Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Instrumentation
• Signal and Sensor (convert physical measurand
to electrical signal)
– Internal
• Direct (invasive) – probe into blood vessel, lung
• Radiation – infra-red, x-rays, RF (MRI)
– External – skin electrode, blood pressure (microphone
& pressure cuff)
• Signal conditioning
• Output display
• Auxiliary controls
• Modes of operation
Peculiarities of Medical
Measurement
• Low signal amplitudes – mV, µV, < 40 kPa,
noise
• Bandwidth: dc – 20 kHz
• Variables: stochastic rather than deterministic,
require statistical processing
• Safety – electric shock, damage by invasive
sensors, ionising radiation
• Equipment damage – high voltages, corrosive
fluids
• Regulatory authorities – FDA, TGA
Sensors
• Displacement - potentiometer
Sensors
• Wheatstone bridge
Air Pressure (flow) Sensor
Air Flow Sensor
Graphite Silicone Rubber
Plethysmography
Displacement Transducer
• Inductive
Displacement Transducers
• Capacitive
Capacitive Transducer
Capacitive Transducer
Temperature Sensor
• Temperature
Oxygen Saturation of Blood and
Pulse
Differential Absorption by Hb and
HbO2
Coherent Light from Laser
• Absorption
• Fluorescence
• Polarisation
Optical Fibre – Reagent Coupling
Operational Amplifiers
• Gain = -R2/R1
Inverting Op Amp
• Gain = -Rf/Ri
Inverting Op Amp +
Offset Adjustment
Non-Inverting Amplifier and
Inverting Summer
Unity gain follower
f (ti )
ti +1 = ti − '
f (ti )
'
f (ti )
ti +1 = ti − ''
f (ti )
Successive Approximation Peak &
Valley Detector
Phase-Sensitive Demodulation
Phase-Sensitive Demodulation
Phase-Locked Loop Demodulation