी
लेखी आएमा भएको ऽुटी सच्याई सम्बिन्धत पदािधकारीलाई कानुन बमोिजम कारवाही गरी यस
सावर्जिनक खिरद अनुगमन कायार्लयलाई जानकारी िदनु पन ब्यबःथा रहेको छ ।

* लेखा अिधकृत, सावर्जिनक खिरद अनुगमन कायार्लय

ऐनको दफा २ को खण्ड क मा सावर्जिनक िनकायले यस ऐन बमोिजम कुनै मालसमान परामशर्
सेवा वा अन्य सेवा ूा गन वा कुनै िनमार्ण कायर् गन वा गराउने कायर् लाई खिरद कायर्को क्षेऽ
िभऽ समेटेको छ । सावर्जिनक खिरद िनयमावली २०६४ को िनयम ८४ को उपिनयम १ ले
सावर्जिनक िनकायको ःवीकृत कायर्बम र खिरद योजना अनुसार बीस लाख पैयासम्म लागत
अनुमान भएको मालसमान िनमार्ण कायर् वा अन्य जुनसुकै सेवा ऐनको दफा ४० बमोिजम िसलबन्दी
दरभाउपऽ आ ान गरी खिरद गनर् सक्ने ब्यबःथा रहेको छ ।
यसै सन्दभर्मा सावर्जिनक िनकायह मा लामो समयदे खी कायार्लय सहयोगी पदह िरक्त रहे को ,
यःता पदह मा ःथायी पदपुतीर् नगन नीित नेपाल सरकारले िलएको अवःथा रहेको छ ।
सावर्जिनक खिरद िनयमावली २०६४ को िनयम ९५ मा सेवा करारमा िलने सम्बन्धी कायर्िबिध के
बारे मा उल्लेख भएको छ । जस अनुसार कायार्लय सुरक्षा िच ीपऽ ओसार पसार सरसफाई
ु र धाराको स ालन तथा रे खदे ख कम्पयुर टाईिपङ साईिभङ जःता सावर्जिनक
टे िलफोन िब त
िनकायको दै िनक कायर् स ालन गनर् आवँयक पन सेवा करारमा िलनु परे मा सावर्जिनक िनकायले
कुनै ब्यक्ती फमर् सःथा वा कम्पनी सग करार गरी त्यःतो सेवा करारमा िलन सक्ने ब्यबःथा
रहेको छ । उल्लेिखत सेवा करारमा िलदा त्यःतो सेवाको आवँयकता िकिसम समयावधी गुणःतर
सेवा स ालन िबिध लाग्ने मोटामोटी खचर् र कायर् क्षेऽगत शतर् तयार गरी सम्बिन्धत सावर्जिनक
िनकायको ूमुखबाट ःवीकृत गराउने पन ूावधान रहेको छ । पाँचलाख पैया सम्म सेवा शुल्क
लाग्ने सेवा सावर्जिनक िनकायले सोझै वातार् गरी खिरद गनर् सक्ने र सो रकम भन्दा बढी सेवा
शुल्क लाग्ने सेवाको हकमा काठमाण्डौ उपत्यकामा रहेका सावर्जिनक िनकाय तथा केन्िीय ःतरका
सावर्जिनक िनकायले पन्ी िदनको सूचना राि य समाचारपऽमा र क्षेिऽय तथा िजल्ला ःतरका
सावर्जिनक िनकायले पन्ी िदनको अविधको सुचना ःथािनय पऽपिऽकामा सुचना ूकाशन गरी र सो
िनकाय र िजल्ला ूशासन कायार्लय िजल्ला समन्वय सिमित र कोष तथा लेखा िनयन्ऽक
कायार्लयको सुचना पाटीमा सुचना टाँस गरी ूःताव माग गन ब्यबःथा गिरएको छ ।
सावर्जिनक खिरद िनयमावली २०६४ को िनयम ९५को उपिनयम ९ मा िनजामती सेवा ऐन

२०४९ बमोिजम सहायक कायर् गन ौे णीिबिहन पदह बाट सम्पादन गिरने कायर् न्युनतम
पािरौिमक तोकी व्यिक्त वा सं ःथा सं ग करार गरी सेवा करारबाट सम्पादन गनुप
र् दार् सोही ऐन
बमोिजम हुने उल्लेख भएता पिन सो ऐनको दफा २५ को उपदफा ५ मा नेपाल सरकारले सहायक
कायर् गन भिन तोिकएका ौे िणिबिहन पदह मा ःथायी पदपुितर् नहुने र यःता पदह बाट सम्पादन
गिरने कायर् न्युनतम पािरौिमक तोिक ब्यिक्त वा सं ःथासं ग करार गिर करारबाट सम्पादन गराउनु
पन ब्यबःथा रहेको छ ।

िनजामित सेवा ऐन २०४९ तथा सावर्जिनक खिरद ऐन २०६३ तथा सावर्जिनक खिरद िनयमाविल
२०६४ समेतमा करार सेवा िलई कायर् सम्पादन गराउनुपन ौे णीिबिहन पदह को करार सेवा िलने
सम्बिन्ध उल्लिखत ब्यबःथा समेतका आधारमा ५ लाख सम्मको सेवा करार सावर्जिनक
िनकायले सोझै वातार् गरी खिरद गनर् सिकने तथा सो भन्दा बढीको हकमा सुचना ूकाशन गरी
ूितंपधार्त्मक ूःतावका आधारमा िलनु पन दे िखन्छ । यस कायार्लय तथा अन्य सावर्जिनक
िनकायह ले ूत्येक ब्यिक्त सं ग छु ा छु ै करार गन गरे को र यसरी खिरद गिरने ूत्येक सेवाको
समम खिरद मुल्य ५ लाख भन्दा बढी हुने हुँदा समम खिरद मुल्य ५ लाख भन्दा बढी हुने
कायार्लय सहयोगी आपुितर् गन कायर् ूितंपधार्त्मक ूःताव माग गरी गनर् गराउन उिचत हुने
दे िखन्छ यसले सावर्जिनक खिरदको कायार्लय सहयोगी ब्यबःथापन गन कायर्मा सहयोग पुग्ने यो
अभ्यास अन्य सावर्जिनक िनकायह का लागी समेत मानकका पमा ःथािपत हुने एक पटक करार
सेवामा ूवेश गिरसकेपछी ःथायी कमर्चारीसरह सेवा सुिवधा खोज्ने लामो समयसम्म कायर्रत रिह
ूा गरे को सं ःथागत सम्झनाको दु पयोग गन जःता ूवृि ह को अन्त्य हुने अपेक्षा गनर्
सिकन्छ ।
२= िब मान ब्यबहारगत पक्षः
सावर्जिनक खिरद ऐन तथा िनयमावलीले कायार्लय सहयोगी सवारी चालक कम्प्युटर अपरे टर
लगायतको सेवा ूा ीमा िबशद र बृहत कानुनी ब्यबःथा गरे को छ । िनजामती सेवा ऐन तथा
िनयमावली समेतले यसलाइ मान्यता िदएको छ । तर ऐनको ममर् अनुसार हालसम्म कुनै पिन
सावर्जिनक िनकायह ले यसको ममर् अनु पको पिरपालना गरे को दे िखदै न । कायार्लयमा िरक्त
यःता ूकृितका पदह मा ब्यिक्तगत पमा करार गद खिरद ऐन तथा िनयमावलीले पिरकल्पना
गरे को ब्यबःथाको पिरपालना हुन सकेको छै न । सावर्जिनक िनकायह मा करार सेवामा हुने
िनयुिक्तको कुनै ू मापदण्ड ब सकेको छै न फलःव प ब्यिक्तगत िचनजान भनसुन वा यःतै
अन्य अ ँय मापदण्डका आधारमा हुने गरे को यःतो िनयुिक्तले खिरद कानुनकै धज्जी उडाएको
महशुस हुन्छ । करार सेवामा एक पटक िनयुिक्त िलएका ब्यिक्तह ले सामान्यतया करार सेवाको
िनयुिक्तलाइ लामो समयसम्म िनरन्तरता पाईराख्ने हुँदा सावर्जिनक िनकायह को सं ःथागत
सम्झनामाथी िनयन्ऽण राख्ने ःथायी ूकृितको सेवा सरह सेवा सुिबधाको अपेक्षा राख्ने र िनयिमत सेवा
ूवाहलाई यःतो अपेक्षासं ग अन्तरसम्बिन्ध गन र कालान्तरमा यःतो सेवा करारलाई ःथायी सेवा
सरह मान्यता िदन दबाव िसजर्ना गन खतरा दे िखन्छ । यस अलावा राज्यले जुन मुल मान्यतालाई
आत्मसाथ गद करार सेवा ूणालीलाइ अपनायो यसकै मान्यता िबपिरत यो ःथािपत हुने अवःथा
रहेको छ ।

३= करार सेवा माफर्त राज्ले िलएको अपेक्षाः
कायार्लय सहयोगी माफर्त ूा हुने सेवालाई सं ःथागत करारको ूिबया माफर्त ूा गदार्
कायार्लियय कायर्ह बढी सं ःथागत हुने अपेक्षा िलएको छ । यःतो ूणालीले ब्यिक्त करार
ूणालीमा रहे का ऽुटी तथा कमजोरीह मा सुधार आउने सं ःथागत करारको प ती मानकका पमा
ःथािपत हुने कायार्लय ब्यबःथापनको कायर् च ुःत दु ःत तथा िछटो छिरतो हुने कायार्लयका मुख्य
जनशिक्त तथा सहायक जनशिक्तह को काम र िजम्मेवारीमा सुधार आउने कायार्लयको
कायर्सम्पादन लागतमा किम आउने कायार्लय सहयोगीह को सेवा करार सम्बिन्ध ब्यबःथा अन्य
िनकायह को लागी मानकको पमा ःथािपत हुने जःता लाभह राज्यले ूा गन उ ेँय समेत
रहेको पाईन्छ । सहायक ःतरका कमर्चारीह बाट राज्यले ूा गन सेवामा िबिभ समःयाह
अनुभ ुत गिरए प ात राज्यको भ ा ूशासिकय सं रचनालाई च ुःत दु ःत गराउने उ ेँय समेतबाट
करार सेवा ूणालीको अबलम्बन भएको हो ।
४= सेवा करार िलने ूिबयाः
कायार्लय सहयोगी सवारी चालक लगायतको कायार्लय सेवा सहजीकरणको सेवा करारमा िलने
सम्बन्धमा सावर्जिनक खिरद िनयमावली २०६४ को िनयम ९५ ले ब्यबःथा गरे को िबिध र ूबृया
बमोिजम राि य ःतरको दै िनक पिऽकामा सुचना ूकाशन गरी यःतो सेवा आपुितर् गन फमर् कम्पनी
वा सं ःथालाई ूःताव पेश गनर् सुचना आब्हान गनुर् पन ब्यबःथा रहेको छ । यःतो फमर् कम्पिन
वा सं ःथाको योग्यता सम्बिन्ध िववरण िसलबन्दी दरभाउपऽ सम्बिन्ध कागजातमा उल्लेख भए
बमोिजम हुनेछ ।सावर्जिनक िनकायले ूकािशत गन यःतो सुचनामा सेवाको ूकृित पिरमाण शतर्
सेवा ूदान गनुर् पन ःथान र अविध ूःतावसाथ पेश गनुर् पन न्युनतम कागजात र िववरण ूःताव
दािखला गनुर् पन अिन्तम िमित र समय सेवा शुल्क भ ुक्तानीका शतर् र करक ीको िबषय र अन्य
आवँयक कुराह खुलाउनु पन छ । यःतो सुचना बमोिजम ूा हुन आएका ूःतावलह मध्ये
कायर् क्षेऽगत शतर् पुरा गरी सबैभन्दा घटी सेवा शुल्क कबोल गन ूःतावदाताको ूःताव ःवीकृत
गरी सेवा करार सम्झौता गनुर् पन उल्लेख रहे को छ ।यस बमोिजम सेवा ूदान गन सेवा
ूदायकले ूदान गरे को सेवाको अनुगमन सावर्जिनक िनकायले समय समयमा गनुर् पन र अनुगमन
गदार् सेवा सन्तोषजनक भएको नपाईएमा सेवा ूदायकलाई सेवाको गुणःतर बृ ी गनर् सुचना िदनु
पन र त्यसरी सुचना िदं दा पिन सेवाको ःतर बृि नभएमा सेवा करार र गिर अक सेवा करार
गनर् सिकने ब्यबःथा समेत खिरद िनयमवालीमा रहेको छ । यसरी सावर्जिनक खिरद िनयमावलीको
िनयम ९५ ले सहयोगी कमर्चारीह को सेवा ूदायक माफर्त ूा हुने सेवालाई भरपद गुणःतिरय

