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G.W. F. Hegel
- writings: “Science of Logic”, “The
Philosophy of Nature”, “The philosophy
of the spirit” & “the phenomenology of
“the geist””.
- Theory of “Dialectics”
GWF Hegel’s
The phenomenology (appearance) of
“The Geist” p. 181-188 – progress of
consciousness in a dialectical form. 8 levels
of consciousness. The movement/transition
from one to another is brought about by
certain contradictions, which happen in
each stage. This is determined by the
conflict of each phase.
I. (Thesis) Empirical consciousness
– subject-object relationship, is
known through the faculty of
sense or sense-certainty. The
human mind is limited to the
limited objects of sense. Does not
deal with universals, it deals with
the particular things. It does not
see things as connected but as
fragmented.
a. Sense-certainty only tells us
about the truth in reference to the
here and now. (We are sure that
the chalk exists now, but we are
unsure if it’ll exist in the future)
b. Scientific Understanding –
physical objects of sense operate
on the laws of science. (The
human mind says that this is a
chalk—but at the same time, we
become unaware of the unseen
forces that determine the chalk
which is gravity, torque, etc).
Objects operating on the laws of
nature. It is not limited to
particulars and can give us
universals or future occurences.