Improving efficiency

in electric motors
In this look at techniques to reduce losses in induction electric motors to meet the level of
efficiency IE4 (IEC 60034-30), this article discusses the rules, guidelines and the best
practices to reduce losses in induction electric motors. It also examines new technologies
for electric motors to improve efficiency, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages,
especially those designed for variable speed drives.

Several technologies of motors are available in the market, since the most affordable in terms of cost
up to the most efficient or compact one. Besides that, motors have to be able to meet many specific
application requirements, like speed range, installation, safety, reliability, low level of noise and
vibration, long life, maintenance etc. Nevertheless, despite of all motor technologies, induction
motors remain the most used in the market, especially when variable speed is not necessary.

Nevertheless, modern ac motor drives use induction motors with field-oriented control for variable-
speed operation. In this scenario, in order the increase the overall efficiency, super premium efficient
IE4 induction motors are used. Alternatively, permanent magnet synchronous motor higher efficient
than IE4 could also be used, since both induction and PM motors need power electronics to control
their speed.

This paper presents and discusses the influence of each individual loss on the efficiency of induction
motors and proposes means to mitigate them in order to reach the level of efficiency IE4 (IEC 60034-
30). General rules, guidelines and best practices to reduce all kinds of losses in induction electric
motors are presented. Even though an induction motor is already built, it is still possible to increase
the efficiency in a Variable Speed Drive (VSD) application especially at low speed by controlling
properly the magnetic flux (Voltage/frequency ratio) in order to maintain the total losses in a
minimum value. This is known as ‘Optimal Flux’.

Comparisons of different technologies against the induction motors are always difficult, and different
applications can lead to different motor drive selection. There are cases where the choice of a
particular motor drive system can be affected not only by performance or cost, but by other factors
as maintenance issues (like easiness of assembly and disassembly of the motors), robustness against
high-speed forces, acoustic noise, vibration, etc. Comparison analysis of performance must be done
considering the speed range operation and speed limits to be reached, not only the performance of
the induction motor operating from the mains or by a frequency inverter at fixed speed.

IE4 Efficiency level

The 1st edition of IEC 60034-30 defined the limits for IE1, IE2 and IE3 efficiency levels. Presently, the
IE4 Super Premium Efficiency Class limits are being defined in the Committee Draft (CD) of IEC 60034-
30, 2nd Ed. along with IE1, IE2 and IE3 classes. Nevertheless, changes in the efficiency level IE4 can
still occur in the final version of IEC 60034-30 2nd Ed. This standard will define efficiency levels for
motors from 0.12 to 800 kW, in 2, 4, 6 and 8 poles (for mains supply, fixed-speed motors) and also
for variable-speed motors.
Comparing to the efficiency level IE3, the efficiency level IE4 motors have less losses ranging from
10% to 24%. So, the main question arising is: what should a motor manufacturer do to meet IE4
efficiency level requirements for induction motors maintaining the power/frame ratio? Or, in the
other way, how to increase the induction motor efficiency with a minimum cost increasing?

Efficiency over speed range

Significant energy savings can be achieved through the use of variable-speed drives (VSDs). Although
induction motors can presently have IE4 efficiency class, when they are fed by frequency converters
they present a significant decrease in their efficiency, even for constant torque applications.
Sometimes they also need to be over dimensioned, or use forced ventilation. In this case PM motors
can contribute to increase the process efficiency, because they have higher efficiencies than
induction motors at low speeds, and do not need over dimensioning nor forced ventilation. Figure 1
below illustrates this behavior. In this example, IE2, IE3 and IE4 induction motor efficiencies are
plotted along with a PM motor efficiency, for variable-speed, constant torque. It shows that PM
motor has superior efficiency than induction motors, especially at the lower speeds.

Figure 1. Efficiency over a 4:1 speed range with constant torque for three motors: a PM synchronous
motor and three induction motors (W22 IE2, IE3 and IE4), all rated 30 kW at nominal speed.

