International Journal of Pavement Engineering

ISSN: 1029-8436 (Print) 1477-268X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gpav20

Effect of aggregate contact condition on skeleton

stability in asphalt mixture

Peilong Li, Jinfei Su, Songson Ma & Hao Dong

To cite this article: Peilong Li, Jinfei Su, Songson Ma & Hao Dong (2018): Effect of aggregate
contact condition on skeleton stability in asphalt mixture, International Journal of Pavement
Engineering, DOI: 10.1080/10298436.2018.1450503

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1450503

Published online: 21 Mar 2018.

Submit your article to this journal

View related articles

View Crossmark data

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=gpav20
InternatIonal Journal of Pavement engIneerIng, 2018
https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1450503

Effect of aggregate contact condition on skeleton stability in asphalt mixture

Peilong Lia, Jinfei Sub, Songson Mab and Hao Dongb
a
Key laboratory of road Structure & material ministry of transport, Chang’an university, Xi’an, China; bHighway School, Chang’an university, Xi’an, China

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

To investigate the effect of aggregate contact condition on the deformation stability of asphalt received 25 august 2017
mixture (DSAM), computed tomography system was used to acquire a contact parameter of aggregates – accepted 6 march 2018
the aggregate contact index (ACI) characterising the contact characteristic for coarse aggregate. The
KEYWORDS
aggregate slip tests were conducted under different test conditions . This paper investigates the relationship asphalt mixture; aggregate
between ACI and slip energy index (SEI), and discusses the effects of aggregate-asphalt combined action contact condition; skeleton
and aggregate gradation on DSAM. The results indicate that SEI shows a good relationship with ACI. At stability; slip energy index
60 °C, SEI has the best linear correlation with the parameter ACI*VFA (Voids Filled with Asphalt), and (SEI); skeleton contact index
the deformation stability has the biggest increase amplitude with the increase in ACI*VFA. In the high- (ACI)
temperature range (higher than 50 °C), there is a good linear relationship between SEI and ACI/VFA, and
the contribution of aggregate contact to DSAM is bigger under a higher temperature. However, the action
of asphalt changes to lubrication from cementation with the increase in temperature, so the growth of
SEI with ACI/VFA becomes smaller. AC-13b mix has a better deformation stability than AC-13a and AC-13c
mixes at 60 °C though they have the same nominal maximum aggregate size.

Introduction Many researchers have paid much attention to the evalua-

Asphalt mixture is a typical multiphase granular material com-
posed of aggregate and asphalt binder. The aggregate acts as
the structural skeleton of the pavement, whereas asphalt func-
tions as the glue that binds the mixture (Kandhal et al. 1997).
Asphalt mixture is usually separated into two phases (asphalt
mastic and aggregate). Consequently, the mechanical response
of asphalt mixture is significantly dependent on the interfacial
effects between asphalt mastic and aggregate (Zhu 2013). The
skeleton stability of aggregate is the manifestation of interfacial
effects, which is influenced by some factors such as aggregate
characteristics, asphalt properties and mix temperature. Hence,
the skeleton stability is critical for the deformation resistance of
asphalt mixture. In asphalt mixture, skeleton stability comes from
aggregate interlocking as well as cohesion provided by the asphalt
binder. The mechanical response of asphalt mixture depends on
the contact condition, interfacial friction and skeleton stabil-
ity between aggregate particles (Pan et al. 2006). Therefore, the
skeleton stability of aggregate affects the mechanical properties
and durability of asphalt mixture. In addition, the compaction
of asphalt mixture is the consequence of particle rolling and
migratory permutation. The mechanical response during the
compaction process is also related to the contact property such
as particle extruding or slippage. This study aimed at investi-
gating the particle contact properties and exploring the effect
of aggregate contact condition on skeleton stability in asphalt
mixture at the micro-scale level.
tion tests and parameters of deformation resistance for asphalt
mixture (Little et al. 1993, Gandhi and Gallaway 2006, Saadeh
et al. 2007, Li et al. 2013). In these years, many test approaches
have been used to evaluate the high-temperature performance
of asphalt mixture such as static/dynamic creep test, triaxial test,
repeated load permanent deformation test, indirect tensile test
and simple performance test. Little et al. (1993) and Schwartz et
al. (2002) conducted creep tests and analysed the creep behaviour
of asphalt mixture. Guan (2005) discussed the effects of temper-
ature, load level and loading frequency on the performance of
asphalt mixture. Zhou and Fu (2005) reported the relationship
between visco-elastic parameters and the resistance to defor-
mation of asphalt mixtures. Tutumluer and Pan (2008) analysed
influences of coarse aggregate morphologies on the strength
and permanent deformation behaviour of unbound aggregate
materials. Although these test methods and parameters can be
used to evaluate the resistance to high-temperature permanent
deformation to some extent, it is difficult for them to reflect the
micro behaviours like friction, migration and dislocation in the
interfaces of aggregate. Thus, aggregate particle characteristic
is an important factor that influences Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
performance (Buttlar and You 2006). Aho et al. (2001) indicated
that aggregate shape characteristic was the second most impor-
tant parameter after the gradation in affecting HMA perfor-
mance. Cheung and Dawson (2002) concluded that roundness
and angularity of aggregate are the major factors affecting the
ultimate shear strength and permanent deformation of asphalt

