PLSP 2 6 Aloha PDF

Part 2.
5
Dispersion Modeling Using
ALOHA
Dr. Arshad Ahmad

Email: arshad@utm.my
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Software Commonly used for Risk Analysis
Software Application
SAFETI Onshore Risk Analysis.
SFU Offshore Risk Analysis.
CAFTAN Fault Tree Analysis.
ETRA Event Tree Analysis.
HAZSEC. HAZOP Study.
HAZTRAC. HAZOP Recommendation Tracking.
PHAST. Consequence Analysis.
WHAZAN Consequence Analysis.
EFFECTS. Consequence (Effects) Modeling.
DAMAGE Consequence (Damage) Modeling.
PC-FACTS. Failure & Accident Databank.
ASAP Event Tree Analysis.
FMECA Failure Mode Effects & Criticality Analysis.
ANEX Life Time Analysis & Failure Estimation.
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Software Commonly used for Risk Analysis
Software Application
ALOHA Consequence Analysis
CLASS Hazardous Area Risk & Classifications
RISK CURVES TNO Individual & Group Risk computations
RISKA T Risk Analysis model of Health & Safety Executives, UK
E&P FORUM Hydrocarbon Leak & Ignition Database.
FACTS TNO Frequency Estimation Database
OREDA DNV Frequency Estimation Database
FRED Consequence Analysis software of Shell, UK
EAHAP Consequence modeling software of Energy Analysts Inc. US)

What is CAMEO?
§  CAMEO is computer software primarily used:
•  For chemical emergency planning
•  For chemical response; and
•  For regulatory compliance
§  The overall CAMEO system is a suite of three separate,
integrated software applications:
®
•  CAMEO (Computer aided management of emergency operation)
®
•  MARPLOT (Mapping application for response and planning of local
operational task)
®
•  ALOHA (Areal locations of hazardous atmosphere)
§  Developed by:
•  EPA’s Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office
•  NOAA’s Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division

CAMEO Answers Questions
§  What hazards are at this site?
§  Where is the hazard located?
§  What is the chemical?
§  What specific hazard(s) does it present?
§  How can the hazard be mitigated?

Cameo Module Relationships
Toxic Release Chemicals in Inventory/
Inventory Storage
Transit
Locations
Chemical
Information Screening &
Scenarios
Facilities
Incidents Routes
Special Contacts Resources

Locations
Census Data

ALOHA

What is ALOHA
§  Air hazard modeling program
§  Predicts how quickly chemical will escape from a tank,
puddle, gas pipeline etc
§  Model how gas travel downwind (include neutrally buoyant
and heavy gas dispersion)
§  Model fire and explosion (pool, jet, flash, BLEVE, VCE)
§  Produces threat zone estimate, showing area of hazards
(toxicity, thermal radiation)
§  Threat zones can me mapped into MARPLOT, Google maps,
Google earth

http://www2.epa.gov/cameo/aloha-software. http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/aloha
http://www2.epa.gov/cameo/aloha-software. http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/aloha
orr.cameo@noaa.gov
orr.cameo@noaa.gov
Example of ALOHA’s Output
ALOHA runs on both Windows and Macintosh computers.
ALOHA runs on both Windows and Macintosh computers.
Sample ALOHA
Sample Output
ALOHA Output
Some
Somesample
sampleALOHA
ALOHAoutput.
output.OnOn
thethe
left,left,
thethe
circular thermal
circular thermalradiation threat
radiation zone
threat zoneestimates
estimatesforfora aBLEVE.
BLEVE.On
Onthe
theright,
right,aathreat
threat
point graph shows Threat Zones
the toxic concentration hazard over time at a specific location; theConcentration at a point
horizontal lines show how the concentration
point graph shows the toxic concentration hazard over time at a specific location; the horizontal lines show how the concentration
compares
comparesto the chosen
to the toxic
chosen levels
toxic of concern.
levels of concern.

GIS-Compatible Output
azardous
hat data. GIS® Compatible Output
ALOHA’s threat zones can be displayed on maps in
MARPLOT , another program in the CAMEO suite.
ut,
ific
ng from
cts how
uds,
plosions),
s.
g on the
mal
A sample ALOHA threat zone estimate shown on a MARPLOT
al spills map (key locations of concern were
www.utm.my added
innovative in MARPLOT).
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Fire and Explosion

Pool Fire
12
Pool Fire
13
Jet Fire
14
Jet Fire
15
BLEVE Fireball Model
16
BLEVE Fireball Model
17
Flash Fire & Vapor Cloud Explosion Model
18
§  Vapor cloud explosion major assumptions:

•  Uses Baker-Strehlow-Tang methodology
•  Flammable mass (0.9LEL - UEL)
•  Explosion efficiency
•  Detonation – 100%
•  Deflagration – 20%
•  Ignition options
•  “Hard” – ~106 Joules
•  “Soft” – ~1 Joule
19
§  Vapor cloud explosion major assumptions: (cont.)

•  Congestion options
•  High – area blockage ratio > 40%
•  Low – area blockage ratio < 10%
20
21
Example: Facility Siting Case Study
22
Example: Facility Siting Case Study
§  Release through 3-inch relief valve leading to:

•  Jet fire
•  Flash fire
•  Vapor cloud explosion
§  Failure of storage vessel engulfed in flames leading to:
•  BLEVE fireball
23
Facility Siting Case Study – Jet Fire Results
24
25
26
27
28
ALOHA Scenario
§  In a transportation accident at km 182 of Southbound North-South
Expressway in Nilai, a 9000 Gallon tank truck carrying ammonia
overturns and shears off a flange whose diameter is 4 inches. The size
of the tank is 24 feet long and 8 feet in diameter. The tank contains
liquid, which is stored at ambient temperature. The fill density of the
tank is 75% by volume. The sheared-off flange creates a circular
opening of about 3 inches in diameter, and it is located at 30% of the
way to the top of the tank.
§  At the time of the accident, the wind direction is NE (i.e. blowing from
NE), the wind speed is 3 m/s, measured at 10 m height. The accident
occurred on a highway near a small village. The weather is partly
cloudy, 80% relative humidity, and the temperature is 32 degrees
Celsius.

Dispersion Modeling
30
Meteorology and Boundary Layer
§  Wind factors
§  Vertical temperature structure & stability
§  Surface roughness
§  Meteorological instrumentation

Source Term, Dilution & Plume Rise
§  Release parameters from source
§  Release parameters of the chemical
§  Plume rise
§  Release height for buoyant sources
§  Volume & area point sources
§  Building effects

Dispersion of Neutrally Buoyant Gases
§  The plume is not rising nor sinking

§  Equal probability of spreading in different directions
§  Neutrally buoyant gases are described using Gaussian
statistics or normal distributions

Dispersion of Heavy Gases
§  Types of heavy gases

§  Gravitational spreading
§  Phases of heavy gas dispersion
•  Release
•  Transition
•  Dispersion

End of Lecture
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Part 2.

Dr. Arshad Ahmad

www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 1

www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global

www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global

www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global

www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global

Special Contacts Resources

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§ Vapor cloud explosion major assumptions:

§ Vapor cloud explosion major assumptions: (cont.)

§ Release through 3-inch relief valve leading to:

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§ The plume is not rising nor sinking

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§ Types of heavy gases

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§  Vapor cloud explosion major assumptions:

§  Vapor cloud explosion major assumptions: (cont.)

§  Release through 3-inch relief valve leading to:

§  The plume is not rising nor sinking

§  Types of heavy gases