Amenazas Geologicas, Movimientos de Suelos y Deformacion en Ductos - Geohazards - AYoung PDF

BENDING STRAIN SERVICES & GEOHAZARDS
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ROSEN Seminar Kick off and Delegate Info Session · © ROSEN Group · 16-Oct-2019 Slide 2
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BENDING STRAIN AND GEOHAZARDS
TOPICS
1. Introduction
2. Level 1 - Analysis
3. Level 2 - Pipeline Assessment
4. Level 3 - Site Specific Assessment
Andy Young · Bending Strain Services & Geohazards · May 2019 · © ROSEN Group Slide 3
GEOHAZARDS
Geohazard – A geological or geomorphological condition or process that poses a danger to life, the
environment or to facilities.
GEOHAZARD EFFECTS ON PIPELINES
INTRODUCTION
BENDING STRAIN SERVICES
INSPECTION AND ANALYSIS 3 LEVELS OF ASSESSMENT
LEVEL 1: LEVEL 2: LEVEL 3:

INSPECTION
AND
ANALYSIS ASSESSMENT SITE SPECIFIC
STANDARD
AND GEOHAZARD
REPORTING
PRIORITISATION ASSESSMENT
• Installation and mapping • Analysis of IMU data • Critical bending strain • Assessment of active
of above-ground markers limits defined ground movement areas
• Identification of bending
• ILI using IMU strain areas • All bending strain areas • On-site geohazard
assessed evaluation and support
• Evaluation of geometry • Quantify direction and
and metal-loss data magnitude of bending • Review of spatial data to • Finite Element Analysis to
• Final Inspection Report strain diagnose cause quantify all strains
including XYZ mapping if • Identify Pipeline • Bending strain areas • Modelling of further
requested Movement (if repeat IMU) prioritised based on ground movement
severity and stability
• Initial Prioritisation • Site-specific action plan
• Actions recommended
Case Studies - Gas Transmission Pipelines in Areas with Ground Instability · Andy Young · © ROSEN Group · 06-Aug-2018 Slide 6
LEVEL 1 – ANALYSIS
BENDING STRAIN REPORTING
• ILI reports typically contain :

• Table with summary information on location and strain values
• Graphs with
• Top view / horizontal bending strain
• Side view / vertical bending strain
• Total bending strain
• Angle of peak strain
• Graphs also show
• Formed bends – in green
• Section of increased strain – in red
• Anomalies – in yellow
• Weld joint numbers at the bottom
DETECTION AND LISTING
BENDING STRAIN – typical key factors that may indicate movement
(1) Increase in horizontal strain over several metres of pipe

(2) Reversal of strain
Vertical alignment
(3) Change in horizontal out-of-straightness
• It is possible to interpret the strains for indications of external

loading.
• This is from a single IMU run.
DETECTION AND LISTING
PIPE MOVEMENT – from 2 IMU inspections – example of landslide
1) Horizontal movement – dominant landslide mode
2) Vertical movement is downslope
3) There is an increase in horizontal strain at the movement boundary

DETECTION & LISTING
• PIPE MOVEMENT – subsea spans
1) Vertical downwards movement – large sea crossing.
2) There is an increase in vertical strain at shoulders of span section
LEVEL 1: TERRAIN EVALUATION
SLOPE AND ELEVATION
Determine terrain information for pipeline
Andy Young · © ROSEN Group · 30 Jan 2019 Slide 11

LEVEL 1: PIPE MOVEMENT
ESTIMATED LIKELIHOOD
Assign likelihood of pipe movement from terrain type and bending strain magnitude

LEVEL 2
STRAIN / PIPE MOVEMENT SERVICES

INSPECTION
AND
STANDARD
AND GEOHAZARD
REPORTING
LEVEL 2 – PIPELINE ASSESSMENT
DETAILED STRAIN ASSESSMENT
• The Level 2 Assessment is a more detailed evaluation of bending strain to determine if the
loads are acceptable and what is cause of the strain.
The purpose is to prioritise the areas of bending strain in terms of threat to the pipeline,
and define actions to address the threat.
• There are 4 steps in the prioritisation process:

1. Check acceptability of tensile and compressive strains
2. Assess influence of metal loss features within the area of bending strain
3. Investigate if geometric features within the area of bending strain indicate an active load
mechanism
4. Determine if source of the bending strain is active ground instability
ASSESSMENT OF LOAD ACCEPTABILITY
• Step 1: Check strain against relevant performance limit, e.g.
• The Level 2 assessment identifies the limit strain values for the
pipeline for tensile fracture and compressive local buckling.
• The measured bending strains are compared to the limit values for acceptability.
METAL LOSS
• Step 2: Evaluate influence of metal loss