CONTACT Peilong li lipeilong@chd.edu.cn

© 2018 Informa uK limited, trading as taylor & francis group
2 P. LI ET AL.

Table 1. Properties of asphalt binder.

Test indicators Values Test methods

Density (15 °C, g/cm3) 1.0051 aStm D70
Penetration (25 °C, 5 s, 100 g), (1/10 mm) 86 aStm D5
Softening point (r&B), °C 48.8 aStm D36
Ductility (15 °C, 5 cm/min), cm >150 aStm D113
flash point, ℃ 271 aStm D92
Penetration index −0.966 aStm D5
mass loss, % 0.08 aStm D1754
film heating test (163 °C, 5 h) Penetration ratio, % 65.0 aStm D1754/D5
residual ductility (15 °C, 5 cm/min), cm 45.8 aStm D1754/D113

Table 2. the bulk specific gravity of aggregate. Table 3. the geometrical parameters of aggregate.
Sieve size, mm 19.0 16.0 13.2 9.5 4.75 Stand- Stand- Stand-
Bulk specific gravity, 2.735 2.733 2.739 2.717 2.714 Sphe- ard Angular ard ard
gsb
Sieve ricity devia- gradi- devia- Texture devia-
Sieve size, mm 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 size, mm index tion ent tion index tion
apparent specific 2.796 2.773 2.773 2.765 2.717 2.731 0.70 0.1 2985.3 548.2 638.37 215.78
19.0
gravity, gsa 0.67 0.09 2952.8 674.6 696.49 230.28
16.0
13.2 0.66 0.08 3037.0 792.0 657.76 155.22
9.5 0.71 0.08 2730.5 628.2 617.15 158.47
mixture. It has been realised that the important role the coarse 4.75 0.68 0.08 3029.9 676.9 653.43 193.29
2.36 – – 3370.9 866.0 – –
aggregate plays in the rutting behaviour of HMA-related stability 1.18 – – 3736.2 911.3 – –
of aggregate structure to coarse aggregate morphologies (Ahlrich
1996). Asphalt mixes that included particles with angular shape
and/or rough texture were found to have higher stability of the The AC-13, AC-16 and AC-20 gradations, continuously
aggregate structure (Pan et al. 2006). However, these methods dense gradations defined in the Chinese Technical Specification
mainly focus on the stability evaluation of asphalt mixture. It for Construction of Highway Asphalt Pavement Chinese
is difficult to characterise the skeleton stability from the view National Specification JTG F40-2004 (2004), were adopted in
of aggregate contact and interface slip by means of test. This this paper. The applied gradations are shown in Table 4. Their
research aims to explore the action and destruction mechanism nominal maximum aggregate sieves are 13, 16 and 19 mm,
of asphalt mixture as a granular material. The aggregate slip tests respectively. The optimum asphalt content of the asphalt
were conducted on five asphalt mixtures for different gradations mixture was obtained by the Marshall design method in this
under different test conditions using a self-developed device. The investigation. The Marshall mix design parameters of the five
computed tomography system (CT) was used to acquire a contact asphalt mixtures are listed in Table 5 such as ratios between
property parameter of aggregates – the aggregate contact index asphalt and aggregate (RAA), volume of air voids (VV), voids
(ACI) which can characterise contact characteristic for coarse in mineral aggregate (VMA), voids filled with asphalt (VFA),
aggregate. This paper investigated the relationship between ACI Marshall stability (MS) and flow (FL). The standard specimens
and slip energy index (SEI) for asphalt mixture and discussed (Φ 101.6 mm × H 63.5 mm cylinders) were prepared using
the effects of aggregate-asphalt combined action and aggregate Marshall compactor. The effect of aggregate contact condition
gradation on the deformation stability of asphalt mixture. on skeleton stability in asphalt mixture is explored at the micro-
scale level.
Material properties
Binders Test method