तथा िब सिनय बनाउने तफर् ध्यान केिन्ित गराएको छ भने सेवा ूदायको छनौट तथा
पिरचालनमा सावर्जिनक िनकायह लाई सुिवधाजनक ूाथिमकता समेत उपलब्ध गराएको छ ।
५= सेवा करारमा रहने जनशक्तीको न्युनतम योग्यता र लागत अनुमानको सवाल
यःतो ूकृितको सेवा करारमा िलने सावर्जिनक िनकायले िनयम ९५-२_ बमोिजम सेवाको
आवँयकता िकिसम समयाविध गुणःतर सेवा स ालन िबिध लाग्ने मोटामोटी खचर् र कायर् क्षेऽगत
शतर् तयार गरी सावर्जिनक िनकायको ूमुखबाट ःवीकृत गराउनु पन ब्यबःथा भए बमोिजम कायर्
क्षेऽगत शतर्मा कायार्लयको कामको ूकृित आवँयकता बमोिजम सेवा ूदायकले उपलब्ध गराउने
जनशिक्तको न्युनतम योग्यता तोक्न सिकने सुिबधा रहेको छ भने लागत अनुमानको सन्दभर्मा
सावर्जिनक खिरद िनयमावली २०६४ को िनयम १३-६_ मा ूचिलत बजार दर र सावर्जिनक खिरद
अनुगमन कायार्लयले यस सम्बिन्ध नम्सर् जारी गरे को भए सो नम्सर् अनुसार मोटामोटी लागत
अनुमान तयार गनुर् पन ब्यबःथा गरे कोमा हालसम्म सावर्जिनक खिरद अनुगमन कायार्लयले यःतो
नम्सर् तयार गरे को नदे िखएकोले कायार्लयले सेवा ूा गनर् चाहेको पदले पाउने न्युनतम
पािरौिमकका आधारमा आवँयक जनशिक्त लाइ लाग्ने बािषर्क पािरौिमक गणना गदार् आउने
रकममा सेवा ूदायकको ओभरहेड तथा मुल्य अिभबृ ी कर समेत जोडी लागत अनुमान तयार गनर्
सिकन्छ ।
६= सं ःथागत सेवा करारको औिचत्य
समकािलन िब का सावर्जिनक तथा गैर सावर्जिनक िनकायह ले लामो समयदे खी िनकायका

कितपय काम Out sourcing का माध्यमबाट सम्पादन गद आएका छन । नेपालमा पिन कितपय
िनिजःतरका िनकायह ले यो अभ्यास गद आएका छन ।तर सावर्जिनक िनकायह ले यसको
पिरपालनामा उदािसन रहेको पाउन सिकन्छ । सरकारी िनकायह मा गिरने सेवा करार ब्यिक्तगत
सेवा करारमा िसिमत रहेको छ । भने यःतो सेवा करारमा कायर्रत रहने ब्यिक्त ह िनयुिक्त तथा
छनौट ठोस मापदण्डका आधारमा भन्दा पिन अ ँय र अिलिखत तथा ःविबवेकी मापदण्डका
आधारमा हुने गरे को छ । यस अलावा नेपालको शासिकय सं रचनामा ब्यापक पिरवतर्न भएको छ
र दे शले सं िघय शासन ूणालीको अबलम्बन गरे को छ । ७४४ को सं ख्यामा ःथािनय तहह
िनमार्ण भएका छन । ूदे श ःतरमा नयाँ सं रचनाह िनमार्ण हुने बममा छन । यसरी िनमार्ण
भएका र हुने बममा रहे का सावर्जिनक िनकायह लाइ ठु लो माऽामा सहयोगी सेवाको आवँयकता
रहन्छ । तसथर् सेवा करार िलने सन्दभर्मा एउटा सं ःथागत प तीको िबकास हुन ज री छ ।
हरे क सावर्जिनक िनकायह मा सं ःथागत माध्यामबाट सेवा करार िलने ूणालीको शु वात गन हो
भने ःथािनय तहसम्म ब्यबसाियकताको िबकास हुनसक्दछ । कायार्लयले ूा गन सेवा च ुःत

दु ःत तथा ब्यबिःथत समेत हुन पुग्दछ । ब्यिक्तगत तहमा सेवा करार िलं दा हुने कमजोरीह
िनयण्ऽण हुनाको साथै िब मान खिरद प ितमा समेत गुणःतिरयता बृि हुन्छ । यसका साथै
सावर्जिनक खिरद ऐन तथा िनयमावलीमा ब्यबःथा भएको प ित र ूिबयाको पिरपालनामा समेत
म त पुग्दछ ।
७= अन्त्यमा
सावर्जिनक खिरद अनुगमन कायार्लय समम खिरद ूणालीको मानक िनधार्रण गन अमणी िनकाय
हो । यसले पिरपालना गरे का मुल्य मान्यता ःटान्डडर् तथा नम्सर्ह अन्य सावर्जिनक िनकायह का
लागी पिन पिरपालनाका लागी िनदिशत रहने तथा यसले सावर्जिनक खिरद ूणालीलाई थप सु ढ
बनाउने हुँदा कायार्लय सहयोगी सवारी चालक कम्प्युटर अपरे टर जःता पदह सेवा करारमा िलने
सम्बन्धमा पिन खिरद ऐनको ममर् अनु प रिह सेवा करारमा िलने ूणालीको िबकास गनुर् ज री
रहेको छ ।तसथर् सावर्जिनक खिरद अनुगमन कायार्लयले सावर्जिनक खिरद िनयमावली २०६४ को
िनयम १३ को उपिनयम ५ मा ब्यबःथा गरे बमोिजम सेवा करार सम्बिन्ध नम्सर् तथा मापदण्ड
तजुम
र् ा गरी लागु गनर् आवँयक छ भने सबै सावर्जिनक िनकायह ले पिन खिरद ऐन तथा
िनयमावलीको ममर् अनु प सेवा करार ूणालीलाइ ब्यबिःथत तथा मयार्िदत गराउनु
पदर्छ ।
सन्दभर् सुचीः
आिथर्क कायर्िबिध सावर्जिनक खिरद तथा ॅमण खचर् सम्बिन्ध केही ऐन तथा िनयमावलीको सं मह
२०७३ कानुन िकताब ब्यबःथा सिमित
िनजामित सेवा ऐन २०४९ तथा िनजामित सेवा िनयमावली २०५० कानुन िकताब ब्यबःथा सिमित

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / vl/bsf Joj:yfksLo
cfofdx?
tf/f 1jfnL*
;f/f+z
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg / cfly{s Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;+u;+u} n}hfg ;s]df dfq
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] Joj:yfksLo cEof;sf] klg oyfy{tf emlNsG5 . To;sf nflu sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
k|lzIf0f / tflnd dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs vl/b / vr{ k|0ffnLsf] af/]df cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L ;lxt dfq
sfo{If]qdf v6fpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . o;k|sf/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / k|zf;sLo ultljwLsf s|ddf
vl/b Joj:yfkgsf cfofdx?nfO{ hf]8]/ n}hfg ;s] dfq ;'zf;g ;xL ?kdf sfod x'g ;Sb5 .
o;sf nflu xfnsf] s]Gb|Ls[t sfof{nonfO{ ;+3Lo :j?kdf s;/L n}hfg] xf] of] klg ax;sf] laifo
aGg'kb{5 . Pp6f ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] clxn] klg b]zel/sf ;Dk"0f{+ lgsfosf
;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . To:t}, tflnd, k|lzIf0f, cg'udg / cGt{lqmofsf
dfWodaf6 vl/bsf] Joj:yfkLo cEof;df ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;Dej klg gePsf]n]
ca ;+3Lotfsf] :j?kdf dGqfno jf s]Gb|Lo lgsfo dfkm{t n}hfg] xf] jf k|fb]lzs ?kdf lgsfo
v8f u/L cEof;df hfg] xf] 5nkmn x'g' h?/L 5 lsgeg] /fHo;|f]tsf] pkof]u / To;sf]
Joj:yfkgsf] laifodf ;b}j ;fj{hlgs lgsfox? Pro-active eP/ nfUg'sf] ljsNk g}+ 5}g .
cjwf/0ff
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g a[xt Joj:yfksLo cEof;sf] If]q xf] . o;sf ljljw kIf / cfofdx? x'G5g\ .
hgtfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ub}{ ljsf; lgdf{0f, cTofjZos j:t' tyf ;]jf k|jfx,
/f]huf/L l;h{gf, /fli6«o ;Ldf ;'/Iff, hgwgsf] /Iff / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pj+ Gofok"0f{+ ;dfhsf] l;h{gf
ug'{+ ;fdfGotM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]q dfGg] ul/G5 . oBlk, ljZjdf b]vfk/]sf dfgjflwsf/
;DaGwL ljrf/, bz{g, k|zf;lgs If]qsf gjLg k|j[lQx?, Governance nfO{ x]g]{ k|ultzLn
cjwf/0ffx?sf sf/0f ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffdf g}+ kl/jt{g b]lvO{/x]sf
5g\ . oyfy{df ;/sf/n] s] ug]{ / gug]{ eGg] laifo / ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q kl5Nnf ax;x?;+u} abln+b}
uO{/x]sf 5g\ .40
;doqmddf ;/sf/sf :j?k, ;+/rgf / cEof;n] ;/sf/L sfdsfh tyf ;]jfk|jfxsf If]qx?df
abnfj NofPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df kl5Nnf] ;do e-Governance, Paperless
Governance, Electronic Procurement System, e-bidding h:tf cjwf/0ffn] ;/sf/L sfdsfh
tyf ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ Fast track df nuL t'?Gt} sfo{;DkGg ug'{+kg]{ k|ultzLn l;WbfGtnfO{ Jojxf/df

