5/14/2019

Nervous Control

1
 5/14/2019

l Cnidarians-
simplest nervous
system called
nerve net.
l Nerve nets consist
of individual nerve
cells that form a
netlike arrangement
throughout the
body

• The neurons of a hydra

• Hydras have a nerve net that connects receptors are connected by the
with muscle and gland tissues, but they do NOT synapse and can be in
have a brain or any nerve cords to connect their either direction of the
nervous system . synapse.
• Unlike other animals
the hydra does NOT
have any grouping of
cell bodies.
• The hydra also does
NOT have any cells that
are specialized for touch
or chemical detection.

Radial
nerve

Nerve
ring

(b) Sea star (echinoderm)

Anemone

2
 5/14/2019

Figure 49.2c

Ganglia

Brain
Anterior
Ventral nerve ring
nerve cord

Longitudinal
nerve cords
Segmental
ganglia

(e) Insect (arthropod) (f) Chiton (mollusc)

l Nervous system organization usually

correlates with lifestyle .
Brain
l Sessile molluscs (for example, clams and
chitons) have simple systems, whereas more Ganglia
complex molluscs (for example, octopuses
and squids) have more sophisticated
systems chiton cephalopod
(mollusc)

3
 5/14/2019

Grasshoppers - with a l The arthropod plan

central and peripheral resembles that of
nervous system . annelids, but
ganglia are larger
The peripheral nervous and sense organs
system consists of the are better
sensory system . while developed.
the central nervous l Often elaborate
system consists of the social behavior.
ventral nerve cord .
•

Figure 49.2

Eyespot
Brain Brain
Radial
nerve Nerve
cords Ventral
Nerve
Transverse nerve cord
ring
Nerve net nerve
Brain
Segmental
ganglia

(a) Hydra (cnidarian) (b) Sea star (c) Planarian (d) Leech (annelid)
(echinoderm) (flatworm)
Sensory
ganglion
Brain Spinal
cord
Brain Ganglia (dorsal
Anterior Spinal nerve
Ventral nerve ring Brain cord)
nerve cord cord Sensory
(dorsal ganglia
Longitudinal Ganglia nerve
nerve cords cord)
Segmental
ganglia

(h) Salamander (chordate)

(e) Insect (arthropod) (f) Chiton (mollusc) (g) Squid (mollusc) (h) Salamander
(vertebrate)

4
 5/14/2019

l The vertebrate brain

has changed
dramatically from the
primitive linear brain
of fishes and
amphibians.
l It has expanded to
form the deeply
fissured, intricate
brain of mammals.