• Metal loss causes a reduction in wall thickness and influences the acceptable strain
level.
• Features detected by the MFL tool within bending strain areas are taken into account.
• The assessment method is based on:
• DNV RP-F101 for compressive strain
• Kastner or EPRG for tensile strain
• It is conservatively assumed that the metal loss
coincides with the location of highest strains
GEOMETRIC FEATURES
• Step 3: Investigate whether geometric features are caused by external loading

• Wrinkles, buckles and ovality are caused by compression axial force, high moment
loads and high external loads on the pipe ring.
• Features detected by the geometry tool within bending strain areas are included in the
evaluation of the origin of strain and presence of external loads.
PIPELINE LOADS
THREE MAIN SOURCES
Three main sources of loading on pipelines :
• Construction loads during and following installation
• Operational loads during service
• External loads from the environment
Geohazard Monitoring and Management · Andy Young · © ROSEN Group · 06-Aug-2018 Slide 18
PIPELINE LOADS
CONSTRUCTION
Construction loads arise from displacements imposed on the pipeline during installation.
This will typically cover :

• Vertical bending due to variation in the ground
topography
• Vertical bending due to an uneven trench bed.
• Bending due to field (or forged) bends that are
not correctly sized.
• Bending due to misalignment at tie-in locations
• Bending due to the settlement of fill following
construction
[Lee & Fookes QJEG 2016]
PIPELINE LOADS
CONSTRUCTION
Example of post-construction settlement on pipeline Right-of-Way
Most pipelines exhibit some post-

construction settlement.
Pipeline
Settlement at pipe depth will Settlement over

construction
depend on the thickness of fill trench width
below the pipeline.
It can take many years for all

trench settlement to complete.
PIPELINE LOADS
OPERATIONAL
Example of operational loading and displacement at buried bends
Thermal changes cause pipelines to

expand and contract.
This leads to displacement of bends

and bending stress in the pipeline.
PIPELINE LOADS
EXTERNAL
Ground movement loading is major threat to pipelines
PIPELINE LOADS
EXTERNAL - LANDSLIDE
Some ground movement is very slow – millimetres per year.
It is difficult to identify – but loads accumulate over time.
Landslide View of main landslide boundary – no clear

evidence of ground movement at surface.
PIPELINE LOADS
EXTERNAL - LANDSLIDE
In-line inspection involving at inertial measurement unit (IMU) is effective at identifying

Landslide boundary
loading imposed on landslides.
This plot shows
- Horizontal bending strain
(red line)
- Horizontal out-of-straightness
out-of-straightness of
(black line) Maximum strain of 0.18% 250mm
For this slow moving landslide site [previous slide] – the IMU data shows :
• An out-of-straightness of 250 mm after 30 years of operation – interpreted as landslide movement.
• A maximum horizontal bending strain of 0.18% at the movement boundary.
• Another pipeline at this boundary shows a maximum bending strain of 0.32%.
• Note – we do not know axial strain at this location.
PIPELINE LOADS
EXTERNAL – EROSION & SETTTLEMENT
Pipeline RoW
Erosion of the pipeline right-of-way.
Removal of mobile granular soil (e.g. fine sand)
This can lead to post-construction settlement
Erosion of surface soils

Exposure of boulders
Development of voids
Pipeline settlement detected by IMU
PIPELINE LOADS
EXTERNAL – SURFACE LOADS & SETTLEMENT
Settlement can occur due to imposed surface loads – e.g. large earthwork embankments
PIPELINE LOADS
EXTERNAL - SUBSIDENCE
Or from an increase in vertical effective stress due to fluid abstraction
Pipeline buckling due to settlement

from oil extraction
[PRCi C-Core 2009]
ASSESSMENT OF LOAD SOURCE
• Step 4 : Determine the cause of the bending strain.

• This is based on :
• Horizontal and vertical pipeline profiles
• Bending strain profiles
• Ground topography
Flow
• Aerial imagery showing ground surface features
• Relevant environmental or geographic data
(e.g. road, rail and river crossings)
• The majority of reported bending strain
arises from pipeline construction or
topography: however, detecting where active loading
has developed is important.
LOAD SOURCE EXAMPLE - LANDSLIDE
• This is a 10 inch diameter pipeline in the Asia Pacific region:

• At this location we can see the development of vertical and horizontal strain
• There is horizontal out-of-straightness in the downslope
direction
• Landslide morphology is shown in aerial imagery Landslide
• Recommendation - more detailed desk study and field present on slope
verification
• On the same 10 inch pipeline -
• Distinct lateral displacement profile over 20 m –

horizontal reversal of strain.
• 300 mm horizontal out-of-straightness.
• Landslide morphology in aerial imagery.