* Zffvf clws[t, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

nfu" ub}{ hfg'kg]{ bjfj a9\b} uO{/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;k|sf/, h'g\ ult / cj:yfdf hgtfsf b}glGbg
Jojxf/x? kl/jt{g eO{/x]sf 5g\, ToxL ultsf ;fy /fHosf] pkl:ylt / sfo{k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f
h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b
/fHok|0ffnLdf h'g;'s} sfd ;DkGg ug{sf nflu klxnf] / clgjfo{ zt{ cfly{s Joj:yfkg g}+ xf] .
cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf+z lx:;f ;fj{hlgs vl/b;+u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . k|ToIf ?kdf ;/sf/sf]
sl/a ;Q/L k|ltzt ah]6 ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] laifo;+u hf]l8Psf] b]lvG5 . gful/sn] cfkm"n] ltg]{ s/
tyf b]zsf] ah]6 k|0ffnL;+u lrGtf / rf;f] /fVg yfn]kl5 ;/sf/L sfdsf/jfxL, ljsf; lgdf{0f, a:t'
tyf ;]jf k|jfx / k/fdz{ vl/bsf gfddf vr{ x'g] /sd / To;sf] ;xL pkof]lutfsf] laifo ca
rf}tkmL{ rf;f] / 5nkmnsf] laifo aGb} uPsf] 5 . hgtfdf a9\b} uPsf] r]tgf:t/n] ;d]t ;/sf/L
sfdsfhsf lqmofsnfk / To;sf] cfly{s kf6f] / ;f] ;+u} hf]l8Psf] Joj:yfksLo k|lqmofdfly k|Zg
ug]{ jftfj/0f alg/x]sf]n] ca ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]q, k|lqmof / kl/0ffdx? ;d]t ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] ;an / b'j{n kIf;+u hf]l8+b} uPsf] 5 . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] ;/sf/L gLlt lgodx?,
sfdsf/jfxL, ah]6sf] kl/rfng, cTofjZos a:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{ / ljsf; lgdf{0f h:tf
lqmofsnfkdf vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] kf6f]nfO{ Pp6f cfwf/e"t zt{sf ?kdf sfof{Gjog ub}{ cuf8L a9\g'
clgjfo{ e};s]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgnfO{ Ps k|0ffnL / pkk|0ffnL
;DaGwsf cfwf/df PsLs[t ?kdf n}hfg'kb{5 . vl/bsf] Joj:yfksLo If]qleq lgoldt k|zf;lgs
Joj:yfkg, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg, vl/b dxfzfvf, zfvf jf OsfO{ dfkm{t x'g] vl/bsf sfo{x?Ù
n]vfdfgsf laifox?Ù clen]v Joj:yfkg / e08f/0fÙ ;"rgf Joj:yfkg jf clen]v -IT
Management), E-bidding Procedure nufot cg]s sfo{x? kb{5g\ . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf]
laifonfO{ Psf+sL ?kdf dfq} cYof{pg] / of] n]vf jf :6f]/sf] dfq sfd xf] eg]/ a'‰g' unt x'g
hfG5 . oxfFg]/, h?/L kIf s] xf] eg] o;nfO{ Pp6f 5'§} ljwfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ub}{ /fHo;~rfngsf
x/]s cfofdx?sf] cleGg c+usf ?kdf -As a Discipline_ ljsf; ul/g'k5{ . o;af6 cfd
hg;d'bfodf ;d]t cfkm"n] lt/]sf] s/sf] sxfF s] / s;/L k|of]u eO{/x]sf] 5 / To;sf] ;xL pkof]u
eP gePsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lng] k|j[lQsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb5 .
;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] k|j[lQ, z}nL / vr{ k|lqmofnfO{ lnP/ cfpg] hgu'gf;fx? d"ntM ;fj{hlgs
vl/bsf] ;DaGwdf g}+ w]/} b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ . ljsf; lgdf{0f nufotsf If]qdf b]lvPsf nfk/jfxL,
cfly{s lxgfldgf, l9nf;':tL, 7]Ssf k|lqmofleqsf] ldn]dtf], sld;g tyf a]?h'sf] laifo k|ToIf ?kdf
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf Joj:yfksLo ;jfn x'g\ . g]kfndf lj=;+= @)^# ;fndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,
tyf @)^$ ;fndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL NofO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf,
OdfGbfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ljZj;lgotf k|j4{g ub}{ ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{+ 9+uaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{sf]
clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug]{ tyf vl/bsf] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ nIo /flvPtf klg
To;f] x'g eg] ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . P]g tyf lgodfjnL cfO{;s] kZrft\ / ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg
sfof{nosf] :yfkgf u/L lgoldt lqmoflzntfsf afah't sfof{Gojgsf] Ps bzsdf Tof] nIo tyf
p2]Zodf ck]Iffs[t ;kmntf k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .
gLlt lgodnfO{ bf]if lb+b} cfkm" lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5g] / ;lhnf]df dfq sfd ug{ ?rfpg]
sd{rf/LtGqLo k|j[lQ klg ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] ;jfndf ;d:ofk"0f{+ 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b

P]g, lgoddf ePsf sdLsdhf]/L / k|lqmofut hl6ntfsf laifodf nfdf ax;, 5nkmn / ljdz{
kZrft\ xfn}dfq P]g / lgoddf ;+zf]wg u/L k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f / cGo cfjZos kl/dfh{g
ul/Psf] 5 . gLltut ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g lgoldt k|lqmof xf] . ca vfFrf] eg]sf] vl/b k|lqmofnfO{
Jojl:yt, kf/bzL{ / k|lt:kwL{ agfpFb} clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug'{+ xf] . o;sf nflu ;Da4
;fj{hlgs lgsfox?, gLlh If]q, af]nkqbftf ;a}sf] k|fyldstfdf :j:y vl/b jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf
kg'{+kb{5 . vl/b Joj:yfkg Pp6f rqmLo k|0ffnL ePsf]n] o;sf] z'?jftL r/0fb]lv g}+ ;Dk"0f{+
k|lqmofdf a/fa/ Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo txsf lgsfo / sfo{;~rfng:t/sf lgsfoaLr
pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]xLk"0f{+ ;DaGw g/xFbf sfo{;~rfng :t/sf k|d"x? ;fdfGo lg0f{+o ug{ ;d]t
8/fpg] / Joj;flos arfpsf nflu ;fgf ;fgf laifodf ;d]t ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf]
/fodf cfwfl/t x'g] k|j[lQ a9\bf] 5 . o;af6 vl/b sfo{k|ltsf] cfTdljZjf;sf] sdL / cEof;sf]
cefj ;d]t v6\s]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .
tflnd / cEof;
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg o;sf] lgoldt cEof; / sfdsf] cg'ejaf6 dfq ;Dej x'G5 .
of] k9]/ dfq hfGg] laifo klg xf]Og . vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ ug'{+kg]{ sd{rf/Ln] of] laifo / If]qsf]
;DaGwdf tflnd, k|lzIf0f geP klg sfd eg] ug'{+kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o;}n] vl/b ;DaGwL b]lvPsf
w]/};h;f] sdLsdhf]/Lx? tflnd / lgoldt cEof;sf] sdLn] ePsf] b]lvPsf 5g\ . To;}n]
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jf k|j]z ug'{+ cufj} ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;DaGwdf tflnd k|lzIf0f nufotsf
dfWodaf6 ;";"lrt ug{ ;s]sf] v08df sfo{:yndf cfpg] ;d:ofx?nfO{ l5rf]Ng ;Sg] agfpg
;lsG5 .
vl/bsf] Joj:yfksLo k|ls|of lgDg r/0fx? Kff/ ub}{ k"/f x'g] ub{5 M ;a}eGbf klxn] vl/bsf]
cfjZostfsf] klxrfg / ah]6sf] Joj:yf ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . sfo{qmdsf] :jLs[lt / vl/b of]hgfsf]
tof/L, :k]lzlkms]zg÷l8hfOg tyf nfut cg'dfgsf] tof/L / :jLs[lt, vl/b ljlw / s/f/sf]
k|sf/sf] 5gf}6, af]nkq sfuhftsf] tof/L / :jLs[lt u/L tt\kZrft\ af]nkq cfJxfg / Joj:yfkg
ug'{+kb{5 . o;}u/L, af]nkq cfJxfg ul/;s]kl5 af]nkq kmf/fd laqmL, ;+zf]wg, lkmtf{ / k|flKtsf]
Joj:yfkg csf]{ dxTjk"0f{+ sfo{ xf] . k|fKt ePsf af]nkqx?sf] d"Nof+sg tyf l;kmfl/z ug]{ /
af]nkqsf] :jLs[tL, :jLs[t ePsf] Joxf]/f ;"rgfdfk{mt hfgsf/L u/fpg] / ;f] sf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
Joj:yf To;kl5sf] r/0fdf kb{5 . To;kl5, :jLs[t ePsf] af]nkqbftf;+usf] vl/b ;Demf}tf / ;f]
sf] sfof{Gjogsf] r/0f /xG5 h'g\ of] k|lqmofs} ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{+ r/0f xf] . vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{
h:t}M dfn;fdfg cfk"lt{, lgdf{0f tyf cGo vl/bsf sfo{x?sf] k/LIf0f, sfd ;DkGg ePkl5 To;sf]
sfo{ :jLsf/ k|ltj]bg / Joj:yfkg u/]kZrft\ clGtd r/0f eg]sf] e'QmfgL / n]vfk/LIf0fsf] r/0f
xf] . o;/L vl/bsf] k|lqmofut r/0f kf/ u/]kl5 dfq} s'g}+ klg k|sf/sf]] vl/b sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf]
dflgG5 . t;y,{ o;sf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L lng] sd{rf/Lsf] nflu 1fg, ;Lk cEof; / tflndsf]
cfjZostf kg]{ x'Fbf vl/bsf] Joj:yfkgdf of] laifonfO{ s]Gb|df /flvg'kb{5 .
ljB'tLo r/0fdf k|j]z
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] xfn}dfq ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] bf]>f] r/0f -2nd Phase of
E-GP) Launch ul/;s]sf] 5 . bf]>f] r/0faf6 b]zel/sf ;Dk"0f{+ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] vl/bsf]
ah]6sf cfwf/df E-bidding sf] k|lqmof ckgfO{ vl/b ug'{+kg]{ ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs vl/b Digital

Era df k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . t;y{, g]kfndf ca k|ljlwd}qL vl/b k|0ffnL z'? e};s]sf] 5 . o;af6
;/sf/L lgsfox?n] ug]{ vl/b sfo{ dof{lbt, Jojl:yt tyf kf/bzL{ x'g] lglZrt 5 . ;a} ;fj{hlgs
lgsfox?n] ca h'g;'s} xfntdf klg k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 g}+ vl/b k|lqmof ckgfpg'kg]{ ePsf]n] ;a}
lgsfonfO{ of] k|lqmofdf Nofpg Mega Effort sf] h?/t kb{5 . o;n] vl/b k|lqmofdf b]lvg]
cgfjZos rnv]n, sdhf]/L tyf clgoldttfsf] dfqfnfO{ :jtM g}+ 36fO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf
sd{rf/L dfq xf]Og af]nkqbftfnfO{ klg Accountable x'g afWo agfpg]5 . ljB"tLo r/0fdf k|j]z
ul/;s]kl5 ;a} ;Da4 kIfsf] PsLs[t ljsf;, k|ljlwd}qL ?kfGt/0f / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . ;/sf/L lgsfo dfq cuf8L hfg] / af]nkqbftfx?nfO{ pxL ultdf ;";"lrt ug{ g;Sg] xf] eg]
of] sfd Psf+sL aGg] x'G5 . o;sf nflu af]nkqbftfx?sf] tkm{af6 ;d]t pxL :t/sf] tof/L / Ifdtf
ljsf; ub}{ hfg'kg]{ x'G5 .
;+3Lotfdf vl/b Joj:yfkg
b]z ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf k|j]z ul/;s] kZrft\ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tLgj6} txsf /fhgLlts,
k|zf;sLo / Goflos tyf cGo tdfd ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, ;'wf/ tyf ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;|f]t
;fwgsf] cfk"lt{Ù sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg tyf cGo cTofjZos sfo{sf nflu /fHon] caf}{ /sd nufgL
ug'{+kg]{ x'G5 . csf]{ cy{df eGbf, ;+3Lotf cfly{s ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|d'v kf6f] klg xf] . /fHozlQmsf]
afF8kmfF8 ubf{ cfly{s clwsf/ ;d]t ljs]lGb|t x'g] ePsf]n] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog / Joj:yfkgsf]
;dodf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, /fHo;|f]tsf] pkof]u / kl/rfng tyf lgsfout ;xhLs/0fsf
;jfndf cfly{s kIfn] dxTjk"0f{+ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . t/ ;+u} csf]{ ljrf/0fLo kIf s] b]lvG5 eg] pQm
;dodf cfly{s ljrng / clgoldttf ;d]t a9\g] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . t;y{, ;+3Lotfsf]
sfof{Gjogsf s|ddf cfly{s ljrng gb]lvof];\ / /fHon] ug]{ 7"nf] wg/fzL] nufgLsf] ;b'kof]u xf];\
eGg] k|of]hgsf nflu ;d]t vl/bsf] Joj:yfkgdf a9L Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df of]
laifonfO{ vf;} rf;f] lbPsf] / ax;df ;d]t cfPsf] b]lv+b}g . s]jn /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs laifox?
p7fg ePsf 5g\ eg] vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf eg] Tolt w]/} rf;f] lbOPsf] kfO{+b}g .
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg / cfly{s Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;+u;+u} n}hfg ;s]df dfq
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] Joj:yfksLo cEof;sf] klg oyfy{tf emlNsG5 . To;sf nflu sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
k|lzIf0f / tflnd dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs vl/b / vr{ k|0ffnLsf] af/]df cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L ;lxt dfq
sfo{If]qdf v6fpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . o;k|sf/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / k|zf;sLo ultljwLsf s|ddf vl/b
Joj:yfkgsf cfofdx?nfO{ hf]8]/ n}hfg ;s] dfq ;'zf;g ;xL ?kdf sfod x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf
nflu xfnsf] s]Gb|Ls[t sfof{nonfO{ ;+3Lo :j?kdf s;/L n}hfg] xf] of] klg ax;sf] laifo aGg'kb{5 .
Pp6f ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] clxn] klg b]zel/sf ;Dk"0f{+ lgsfosf ;d:ofnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . To:t}, tflnd, k|lzIf0f, cg'udg / cGt{lqmofsf dfWodaf6 vl/bsf]
Joj:yfkLo cEof;df ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;Dej klg gePsf]n] ca ;+3Lotfsf]
:j?kdf dGqfno jf s]Gb|Lo lgsfo dfkm{t n}hfg] xf] jf k|fb]lzs ?kdf lgsfo v8f u/L cEof;df
hfg] xf] 5nkmn x'g' h?/L 5 lsgeg] /fHo;|f]tsf] pkof]u / To;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] laifodf ;b}j
;fj{hlgs lgsfox? Pro-active eP/ nfUg'sf] ljsNk g}+ 5}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# -;+zf]wg;lxt _ tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -;+zf]wg;lxt_Ù
sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] aflif{s k|ltj]bgsf ljleGg c+sx?
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL ljleGg n]v/rgfx?

