8

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L-Shaped House with

Gable/Hip Roof

Design wind pressures for a typical one-story house are to be determined.

Various views of the house are provided in Figure G8-1. The physical data are
presented in Table G8-1.

Glazing is uniformly distributed (pressures on C&C will depend on effective area

and location; for brevity, all items are not included).

8.1 Procedures
For MWFRS, the analytical directional procedure for a building of any height
given in Chapter 27, Part 1, is used to determine design wind pressure. For C&C,
analytical envelope procedure for the low-rise (h < 60 ft) building given in
Chapter 30, Part 1, is used to determine design wind pressure.

Building Classification: The residential building can be in Risk Category II

according to Table 1.5-1 of ASCE 7-16. The wind speed map associated with this
risk category is Figure 26.5-1B of ASCE 7-16.

Wind Load Parameters:

Wind speed V = 105 mph (Figure 26.5-1B of ASCE 7-16)
Topography factor Kzt = 1.0 (Section 26.8 of ASCE 7-16)
Directionality factor Kd = 0.85 (for buildings) (Table 26.6-1 of ASCE 7-16)
Ground elevation factor Ke = 1.0 (Section 26.9 of ASCE 7-16)

The building is located in a suburban area; according to Sections 26.7.2 and

26.7.3 of ASCE 7-16, Exposure B is used.

91

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 92 Wind Loads
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Figure G8-1. Building characteristics for house with gable/hip roof:

(a) view of roof, (b) view of front, (c) view of Side A, and (d) view
of Side C.

ð16Þðtan 15°Þ
Mean roof height = 10 + = 12.1 ft
2
Because Kz is constant in the 0 to 15 ft region, Kz = Kh = 0.57 for MWFRS and
C&C (from Table 26.10-1).

Velocity Pressures:
qz = 0.00256 K z K zt K d K e V 2 psf (26.10-1)

For MWFRS and C&C, qz = qh = 0.00256 (0.57) (1.0)(0.85) (1.0) (105)2 = 13.7 psf.

Wind Loads
 L-Shaped House with Gable/Hip Roof 93

Table G8-1. Data for L-Shaped House with Gable/Hip Roof

Location Dallas−Fort Worth, Texas

Topography Homogeneous
Terrain Suburban
Dimensions 80 ft × 40 ft (including porch) footprint
Porch is 8 ft × 48 ft
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Wall eave height is 10 ft

Roof gable θ = 15°; roof overhang is 2 ft all around
Framing Typical timber construction
Wall studs are spaced 16 in. on center
Roof trusses spanning 32 ft are spaced 2 ft on center
Roof panels are 4 ft × 8 ft

Gust Effect Factor: This building meets the requirements of a low-rise building
(Section 26.2 of ASCE 7-16); hence, it is permitted to be considered a rigid
building (Section 26.11-1) and

G = 0.85 (Section 26.11-1)

Internal Pressures: Enclosure classification is a matter of judgment. Glazing is

uniformly distributed. If it is designed to resist the pressures, it may be classified
as an enclosed building, and

ðGC pi Þ = + 0.18 and − 0.18 (Table 26.13-1-1)

Design Pressure for MWFRS

Because of asymmetry, all four wind directions are considered (normal to walls).
The wall surfaces are numbered 1 through 6; roof surfaces are 7 through 11;
and the porch roof surface is 12. The external pressure coefficients are from
Figure 27.3-1 of ASCE 7-16.

Wind Direction A: See Figure G8-2.

h/L = 12.1/80 = 0.15 < 0.5

Wall Pressures:
Surface 1: p = 13.7 (0.85) (0.8) − 13.7 (±0.18) = +9.3 ± 2.5 psf (windward)
Surface 2: p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.7) − 13.7 (±0.18) = −8.2 ± 2.5 psf (side)
Surface 3: p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.3) − 13.7 (±0.18) = −3.5 ± 2.5 psf (leeward) (for
L/B = 80/40 = 2; Cp = −0.3)
Surface 4: p = −8.2 ± 2.5 psf (side)
Surface 5: p = +9.3 ± 2.5 psf (windward)
Surface 6: p = −8.2 ± 2.5 psf (side)

Roof pressures coefficient: Roof pressure coefficient, Cp, from Figure 27.3-1 of
ASCE 7-16 is shown in Table G8-2.

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 94 Wind Loads
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Figure G8-2. MWFRS net pressures for positive internal pressure

from Direction A.