The asphalt binder has significant influence over the response of
asphalt mixture. In this study, a kind of neat asphalt, SKTM was
added into five types of mixtures. Its properties were tested and
listed in Table 1.
Aggregate and gradations
All aggregates were sieved into different sizes and then mixed
into the specific gradation to achieve precise control over the
aggregate gradation. Basalt rock was adopted as the coarse and
fine aggregates. The specific gravities and geometrical parameters
of aggregates with each sieve size are given in Tables 2 and 3. The
ground limestone applied as filler with the density of 2.716 g/cm3.
Aggregate skeleton stability test
An aggregate slip device (ASD) was developed and used to eval-
uate the aggregate skeleton stability in asphalt mixture (Li et al.
2016). The aggregate slip tests were conducted on the five asphalt
mixtures using ASD for different gradations mentioned above in
Table 4. The test temperatures were 25, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 85 °C
under the displacement rate of 20 mm/min. The parameter slip
energy index (SEI) was obtained to characterise the aggregate
skeleton stability according to the skeleton failure load (Fs) and
the skeleton failure deformation (Ds). To reduce test error, three
sets of parallel tests were performed for each condition, and the
average of the three data were taken as the result of the test. The
ASD equipment is shown in Figure 1.
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING 3

Table 4. aggregate gradations.

Sieve passing rate, %
Gradation 26.5 mm 19 mm 16 mm 13.2 mm 9.5 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.18 mm 0.6 mm 0.3 mm 0.15 mm 0.075 mm
aC-13a 100 100 85 68 50 38 28 20 15 8
aC-13b 100 95 76.5 53 37 26.5 19 13.5 10 6
aC-13c 100 90 68 38 24 15 10 7 5 4
aC-16 100 96.5 89 75 48 30 22 16 11 8 5
aC-20 100 99.2 90.2 76 62.2 37 26.7 18.3 12.6 8.1 5.9 5

Table 5. marshall mix design parameters. of the twentieth century (Roberto et al. 2010). CT technology
Flow, can be used to study the internal structure of specimens and
Mixtures RAA, % VV, % VMA, % VFA, % MS, kN mm analyse the change in the damaged structure, which has great
aC-13a 5.0 4.0 14.7 73.7 10.2 3.8 significance for the design and the evaluation of the performance
aC-13b 4.6 4.0 14.4 72.9 12.3 3.3 of the mixture (Wang et al. 2016).
aC-13c 4.8 4.0 15.7 69.1 9.6 3.0
aC-16 4.4 4.0 13.5 69.4 11.8 3.4 In this investigation, a 225 kV CT was used; the scanning volt-
aC-20 3.9 4.0 14.0 69.7 12.6 3.5 age was 200 kV, the scanning current was 0.6 mA, the number of
projections was 1080, the integral time was 700 ms and the scan
time was 16 min. The CT system is shown in Figure 2. Typical
CT scanning test scanning images for Marshall specimen are shown in Figure 3.
CT scanning technique is a non-invasive and non-destructive In addition, IPP software developed by the Media Cybernetics
imaging technique. This technique is based on the absorption company is used for professional image analysis to measure four
dependency of X-rays on material density and atomic number parameters, these being point, line, area and angle. Meanwhile, it
(Jiang et al. 2015). Some researchers in United States found that has the function of automatic segmentation, counting, statistics,
the application of CT technology to analyse the internal structure classification and measurement for the target image. The aggregate
of specimen can be more accurate and intuitive in the early 1990s particle contact and scanning results are shown in Figures 4 and 5.

