Date………………………….. Experiment no……………….

Class…………………………. Group………………………….
Roll no. ……………………… Sub……………………………..
Shift………………………….. Set……………………………...

TO USE OP-AMP AND STUDY DIFFERENT SIGNALS

Apparatus Required
Op-amp ( IC -741)
Resistors
Jumpers
Capacitors

Theory
Operational Amplifiers, or Op-amps as they are more commonly called, are one
of the basic building blocks of Analogue Electronic Circuits. It is a linear device that
has all the properties required for nearly ideal DC amplification and is used
extensively in signal conditioning, filtering or to perform mathematical operations
such as add, subtract, integration and differentiation. An ideal operational
amplifier is basically a 3-terminal device that consists of two high impedance
inputs, one an Inverting input marked with a negative sign, ("-") and the other a
Non-inverting input marked with a positive plus sign ("+").

The amplified output signal of an Operational Amplifier is the difference between

the two signals being applied to the two inputs.

Operational amplifier can be used, not as a linear device, but as a "digital" device
whose output is either  Vsat and is used to indicate the polarity of the differential
input. An operational amplifier used in
this way is called a comparator
Square Wave Generator
Square wave are non-sinusoidal periodic wave form that can be represented as an
infinite summation of sinusoidal waves. It has an amplitude alternate at a regular
frequency between fined minimum and maximum values with the same duration.

The time period of the output of the square wave generator can be expressed using
the following equation as shown in fig

 2 R3  R2 
T= 2  2.303R1C1 log10   sec
 R 2 

For common practice is to make R3 equal to R2 then equation of the time period can
be simplified as,

 3R2 
T= 2  2.303R1C1 log10  
 R2 
T= 2.1976R1C1

And frequency can be defined as,

1 1
f    2.455kHz
2 2.1976  22  103  0.1  106
Experimentally, from oscilloscope (Vpp)=9 div = 2V

T=4  0.2=0.8mS
1) From triangular wave generator
6
Cin=0.1  F =0.1 10 F F

Ra=10 k =104 
Rb=10 k =104 
R=12 k

Theoretically
4 Rb Rc
T
Ra

Ra 104
f    4.26kHz
4 Rb Rc 4  104  12  103  0.1  106

Experimentally, T = 1  0.2 ms = 0.2  10-3sec

1 1
Observed frequency (f) =  3
 5  103 Hz  5kHz
T 0.2  10
The triangular wave is obtained by simply cascading an integrator in the output of
square wave generator as shown in fig (2) The frequency of wave ( triangular ) form
is given by either the following expression

Ra 1
f  or f 
4 Rb Rc  R  Rb 
2 Rc ln  a 
 Ra  Rb 

For the generator of triangular waves we must use the square wave for input
OBSERVATIONAND CALCULATION
For square wave generator
Cin=0.1  F

RA=1𝑘Ω
RB=100𝑘Ω
Theoretical Calculation;
Theoretical Value Observed Value
T1 = 0.693 ( RA+RB) =0.0069 second
T1 = 7 mS = (0.007 ± 0.001)second
T2=0.693 RBC=0.0069
T2 = 8mS = (0.008 ± 0.001) second
1
𝑓= =72.46 Hz 1
𝑇1 +𝑇2
𝑓= =66.67 Hz
𝑇1 +𝑇2

b) for triangular wave

for RA = RB = 10𝑘Ω = R and C = 0.1𝜇𝐹

Theoretical Value
For frequency
𝑅𝐴
𝑓=
4𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐵
10 × 103
= 250 𝐻𝑧
4 × 10 × 163 × 10 × 103 × 0.1 × 10−6

Experimental Value: for frequency

1 1
𝑓= =
𝑇 4.4 𝑚𝑆
∴ 𝑓 = 227.27 𝐻𝑧

c) For sawtooth wave

1 1 1
frequency (f) = 𝑇 = 0.4𝑚𝑠 = 0.4×10−3

∴ 𝑓 = 2500 𝐻𝑧
d) For Sine Wave
1 1
Theoretical frequency (f) = 2𝜋𝑅𝐶 = 2𝜋×10×103 ×0.1×10−6

∴ 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 159.15 𝐻𝑍
1 1
Experimental frequency (f) = 𝑇 = 8×10−3 = 125.00 𝐻𝑧

Result:
So, the square triangular, sawtooth and sine waves are generated by using
amplifier ( op-amp). So the Op-amp is general device for signal generating. While
doing the experimental on triangular wave sometimes peak of triangle donot occur.
For this we need to make change in capacitor.