Roof Pressures Calculation:

Surface 7: p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.5) − 13.7 (±0.18) = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf (windward)
Surface 8: for θ = 0°; pressure varies along the roof
p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.9) − 13.7 (±0.18) = −10.5 ± 2.5 psf; 0 to 6.1 ft
p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.9) − 13.7 (±0.18) = −10.5 ± 2.5 psf; 6.1 to 12.1 ft
p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.5) − 13.7(±0.18) = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf; 12.1 to 24.2 ft
p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.3) − 13.7 (±0.18) = −3.5 ± 2.5 psf; 24.2 ft to end
Surface 9: Same pressures as Surface 8
Surface 10: p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.5) − 13.7 (±0.18) = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf (leeward)
Surface 11: p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.5) − 13.7 (±0.18) = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf (windward)
Surface 12: Same as Surface 8 without internal pressure

Overhang pressures: From Section 27.3.3 of ASCE 7-16, at wall surfaces 1 and 5

p = 13.7 ð0.85Þ ð0.8Þ = + 9.3 psf

This pressure is to be combined with the top surface pressure. Internal pressure
is of the same sign on all applicable surfaces.

Wind Loads
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Table G8-2. Roof Pressure Coefficient for Wind Direction A (h/L = 0.15)
L-Shaped House with Gable/Hip Roof

Surface
7 8 9 10 11 12

Horizontal distance from windward edge (ft)

0 to 6.1 6.1 to 12.1 12.1 to 24.2 24.2 to end

Wind Loads
Cp 0.0* −0.9 −0.9 −0.5 −0.3 Same as Surface 8 −0.5 −0.5 Same as Surface 8
−0.5 −0.18* −0.18* −0.18* −0.18* −0.5* 0.0*

* The values of smaller uplift pressures on the roof can become critical when wind load is combined with roof live load or snow load; load combinations are given in
Sections 2.3 and 2.4 of ASCE 7-16. For brevity, loading for this value is not shown here.
95
 96 Wind Loads

Table G8-3. Roof Pressure Coefficient for Wind Direction B

(h/L = 0.3)

Surface
7 8 9 10 11 12
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Cp Same as Surface 8 −0.54 −0.5 Same as Surface 8 Same as −0.3

for Wind for Wind Surface 9
Direction A Direction A

Note: Bold type indicates value gained by interpolation.

Wind Direction B:
Wall pressures:
Surface 1: p = −8.2 ± 2.5 psf (side)
Surface 2: p = +9.3 ± 2.5 psf (windward)
Surface 3: p = −8.2 ± 2.5 psf (side)
Surface 4: p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.5) − 13.7 (±0.18) = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf (leeward) (for
L/B = 40/80 = 0.5; Cp = −0.5)
Surface 5: Although technically this surface is side a wall, it is likely to see
the same pressure as Surface 6.
Surface 6: Same pressure as Surface 4

Roof pressures coefficient:

h=L = 12.1=40 = 0.3; θ = 15°

Roof pressure coefficient, Cp, from Figure 27.3-1 of ASCE 7-16 is shown in
Table G8-3.

For windward: Cp = −0.54 (interpolated between −0.5 and −0.7)

For leeward: Cp = −0.5
For parallel to ridge: Cp = −0.9 (0 to 12.1 ft)
Cp = −0.5 (12.1 to 24.2 ft)
Cp = −0.3 (24.2 ft to end)

Roof Pressures Calculation:

Surface 7: Same pressures as Surface 8 for Wind Direction A
Surface 8: p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.54) − 13.7 (±0.18) = −6.3 ± 2.5 psf (windward)
Surface 9: p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.5) − 13.7 (±0.18) = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf (leeward)
Surface 10: Same pressures as Surface 8 for Wind Direction A
Surface 11: Same as Surface 9 because it is sloping with respect to the ridge
Surface 12: This surface is at a distance greater than 2h
p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.3) = −3.5 psf; no internal pressure

Overhang pressures: From Section 27.3.3 of ASCE 7-16, at Wall Surface 2

p = 13.7 ð0.85Þ ð0.8Þ = + 9.3 psf

This pressure is to be combined with the top surface pressure. Internal pressure
is of the same sign on all applicable surfaces.