LEVEL 2: PIPELINE ASSESSMENT
LOAD SOURCE EXAMPLE - BANK COLLAPSE
January 2011
February 2010
Collapse of river bank

leading to pipe damage
• Location of buckle in pipeline discovered during 2017 during ILI run.

• Reason for buckling was unclear
• Examination of historical imagery showed that the location had suffered major bank
instability 6 to 7 years previously.
LOAD SOURCE EXAMPLE - GROUND SETTLEMENT
• Settlement has taken place at a road

crossing – approx. 500 mm
• The road was constructed after the
pipeline was installed.
• The road is on an embankment approx.
2 – 3 m high
• Probable settlement on alluvial deposits
May 2011 June 2017
LEVEL 2: LOAD SOURCE EXAMPLE
PIPE SETTLEMENT
• Italian floodplain - settlement is indicated between 2 cased sections

• Field bends at each end of full section - increase in depth at crossings.
• Likely construction feature following installation and backfilling.
Track crossing
June
Irrigation
2017 channel

LOADS AT ROAD CROSSINGS
• Settlement is common adjacent to trenchless road crossings.

• XYZ mapping showing vertical out-of-straightness (settlement) between 2 cased road
crossings
Denting mechanism
Denting at cased crossing
LOAD SOURCE EXAMPLE - CONSTRUCTION
• River crossing with field bends

• Installed pipe geometry does not match excavated profile
• Field sag bends are oversized – slightly opened
May 2011 June 2017
LOAD SOURCE EXAMPLE - CONSTRUCTION
• Vertical strain between 3 vertical field bends – 2 over bends and 1 sag bend
• No ground movement indicated
• Elevated vertical sag bending strain either side of sag bend.
• Undersized sag bend
May 2011 June 2017
• Large diameter oil pipeline
• Strain of 0.22% reported.
• Distinct horizontal out-of-straightness profile and strain
reversal
• Strong evidence for landslide movement
• Aerial imagery shows clear presence of active mudslide

PIPE MOVEMENT
• Pipe movement or the horizontal out-of-straightness confirms the presence of active

movement at this location
• It is clear that the out-of-straightness increases over time.
• The direction of movement is downslope
• This site of active movement forms the case study used in Level 3
PRIORITISATION APPROACH
• Three priority levels indicate the severity of the risk to the integrity of the pipeline, based on the
reported bending strains and coincident geometric and metal loss features:
o Bending strain and Geometric Features o Coincident metal loss features:
o Peak strains and strain profiles o Bending strain prioritisation

o Pipeline movement o Reported metal loss feature depth
o Indications of ground movement o Calculated growth rates
o Coincident geometric features and o Remaining life and FFP assessment
their location within the bending strain
• Priority 1 - Represents a significant threat to the pipeline, immediate actions required

• Priority 2 - Represents a potential / credible threat to the pipeline, actions should be scheduled
• Priority 3 - Stable areas of bending strain, to be monitored during next inspection
LEVEL 2: PRIORITISATION SUMMARY
BENDING STRAIN AND GEOMETRIC FEATURES
Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3
Represents a significant threat to Represents a potential / credible Stable areas of bending strain, to
the pipeline, immediate actions threat to the pipeline, actions be monitored during next
required should be scheduled inspection
Example criterion Example criterion Example criterion

1. Bending strain areas with all of the 1. Bending strain exceeds tensile and 1. Areas of bending strain that exceed
Example following: compressive strain limits and has acceptable compressive/tensile limits
Prioritisation • Aerial imagery and bending strain maximum strain > 0.5% and:
Criteria review showed strong evidence of • show no characteristics of ground
potential external loading movement
[not complete list]
• High reported bending strains • No coincident features
(>0.75%)
LEVEL 2: PRIORITISATION BENDING STRAIN
EXAMPLE OF PRIORITY 1
• Priority 1 - Represents a significant threat to the pipeline,

immediate actions required
• For this example of a pipeline at a creek crossing, the

prioritisation criteria are:
1. Bending strain areas with aerial imagery showing strong evidence of

potential external loading
2. Bending strain areas associated with geometric anomalies that strongly

indicate the onset of buckling / wrinkling, such as reported dents in
locations of high strain.
LEVEL 2: PRIORITISATION SUMMARY
BENDING STRAIN AND METAL LOSS FEATURES
Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3
Represents a significant threat to Represents a potential / credible Stable areas of bending strain, to
the pipeline, immediate actions threat to the pipeline, actions be monitored during next
required should be scheduled inspection
Example criterion Example criterion Example criterion