Optimal Flux

It is possible to increase the efficiency of induction motors for constant torque as speed decreases.
The fundamental theory of the electric machines shows that the torque provided by the induction
motor is directly proportional to the product between the magnetic flux and the electric current.
Then, in order to keep the torque constant, if the flux increases the current decreases (and vice-
versa). As the Joule losses are directly proportional to the squared current, these losses can be
considered as inversely proportional to the square of the magnetic flux. From the Faraday-Lenz law
of induction, one can easily demonstrate that the magnetic flux in the motor is directly proportional
to the ratio between the electromotive force (E) and the frequency (f). Considering the steady-state
model of equivalent circuit of the induction motor per-phase, it can be noted that at the base
frequency the voltage drop in the primary impedance has little significance, so that the flux can be
considered as proportional to the V/f (voltage/frequency) ratio. For lower speeds, the drop voltage in
the primary impedance has to be considered.
The main idea behind optimal flux is to make a balance between magnetic flux and current as motor
speed decreases in order to maintain the torque constant and the total losses at a minimum. As we
know, iron losses are greatly dependent on magnetic flux density and frequency. As frequency
decreases, iron losses also decreases. It means that magnetic flux density could be increased by
boosting the voltage in order to reduce current and thus Joule losses (I2R losses). As final result, the
torque remains constant and the Joule losses, that are the major losses, are greatly reduced. This
leads to an overall reduction of losses as speed decreases. A complete description of this method can
be found in [1]* and [2]*. Considering the optimal flux solution for an IE4 efficiency level motor, it is
possible to determine how the efficiency is affected by the speed reduction compared to the same
motor without optimal flux solution. Figure 2 shows an example for the 30 kW, 4 poles, 50 Hz IE4
induction motor compared to a PM motor.

Figure 2. Efficiency comparison between a 30 kW, 4 poles, 50 Hz IE4 induction motor without optimal
flux, with optimal flux and a PM motor for constant torque.

Techniques to reduce losses

Knowing exactly where the losses are located is the key to propose modifications in the design and
manufacturing process to reduce them. The losses to be considered are: pj1 – Joule losses in the
stator windings, pj2 – Joule losses in the rotor, pmech – mechanical losses (friction and ventilating
losses), pfe – iron losses, padd – additional losses and pharm – harmonics losses. For instance, the
percentage losses distribution for a WEG, IE4, W22, 30kW, 4-pole induction motor is: pj1 = 43.7%, pj2
= 20.4%, pmech = 3.53%, pfe = 26,7%, padd = 4.91% and pharm = 0,67%. Particularly for this motor, it is
clear that the most relevant losses are Joule losses and iron losses.

Obviously, the reduction of each individual loss tends to increase the cost of the motor. Besides that,
in some cases, to reduce mechanical losses, temperature rise can be increased. In other situations,
starting current, starting torque or power factor are also affected. So, the challenge for induction
motor designers and researchers is to reduce losses with a minimum cost increase and general motor
performance improvement, not only in terms of efficiency but also noise, vibration, temperature rise,
starting current and torque, and power factor among others.
Joule Losses in the stator winding
These losses present usually the highest percentage among all losses. It is necessary to reduce the
resistance of the winding in order to reduce this kind of losses. This can be done by:
 Enlarging the wire diameter maintaining the number of turns. This solution demands
improvements in the winding manufacturing process because, as fill factor is higher, it is quite
more difficult to insert the windings into the stator slots. In the case of a complete new stator
lamination design is necessary, stator slots can be enlarged. The price to be paid is a narrower
stator tooth or stator core that will increase magnetic flux density in these regions, increasing
magnetic losses. So, many simulations are necessary to reach the best design where the sum of
the losses is as low as possible. To avoid this very time-consuming task, the use of software with
optimization techniques is mandatory.
 Enlarging the wire diameter reducing proportionally the number of turns. In this case, the fill
factor remains unchangeable and there will not be any problem with the manufacturing process.
But the magnetic flux will increase and, therefore, the iron losses. Besides that, other
performance parameters are affected and they have to be analyzed carefully.
 Enlarging the stator length and the wire diameter, reducing the number of turns and keeping
the original stator slot size. This solution is efficient to reduce losses but increase the cost with
conductors and steel lamination. In some cases, there still is a limitation to design a longer stator,
which demands modifications in the mechanical design of the motor. The volume of the
conductors is augmented by the new package length and, consequently, the cost. Since the
magnetic flux density remains as original, the stator resistance decreases, reducing the Joule
losses, but the performance characteristics of the motor do not remain the same because the
magnetic flux was modified.
 Just enlarging the stator length. In this case, cost with conductors and steel lamination is
increased too. The stator resistance becomes higher, increasing Joule losses, but it is
compensated by the reduction of iron losses due to the magnetic flux density reduction. The
performance characteristics of the motor remain the same because the magnetic flux was not
modified.