dWo:ytf / dWo:ystf{sf] lg0f{osf] Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg / k|efjsfl/tf
िदिलप कुमार प्रधान *
मध्यःथता वािणज्य (commercial) तथा Employer र Employee बीचमा रहे को असमझदारी

(Difference) साथै व्यापािरक र करारीय सम्बन्धमा उब्जेका िववादह हटाउन आवलम्बन गिरन्छ
ु ाई गनर् िववादका पक्षह को सहमित मै िनँपक्ष तेौो पक्षलाई िजम्मा
र त्यःतो असमझदारीको सुनव
िदईन्छ। त्यसै ले यो एक िकिसमको Private Court हो र मध्यःथह (Arbitrator) Private Judge
हुन ् । तेॐो पक्षले िववादका पक्षह को ूमाण र तकर्ह को मूल्या न गरी िनणर्य (Award) ूदान
गन गछर् । यो अदालती ूिबयाबाट िनणर्यमा पुग्ने तिरका भन्दा अिल अनौपचािरक, सरल र चाँडै
िनणर्यमा पुग्न सिकने िकिसमको हुन्छ। यसमा िववादका पक्षह िनँपक्ष तेॐो पक्ष छा ःवतन्ऽ
हुन्छन् र त्यसरी छािनएको मध्यःथता ारा गिरनेछ भ े उल्लेख गरे मा अदालतको क्षेऽािधकार
समा हुन्छ, अदालतमा मु ा लाग्दै न, Arbitrator को िनणर्यमा पुनरावेदन समेत लाग्दै न तर
Arbitrator ले कानूनको गलत व्याख्या गरे को र गलत िकिसमको िनणर्य गरे को अवःथामा
पुनरावलोकन ( Review) का लािग िनवेदन गनर् भने पाईन्छ ।

आधुिनक मध्यःथताको अवधारणा सन् १७९४ मा अमेिरका र बेलायतबीच भएको Jay Treaty बाट
शु भएको हो भने UNO को वडापऽको धारा ३३ ले पिन यसलाई उल्लेख गरे को छ ।
साबर्जिनक अन्तराि य कानूनमा “हेग िःथत मध्यःथता सम्बिन्ध ःथायी अदालत” एक ःथायी सं ःथा
हो भने Private International Law को सन्दभर्मा पेिरसमा रहे को International Chamber Of
Commerce (ICC), London मा रहे को Court Of Arbitration (LCA), U.S.A. मा रहेको American
Arbitration Association सं ःथाह ूमुख हुन ् नेपालको हकमा नेपाल मध्यःथता पिरष (Nepal
Council Of Arbitration, NEPCA) कुपन्डोल, लिलतपुरमा रहेको छ । िय सं ःथाह ले िववाद
िन पणका लागी र मध्यःथता िनयुिक्तका लािग आ- आफ्नै िनयम बनाएका छन् ।41
यःता मध्यःथताह अन्तराि य ूचलनमा २(दुई) िकिसमका रहे को पाईन्छ:
(१) सबै ूकारका िववादह को िन पण गन गरी खडा भएका ःथायी पका सं ःथागत मध्यःथता ;
जःतै : ICC, LCA,AAA, NEPCA आिद र,

* कानून अिधकृत, साबर्जिनक खिरद अनुगमन कायार्लय


(२) कुनै िनि त िववाद िनरोपण गनर् पक्षह बाट खडा हुने र िववादको सामाधान भएपछी ःवत:
िवघटन हुने अःथायी पका मध्यःथह ।

कुनै िलखतमा अथार्त करारमा नै िववादको सामाधान मध्यःथताबाट गन भ े उल्लेख गरे को रहे छ
भने त्यःता िववाद र पक्षह सहमत भएका अन्य िववादह मध्यःथताबाट हेिरन्छ । मध्यःथताको
िनयुिक्त सम्झौतामा उल्लेख भएकोमा सोिह बमोिजम सो नभए पक्षह को सहमित ारा, त्यो पिन
नभए पुनरावेदन अदालत ारा बढीमा ३ (तीन) जना रहने गरी िनयुिक्त गिरन्छ । मध्यःथताको
कायर्िविध करारमा नै उल्लेख गरे को भए सही कायर्िविध, सो नभए मध्यःथता ऐन, २०५५ मा
उल्लेिखत कायर्िविध लागू हुन्छ । मध्यःथता रहने ःथान करारमा भएमा सोिह ःथानमा नभएमा
पक्षले रोजेको ःथान वा दुवै पक्षलाई उपयुक्त हुने गरी तोकेको ःथानमा रहन्छ । त्यःतो
मध्यःथता सम्बिन्धत िवषयको Expert र िववािदत िवषयमा कुनै ूकारको ःवाथर् नभएको हुनपु छर् ।
मध्यःथताले आफु िनयुक्त भएपिछ २ (दुई) चरणमा कारबाही गछर् ।
ूथम चरण:
 िलिखत दाबी ूित साक्षी, ूमाण पेश गनर् लगाउने र त्यसको आदान ूदान गन काम गछर्,
दोौो चरण:
 कानून व्यवसायी ारा वहस गनर् लगाउने, छलफल गन, आवँयक िनदशन िदने जःता कायर्
गरी िनणर्य गछर् ।

नतोिकएकोमा मध्यःथकतार्को िनणर्य अिन्तम हुन्छ तर िनणर्य कायार्न्वयन नभएमा अदालतमा िनणर्य
कायार्न्वयन गराउनका लािग मकार् पन पक्ष जान सक्छ । मध्यःथताको खचर् सम्झौतामा नै
तोिकएकोमा सोही बमोिजम मध्यःथताले तोकेबमोिजम हुन्छ । नेपालमा मध्यःथता सम्बन्धी
व्यवःथाको शु वात िवकास सिमित ऐन, २०१३ दे खी भएको भए तापनी मध्यःथता सम्बन्धी
कानूनलाई िनयिमत र व्यविःथत गनर्का लािग मध्यःथता ऐन, २०३८ ल्याईएको िथयो र उक्त
ऐनमा रहे को किमकमजोरीह लाई सच्याउँदै नयाँ मध्यःथता ऐन, २०५५ र मध्यःथता (अदालती
कायर्िविध) िनयमावली,२०५९ लागू छन् । सं ःथागत पमा नेपाल मध्यःथता पिरष (नेप्का) को
िवधान, २०४८ र मध्यःथता कायर्िविध सम्बिन्ध िनयमावली, २०७२ बमोिजम पिन कारवाही गन
गिरन्छ ।
dWo:ytfsf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] ca:yf

 dWo:ytf P]g @)%% sf] bkmf #) -@_ / #) -#_
 ;a} cj:yfdf cbfntn] clwsf/ If]q u|x0f gug]{
 Limited Jurisdiction
 Correctional Jurisdiction

 Only on Prescribed Condition
g]kfn sfg'g klqsf, @)^^ c+s % lg0f{o g+ *!%^ k[= ;++ *#% df pNn]v eP cg';f/ dWo:ytf
;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnaf6 b]xfo adf]lhdsf] JofVof ePsf] 5 .
 gful/snfO{ ePsf] xs ;/sf/nfO{ x'b}g eGg gldNg],
 ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ aGb]h / bfloTj lgl:s[o jf lg:k|of]lht u/fpg gkfpg],
 dWo:ysf] lg0f{osf] k/v sfg"gsf] sfg"gsf] s;Ldf xf]; eg]/ g} ;f] pk/ cbfntsf] clwsf/
If]qsf] th'{df ePsf],
 sfg"gL k|Zg ljlwjt ?kdf lg/f]k0f geP ;Dd hLljt g} /xg], k'gM larf/flwg eO{ plN6g ;Dd
;Sg],
 xb Dofbsf] k|Zg slxNo} ;dfKt gx'g],
 dWo:ysf] lg0f{o ab/ ;'wf/fTds If]qflwsf/,
 k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L .
ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] nfuL dWo:ystf{ ;dIf k'u]sf s]lx laifo / lg0f{ox?
-s_ l;+rfO{ ljefu ;d]tsf tkm{ af6 l8lehg k|d'v w'j| /fh yfkf lj?4 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ?kGb]xL
;d]t
-g]kfn sfg'g klqsf @)&! c+s ^ lg0f{o gDa/ !!&^ _
 sfo{ ;DkGg k|df0f kq lbO ;s] kl5 ;Demf}tfsf] bfloTj k'/f eO;s]sf] dfGg' kg]{
 sfo{ ;DkGg k|df0f kq lbP kZrft lgwf{l/t ;dodf sfd ;DkGg gu/]sf] egL xh{gf
(Liquidated damages) afkt /sd s§f ug{ gldNg]
 lgof]Qmfn] s§f u/]sf] /sd el/ kfpg] 7x¥ofPsf] dWo:ysf] lg0f{o / ;f] nfO{ ;b/ ug]{
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] lg0f{onfO{ cGoyf eGg gldNg]
 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h . t/ tYodf k|j]z
-v_ a]ugf; lahok'/ d'n gx/ tyf ljt/0f k|0ffnL 7]Ssf g+= $()
 ;DalGwt lgdf{0f Aoj;foL, lrtjg sG;6«s;g k|f=ln= -lrtjg sf]O_
 UNDP cGtu{t ADB sf] C0f ;xof]udf ;+rflnt cfof]hgf
 klZrdf~rn IfqLo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfnosf] kfxf8L l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf
 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ldtL )! hgj/L !(*$
 lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ clGtd ldlt #) h'g !(*^
 International Chambers of Commerce (ICC) sf] dWo:ytf lgodfjnL adf]lhd
dWo:ytfaf6 laafb ;dfwfg ul/g] ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfg
 Specified construction Materials sf] Basic price / ahf/ d'Nosf] km/s
 d"No a[l4 afktsf] bfjL lgof]Qmfaf6 cZjLsf/
 kIfx? aLr ljjfb
 dWo:ytf P]g @)#* -tTsflng_ adf]lhd dWo:y lgo'QmLsf] nflu sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntdf lgj]bg
 b'j} kIfsf] ;xdtLdf sf7df08f} lhNnf cbfntaf6 @)$&÷(÷!# df Psn dWo:y lgo'lQm