1. Metal loss features that have all the 1. Metal loss features that: 1. Areas of bending strain that exceed
Example following: • Calculated growth rates > acceptable compressive/tensile limits
Prioritisation • Have reported depths > 15% wt statistically significant growth rate and:
Criteria • Calculated growth rate > • show no characteristics of ground
statistically significant growth rate movement
[not complete list]
and change confirmed by signal • No coincident features
comparison
LEVEL 2: PRIORITISATION
TYPICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
• Priority 1 - Represents a significant threat to the pipeline &

immediate actions required
• Typical Recommendations:
1. Pipeline movement study if available

Cost and Severity
2. Detailed desktop study

3. Level 3 Bending Strain and Pipeline Movement Assessment
4. Further analysis into coincident geometric features
5. Repair / relieve strain
• Excavate length of pipeline to allow relief of bending strain
• Priority 2 - Represents a potential / credible threat to

the pipeline, actions should be scheduled
1. Pipeline movement study

Cost and Severity
2. Preliminary desktop study

3. If threat confirmed, detailed desktop study:
• Site survey to confirm ground stability
• Assess repair / relief actions
4. Further analysis of coincident geometric anomalies.
• Priority 3 - Stable areas of bending strain, to be monitored during next inspection
Cost and Severity
1. Monitor bending strain through repeat ILIs IMU or alternative in-field methods (e.g. strain gauges)
2. Alter inspection interval
3. Consider a pipeline movement study with next ILI
LEVEL 3
STRAIN / PIPE MOVEMENT SERVICES

INSPECTION
AND
STANDARD
AND GEOHAZARD
REPORTING
GEOHAZARD MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Hazard inventory BENDING STRAIN LEVEL 1 AND LEVEL 2
Hazard
Identification Field inspection & characterisation
Establish movement profile BENDING STRAIN LEVEL 3
Pipeline structural analysis

Hazard
Evaluation Ground movement vs stress / strain
Establish performance limits
Pipeline within performance limits ?

Yes No
Hazard Mitigation activities

Control BENDING STRAIN LEVEL 1
Monitoring scheme
Review
LEVEL 3 – SITE SPECIFIC ASSESSMENT
Identify geohazards from :
 Desk study, surveillance, aerial / satellite imagery
Hazard inventory
 ILI imu data
Hazard  ILI geometry data
Identification Field inspection & characterisation Verify presence and nature of geohazard from :
 Expert evaluation of extent and mechanism
 Ground investigation and monitoring
Establish movement profile

Hazard ADD Plot of inventory

Yes No

Control
Monitoring scheme
Review
CASE STUDY - ACTIVE MUDSLIDE
Landslide affecting large diameter oil pipeline

• Identified from IMU inspection after 4 years of
operation.
• Classified as Priority 1 from Level 2 assessment
• Active mudslide crosses pipeline RoW Mudslide
• The landslide was present at construction but

not identified
CASE STUDY - DETECTION – PIPE MOVEMENT
• The landslide was detected from a LEVEL 1 pipe movement study

• Ground movement profiles for 3 different inspections are shown in the plot
• Movement is transverse to
Year 2
pipeline Year 4
Year 7
• Affected pipeline length of 120 m
Hazard inventory
Hazard
Determine current (& future) ground movements from :

Establish movement profile  Construction records and field data
 ILI imu movement and strain data
Hazard

Yes No

Control
Monitoring scheme
Review
CASE STUDY - PIPELINE MOVEMENT PROFILE
• IMU data provides pipe movement – convert to ground movement

• Conversion requires –
• Soil characteristics
• Soil-pipe load transfer relation
• Level of interaction
• Nature of landslide
• Some iteration may be required

especially where soil-pipe
interaction is high
Hazard inventory
Hazard

Calculate pipeline response to movement by numerical modelling using :
Pipeline structural analysis  Pipeline 3D geometry, dimensional and mechanical properties
Hazard  Soil properties for load transfer functions

Yes No

Control
Monitoring scheme
Review
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - VALIDATION
• An important validation step is also carried out

• The applied movement loads are integrated with the IMU data
• The change in strains predicted
by the structural model are
compared to the measured
change in strains from the IMU
data.
• Once a match has been achieved
– the finite element model is
deemed reliable.
Hazard inventory
Hazard

Hazard
KEY STEP for geohazard monitoring and control :
 Produce relation between magnitude of ground movement and stress,
strain, ovality