Wind Loads
 L-Shaped House with Gable/Hip Roof 97

Wind Direction C:
Wall pressures:
Surfaces 1 and 5: p = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf (leeward)
Surfaces 2, 4, and 6: p = −8.2 ± 2.5 psf (side)
Surface 3: p = +9.3 ± 2.5 psf (windward)
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Roof pressures:
Surfaces 7 and 11: p = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf (leeward)
Surfaces 8 and 9: Pressures vary along the roof; same pressures as Surface
8 for Wind Direction A
Surface 10: p = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf (windward)
Surface 12: Same pressures as Surface 9 without internal pressures

Overhang Pressures: From Section 27.4.4 of ASCE 7-16, at Wall Surface 3

p = 13.7 ð0.85Þ ð0.8Þ = + 9.3 psf

This pressure is to be combined with the top surface pressure. Internal pressure
is of the same sign on all applicable surfaces.

Wind Direction D:
Wall pressures:
Surfaces 1 and 3: p = −8.2 ± 2.5 psf (side)
Surface 2: p = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf (leeward)
Surfaces 4, 5, and 6: p = +9.3 ± 2.5 psf (windward)

Roof pressures:
Surfaces 7, 10, and 11: pressures vary along the roof; same pressures as
Surface 8 for Wind Direction A
Surface 8: p = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf (leeward)
Surface 9: p = −5.8 ± 2.5 psf (windward)
Surface 12: This surface will see pressures on top and bottom surfaces; they
will add algebraically.
For θ = 0°, h/L < 0.5, Cp = −0.9
p = 13.7 (0.85) (−0.9) − 13.7 (0.85) (+0.8) = −19.8 psf uplift

Overhang Pressures: From Section 27.4.4 of ASCE 7-16, at wall surfaces 4, 5,

and 6
p = 13.7 ð0.85Þ ð0.8Þ = + 9.3 psf
This pressure is to be combined with the top surface pressure. Internal pressure
is of the same sign on all applicable surfaces.

Design Wind Load Cases

Section 27.3.5 of ASCE 7-16 requires that any building whose wind loads have
been determined under the provisions of Chapter 27 shall be designed for wind
load cases as defined in Figure 27.3-8. Case 1 includes the loadings analyzed as
noted. A combination of windward (PW) and leeward (PL) loads is applied for
other load cases. This building has mean roof height h of less than 30 ft; hence, it

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 98 Wind Loads
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Figure G8-3. Combinations of wind loads (arrows show the wind

direction).

comes under the exception specified in Section 27.3.5 of ASCE 7-16. Only Load
Cases 1 and 3 shown in Figure 27.3-8 of ASCE 7-16 need to be considered.

The following two points need to be highlighted:

1. Because of asymmetry, all four wind directions are considered when combining
wind loads according to Figure 27.3-8 of ASCE 7-16. For example, when combining
wind loads in Case 3, there are four kinds of combinations of wind loads that need to
be considered, which are shown as in Figure G8-3.
2. Because of the low roof slope, the wind load acting on the roof is negligible here.

Design Pressures for Components and Cladding

Design pressures, p, are determined in Chapter 30, Part 1 of ASCE 7-16.

Wall Component: Wall studs are 10 ft long and spaced 16 in. apart. The effective
area is

larger of 10 × 1.33 = 13.3 ft2

or 10 × 10/3 = 33.3 ft2 (controls)

From Figure 30.3-1 of ASCE 7-16, equations in the commentary to Chapter 30 of

ASCE 7-16 are used:

(GCp) = +0.91 for Zones 4 and 5

(GCp) = −1.01 for Zone 4
(GCp) = −1.22 for Zone 5

The distance a is

smaller of 0.1 (40) = 4 ft (controls)

or 0.4 (12.1) = 4.8 ft

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 L-Shaped House with Gable/Hip Roof 99

Design pressure:

p = 13.7 (0.91 + 0.18) = +14.9 psf (all walls)

p = 13.7 (−1.01 − 0.18) = −16.3 psf (middle)
p = 13.7 (−1.22 − 0.18) = −19.2 psf (corner)
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Roof Component: The distance a is

smaller of 0.1 (40) = 4 ft (controls)

or 0.4 (12.1) = 4.8 ft

Roof trusses are 32 ft long and spaced 2 ft apart. The effective area is

larger of 32 × 2 = 64 ft2
or 32 × 32/3 = 341 ft2 (controls)

Roof framing for the front porch is 8 ft long and spaced 2 ft on center. The
effective area is

larger of 8 × 2 = 16 ft2
or 8 × 8/3 = 21.3 ft2 (controls)