 cfO{=l;=l;= åf/f cg'df]lbt x'g'kg]{df lhNnf cbfntaf6 ul/Psf] lgo'lQmdf If]qflwsf/sf]
cefj /x]sf]n] dWo:y lgo'lQm /2 x'g' kg]{ egL lgof]Qmfsf] tkm{af6 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6
bfo/
 l/6 vf/]h x'g] u/L ldlt @)%#÷!@÷@* sf] ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nf
 Psn dWo:y lgo'Qm
 Contractor sf] bfjL dWo:ytf P]g @)#* adf]lhd xbDofb gf3L bfo/ ePsf]n] Psn
dWo:yaf6 bfaL kq vf/]h
 lrtjg sf]O{sf] tkm{af6 dWo:y lg0f{o ab/ Pj+ k'gM dWo:y k|s[of z'? ug]{ cfb]zsf] dfu –
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g_
 ldlt @)%#÷!@÷!* sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clGtd km};nfn] xbDofb ;DalGw k|Zg lg/f]k0f
eO;s]sf]n] tYo leq k;L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df gu/]sf]n] dWo:ysf] lgo'lQm sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]
x'Fbf dWo:ysf] lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ eGb} k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 @)^@.)@.#! df cfb]z .
 k'gM Psn dWo:ysf] ?kdf @)^# . * . )! df dWo:ysf] lgo'lQm
 lgdf{0f Jofj;foLaf6 @)$* . $ . @! df d'n bfjL / @)^# . !! . ( df k'/s bfjL k|:t't
 ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf &) -$_ -%_ cg';f/ l;d]G6sf], 58sf], n]a/sf] / l8h]n ;d]tsf] d'No a[l4
/ 9'jfgLdf a9L e'QmfgL uPsf] egL s6\6f ul/P /sd ;d]t hDdf ?= $^,)#,^$@.%!
e'QmfgL kfpF eGg] lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] bfjL
 dWo:ytf P]g @)#* sf] bkmf !! -!_, -^_ / @) tyf ;f] nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] k|rlnt
dWo:ytf P]g @)%% sf] bkmf @( adf]lhd Pp6} ljjfbdf bf]xf]¥ofO{ lg0f{o ug]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf
bfjL vf/]h u/LkfpF eGg] lgof]Qmfsf] k|ltjfb .
 !# h'nfO{ !(*$ sf] kqdf of]hgf k|d'vn] Mix Design / Mortar df vkt x'g] l;d]G6sf]
kl/df0f cg'df]bg u/]sf]
 Stone Masonry sf] sfo{df k|of]u ePsf] l;d]G6sf] dfq d'No a[l4 kfpg] s/f/Lo Joj:yf
 Constructional Plant lglDt vkt x'g] OGwgsf] d'No a[l4 kfpg] cj:yf /x]sf]n] ;fFjf ?=
#*,($,^%).^! / Aofh ;d]t ?= (), $%, *&!=^! lgof]Qmfn] e'QmfgL lbg' kg]{ egL ldlt
@)^*.%.!! df Psn dWo:y OZj/L rGb| zdf{åf/f lg0f{o -Award) ePsf]
 dWo:ysf] lg0f{o COPA ljleGg zt{x?sf] lakl/t /x]sf]n] / xfnsf] dWo:ytf P]g @)%%
sf] bkmf #) -!_ / @ -u_ 3 sf] cfwf/df ab/ ul/ kfpF egL lgof]Qmfaf6 k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf lgj]bg bfo/
 k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;Demf}tfsf s] s:tf] Joj:yf cg'?k xfgL gf]S;fgL
ePsf] xf] s/f/ ;Def}tfsf] a'Fbfsf] Joj:yf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df dWo:y lg0f{o ldlt @)^$. !).
!$ sf] cfb]zåf/f ab/, k'gM dWo:yt k|s[of z'? ug]{ cfb]z
 k'gM dWo:y k|s[of z'? eO{ Psn dWo:y @)&).)(.@^ df k'gM lg0f{o -Award) ubf{ klxnf
s} h:tf] lg0f{o -Award)
 tTkZrft @)&).!) @@ df k'gM dWo:y lg0f{o ab/df lgof]Qmfsf] tkm{af6 lgj]bg dfu /
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,kf6gaf6 kf6gaf6 lgj]bg lhsL/ gk'Ug] km};nf
 xfn pQm lg0f{o pk/ r'gf}lt gul/Psf] cj:yf .
-u_ k|uGgf s'nf] l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf (KFAED)
552/PIP -3_ ;+u ;DalGwt lajfb

 ;DalGwt lgdf{0f Aoj;foL ;'k/ z]kf{ k|sfz–n'lDagL ljN8;{ h]= eL=
 Late Issued of Drawing, Damage to Truck, Hike in price of petroleum product,
extra haulage quantity exceeding not paid cflb lzif{sx?df hDdf @,#),()$!!.$&
tyf Aofh ;d]t Ifltk"lt{ lbnfO{{ kfpF eGg] lgof]Qmfsf] bfjL kq
 7]Ssf /sdsf] k'/} d"No lgdf{0f Jojf;ofLn] lgof]Qmfaf6 e'QmfgL nuL ;s]sf]n] ;Demf}tfsf]
zt{x? lakl/t yk /sd IftLk"lt{ afkt e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ xf]Og eGg] lgof]Qmfsf] tkm{af6
k|ltbfjLkq
 lajfb ;dfwfgsf] klxnf] k|of; Adjudication -;Demf}tfsf] bkmf @$_
 P8h'l8s]6/ af6 lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] ;a} bfjL OGsf/
 ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf @%=# adf]lhd dWo:ytf 6«Oj'gndf lajfb ;'lDkPsf]
 dWo:ytf 6«fOj'gnaf6 ldlt @)^$.!).& df lg0f{o Award_ x'FbfM
 Working drawing agfpg] bfloTj 7]s]bf/ s} ePsf]n] 7]s]bf/n] ;fO6df kfls{ª u/]sf] 6«s
cfunfuL ePsf]n] To:tf] gf]S;fgL ladfn] g;d]6g] Geo Textile nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfu|L
7]s]bf/n] cfkm\g} vr{df pknAw u/fpg] s/f/sf]] Joj:yf, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] d'No a[l4
glbOg], s/f/sf] Joj:yf BOQ df g} Material Cost of reinforcement hgfOPsf] cflb
sf/0fn] bfjL g+= ! b]lv g+= % ;Ddsf / bfaL g+= * ;d]tsf] lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf bfjLx?
gk'Ug] egL dWo:y ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^$.!).& lg0f{o ePsf]Ù
 bfjL g+= ^ sf] Boulder Collection Extra Haulage jfkt / bfjL g+= & sf] Quantity
Exceeding and Measured quantity not paid jfkt hDdf ?= *^)^$#).$$ /
sfo{Gjog tkm{ ;Ddsf] Aofh ;d]t lgof]Qmfaf6 lgdf{0f Jofj;foLnfO{ e/fO{ lng kfpg]
lg0f{o ePsf
 pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o kZrft dWo:ytf P]g @)%% sf] bkmf #) -!_ / #) -@_ -u_ -3_
sf] cfwf/df dWo:ytf ;ldltaf6 7x/ ePsf] /sd lgdf{0f Jofj;foLnfO{ ltg'{ kg]{ xf]Og ;f]
jb/ u/L kfpF eGg] >L] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf lgj]bg bfo/
 >L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^^.!.!@ df km};nf
 bfjL g+= ^ df lgdf{0f Jofj;foLsf] bfjL gk'Ug] / bfjL g++ & df dfq bfjL k'Ug] km};nf
 bfjL g++ & df ;d]t bfjL k'Ug' kg]{ xf]Og egL @)^& ;fnsf] WO–)$(# sf] pTk|]if0f bfo/
 ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 l/6 vf/]h
 ;Ddflgt k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gn] bfjL g+= ^ gk'Ug] egL lgof]Qmfsf] lhsL/ ;dy{g u/]sf]
 cf+lzs ?kdf dWo:ysf]] lg0f{o ab/
 cbfntdf d'2fdf nfdf] ;do nfu]sf]
-3_ MIP-1/062/63 l6o/ l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL laafb
 lgdf{0f Joj;foL, lk=P; ÷ yf]b'ª ÷ yfkf ÷ h]=le
 P8h'l8s]6/ af6 ldlt @)^^÷^÷#) df hDdf ^),!*,(%(.*% lgdf{0f Jojf;ofLnfO{ ltg'{
kg]{ lg0f{o
 tTkZrft dWo:ytfsf] sf/jfxL
 ;DkGg u/L ;s]sf] lgdf{0f sfo{, nu]sf] lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L, oGq tyf pks/0f sd{rf/L /
sfdbf/ cflb jfkt #(*$*%).– / Aofh e/fO{ lbg] egL Psn dWo:yaf6 ldlt
@)^&÷%÷# sf] lg0f{o

 Termination of contract on the basis of convenience ePsf]df Toqf] Ifltk"lt{ /sd
ltg'{ ;Demf}tf lakl/t ePsf]n] dWo:ysf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L kfpF egL k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf
lgj]bg
 k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] u/L @)^*÷@÷% df km};nf
 k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf tyf dWo:ysf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L kfpF egL
;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ldlt @)^*÷^ ÷* df l/6 bfo/
 ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf @)^*–wo–)@&% sf] l/6 larf/flwg cj:yfdf
 c;fWo} nfdf] ;do nfu]sf]
 ;'ljwfsf] cfwf/df s/f/sf] ;dfKtL eP kl5 klg lgdf{0f Jofj;foLn] Toqf] 7"nf] /sd
Ifltk"lt{ kfpg' gkg]{
 Gofo kfpg] cfzf
 cfof]hgf k'gM gofF lsl;dn] ;'rf? ug{ afwf gkg]{ .
l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DalGw laafb
 lgdf{0f Joj;foL l;gf] xfO8«f] n'lDagL h]=le=
 tLg ;b:oLo dWo:y 6«fOj'gn u7g
 Local interference, strike, constitutional assembly poll, export band by India,
prolongation cost, implied acceleration cost cflb lzif{sdf 7]Ssf d"No k'/} e'QmfgL nuL
;s]sf] 7]s]bf/n] ?= @@#, $@%, &&^.$% h:tf] 7"nf] /sd Ifltk"lt{ dfu u/]sf] bfjL kq
 7]Ssfsf] k'/} d"No e"QmfgL nu]sf 7]s]bf/n] bf]xf]/f] kf/L dfu]sf] Ifltk"lt{ ltg'{kg]{ xf]Og eGg]
k|ltbfjL kq
 dWo:y 6«fOj'gn af6 s'g} lzif{sdf bfjL k'Ug] s'g}df gk'Ug] u/L hDdf ^,&%,$*,(*#.– dfq
e/fOg] lg0f{o
 ;f] la?4 dWo:y lg0f{o jb/ u/LkfpF egL dWo:ytf P]g @)%% sf] bkmf #) -!_, #) -@_ -u_
-3_ / #) -#_ cGt{utsf] lgj]bg
 ;Ddflgt k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/ gv'n]sf] egL ldlt @)&).#.!@. $ df
dWo:ysf] lg0f{o ab/ k'gM lg0f{osf] cfb]z
 k'gM lg0f{o x'Fbf 6«fOj'gnaf6 klxnfs} lg0f{o cg';f/sf] Ifltk"lt{ e/fOlbg] lg0f{o
 k'gM k'g/fj]bgdf lgj]bg bfo/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 lgofQmfsf] lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ u/L ldlt
@)&@.!).!! df km};nf
k|efjsfl/tfsf] ljZn]if0f
 dWo:y k|s[of l56f] 5l/tf] sd vlr{nf] gePsf] .
 lgof]Qmfsf] tkm{af6 p7fOPsf sfg"gL k|Zgx?df Wofg gk'u]sf]
 lajfb nfdf] x'Fbf lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}lt ubf{ lgof]QmfnfO{ Aofhsf] gf]S;fgL
 lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] s'g} Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] cj:yf 5}g
 ;jf]{Rrdf Challenge ug]{ ls gug]{ < eGg] b'lawf eO{ Challenge ul/Psf] cj:yf

r'gf}ltx?
 dWo:ytf k|s[of 5f]6f] geO{ nfdf] / vlr{nf] ePsf]n] s] ug]{ <
 bfaL /sd ;dodf e'StfgL gx'Fbf /fHon] Joxf]g]{ bfloTjsf] lhDdf s;n] lng] <
 ;fwf/0f cbfnt ;/xsf] k|s[of canDag ug]{ xf] eg] dWo:ytf P]gsf] cf}lrTo s] x'g] <
 7]s]bf/ / ;/sf/L kIfaf6 d'2f nDafpb} hfbf Gofo slxn] k|fKt x'g] .
 dWo:yn] unt lg0f{o u/]df lghx?nfO{ sfg"gL bfo/fdf Nofpg] k|efjsf/L sfg"gL Joj:yf
cfjZos kg]{ jf gkg]{ <
 ;/sf/ / 7]s]bf/ aLr xfn e}/x]sf] cljZjf; s;/L x6fpg] <
 tYout ljifodf cbfnt k|j]z u/]df s] x'g] <
स दभर् सामग्री:
न्याय ूशासन दपर्ण, नेपाल पुंपराज र िदवाकर भ , पैरवी ूकाशन,२०६४