Enlarging the stator length has another positive consequence: the area for heat transfer from stator
surface to the frame becomes larger and, by this reason, the temperature rise decreases, demanding
less energy from the ventilating system. So, a new ventilating system can be designed with smaller
mechanical losses. As many other parameters are influenced by any electric or magnetic modification
in the stator and rotor, a software with optimization capabilities has to be run to evaluate all
possibilities simultaneously and select just some few options to be prototyped. In practice, the
adopted solution usually is a mix of enlarging the stator length, reducing the number of turns and
increasing the wire diameter.

Joule Losses in the rotor

Joule losses in the rotor are not only a matter of rotor bars conductivity. Shape of rotor bars and
short-circuit rings is also relevant, although several shapes are already well established among
manufacturers and in the related technical literature. The question is not how to design properly the
rotor cage but how to fabricate it free from many interferences of the manufacturing process. In
order to reduce Joule losses of cast aluminum rotor cage, simulation software should be used to
analyze the quality of rotor slots and short-circuit rings filling and its correlation to the cast aluminum
process parameters.

Other important aspect to be considered to reduce Joule losses in the rotor is related to the
conductivity of the rotor bars and short-circuit rings, specifically about the advantages and
disadvantages of using cast copper or aluminum. In 2011, WEG conducted a study [3]* to ascertain
the feasibility of manufacturing squirrel cage low voltage induction motors using cast copper as a
substitute for the traditional aluminum, as an alternative to increase efficiency and reduce costs. A
case study accomplished with a 15 kW 4-pole IE3 motor showed that, in order for the use of die cast
copper cage, rather than the traditional die cast aluminum cage, to become economically
advantageous in industrial three phase induction motors, the quotation (price/kg) of the copper
must be no greater than 1.1 times the quotation of the aluminum.

Mechanical Losses
One of the best practices to reduce the total losses in an electric motor is a good ventilation system
design, especially for 2 pole motors. Besides of that, incorporated ventilating system is the most
responsible for acoustic noise in 2- and 4-pole TEFC and ODP motors. Due to its high efficiency, an IE4
motor has inherently less demand for heating removal. So, the ventilating system can be optimized in
order to reduce mechanical losses and consequently acoustic noise. Some aspects to be considered
are:
 Geometry of the fins: there is a good relationship between height of fins and width between two
adjacent fins. They have to be designed in order to provide the best thermal dissipation.
Numerical simulation software can help to evidence the best geometry. At the same time,
manufacturing process limitations such as painting difficulties and quality of the die cast iron
frame (or aluminum, if this is the case) have to be taken into account.
 Position of the terminal box: it has to be designed to not interfere on the air flow over the frame
surface along the fins channels. The terminal box must be placed as close as possible to the drive
end shield allowing that the airflow reaches almost completely all frame surface, thus removing
heating more efficiently. Again, numerical simulation tools should be used to analyze the
behavior of the airflow. It is important to ensure that the airflow is turbulent in order to remove
heating more efficiently.
 End shields: it is recommended that the drive end shield has fins to remove the heating
generated by the bearings friction or transferred from the interior of the motor to the exterior by
the shaft. The surface of the non-drive end shield, where the fan is mounted, must be very
smooth since the amount of air in that region is abundant and any sharp geometry increases the
noise.
 Fan and end cover: not only efficiency has to be considered but also noise. Geometry and
number of blades, shape of the end cover to avoid vortices, axial distance between fan and end
shield surface, radial gap from fan and fan cover and distance between air inlet and fan have to
be carefully designed to reduce losses and avoid pressure deviation that causes passage noise.
Figure 3 shows improvements in the ventilating system of W22 platform in order to reduce losses
and noise.
 Figure 3 – Design of fan and fan cover for WEG W22 platform.

Iron losses

Iron losses contribute with a large part of the total losses in an induction motor. It seems to be easy
to recognize that the simplest way to reduce iron losses in an induction motor is using higher quality,
lower losses silicon steel lamination (usually thinner lamination) than those currently used.
Unfortunately, this solution usually increases dramatically the cost of the motor. Reducing magnetic
flux density is another possible solution but, in this case, again, lamination cost increases by
increasing the amount of magnetic material, since the original motor performance must not be
affected. On the other hand, some initiatives can be taken without cost addition in order to reduce
iron losses:
 Lamination stress relief thermal treatment to recover the magnetic properties along the border
of the stator teeth, especially for those narrower ones.
 Use silicon steel lamination with high magnetic permeability at 1.5 T, for instance, and usual cost.
Power factor is increased, reducing current and consequently Joule losses in the stator.
 For a complete new stator design, it is important to search for the best stator slot/tooth width
ratio.

