THE CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES

OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Mindanao State University – General Santo City
History 5 – O17
June 20, 2014
The meaning and importance of a man’s task can
be understood and appreciated when viewed
within a time frame and its proper historical
context.
To better understand and appreciate the role of
Jose Rizal in the making of a Filipino nation, one
has to know the developments in the century when
he lived, the period when he worked.
 NINETEENTH CENTURY

Era of challenges and responses

A period of major changes which affected men
and society
 6 IMPORTANT CHANGES IN THE
19TH CENTURY
1. Struggle for nationalism
2. Gradual spread of democracy
3. Modernization of living through the Industrial Revolution
4. Advance of Science
5. March of Imperialism
6. New Current in the movement of thought and growing
confidence on progress
NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR
NATIONALISM
NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM

A feeling of oneness by a group of people

wo believe that they possess common
traditions, culture and common ideals or
goals.
 American Revolution (1775-1783)

Independence from Great Britain

French Revolution (1779-1789)

Overthrowing of absolutism
 HOW TO RUN THE GOVERNMENT?

Country should be free from In the “good old days” when

domination and that a country monarchs and kings ruled over
should enjoy liberty, equality the subjects
and opportunity
Greece became independent nation from the Turks on
1830.
Norwegians won their freedom from Swedes in 1905.
Italy became a free and united nation through the
work of Camillo Cavour, Joseph Mazzini and Joseph
Garibaldi in 1861.
Germany was united led by Iron Chancellor Otto von
Bismarck who adopted the policy of “blood and iron”
in 1871.
 1867
Simon Bolivar
“The Liberator”
(Venezuela, Colombia,
Bolivia and part of Peru)

Jose San Martin

1800 - 1825 “The Liberator”
(Argentina, Chile and
part of Peru)
MEN FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY
Political ideas of the nineteenth century
 EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION ARE MULTIFARIOUS
Series of changes in the industry:
a. From hand work to machine work
b. Domestic system to the factory system
BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN 1760

Manufacturing

 Spinning jenny
 Spinning frame
 Spinning shuttle
 Cotton gin
 Sewing machine
Transportation

 Steam boats
 Steam locomotives
 Airplanes
 Automobiles
 Balloons
Communication

 Telephone
 Telegraph
 Wireless telegraphy
 Cable
 Postal service
 Newspapers
 Establishment of factories
 Employment of thousands of workers
 Large scale production of manufacturing goods
 Commodities became cheaper
 Towns and cities grew
 Improved standard of living
 Division of labor practiced (capitalists and laborers)
 Increase in population
 Advances in medical knowledge and
public hygiene
 Opening of more lands for cultivation
and commercialization
 Increase in national income
 Encouraged migration
 RESPONSES TO THE GROWING
SOCIAL PROBLEMS CREATED BY THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
LIBERALS

 Adopted the laissez-faire policy to stimulate the growth of factories

 Allow everybody to expand as much as he wished in his individual enterprises
 Industrialists became powerful and rich
 Working men became poorer
 Unemployment and misery resulted
SOCIALISTS

 Government should own and manage the means of production

 Benefit of all and not only for a few individuals
 As long as the capitalists controlled the economic life of people, no democracy
 Claude Henri, Francois Fourier and Robert Owen
COMMUNISTS

 Authored Communist Manifesto

 Earliest socialists that reforms could be achieved gradually and peacefully through
normal political methods and with compensation for the private owners
 Only a violent revolution could improved the lot of workingmen
 Advocated
 abolition of private property in land
 centralization of all means of production in the hands of the state
 abolition of all rights of inheritance
 Confiscation of the property of emigrants and rebels
 Universal and equal obligation of work
CATHOLICISM

 Pope Leo XIII in Reform Novarum (The Conditions of Labor)

 Rights must be religiously respected

 Duty of public authority to prevent and punish injury
 Poor and helpless have special consideration upon questioning its rights
 State has the right to regulate the use of private property and to protect it
 Workers have the right to form unions
SCIENCE BECOMES THE
SERVANT OF MAN
Soul of the Nineteenth century
 MODERN IMPERIALISM STARTS
A PROCESS OF HISTORIC
CHANGE
Activity of a nation in extending its control and authority beyond its territorial boundaries through
the acquisition of new territories

Purpose of securing rea materials, markets for manufactured products, additional food supplies,
outlets for surplus population and fields for investment of surplus capital
 GROWING CONFIDENCE ON
PROGRESS INSPIRES OPTIMISM
Man made considerable progress in various fields
 Democracy
 Education
 Science
 Public Health
 Literature
 Music
 Art
 “ The divine flame of thought is
inextinguishable among Filipino people
and in some way or another it has to
shine and make it known. It is not
possible to brutalize the inhabitants of
the Philippines.”
QUESTIONS TO LIVE BY

1. Why is nationalism a desirable national goal?

2. Why is industrialism a continuing concern of society?
3. Do you agree with Rizal’s point of view that the pursuit of science is an ideal of
man? Why?