नेपाल मध्यःथता पिरष (नेप्का) को िबधान,२०४८ र िनयमावली, २०७२
मध्यःथता ऐन, २०५५
अिधवक्ता िवंणु ूसाद अिधकारीको ान्डसनोट
सव च्च अदालतका निजर तथा फैसला

vl/b sfg'g / ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u
9fn axfb'/ lh=;L= *
;f/f+z
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnL adf]lhd dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf jf
cGo ;]jf k|fKt ug{] jf s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{] jf u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] ;d]6]sf]
5 . ;fj{hlgs sf]if /fHosf] sf]if xf] . o; sf]ifaf6 /sd vr{ ubf{ lglZrt lalw / k|s[ofaf6 dfq
ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf /fHosf] s'n ah]6sf] ;f7L k|ltzt eGbf a9L /sd ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf vr{
x'g] u/]sf] ;Gb{edf ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, k|ls|of tyf lg0f{onfO{ cem a9L v'nf, kf/bzL{,
j:t'lgi7 / ljZj;gLo agfpg] tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|ls|ofdf k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, O{dfGbf/Ltf,
hjfkmb]xLtf / ljZj;gLotf k|j4{g u/L ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd
k|ltkmn xfl;n ug]{ p2]Zo /fVg] ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]udf ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DalGw sfg'g
dxTjk"0f{ laifosf] ?kdf cGt//;DalGwt laifo x'g k'u]sf 5g .
vl/b (Procurement)
vl/b eGgfn] ;fdfGo a'emfOdf j:t' jf ;]jf lsGg]] sfd xf] . o:tf] vl/bdf dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf
jf cGo ;]jf k|fKt ug{] jf s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{] jf u/fpg] sfo{ kb{5g . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^#
cg';f/ vl/b eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] o; P]g adf]lhd s'g} dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cGo
;]jf k|fKt ug{] jf s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{] jf u/fpg] sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ . o; cy{df ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL,@)^$ adf]lhd s'g} dfn;fdfg,
k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cGo ;]jf k|fKt ug{] jf s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{] jf u/fpg] sfo{ g} vl/b xf] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# cg';f/ ædfn;fdfgÆ eGgfn] rn jf crn,;hLj jf lghL{j h'g;'s}
lsl;dsf] j:t' ;DDemg'k5{ / ;f] zAbn] To:tf] j:t' cfk"lt{ ug]{ sfo{sf] cfg'iffª\lus ;]jf ;d]tnfO{
hgfpb5 .
ælgdf{0f sfo{Æ eGgfn] s'g} ;+/rgf jf s'g} s'/fsf] lgdf{0f ug{], k'gM lgdf{0f ug{], eTsfpg],
dd{t;Def/ ug{] jf lh0ff]{4f/ ug]{ sfo{ ;+u ;DalGwt lgdf{0f :yn tof/ ug]{, vGg], 78\ofpg],
agfpg], pks/0f jf dfn;fdfg h8fg ug]{, ;hfpg], cflb h:tf sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] gSzf
agfpg], k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f ug]{, e"pku|xLo kmf]6f] lvRg], e"sDkLo k/LIf0f ug{] h:tf lgdf{0f sfo{sf]
cfg'ifflËs ;]jf ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
æk/fdz{ ;]jfÆ eGgfn] s'g} cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;e]{If0f, l8hfOg, 8«O{ª ;'k/Lj]If0f, tfnLd, k/LIf0f
ug]{ sfd, ;km\6j]o/sf] ljsf; jf o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo af}l4s jf k]zfut ;]jf ;Demg' k5{, / æcGo
;]jfÆ eGgfn] ;jf/L ;fwg, pks/0f jf dfn;fdfg eFf8fdf lng], 9'jfgL ug]{ jf dfn;fdfg dd{t
;Def/ ug]{ sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ .42

* zfvf clws[t, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g @)^# n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ?kdf b]xfosf If]qdf of] P]g k|efjsf/L x'g] elg
lglb{:6 u/]sf] 5 .
!= ;+j}wflgs c+u jf lgsfo,cbfnt,g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno,;lrjfno,ljefu jf ;f] cGt{utsf
cGo h'g;'s} ;/sf/L lgsfo jf sfof{no
@= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cflz+s :jfldTj jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] ;+:yfg,sDkgL,a}s jf ;ldlt jf
k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs :t/df :yflkt jf g]kfn ;/sf/4f/f ul7t cfof]u, ;+:yfg,
k|flws/0f, lgud, k|lti7fg af]8{, kl/ifb / o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo ;+ul7t ;+:yf
#= g]kfn ;/sf/4f/f ;~rflnt jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z cg'bfg k|fKt ljZljBfno,
dxfljBfno, cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo k|fl1s jf z}lIfs ;+:yf
$= :yfgLo lgsfo
%= ljsf; ;ldlt P]g,@)!# adf]lhd ul7t ljsf; ;ldlt
^= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] C0f jf cg'bfgdf ;+rflnt ;+:yf
&= g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo elg tf]s]sf] cGo ;+:yf .
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{sf] cg'udgsf] nfuL ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# sf] bkmf ^$ df ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 x'g] vl/b sfo{sf] cg'udg ug{
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] :yfkgf
ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf eP cg'';f/ la=;=@)^$.%.# df ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] :yfkgf
eO sfd ub} cfPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL @)^$ cg';f/
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] sfd,st{Ao / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
-!_ vl/b ;DaGwL gLlt jf k|rlnt sfg"gdf ;'wf/ ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/z ug]{,
-@_ 6g{ ls,O=lk=;L=,;+/rgfTds sfo{ jf OsfO b/ ;Demf}tf, Joj:yfkg ;Demf}tf h:tf vl/b
ljlwsf laifodf cfjZos kg]{ lgb]{lzsf,sfo{ljlw / k|fljlws dfubz{g hf/L ug]{,
-#_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b sf/afxL ;+rfng ug{ k|of]u ug{' kg]{ af]nkq ;DjGwL sfuhft -
:of6G88{ lal8ª 8s'd]G6_, k"j{of]Uotf ;DaGwL sfuhft -:of6G88{ lk| Sjflnlkms];g 8s'd]G6_ /
vl/b ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL sfuhft -:of6G88{ sG6«ofS6 8s'd]G6_ / k|:tfj dfu ug]{ ;DaGwL
sfuhft -l/Sj]:6 km/ k|kf]hn_ sf] :of6G88{ gd"gf tof/ ug]{,
-$_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfojf6 x'g] jf ePsf] vl/b sf/afxLsf] tYof+s ;+sng u/L To:tf] sf/afO{ of]
P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod jf lgb]{lzsf cg'?k eP jf gePsf] cg'udg / k/LIf0f
ug]{ jf u/fpg],
-%_ vl/b kZrftsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ u/fpg],
-^_ lgdf{0f Joj;foL, cfk"lt{stf{, k/fdz{bftf tyf ;]jf k|bfossf] vl/b ;DalGw of]Uotf /
cg'ejsf] clen]v tof/ ug]{,
-&_ ljB'tLo vl/b lgb]{lzsf hf/L ug]{,
-*_ of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod, lgb]{lzsfdf plNnlvt s'g} s'/fsf ;DaGwdf
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] /fo k/fdz{ dfu u/]df /fo k/fdz{ lbg],
-(_ vl/b ;DaGwL j]j;fO6 :yfkgf u/L To;sf] ;+rfng ug]{,
-!)_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g / pSt P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod, lgb]{lzsf, k|fljlws dfu{ lgb]{zg tyf
;fj{hlgs

vl/b ;DaGwL n]v /rgf, ;fdfu|L tyf o:t} cGo s'/fx? ;fj{hlgs u/fpg a'n]l6g k|sfzg
ug]{,
-!!_ vl/b sfo{df ;dGjo ug{sf nflu cfaZos kg]{ sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf] nflu g]kfn
;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ug]{,
-!@_ af]nkqbftf jf vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf] jf x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] nflu lgoldt k|lzIf0f
sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
-!#_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# sf] bkmf ^# adf]lhdsf] sfnf] ;"lraf6 k'ms'jf ug]{ ;DaGwdf
cfaZos dfkb08 tof/ ug]{ / ;f] dfkb08 cg';f/ sfnf] ;"rLaf6 km's'jf ug]{,
-!$_ vl/b Joj:yf k|efjsf/L agfpg lgdf{0f, cfk"lt{, k/fdz{ ;]jf / cGo ;]jf k|0ffnL k'g/fjnf]sg,
;dLIff ug]{ / ;]jfu|fxL;+u jf cfjZostfg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf tyf cGo ljb]zL lgsfo;Fu
lgoldt ?kdf ;'emfj lng],
-!%_ vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ / ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos kg]{ :jb]zL jf a}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] of]hgf
tof/ ug]{ tyf To:tf] ;xfotf ;dGjo ug]{ s]lGb|o lgsfosf] ?kdf sfd ug]{,
-!^_ vl/b lj1 k|df0Ls/0f ug]{ u/fpg],
-!&_ vl/b sf/jfxLsf] aflif{s k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ug{], /
-!*_ ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] vl/b sf/jfxLsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f ul/ jf ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6
vl/b lqmofsnfk ;DalGw k|ltj]bg / hfgsf/Lx? dfu ul/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{sf] cg'udg
ug]{ .
-!(_ vl/b lqmofsnfk ;DalGw k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ug{' kg]{ hfgsf/L tYofÍ / To;tf] k|ltj]bg k]z
ug'{ kg]{ ;dofjlwsf ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] .
-@)_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ vl/b sf/jfxL ;~rfng ug{ / af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, l;naGbL
b/efpkqbftf cfk"lt{stf{nfO{ vl/b sf/jfxLdf ;xefuL x'g ;xof]u x'g] lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx?
;~rfng ug]{ .
-@!_ vl/b sf/jfxLnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpg] .
-@@_ s]lGb|o 8f6f a}ssf] :yfkgf ul/ vl/b ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ;DalGw sfo{;Dkfbgsf] clen]v
/fVg] .
-@#_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DalGw hfgsf/L k|jfx ug]{ t/Lsfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
-@$_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nfuL cGo b]zsf] vl/b sf/jfxL ;DalGw
gLlt,sfg'g,cg'ej / cEof;sf] af/]df cg';gwfg ug]{ .
-@$_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf vl/b ;DalGw Ifdtf jf bIftf / Joj;flos sfo{s'zntf ePsf
sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfsf] nfuL of]hgf tof/ ug]{ .
-@%_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf vl/b ;DalGw Ifdtf jf bIftf / Joj;flos sfo{s'zntf ePsf
sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfsf] nfuL of]hgf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf vl/b PsfO{,d"Nof+sg ;ldlt /
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nodf lgo'St x'g] JolStn] cfjZos bIftf / Joj;flos
sfo{s'zntf k'/f u/] gu/]sf] olsg ug]{ .
-@^_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k|d'v To;tf] lgsfosf] vl/b PsfOsf] sd{rf/L,af]nkq d"Nof+sg ;ldltsf
;b:osf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ tyf pQ/bfloTjsf] ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ .
-@&_ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ul/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf]
sfof{no ;dIf k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

-@*_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/Lsf] k]zfut bIftf clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos kg]{
tflnd sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'/ofpg] .
-@(_ sd{rf/Lsf] k]zfut bIftf clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos kg]{ tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
-#)_ tf]lsPsf] cGo sfo{ ug]{ .
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u
;fj{hlgs sf]if (Public fund)
;fj{hlgs sf]if eGgfn] /fHosf] sf]if eGg] a'lemG5 . ;fj{hlgs sf]ifaf6 g} ;/sf/n] ljleGg ;|f]taf6
k|fKt ug]{ / vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs sf]if /fHosf] 9's'6L xf] . /fHon] /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o ljleGg ;|f]tx¿af6 k|fKt ug]{ /sd o; sf]ifdf /flvPsf] x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u (Utilization of Public Fund)
/fHonfO{ ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /sd /fi6« / hgtfsf] clwstd lxt x'g] sfddf k|of]u ug'{
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u eGg] a'lemG5 . ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]un] o;sf] k|flKt b]lv
n]vfk/LIf0f / k|efj d"Nofª\sg;Ddsf ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ ;d]6\b5 . ;fj{hlgs sf]if ;b'kof]un]
d'VotM lgDg ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6\b5 .
 k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs cfDbfgL k|fKt ug]{ .
 hgtfsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;+:yf ;+;baf6 :jLs[t u/fP/ jflif{s cfo Joosf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ .
 ;/sf/n] k|fKt ug]{ /fh:j lgwf{l/t ;dodf k|fKt ug]{ / r'xfj6 x'g glbg] .
 ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] /sd vr{ ubf{ vl/b P]g, cfly{s P]g nufotsf P]g sfg'g adf]lhd ug]{ .
 vr{ u/]sf] /sd a]?h' gcfpg] u/L k|lqmofut ¿kdf klg ldNg] u/L n]vf /fVg] .
 cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ldtJolotf ckgfpg] .
 vr{ u/]sf] /sddf ljQLo pQ/bfloTj axg ug]{ .
 j}b]lzs ;xfotf cTofjZos ePsf] If]qdf dfq ;xof]u lng] .
 j}b]lzs ;f]wegf{sf] /sd ;dofjlw leq g} lng] .
 n]vfk/LIf0f :jtGq lgsfoaf6 u/fpg] / ljZj;gLo k|ltj]bg u/fpg' .
;fj{hlgs sf]if ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
;fj{hlgs sf]if ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ sf] efu !) df Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]if
u'7L /sd afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf /fh:j, /fh:jsf] lwtf]df lnOPsf ;a}
shf{ / P]gsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t lbOPsf] h'g;'s} C0f c;'n x'Fbf k|fKt ePsf] ;a} wg / g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] cGo h'g;'s} /sd ;+3Lo P]g4f/f csf]{ s'g} Joj:yf gul/Pdf Ps ;/sf/L
sf]ifdf cfDbfgL afFlwg]5 h;nfO{ ;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]if elgg]5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 .
;l~rt sf]if jf ;+3Lo ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 dfly Jooef/ x'g] /sdx¿ b]xfosf x'g] pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.