Load head

Upper
Hollow
structure
Bearing
plate
Lower
Observation
structure
window

(a) structure diagram (b) the device (c) loading process

Figure 1. aggregate slip device.

Figure 2. Schematic of X-ray computed tomography system.

4 P. LI ET AL.

The aggregate contact properties are affected by the surface

texture, angularity and other shape parameters of aggregate.
Based on image analysis and statistics, a parameter ACI (aggre-
gate contact index) is obtained to evaluate the contact properties
of large size of aggregates (Li 2013).
N
pixels
ACI = G (1)
total

where ACI is skeleton contact index; Npixels is the total number

of effective contact pixels searched from an image section; Gtotal
is the total number of large size aggregate particles.

Analysis and discussion

Effect of aggregate particles contact characteristic on
skeleton stability
The skeleton contact index (ACI) reflects the contact properties
Figure 3. typical scanning images for aC-13a marshall specimen.
of large size of aggregates, which are influenced by the aggregate
geometrical characteristics such as gradation, angularity, surface
texture, particle sphericity and other factors. The relationship
between SEI and ACI is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 indicates that the SEI value increases significantly
with the increase of ACI value at different temperatures, and
these data show a good linear relationship. The correlation coef-
ficient is lower at lower temperature; when the test temperature
is higher than 50 °C, the correlation coefficient is greater than
0.85. Thus, the contribution of aggregate contact effect to the
skeleton stability of asphalt mixture ascends gradually with the
increase in temperature.

Effect of aggregate-asphalt combined action on skeleton

stability
The high-temperature stability of asphalt mixture is derived
from aggregate interlock, friction effect and asphalt cohesion.
Figure 4. aggregate particle contact.
The asphalt mixture prepared using high-viscosity asphalt and
aggregates with hard texture, rough texture, multi angularity,
particles shape close to cube, has better resistance to shear

Figure 5. Scanning results of aC-13a marshall specimen.

 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING 5

1000 25 , y=201.96x-59.357, R^2=0.7345 40 , y=153.01x-50.017, R^2=0.5763

50 , y=293.24x-637.27, R^2=0.9407 60 , y=378.73x-989.70, R^2=0.9782
70 , y=255.60x-568.55, R^2=0.8555 85 , y=270.77x-659.39, R^2=0.9428
800

600
SEI

400

200

0
3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1
ACI

Figure 6. Changes of SEI with ACI.