Usually, most of softwares used to calculate the motor performance, including iron losses, consider
the magnetic saturation (BH) curve of the steel lamination material obtained from the Epstein Frame
Test. This procedure is not accurate because the magnetic flux behavior in an Epstein Frame Test
sample is different from what really happens in a motor. Epstein Frame Test does not take into
account the rotational losses like those existing in the junction between stator teeth and yoke. Then,
the magnetic properties of the steel lamination should be taken from tests in a real motor and this
information should be used to calculate the performance of other similar motors. Nevertheless,
standard tests to determine iron losses in a motor are not very accurate, since the method used is
indirect. In order to evaluate properly the steel lamination properties, a three-phase electromagnetic
device was developed at WEG to be able to generate a magnetic flux that really represents the
magnetic flux of an electric motor. It can evaluate the magnetic losses generated in the stator, taking
into account the laminations geometry and the magnetic field rotating component. Unlike the Coil
Ring test, the mentioned device allows the evaluation of the total magnetic losses taking place in the
stator, which comprises those generated in the yoke and in the teeth. The test device was designed
to be placed in the rotor (Figure 4), once the intention was to evaluate the losses generated in the
stator core.
 a) b)
Figure 4 - a) Full test system with the stator sample in position, b) Cut view of the test system showing
the test device placed in the rotor [4]*.

In the Epstein frame test, the magnetic losses were measured for four induction levels at 50 Hz. From
the results obtained with this method (Figure 5), it is possible to classify ‘A’ as the best supplier and
"B" as the worst supplier among the 3 evaluated ones. Magnetic losses of the supplier B at 1.7 T were
used as reference. The test performed with the electromagnetic device followed the same steps of
the Epstein frame test. However, different behavior was observed. The results obtained from the
three-phase electromagnetic device are presented in Figure 6. It can be realized that supplier ‘B’
remains the worst, but now supplier ‘C’ is the best, instead of supplier ‘A’. The results shown in the
graphs of figures 5 and 6 comprise the average losses found in these tests, showing the maximum
and minimum limits according to a Student t-distribution.

Figure 5 - Results obtained with the Epstein Figure 6 - Results obtained with the three-phase
frame test – 50Hz [4]. electromagnetic device - 50Hz [4].

In the tests performed with actual electric motors running at no-load, the magnetic losses were
evaluated for nominal magnetic flux condition (380 V/50 Hz). The results confirmed the behavior as
for the electromagnetic device, with the supplier ‘C’ remaining as the best and the supplier "B" the
worst of the three investigated suppliers.

Additional losses
Many times, additional losses are understood as iron losses. Although they occur mainly in the
ferromagnetic parts of the motor, they have actually a different nature. While iron losses are at
nominal frequency, additional losses are high frequency losses due to the pulsating magnetic flux. At
no-load, they are known as pulsating losses and, at load, as stray load losses.
Pulsating losses (at no-load): these losses occur essentially on the rotor surface as an eddy current
losses due to the magnetic flux variation in the stator teeth. By its turn, the magnetic flux variation in
the stator teeth is due to the relative slot opening between stator and rotor (reluctance variation)
and exists already at no load.

Stray load losses (at load): they occur mainly in the stator and rotor teeth, rotor surface and rotor
cage bars due to the space induction harmonics at load.

Other losses usually treated as additional losses are:

Stator slots skin effect:
Usually, losses due to the stator slots skin effect are neglected for low voltage motors. But it is
important to consider the skin effect when the number of stator winding turns is small, especially for
VFD application. Skin effect is caused by non-uniform induction distribution relatively to the leakage
magnetic flux along the stator slot. It can be understood as an increasing in the resistance of the
conductor, thus increasing the losses.
Harmonic losses:
These losses act as a load for the motor, like ventilating and friction losses. Each space induction
harmonic due to the winding current can be understood as a small motor with a positive or negative
torque related to the torque of the fundamental, depending on the rotation direction of the
harmonic. These losses are not large comparable with others, but cannot be neglected when each
small loss needs to be reduced. The way to reduce the harmonic losses is to design a winding as
sinusoidal as possible in order to eliminating the space induction harmonic content.