b]xfo adf]lhdsf /sd afx]s ;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]if jf ;+3Lo ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 lemSg ;lsg]
5}g eGg] Joj:yf 5 . h; cg';f/ ;l~rt sf]if jf ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 Joo x'g] /sdx¿ lgDg /x]sf
5g\ .
-s_ ;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]if dfly Jooef/ ePsf] /sd .
-v_ ;+3Lo ljlgof]hg ug]{ P]g adf]lhd vr{ x'g] /sd .
-u_ ljlgof]hg ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf k]ZsLsf] ¿kdf P]gåf/f vr{ x'g] /sd jf
-3_ ljz]if cj:yfdf Joosf] ljj/0fdfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ P]gåf/f Joo x'g] /sd .
;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]if dfly Jooef/ x'g] /sd
b]xfosf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt vr{x¿ ;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]if dfly Jooef/ x'g] / To;tf] Joosf nfuL
;+3Lo ;+;bsf] :jLs[tL cfjZos gkg]]{ Joj:yf 5 .
-s_ /fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«kltsf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] /sd
-v_ g]kfnsf] k|wfgGofowLz ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofowLz / Gofo kl/ifbsf ;b:onfO{ lbOg]
kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwfsf] /sd
-u_ k|ltlgwL ;efsf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'v,/fli6«o ;efsf cWoIf / pkfWoIfnfO lbOg] kfl/>lds
tyf ;'ljwfsf] /sd
-3_ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf k|d'v / kbflwsf/LnfO lbOg] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwfsf] /sd
-ª_ k|b]z k|d'vsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwfsf] /sd
-r_ /fi6«klt jf pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no,;jf]{Rr cbfnt, Gofo kl/ifb, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / k|b]z
k|d'vsf] sfof{nosf] k|zf;lgs Joo
-5_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfloTjsf] C0f ;DalGw Jooef/
-h_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] la?4 cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf jf cfb]z cg';f/ ltg'{ kg]{ /sd
-em_ ;+3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd ;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]if dfly Jooef/ x'g] /sd
o;/L ;+ljwfgdf g} ;fj{hlgs sf]if / To;sf] vr{ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;l~rt
sf]ifaf6 Joo ug]{ egL pNn]v ul/Psf /sdsf] xsdf vr{ ug{ hgtfsf] k|ltlglwd"ns lgsfo ;+3Lo
;+;bsf] :jLs[tL cfjZos kb}{g . eg] ljlgof]hg P]g cg';f/ vr{ x'g] /sdsf] nflu ;+3Lo ;+;bsf]
:jLs[tL cfjZos x'G5 .
/fhZj / Joosf] cg'dfg ;DalGw Joj:yf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cy{dGqLn] k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] ;DaGwdf ;+3Lo ;+;bsf b'j} ;bgsf] ;+o'Qm a}7sdf
b]xfosf ljifox¿ ;d]t v'nfO{ jflif{s cg'dfg k]z ug'{ kg]{] Joj:yf 5 .
-s_ /fh:jsf] cg'dfg,
-v_ ;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ x'g] cfjZos /sdx¿, /
-u_ ;+3Lo ljlgof]hg P]g adf]lhd Joo x'g] cfjZos /sdx¿ .
dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhd jflif{s cg'dfg k]z ubf{ cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df k|To]s dGqfnonfO{
5'6\ofOPsf] vr{sf] /sd / To:tf] vr{ cg';f/sf] nIo xfl;n eof] jf ePg To;sf] ljj/0f klg ;fy}
k]z ug'{ kg]{ tyf /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg k|To]s jif{ h]7 dlxgfsf] kGw| ut] ;+3Lo ;+;bdf k]z
ug'{kb{5 .

ljlgof]hg P]g
ljlgof]hg P]g adf]lhd Joo x'g] /sd ;DalGwt zLif{sdf pNn]v ul/ ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf /flvG5 .
k'/s cg'dfg
s'g} cfly{s jif{df b]xfosf] cj:yf kg{ cfPdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cy{dGqLn] k|ltlglw ;efdf k"/s
cg'dfg k]z ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .
-s_ rfn" cfly{s jif{sf nflu ljlgof]hg P]gn] s'g} ;]jfsf nflu vr{ ug{ clVtof/L lbPsf] /sd
ckof{Kt ePdf jf To; jif{sf nflu ljlgof]hg P]gn] clVtof/L glbPsf] gofF ;]jfdf vr{ ug{
cfjZos ePdf, jf
-v_ rfn" cfly{s jif{df ljlgof]hg P]gn] clVtof/L lbPsf] /sdeGbf a9L vr{ x'g uPdf .
k]ZsL vr{
ljlgof]hg ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf cfly{s jif{sf nflu cg'dfg ul/Psf] Joosf] s'g} c+z
k]ZsLsf ¿kdf ;+3Lo P]g adf]lhd vr{ ug{ ;lsg] . /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg k]z gul/P;Dd
k]ZsL vr{ ljw]os k|:t't ul/g] 5}g / k]ZsLsf] /sd cfly{s jif{sf] Joo cg'dfgsf] Ps ltxfO eGbf
a9L x'g] 5}g .
-#_ ;+3Lo k]ZsL vr{ P]g adf]]lhd vr{ ePsf] /sd ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf ;dfj]z ul/G5 .
pwf/f] vr{
k|fs[lts sf/0f jf afx\o cfqmd0fsf] cfz+sf jf cfGtl/s lj£g jf cGo sf/0fn] ;+s6sf] cj:yf k/L
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ adf]lhd wf/f !!( sf] pkwf/f -!_ cGtu{t rflxg] ljj/0f v'nfpg
cJojxfl/s jf /fHosf] ;'/Iff jf lxtsf b[li6n] cjf~5gLo b]lvPdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cy{dGqLn]
Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ ljw]os k|ltlglw ;efdf k]z ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .
;+3Lo cfsl:ds sf]if
;+3Lo P]g adf]lhd cfsl:ds sf]ifsf gfdn] Pp6f sf]if :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg]5 / To:tf] sf]ifdf ;do
;dodf ;+3Lo P]g adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ePsf] /sd hDdf ul/g] pSt sf]if g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf
/xg]5 / g]kfn ;/sf/n] To:tf] sf]ifaf6 cfsl:ds sfo{sf nflu vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u s;/L ug]{ <
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ljifo cfo Joj:yfkg b]lv sfo{qmdaf6 k/]sf] k|efj ;Ddsf ;d]6\g] ePsf]n]
;fj{hlgs sf]if ;b'kof]u lgDg cfwf/df ug'{kb{5 .
-s_ cfo Joj:yfkg
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u ljz]iftM vr{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;DalGwt 5 . tfklg cfo Joj:yfkg /fd|f]
;Fu x'g g;s]df ;fj{hlgs sf]ifn] cfjZostf cg';f/ vr{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sb}g . ;fy} vr{
Joj:yfkgaf6 g} cfoJoj:yfkgsf] af6f] klg v'n]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/n] k|fKt ug]{ ljleGg /fh:jsf
;|f]tx¿ klxrfg ug]{, /fh:jsf] bfo/f a9fpg], ljb]zaf6 k|fKt ug]{ C0f ;xfotf ;dodf lng] /

;f]wegf{ klg ;dodf g} ug'{kb{5 . o;f] ePdf ;fj{hlgs sf]ifdf kof{Kt /sd x'G5 . / cfjZostf
cg';f/ vr{ ug{ ;xh klg x'G5 .
-v_ vr{sf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug]{
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] /sd vr{ ubf{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L vr{ ug'{kb{5 . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ h;af6 tTsfn /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g] tyf eljio;Dd klg nfe x'G5 .
;fy} ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿df klg a9L dxŒj / sd dxŒjsf of]hgf / sfo{qmd 5'6\ofP/ nufgL
ug'{kb{5 .
-u_ vr{ ubf{ ldtJolotf ckgfpg]
 ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] /sd vr{ ubf{ clgjfo{ / dxTjk"0f{ sfdx¿df dfq vr{ ug'{kb{5 .
 lgoldt k|zf;lgs vr{x¿nfO{ sd ub} hfg] .
 of]hgfa4 ¿kdf sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfx¿sf] 5gf]6 u/L ;~rfng ug]{ .
 /fhg}lts nf]slk|otfsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng gug]{ .
 sfof{nox¿df x'g] vr{x¿nfO{ 36fpg lgb]{lzsfx¿ agfP/ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
-3_ cfoJoosf] cg'dfg -ah]6_ df ;+;bLo lgoGq0f
No taxation without representation eGg] dfGotf cg'¿k ;/sf/L cfoJoodf hgtfsf
k|ltlglwx¿sf] lgoGq0f x'g'kb{5 eGg] cjwf/0ff 5 . o;sf] nflu ah]6 tof/ u/L ;+;bdf k]z ug]{ /
cg'df]bg u/fO{ vr{ ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} vr{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljleGg P]g lgodx¿sf] Joj:yf klg ;+;bn]
u/]sf] x'G5 . ;f] sf] kfngf x'g'kb{5 .
-ª_ vr{df kf/bzL{tf
;fj{hlgs sf]ifaf6 vr{ x'g] /sddf kf/blz{tf x'g' kb{5 . slt /sd ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 < s]
cfwf/df ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 < s] s] sfdsf nflu vr{ ug]{ xf] < / vr{ s;/L ug]{ eGg] af/]df
;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ yfxf x'g'kb{5 . ;fy} sfo{qmd ;DkGg eP kl5 cfoJoosf] ljj/0f
;fj{hlgs ug'{ kb{5 .
-r_ vr{sf] n]vfª\sg
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] /sd ljleGg If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] / vr{ klg ljleGg If]qdf uP/ x'g] ePsf]n]
n]vfª\sg k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kb{5 . o;f] ePdf dfq cfDbfgL ePsf / x'g] /sdsf] r'xfj6 x'g
kfpFb}g . To:t} vr{sf] oyfy{ hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g ;Sb5 .
-5_ vr{sf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg
;fj{hlgs sf]ifaf6 x'g] /sd s] s;/L ePsf] 5 eGg] af/]df lgsf;f lbg] / tfn's lgsfoaf6 x'g]
cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgn] ;3fpFb5 . vr{ ug]{ kbflwsf/L tyf lgsfon] klg vr{ ubf{ k|rlnt lgod
sfg'g kfngf ug{ tyf cgfjZos vr{ 36fpg vf]Hb5 . ;fy} ;~rfng ePsf sfo{qmdx¿ lgwf{l/t
dfkb08 cg';f/sf 5g 5}gg\ eGg] af/]df klg yfxf x'G5 . ;fy} sdL sdhf]/L ePdf ;'wf/sf] nflu
;do k|fKt x'G5 . o;af6 klg ;/sf/L vr{ b'¿kof]u /f]Sg ;lsG5 .