Yes No

Control
Monitoring scheme
Review
LANDSLIDE MOVEMENT VS PIPELINE STRAIN
•. This a key step of the structural analysis. The purpose is to establish the
link between the landslide movement and the peak strain developed in
the pipeline.
• The analysis demonstrates the following key information:
1. The current pipeline integrity
2. How strains develop towards the limit values
with further movement
• Using this information, decisions can be taken on
the urgency and timing of intervention activities
Hazard inventory
Hazard

Hazard

Yes No Reduce likelihood of failure by :
Hazard Mitigation activities  Removing / reducing the threat by rerouting, or stabiliisation
 Reduce the soil loading by special soils, stress relief, trench geometry,
Control geotextiles.
Monitoring scheme
Review
Hazard inventory
Hazard

Hazard

Yes No

Control Define optimum monitoring strategy based on :
Monitoring scheme  Nature and extent of movement and required measurement frequency
 Ground monitoring (e.g. inclinometers )
Review
 Pipe monitoring (e.g. strain gauges / ILI imu data
GROUND MONITORING
• Slope inclinometers
Recorded increase
• Ground survey monuments in movement
SUMMARY
• The assessment of bending strain from IMU data has 3 levels :

• Level 1 – Detection & listing
• Level 2 – Cause & acceptability
• Level 3 – Site specific study
• Locations are prioritised in the Level 2 assessment and

recommendations to address the threat are made.
.
• A Level 3 assessment applies to locations active movement
• A management process built around IMU inspection is used to

identify, evaluate and control geohazards that affect pipelines.
THANK YOU FOR JOINING
THIS PRESENTATION.

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BENDING STRAIN SERVICES & GEOHAZARDS

APP – AVAILABLE ON THE APP STORE AND

LEVEL 1: LEVEL 2: LEVEL 3:

• ILI reports typically contain :

(1) Increase in horizontal strain over several metres of pipe

(3) Change in horizontal out-of-straightness

• It is possible to interpret the strains for indications of external

PIPE MOVEMENT – from 2 IMU inspections – example of landslide

1) Horizontal movement – dominant landslide mode

2) Vertical movement is downslope

3) There is an increase in horizontal strain at the movement boundary

• PIPE MOVEMENT – subsea spans

1) Vertical downwards movement – large sea crossing.

2) There is an increase in vertical strain at shoulders of span section

Determine terrain information for pipeline

Andy Young · © ROSEN Group · 30 Jan 2019 Slide 11

Andy Young · © ROSEN Group · 30 Jan 2019 Slide 12

LEVEL 1: LEVEL 2: LEVEL 3:

• There are 4 steps in the prioritisation process:

• Step 1: Check strain against relevant performance limit, e.g.

• Step 2: Evaluate influence of metal loss

• Step 3: Investigate whether geometric features are caused by external loading

Three main sources of loading on pipelines :

• Construction loads during and following installation

• Operational loads during service

• External loads from the environment

This will typically cover :

[Lee & Fookes QJEG 2016]

Example of post-construction settlement on pipeline Right-of-Way

Most pipelines exhibit some post-

Settlement at pipe depth will Settlement over

It can take many years for all

Example of operational loading and displacement at buried bends

Thermal changes cause pipelines to

This leads to displacement of bends

Ground movement loading is major threat to pipelines

Some ground movement is very slow – millimetres per year.

It is difficult to identify – but loads accumulate over time.

Landslide View of main landslide boundary – no clear

In-line inspection involving at inertial measurement unit (IMU) is effective at identifying

Removal of mobile granular soil (e.g. fine sand)

This can lead to post-construction settlement

Erosion of surface soils

Or from an increase in vertical effective stress due to fluid abstraction

Pipeline buckling due to settlement

[PRCi C-Core 2009]

• Step 4 : Determine the cause of the bending strain.

• This is a 10 inch diameter pipeline in the Asia Pacific region:

• On the same 10 inch pipeline -

• Distinct lateral displacement profile over 20 m –

• 300 mm horizontal out-of-straightness.

• Landslide morphology in aerial imagery.

Andy Young · © ROSEN Group · 30 Jan 2019 Slide 30

Collapse of river bank

• Location of buckle in pipeline discovered during 2017 during ILI run.

• Settlement has taken place at a road

May 2011 June 2017

• Italian floodplain - settlement is indicated between 2 cased sections

Andy Young · © ROSEN Group · 30 Jan 2019 Slide 33

• Settlement is common adjacent to trenchless road crossings.

Denting at cased crossing

• River crossing with field bends

May 2011 June 2017