and rutting. However, as the temperature increases, the asphalt

changes from the viscous state to the flow state, and the asphalt
on the surface of aggregate particles changes from the viscous
effect to the lubricating effect, this is, the asphalt binder has a
negative effect on the mixture stability.
The asphalt content is an important indicator for the asphalt
mixture composition. If the asphalt content is too low, the asphalt
mixture will have poor performance because cohesion is lack-
ing and it is difficult to be compacted. If the asphalt content
is too high, the free asphalt occupies a great proportion, and
lubrication effect is growing, therefore, the skeleton stability of
asphalt mixture rapidly decreases at high temperature. The cur-
rent specification in China adopts the Marshall design method to
determine asphalt content. There is a great difference in optimal
asphalt content for different nominal maximum aggregate size
and gradation, so Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA) is adopted to
characterise relative asphalt content for different asphalt mixtures Figure 7. relationship between SEI and VFA.
and the effect of VFA on mixture stability was analysed in this
investigation. Figures 7–9 show the relationship between VFA,
ACI*VFA, ACI/VFA and SEI. The relational models and corre-
lation coefficient are listed in Table 6 and those bold values of
correlation coefficient manifest a better correlation.
Figure 7 shows there is no significant correlation between
SEI and VFA at different temperatures. Figure 8 shows that SEI
increases with the increase in ACI*VFA value, and the two indi-
cators have a good correlation, specially, the correlation is the
best at 60 °C with maximum slope of curve, that is, the stability
of asphalt mixture is the most significant with the increase in
ACI*VFA. The reason is that ACI*VFA is a composite index to
characterise aggregate contact and asphalt bonding. When the
temperature is lower than 50 °C, the mixture is in a phase of
elastic-plastic deformation under stress and the contribution
of asphalt cohesion to the stability of mixture is greatest, while
the effect of internal friction angle is not fully reflected. When
the temperature is higher than 60 °C, asphalt cohesion weakens,
the inner friction between aggregates play a dominant role in
mixture. When the temperature is close to 60 °C, the asphalt Figure 8. relationship between SEI and ACI*VFA.
6 P. LI ET AL.

750
25 40 50 60 70 85
650

550

SEI
450

350

250

150
AC-13a AC-13b AC-13c
Mixture gradation

Figure 9. relationship between SEI and ACI/VFA. Figure 10. SEI parameters of mixtures with different gradations.

Table 6. relational models of SEI with parameters ACI*VFA and ACI/VFA. Table 7. aggregate-asphalt action parameters of five mixtures.

Regression Correlation Mixture AC-13a AC-13b AC-13c AC-16 AC-20

Parameters Temperature/°C models coefficient R2 ACI 3.17 3.52 3.40 3.86 4.03
SEI and ACI*VFA 25 y = 3.6046x − 0.8215 VFA 73.7 72.9 69.1 69.4 69.7
251.5 ACI* VFA 233.62 256.61 234.94 267.89 280.89
40 y = 2.5912x − 0.5803 ACI/VFA 0.043 0.0483 0.0492 0.0556 0.0578
160.0
50 y = 4.6223x − 0.8206
760.5
60 y = 6.297x − 0.9495 on the aggregates changes from advantage to disadvantage for
1232.2 mixture stability with the increase in temperature.
70 y = 3.9904x − 0.7320
666.1
85 y = 4.1303x − 0.7702 Effect of gradation on aggregate skeleton stability
738.1
SEI and ACI/VFA 25 y = 10810x + 0.6163 The aggregate gradation is an important factor influencing the
118.0
40 y = 8516.2x + 0.5229 mechanical behaviour of HMA. The research based on the NCAT
67.7 facility showed no significant differences in rutting performance
50 y = 17148x − 0.9422 between the coarse and the fine-graded Superpave mixtures
453.6
60 y = 21374x − 0.9126 (Kandhal et al. 2002). Zhang et al.(2005) indicated that the contri-
713.2 bution of friction and interlock from graded aggregate is estimated
70 y = 15035x − 0.8670 over 60% to the high-temperature stability of asphalt mixture. The
412.9
85 y = 16160x − 0.9836 grading curve trend has determined the structure type of asphalt
506.3 mixture, which influences its skeleton stability remarkably. The SEI
parameters of the five mixtures are shown in Figure 10.
It can be seen from Figure 8 that the SEI value of AC-20 mix-
mixture stability is derived from aggregate-asphalt combined ture is biggest, except that the SEI value of AC-16 mixture is
action. There is no significant difference in aggregate geometric slightly higher than AC-20 at 70 °C for the median gradation
properties between 70 and 85 °C. Although the asphalt cohesion mix with different nominal size, this is, the structural stabil-
at 85 °C is less than that at 70 °C, the inner friction play a better ity of AC-20 is optimal. As shown in Table 7, the ACI value of
role at 85 °C. Therefore, the R2 at 70 °C is lower than those at AC-20 is biggest, namely the coarse skeleton contact effect is
60 and 85 °C. best, in addition, the ACI*VFA value is significantly larger than
In the parameter ACI/VFA, the VFA is the denominator part. other mixtures. As the temperature increases, asphalt lubricating
The value of ACI/VFA manifests the contact property under the effect is significantly enhanced, but the relative asphalt content of
lubricating effect. As shown in Figure 9, when the temperature is AC-20 is lower, even considering the attenuation effect of lubri-
higher than 50 °C, SEI and ACI/VFA values have a good correla- cation action on mixture stability, the ACI/VFA value is greater
tion with the correlation coefficient R2 greater than 0.86, specially, than other mixtures; although the temperature reaches 85 °C,
the correlation is best at 85 °C. With the increase in temperature, the stability of the AC-20 mixture is still the best.
the lubricating effect of asphalt for the aggregates is more and There is a significant difference in the SEI values of asphalt
more significant. Therefore, there is a bigger correlation coefficient mixtures although they have the same nominal maximum aggre-
at a higher temperature. When the test temperature is higher than gate size. The SEI value orders of AC-13a, AC-13b and AC-13c
50 °C, the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.85. However, the mixtures at different test temperatures are not the same. For
slope is the largest at 60 °C, which shows that the asphalt coated example, the SEI of AC-13a at 25 °C is the biggest in the three