-h_ ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] n]vfk/LIf0f
 ;fj{hlgs sf]ifdf k|fKt ePsf / vr{ ePsf /sdx¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{kb{5 .
 n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ a]?h' ePdf lgoldt u/fpg'kb{5 .
 ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf ePsf] vr{sf] sfo{d"ns n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kb{5 eg]
ldtJooLtf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] cfwf/df /sd vr{ eP gePsf] x]g'{kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs sf]if ;b'kof]usf nflu g]kfndf ePsf k|of;x¿
-s_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ sf] wf/f !!^ df ;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]if ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . h'g
sf]ifdf ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} cfDbfgL /sd /xG5g\ .
-v_ ;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]ifdf ePsf] /sddf Jooef/ x'g] /sdx¿ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h;df ;l~rt
sf]if Jooef/ x'g] /sd / ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f vr{ x'g] /sd 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 .
-u_ ljlgof]hg ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf k]ZsLsf] ¿kdf vr{ kfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-3_ ljz]if cj:yfdf Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ P]gåf/f Joo ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf 5 .
-ª_ /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg tof/ u/L ;+;bdf k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .
-r_ ;+ljwfgdf g} cfsl:ds sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lgoGq0fdf x'g] / cfsl:ds sfo{sf nflu vr{ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .
-5_ ;+j}wflgs cª\usf ¿kdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . h;n] ;a} ;/sf/L
sfof{nox¿sf] n]vf sfg'gåf/f lgwf{l/t tl/sf adf]lhd lgoldttf ldtJoLtf, k|efjsfl/tf
sfo{bIftf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L n]vfk/LIf0f ub{5 .
-h_ dxfn]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] afli{fs k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug]{,/fi6«kltn] pQm
k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t ;+;bdf k]z ug]{ / ;+;bdf ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] vr{ ;DaGwdf
5nkmn x'G5 .
-em_ cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g @)%% cg';f/ ;l~rt sf]ifsf] ;~rfng dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] ug]{
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] ;+lrt sf]if / cfly{s k|zf;gsf] ;+rfng
tyf lgoGq0f ug{ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{, lgb]{zg lbg] tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo cfo–
Joo n]vf tof/ kfg]{ sfd ub{5 .
-~f_ ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] vr{ ug]{ tl/sf n]vf /fVg] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;DaGwdf cfly{s sfo{ljlw
P]g @)%%, lgodfjnL @)^$ / ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g @)^# / lgodfjnL @)^$ af6 Jojl:yt
ul/Psf] 5 .
-6_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% cg';f/ ul7t :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] sf]if ;b'kof]u ug{
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL @)%^ / :yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL @)^$
af6 Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .
-7_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf vr{ ul/g] /sdsf] nflu ;fdflhs ;'/IffeQf sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" ul/Psf]
5.
-8_ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf cfof]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfqmd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
-9_ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg dfly 5nkmn u/L ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf]
;b'kof]udf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbG5 . ;fy} ;fj{hlgs /sdsf] b'¿kof]u ePsf] nfu]sf cGo
If]qdf klg hfFr ug{ ;Sb5 .

;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]usf] nflu ;+:yfut Joj:yf
-s_ Joj:yflksf ;+;b
-v_ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
-u_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
-3_ cy{ dGqfno
-ª_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no
-r_ dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no
-5_ /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|
-h_ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
-em_ s]Gb|Lo txl;n sfof{no
-`_ sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nox¿
;fj{hlgs sf]if ;b'kof]udf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿
-s_ hgtfsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs sf]if ;b'kof]udf ck]lIft e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ g;s]sf] .
-v_ ljutdf /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] ubf{ lgwf{l/t ;dodf ah]6 cfpg g;Sbf b]zsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f
/ lgoldt ultljlwx¿df ;d]t k|efj k/]sf] .
-u_ ljsf; sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfx¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0f j:t'ut x'g g;s]sf] .
-3_ bL3{sfnLg nfe x'g] vfnsf sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfx¿df kof{Kt ah]6 Joj:yf x'g g;s]sf] .
-ª_ lgoldt / k|zf;lgs vr{sf] cfsf/ aif]{gL al9/x]sf] .
-r_ cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf gfddf w]/} /sd vr{ ug]{ k|j[lQn] ljsf;sf
lqmofsnfk u'0f:t/Lo gx'g] / /sddf klg clgoldttf x'g] ;Defjgf a9fPsf] .
-5_ ah]6 cfPkl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd klg clVtof/L ghfg], sfo{qmd :jLs[t gx'g], 7]Ssk6\6f ;dodf
gx'Fbf lgsf;f gx'g] sf/0f ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf l9nfO{ / hl6ntf eO{ sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u x'g
g;s]sf] .
-h_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL sdhf]/ x'Fbf /sd b'¿kof]u x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ a9fPsf] 5 eg]
cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f cf}rfl/stfdf ;Lldt /x]sf] .
-em_ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 x'g] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f klg sfuhL k/LIf0f dfq x'g]
u/]sf]÷sfo{d"ns n]vf k/LIf0f x'g g;s]sf] .
-`_ a]?h'sf] dfqf jif]{gL j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 eg] plx vfnsf a]?h' bf]xf]l/Psf 5g\ . o; cfwf/df
;fj{hlgs sf]if sf] /sd vr{ ;'wf/sf nfuL lbOPsf ;'emfjx? sfof{Gjogdf sd} uPsf 5g .
-6_ j}b]lzs C0f ;xfotf afktsf] /sd ;dodf ;f]wegf{ glnFbf ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{
hl6ntf ylkg] u/]sf] 5 .
-7_ sltko j}b]lzs ;xfotf ah]6df ;dfj]z gug]{ k|rngn] ;f] sf] ;b'kof]u ePsf] eGg] cfwf/
gb]lvPsf] .
-8_ :yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] 7"nf] /sd xfn hgk|ltlglw gx'Fbf hgtfsf cfjZostf If]qdf vr{ x'g
;s]sf] 5}g eGg] b'¿kof]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ldn]sf] 5 .
-9_ ljleGg k|of]hgdf :yfkgf ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] /sd lgwf{l/t sfddf pkof]u x'g ;s]sf]
5}g eg] o:tf sf]if s'g s'g x'g eGg] af/]df ;d]t olsg 5}g .

-0f_ ;/sf/L /sd c;'npk/ ug{ s]Gb|Lo txl;n sfof{no :yfkgf ul/P klg o;n] cfÇgf] pkl:ylt
b]vfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
-t_ lhG;L ;fdfgdf w]/} /sd vr{ eP tfklg ;/sf/L ;DklQ Joj:yfkg /fd|f];Fu x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
-y_ /fhgLlts cl:y/tf ;Fu} ;/sf/ kl/jt{gn] nf]slk|o sfo{qmdx¿df vr{ ug]{ k|j[lQ JofKt 5 .
-b_ ;fj{hlgs sf]ifaf6 /sd vr{ eP kl5 ljsf; lgdf{0f ePsf] egL k|ltj]bg ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .
vr{ cfwf/df k|ult x'g] Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u g} ePsf] 5 eGg] cfwf/
gb]lvPsf] .
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkfox¿
-s_ ;/sf/n] k|fKt ug]{ cfosf >f]tx?df x'g] r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug]{ .
-v_ /fh:jsf] bfo/f a9fO{ ;fj{hlgs sf]ifnfO{ yk ;'b[9 u/fpg] .
-u_ ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkgdf hgtfsf k|ltlglwx?n] yk ;zSt e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ .
-3_ ljsf; vr{nfO{ a9fpg] tyf ;fwf/0f vr{ ldtJooL agfpg] .
-ª_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f / cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ sfg'gL ¿kdf tyf Jojxfl/s ;'wf/
ug]{ .
-r_ ah]6df cfpg] sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/] kl5 ;DkGg gx'g] a]nf ;Dd ;|f]tsf] sdL
x'g glbg] .
-5_ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf a]?h'x¿nfO{ 5nkmn u/L 6'ª\Uofpg tbf?stf b]vfpg'kg]{ .
-h_ n]vf k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
-em_ ;a} j}b]lzs ;xof]unfO{ clgjfo{ ah]6df /fvL vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
-`_ cfGTl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg clwsf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
-6_ c;'n ug'{kg]{ ;/sf/L /sdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg s]lGb|t txl;n sfof{nonfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t
;DkGg agfpg] .
-7_ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ clgjfo{ k|fljlws k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
-8_ cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] gfddf ah]6 /sdfGt/ ul/ vr{ ug]{ sfdnfO{ /f]Sg'kg]{ .
-9_ k|zf;lgs lqmofsnfkdf x'g] vr{sf] dfkb08 agfO{ nfu' ug]{ .
--0f_ :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 vr{ x'g] ah]6nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ ;+oGq ljsf; ug]{ .
-t_ O–6]08/nfO{ yk Jojl:yt ul/ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]udf vl/b sfg'gsf] e"ldsf
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf g} ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, k|ls|of tyf
lg0f{onfO{ cem a9L v'nf, kf/bzL{,j:t'lgi7 / ljZj;gLo agfpg,;fj{hlgs vl/b k|ls|ofdf k|lt:kwf{,
:jR5tf, O{dfGbf/Ltf, hjfkmb]xLtf / ljZj;gLotf k|j4{g u/L ldtAooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{ 9+uaf6
;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ / ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ u/fpFbf,
dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf cGo ;]jf vl/b ubf{ To:tf] vl/bsf] Joj:yfkg Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L
pTkfbs, ljqm]tf, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ ljgf e]befj ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k|ls|ofdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfg"gL
Aoa:yf ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n] elg pNn]v ul/Psf]n] ;fj{hlgs vl/b dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf]
;b'kof]u ug{df hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;fh{hlgs sf]ifdf hDdf x'g cfPsf] /sd /fHon] ef}lts tyf
;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ tyf sNof0fsf/L sfddf vr{ ub{5 . h'g sfdsf] nfuL vr{ u/]tf klg /fHo tyf

hgtfsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'/ofpg' /fHosf] clGtd nIo /xG5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 x'g] vl/b
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cj:yf / vl/b d"Nosf] cfwf/df s'g} ljlw ckgfO{ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .o:tf
vl/b ljlwx? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g .
-s_ af]nkq cfXjfg u/]/
-v_ l;naGbL b/efpkq cfXjfg u/]/
-u_ ;f]em} vl/baf6
-3_ pkef]Stf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{
-ª_ cdfgtaf6
-r_ Psd'i7 b/ lalwaf6
-5_ pTkfbs jf clws[t laqm]tf4f/f lgwf{l/t b/df -Catlogue Shopping_
-h_ l;ldt af]nkqbftfn] efu lng] -Limited Tendering_
-em_ goFf lng] k'/fgf] lbg] -Buyback method_
k/fdz{ ;]jfdf
-s_ k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu ul/
-v_ ;f]em} aftf{af6
;ffj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# n] ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwdf cem a9L v'Nnf, kf/bzL{, a:t'lgi7,
ljZj;gLotfsf] dfGotf /fv]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|s[ofsf d'Vo laz]iftfx?df k|lt:kwf{
:jR5tf, OdfGbfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ljZj;gLotf k|j4{g, ldtJolotf /x]sf 5g . dfly pNn]lvt
laleGg lalwx? vl/b k|s[ofdf ckgfOG5 . lo vl/b lalw /fVg'sf] p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] /sdaf6
sd eGbf sd d"Nodf ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DalGw sfd ;DkGg ug'{ eGg] /xG5 . vl/b sfo{ ubf{ dfly
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;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf

Public Procurement Journal

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The article of this journal are personal opinion of the author.

Public Procurement Monitoring Office

;F:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g] ;+/rgf / ljlw agfpg' kb{5 .

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FA procedure with second stage competition means a procedure under an open FA or a

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Anti-Corruption Measures: During the assessment period two anti-corruption law,

Reform Measures: In order to overcome shortcomings of then procurement system the

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Re advertise if less than 3 selected Re advertise if less than 3 selected

news paperInstruct concerned district Instruct concerned district for Technical

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 43

Financial proposal evaluation of technically qualified bidders

Submit evaluation to DEDC

Approval from DEDC

Agreement with bid winners

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The greater ownership from GoN entities is a positive factor in institutionalization

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;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 47

Dr. Suman Kumar Regmi*

Key Words: Public procurement, strategy, local self governance, development,

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 49

A public entity's procurement contract should: be comprehensive enough to meet the

Examples of different types of specifications are: a functional specification, which

Other potential contents of a specification include: mandatory requirements and non-

In principle, the Government and Parliament are responsible for implementing

An incomplete understanding of limitations or exclusions of liability, indemnities,

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Good governance programmes require that public procurement reforms support

A well-functioning public procurement system must seek value-for-money in meeting

An effective public procurement system allows suppliers to provide satisfactory quality,

The degree of transparency helps to determine the effectiveness of the public

Other benefits of an effective transparent public procurement system integrated into

Transparent procedures help attract more investment by lowering risk. A transparent

It is such performance that is spotlighted by reinvention of government supporters as a

Figure showing Interrelation among Strategic Public Purchasing Process,

Source: Based on Own Observation

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The another phases include formalization and implementation of the procurement

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 60