Some manufacturing rotor imperfections like lamination burrs and low contact resistance between
laminations can also increase additional surface losses. Low resistance between lamination and cage
bars increases inter-bar currents and consequently Joule losses. Bubbles or poor die casting rotor can
also increase losses. The perfect understanding of the nature, causes and consequences of such
imperfections is fundamental to improve the manufacturing process.

New technologies for super premium efficient motors

Switched reluctance motors

The switched reluctance motor has concentrated windings in the stator
and no aluminum cage nor permanent magnets in the rotor, but only
laminated steel with salient teeth. So there are no joule losses in the
rotor. An example of a 4-phase switched reluctance motor with eight
stator teeth and six rotor teeth is shown in Figure 7. The winding
inductance varies with rotor position; the reluctance torque is
proportional to the difference between the direct axis (maximum) and
Figure 7 – SRM - 8/6 four-
quadrature axis (minimum) value of inductance (Ld and Lq, phase motor
respectively).

The switched reluctance motors present mechanical simplicity, robustness and reliability, however
they require sophisticated electronic control. With proper design for each application, efficiency and
power density are higher than induction motor of same power, but there is significant torque ripple.
Consequently they usually have high vibration and acoustic noise [5]*, which has been limiting its
wide use.

Synchronous reluctance motors

The synchronous reluctance motor uses a conventional polyphase ac stator, and the rotor has no
aluminum cage nor permanent magnets, but flux barriers to create preferred paths for the armature
flux, thus creating different values of the d-axis and q-axis inductances. Contrary to the switched
reluctance motor, it can be more easily designed to give reduced levels of torque ripple and acoustic
noise [6]* and sinewave ac operation (rotating field). The motor performance is greatly dependent
on the geometry of the flux barriers in the rotor lamination [7]*. In order to have a performance
comparable to that of the induction motor, the synchronous reluctance motor must have a saliency
ratio (Ld/Lq) in the range 7-10 [8]*, which is achievable with a high anisotropic rotor design, e.g., the
axially laminated rotor (Figure 8), but they have a more complex manufacturing than the
conventional transversally-laminated motor (Figure 9).

Figure 18 - Axially-laminated Figure 9 - Transversally-laminated

synchronous motor synchronous motor

These motors have some characteristics that make them attractive: cost of active material is
comparable to that of induction motor and much lower than that of high energy permanent magnet
motors; easiness of rotor skewing; flux weakening capability, which is important for attaining high
speed ranges; suitability to large overloads [6]. On the other hand, power factor is poor and the
current is up to 40% higher compared to an equivalent induction motor. Efficiency is comparable to
that of induction motor.

Permanent magnet motors

PM motors offer the highest efficiency of all motors, with high power factor, due to the absence of
Joule losses in the rotor and the excitation flux of the permanent magnets, high torque-to-current
and torque-to-volume ratios, compactness, and fast dynamic response. Ferrite magnets are generally
used in low power applications where low cost is mandatory and NdFeB magnets in industrial motors
for a better performance.

Sinewave PM motors (or brushless ac motors) are synchronous motors, and usually make use of
similar stator windings as induction motors. Squarewave PM motors (or brushless dc motors) have
concentrated windings on the stator, and are often used in low power applications. Sinewave PM
motors are suitable for industrial applications due to the characteristics of low torque ripple and
acoustic noise, and high efficiency. There is a variety of rotor configurations for PM motors, and
which one is the best is a matter of the application requirements.
Surface-magnet motor
The permanent magnets are placed on the surface of the rotor. This facilitates manufacturing of the
rotor, since the magnets can be put in place before magnetization, being magnetized all together at
once in a special magnetizing fixture. This motor has poor field-weakening capability, so the speed
range is very limited, the maximum speed usually not exceeding 2x base speed.

Two examples of surface-PM motors are shown in Figure 10 and 11. High speed operation is limited
by the strength of the magnets against centrifugal forces, unless special retention devices are used,
for example, an external non-magnetic sleeve. These motors have no magnetic saliency, so there is
no reluctance torque.