mixtures, while the value at 85 °C is smaller than those of the
other two mixtures. The contact characteristics in aggregate
interfaces for different grading mixtures and their optimum
asphalt content are also different, although they have the same
nominal maximum aggregate size, the skeleton stability of them
has a significant difference with the addition of the influence
of fine aggregate. For the aggregate-asphalt combination effect
parameters, ACI* VFA value of AC-13b mixture is the biggest and
ACI/VFA value of AC-13c is biggest. As a result, for the common
concern mechanics property of asphalt mixture at 60 °C, the
AC-13b has a better skeleton stability than AC-13a and AC-13c
in this investigation.
Conclusions
The effect of aggregate contact condition on skeleton stability in
asphalt mixture is investigated in this research. The authors ana-
lysed the relationship between ACI and slip energy index (SEI)
for asphalt mixture and discussed the effects of aggregate-asphalt
combined action and aggregate gradation on the deformation
stability of asphalt mixture.
• The contribution of aggregate skeleton effect is more and
more dominant to the skeleton stability of asphalt mixture
with the increase in temperature.
• The slip energy index (SEI) increases with the increase in
the parameter ACI*VFA, specially, the correlation is best
at 60 °C and the increase in stability of asphalt mixture is
the most significant with the increase in ACI * VFA.
• The effect of contact characteristics is greater on the
stability of mixture under a higher temperature. But
asphalt changes from the viscous effect to the lubricating
effect with the increase in temperature, and it changes
from advantage to disadvantage for mixture stability.
• For different nominal size mixtures, the SEI value of AC-20
mixture is the biggest, which has the strongest material
structure stability. The ACI* VFA value of AC-13b mix-
ture is the biggest, and the AC-13b has a better skeleton
stability than AC-13a and AC-13c at 60 °C.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding
This work was supported by Applied Basic Research Project the Ministry of
Transport of China [grant number 2014319812151]; Natural Science Basic
Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China [grant number 2014JQ7242];
the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges [grant
number 310821162010], [grant number 310821163404]; the National
Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 51008031].
References
Ahlrich, R.C., 1996. Influence of aggregate gradation and particle shape/
texture on permanent deformation of hot mix asphalt pavements.
Technical Rep GL-96-1.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING 7
Aho, B.D., Vavrik, W.R. and Carpenter, S.H., 2001. Effect of flat and
elongated coarse aggregate on field compaction of hot-mix asphalt.
Transportation Research Record, 1761, 26–31.
Buttlar, W.G. and You, Z.P., 2006. Aggregate effect on asphalt mixture
properties by modeling particle-to-particle interaction. Analysis of
Asphalt Pavement Materials and Systems, 308, 14–21.
Cheung, L.W. and Dawson, A.R., 2002. Effects of particle and mix
characteristics on performance of some granular materials.
Transportation Research Record, 1787, 90–98.
Chinese National Specification JTG F40-2004, 2004. Technical specification
for construction of highway asphalt pavement. Beijing: People’s
Communication Press (in Chinese).