From Figure 30.3-2B of ASCE 7-16, equations from the Chapter 30 Commentary
for gable roofs and θ = 15° yield

(GCp) = +0.3 for Zones 1, 2e, 2n, 2r, 3e, and 3r (Note: Zone 3 covers a very
small area of the truss)
(GCp) = −0.5 for Zones 1 and 2e
(GCp) = −1.0 for Zones 2n, 2r, and 3e
(GCp) = −1.8 for Zone 3r
(GCp) = −2.46 for Zone 2e (porch overhang)

Design pressures for the gable roof are (See Figure G8-4)

p = 13.7 (0.3 + 0.18) = +6.6 psf (all zones)

p = 13.7 (−0.5 − 0.18) = −9.3 psf (Zones 1 and 2e)
p = 13.7(−1.0 − 0.18) = −16.2 psf (Zones 2n, 2r, and 3e)
p = 13.7 (−1.8 − 0.18) = −27.1 psf (Zone 3r)
p = 13.7(−2.46) = −33.7 psf (Zone 2e porch overhang)

From Figure 30.3-2E of ASCE 7-16 for hip roofs, the GCp coefficients are a
function of h/B, which is 12.1/32 = 0.38 < 0.5.

(GCp) = +0.3 for Zones 1, 2e, 2r, and 3

(GCp) = −1.0 for Zone 1
(GCp) = −1.1 for Zones 2e and 3
(GCp) = −1.3 for Zone 2r

Overhang Pressures: The overhang pressure to be used for reactions and

anchorage for the gable roof is

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 100 Wind Loads
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Figure G8-4. Roof pressures for components and cladding.

p = 13.7 (−1.5) = −20.6 psf (edge of roof)

p = 13.7 (−1.5) = −20.6 psf (roof corners)

The overhang pressure to be used for reactions and anchorage for the hip roof is

p = 13.7 (−2.1) = −28.8 psf (edge of roof)

p = 13.7 (−1.6) = 21.9 psf (corner of roof)

MWFRS pressures should be used for the truss connection loads across the
building span; C&C loads are used for the additional pressure created by the
presence of the overhang.

Roof Panels:
Effective area = 4 × 8 = 32 ft2

From Figure 30.3-2B of ASCE 7-16, for θ = 15° (Note: Zones 2 and 3 are regarded
as overhangs and thus there is no internal pressure component.)

GCp = +0.42 for all zones on gable roofs

GCp = −2.2 for Zones 1 and 2e on gable roofs
GCp = −2.9 for Zones 2n and 2r on gable roofs (with overhang)
GCp = −4.0 for Zone 3e on gable roofs (with overhang)
GCp = −4.6 for Zone 3r on gable roofs (with overhang)

Design pressures:

p = 13.7 (0.42 + 0.18) = +8.2 psf (all zones)

p = 13.7 (−2.2 − 0.18) = −32.6 psf (Zones 1 and 2e on gable roofs)
p = 13.7 × (−2.9) = −39.7 psf (Zones 2n and 2r on gable roofs)
p = 13.7 × (−4.0) = −54.8 psf (Zone 3e on gable roofs)
p = 13.7 × (−4.6) = −63.0 psf (Zone 3r on gable roofs)

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 L-Shaped House with Gable/Hip Roof 101

Fasteners:
Effective area = 10 ft2:

GCp = + 0.7 for all zones on hip roof, which will control design
GCp = −2.5 for Zones 1 and 2e on gable (with overhang)
GCp = −3.5 for Zones 2n and 2r (with overhang)
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GCp = −4.1 for Zone 3e on gable roof (with overhang)

GCp = −4.7 for Zone 3r on gable roofs (with overhang)

Design pressures:

p = 13.7 (0.7 + 0.18) = +12.1 psf (all zones)

p = 13.7 (−2.5 − 0.18) = −36.7 psf (Zones 1 and 2e)
p = 13.7 × (−3.5) = −47.9 psf (Zones 2n and 2r)
p = 13.7 × (−4.1) = −56.2 psf (Zone 3e on gable roofs)
p = 13.7 × (−4.7) = −64.4 psf (Zone 3r on gable roofs)

Comment: The pressures determined in this example are limit state design
pressures for strength design. Section 2.3 of ASCE 7-16 indicates the load factor
for wind load to be 1.0 for loads determined in this example. If allowable stress
design is to be used, the load factor for wind load is 0.6 as shown in Section 2.4 of
ASCE 7-16.

Wind Loads