Figure 10 - Surface-PM motor Figure 11 - Surface-PM motor with

with distributed windings concentrated windings
1.1.1 Interior-magnet motor
The permanent magnets are placed inside the rotor lamination. Several rotor topologies are possible,
some of them are shown in Figures 23, 24, 25 and 26.

Figure 12 - Interior- Figure 13 - Interior- Figure 14 - Interior- Figure 15 - Multi-

PM motor – PM motor – V- PM motor – radial layer PM motor
tangential magnets shape magnets magnets

Flux-weakening capability is improved due to higher inductance, and these motors are more suitable
for a wider speed range than the surface PM motors. These motors have a magnetic saliency, so the
total torque has a reluctance torque component that can be added to the torque provided by the
magnets, through correct control strategies, like current angle advance.

PM motors with exterior rotor

Exterior-rotor PM motors have higher torque per volume ratio than interior rotor motors. The
magnets are placed on the internal surface of the rotor, and they are retained against centrifugal
forces by the rotor yoke. Assembly of the rotor is facilitated because the magnets can be put in place
before magnetization, as for the interior rotor surface PM motor. The windings can be distributed or
concentrated, the latter is generally used. Figures 16 and 17 show two examples of exterior-rotor
motors with 8 and 16 poles respectively.

The motor in Figure 16 can be used in customized fan applications with few kilowatts, where the
blades can be fixed directly on the external surface of the rotor. The motor in Figure 17 is well suited
for high-torque low-speed applications, like direct-drive washing machines, elevators and cooling
towers.

Figure 16 - Exterior-rotor PM motor with 8 poles Figure 17 - Exterior-rotor PM motor with 16 poles

Electronically commutated (EC) motors

EC motors are PM motors, generally for low-power variable-speed applications (residential and
commercial applications), in substitution for single-phase, low-efficient induction motors. The low
power allows the electronic control to be integrated to the motor, inside motor housing or attached
to the NDE end shield. These motors generally have concentrated windings and use ferrite magnets
on the rotor surface (Figure 11). They have higher efficiency than shaded-pole and split-capacitor
motors, and have an increasing demand in HVAC applications, where not only efficiency is desired,
but also easiness of assembly (no need for belts and pulleys), continuous speed control,
compactness, less weight and less acoustic noise.

Line-start PM motors
Line-start PM motors are hybrid induction/permanent-magnet motors which combine an
asynchronous start with a synchronous steady state operation. The stator windings are conventional
distributed windings, while the rotor is a special combination of squirrel cage and permanent
magnets buried beneath the squirrel cage. They can start and accelerate
directly from the mains without the need of electronic control, like a
conventional induction motor, and then be pulled into synchronism by
the permanent magnets.
After that the motor operates synchronously, without rotor currents.
With low copper losses at steady state (harmonic losses only), a better
efficiency (than induction motors) can be reached. But, since these
motors have no electronic control, they do not operate at maximum torque per ampere. For this
reason they have lower torque to volume ratio than the PM motors
discussed earlier. In general, line-start PM motors are limited to low- Figure 18 - Line-Start PM
Motor
inertia applications. If the load inertia is higher than the maximum
allowable inertia, the motor will start but will not synchronize.

Conclusions

This paper presented basic concepts of losses in induction motors and some rules to reduce them in
order to reach IEC IE4 efficiency level. New motor technologies like PM, Switched Reluctance and
Synchronous Reluctance motors were also presented, highlighting their main characteristics. Which
technology is the best, depends not only on the efficiency since other characteristics like cost, size
and weight, reliability, speed range, noise, vibration, easiness of maintenance and general
performance have to be also taken into consideration. Strictly in terms of efficiency, it is possible to
say that PM motors have the best performance because they do not have losses in the rotor and,
therefore, exhibit much better behavior at low frequencies for constant torque. Nevertheless,
induction motors, when properly designed and manufactured, can also reach IE4 efficiency levels.
Moreover, their performance can be improved at low frequencies with constant torque by applying
the Optimal Flux Solution.

Contact
Marek Lukaszczyk,
WEG Electric Motors (UK) Ltd
Tel: +44(0)1527 513800
Web: www.weg.net
Email: wegsales@wegelectricmotors.co.uk

Authors
Sebastião L. Nau (slnau@weg.net), Daniel Schmitz (daniels1@weg.net). Research and Technological
Innovation Department - WEG Motores Jaraguá do Sul - SC, Brazil

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