Gandhi, P.M. and Gallaway, B.M., 2006. The effect of aggregate
characteristics on the behavior of asphalt mixtures under static and
dynamic loading conditions. American Society for Testing and Materials,
5 (2), 467–491.
Guan, H.X., 2005. A research on visco-elastic fatigue damage model of
asphalt mixture. PhD Dissertation. Zhongnan University, Changsha,
China, (in Chinese).
Jiang, W., Sha, A. and Xiao, J., 2015. Experimental study on relationships
among composition, microscopic void features, and performance of
porous asphalt concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 21
(11), 524–535.
Kandhal, P.S. and Cooley, L.A., 2002. Coarse- versus fine-graded superpave
mixtures: comparative evaluation of resistance to rutting. Transportation
Research Record, 1789, 216–224.
Kandhal, P.S., Parker, F. and Mallick, R.B., 1997. Aggregate tests for hot mix
asphalt. State of the practice, NCAT Rep. 97-06. Auburn, AL: National
Center for Asphalt Technology.
Li, Y.X., 2013. Study on the slipping and shearing behavior of Asphalt mixture
aggregate. Thesis (MA). Chang’an University.
Li, P.L., Ding, Z. and Rao, W.Y., 2016. Evaluation of deformation properties
of asphalt mixture using aggregate slip test. International Journal of
Pavement Engineering, 17 (6), 542–549.
Li, P.L., Ding, Z. and Zhang, Z.Q., 2013. Effect of temperature and frequency
on visco-elastic dynamic response of asphalt mixture. Journal of Testing
and Evaluation, 41 (4), 571–578.
Little, D.N., Button, J.W. and Youssef, H., 1993. Development of criteria
to evaluate uniaxial creep data and asphalt concrete permanent
deformation potential. Transportation Research Record, 1471, 49–57.
Pan, T.Y., Tutumluer, E. and Carpenter, S.H., 2006. Effect of coarse
aggregate morphology on permanent deformation behavior of hot mix
asphalt. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 132 (7), 580–589.
Roberto, M.A., Richard, A.W. and Jia, X., 2010. Combining X-ray
microtomography with computer simulation for analysis of granular
and porous materials. Particuology, 8, 81–99.
Saadeh, S., Masad, E. and Little, D., 2007. Characterization of asphalt
mix response under repeated loading using anisotropic nonlinear
viscoelastic-viscoplastic model. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,
ASCE, 19 (10), 912–924.
Schwartz, C.W., Gibson, N.H., Schapery, R.A. and Witczak, M.W., 2002.
Viscoplasticity modeling of asphalt concrete behavior. The 15th ASCE
Engineering Mechanics Conference. New York: ASCE, 144–159.
Tutumluer, E. and Pan, T., 2008. Aggregate morphology affecting strength
and permanent deformation behavior of unbound aggregate materials.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 20 (9), 617–627.
Wang, H., et al., 2016. Study on microstructure of rubberized recycled
based X-ray CT technology mix asphalt. Construction and Building
Materials, 121, 177–184.
Zhang, Z.Q., Zhan, Z.L. and Zhang, W.P., 2005. Effect of aggregate
gradation on performance of asphalt mix at low temperature. Journal of
Chang an University (Natural Science Edition), 25 (2), 1–5.
Zhou, Z.G. and Fu, B.F., 2005. Applying the theory of visco- elasticity to
evaluate thermal stability of asphalt mixtures. Journal of Highway and
Transportation Research and Development, 22 (11), 54–56 (in Chinese).
Zhu, X.Y., 2013. Influence of interfacial zone between asphalt mastic and
aggregate on the elastic behavior of asphalt concrete. Construction and
Building Materials, 49, 797–806.