Elements of Design: Line, Shape, Form, Color, Texture, Value, Proportion.

LINE - creates a shape, can be thick or thin, creates texture

SHAPE - is flat, 2-D, is an enclosed line, can be organic or geometric.
FORM - has depth, 3-D, forms are solid objects.
COLOR - has 3 properties, color-Hue or Chroma, Value (black/white/gray), Intensity ( bright vs. dull)
TEXTURE - rough or smooth, implied or real
VALUE - Dark and Light, in color, in drawing and in design.
PROPORTION - size differences

The elements combine to form the PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

AREA OF EMPHASIS - a special section or place in the format, The aesthetic center of interest is not
in the middle but uses the division of thirds. Also called the center of interest, focal point.
DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT - Leads your eye through the format and to the area of emphasis by
using a rhythmic overlay of shapes, color or values.
RHYTHM - the position of shapes, colors and values that work well with each other and help to
produce directional movement.
BALANCE - the use of common elements throughout the format so that one area is not left without
some of these elements. Color, values, textures, objects can be balanced. There is Asymmetrical /
informal balance, and Symmetrical/ formal balance.
VARIETY OF SIZE - The variation of elements so as not to cause monotony
THE BASIC FORMS - Cube, Sphere, Cone, Cylinder, Pyramid and Prism. All of the objects and things
in the world can be simplified to these forms. This is how you can draw more complicated forms by
looking at the basic forms with in the objects and how they are constructed.

CONTOUR DRAWING - The one continual line that describes the outside edge of an object. Thick and
thin line produce variety.
GRADATIONS - a gradual change between dark and light in drawing and painting. This can be
created with a pencil by changing the pressure on the paper and by using small circular movements.Â
A KNEADED eraser can soften the edge of a gradation by lifting graphite from the paper.
COLOR-PENCIL - The colored pencil can be blended with soft layers to produce new colors. A
gradation can be made by overlapping soft layers of two colors.

COLOR CHART 1 - Hue or Chroma, the color of color

PRIMARIES - RED, YELLOW and BLUE
SECONDARIES - GREEN, VIOLET and ORANGE
TERTIARIES - YG,BG,BV,RV,YO,RO
INTERMEDIATES - YYG,GGY,YYO,OOY,BBG,GGB,RRV,VVR,ETC.
CHROMATIC SCALE - COLOR WHEEL 12 COLORS/24 COLORS

COLOR CHART 2 - Intensity /complementary pairs/neutrals

COMPLEMENTS - The complement of a color is located directly across the color wheel from another.
Every color has a complement and every complementary pair has a warm color and a cool color.
INTENSITY - color comes to us as bright as it can be naturally, to dull the color you must add it's
complement. The complementary color reduces the intensity of a color causing it to be dull and takes
away it's chroma.
NEUTRAL - The neutral is a combination of a complementary pair and has no hue or chroma. It is
called browns and is the source of a more natural color in nature. It can also be used to create
shadows.

COLOR CHART 3 -Values /gray/ monochromatic

BLACK AND WHITE - Are not colors, black is the absence of all color, white is the presence of all
color.
VALUE SCALE - The gradual change from white to black showing all the grays
MONOCHROMATIC SCALE - The addition of white and black to a color to produce TINTS (ADD
WHITE) and SHADES (ADD BLACK) of one color.
CRAYON RESIST - This project uses crayon (wax) to resist Tempera paint. The Tempera paint can
be thinned with water and with a heavy application of crayon the paint will resist the areas of crayon
and go into the spaces left blank.
STYLIZED DESIGN -Â A mode of design that simplifies the most important aspects of an object.
Flattens to 2-d, shapes instead of forms.
NON-OBJECTIVE DESIGN - A mode of design that has no recognizable object but can be derived
from a realistic object with a finder.
PEN AND INK - Drawing styles of pen and ink include Crosshatching, Dots, Directional lines, cross
hair, and scumbling. The closer the lines or dots are together the darker the area will become. You
can use any combination of lines to produce a drawing. Always start with the darkest area first.