Pinyin - Wikipedia 2/3/20, 4(43 µµ

Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ;
Pinyin
pinyin: Hànyǔ Pīnyīn), often abbreviated to pinyin, is the official romanization
Chinese
system for Standard Chinese in mainland China and to some extent in Taiwan. It
is often used to teach Standard Mandarin Chinese, which is normally written Transcriptions
using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones. Standard Mandarin
Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages Hanyu Pinyin Pīnyīn
written with the Latin alphabet and also in certain computer input methods to
Bopomofo
enter Chinese characters.
Wade–Giles P‘in1-yin1
The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Tongyong Pinyin Pinyin
Youguang,[1] based on earlier forms of romanizations of Chinese. It was published IPA [pʰín.ín]
by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times.[2] The International
Wu
Organization for Standardization (ISO) adopted pinyin as an international
Romanization phin in
standard in 1982,[3] and was followed by the United Nations in 1986.[1] The
system was adopted as the official standard in Taiwan in 2009, where it is used for Hakka
international events rather than for educational or computer-input purposes.[4][5] Romanization pin24 im24
But "some cities, businesses, and organizations, notably in the south of Taiwan, Yue: Cantonese
did not accept this, as it suggested that Taiwan is more closely tied to the PRC", so Yale Romanization Pingyām
it remains one of several rival romanization systems in use.[6]
Jyutping Ping3jam1

The word Hànyǔ (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ) means 'the Sidney Lau Ping3yam1°
spoken language of the Han people', while Pīnyīn ( ) literally means 'spelled Canton Ping3yem1
sounds'.[7] Romanization
IPA [pʰēŋ jɐ́m]
When a foreign writing system with one set of coding/decoding system is taken to
Southern Min
write a language, certain compromises may have to be made. The result is that the
decoding systems used in some foreign languages will enable non-native speakers Hokkien POJ peng-im/pheng-
to produce sounds more closely resembling the target language than will the im
coding/decoding system used by other foreign languages. Native speakers of Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic
English will decode pinyin spellings to fairly close approximations of Mandarin Alphabet
except in the case of certain speech sounds that are not ordinarily produced by Simplified Chinese
most native speakers of English: j [tɕ], q [tɕʰ], x [ɕ], z [ts], c [tsʰ], zh [ʈʂ], ch [ʈʂʰ],
Traditional Chinese
sh [ʂ], h [x], and r [ɻ] exhibiting the greatest discrepancies.
Transcriptions
In this system, the correspondence between the Roman letter and the sound is Standard Mandarin
sometimes idiosyncratic, though not necessarily more so than the way the Latin
Hanyu Pinyin Hànyǔ Pīnyīn
script is employed in other languages. For example, the aspiration distinction
Fāng'àn
between b, d, g and p, t, k is similar to that of these syllable-initial consonants
Bopomofo ˋ ˇ
English (in which the two sets are however also differentiated by voicing), but not
to that of French. Letters z and c also have that distinction, pronounced as [ts] and ˋ
[tsʰ] (whilst reminiscent of both of them being used for the phoneme /ts/ in the Wade–Giles Han4-yü3 P‘in1-yin1
German language and Latin script-using Slavic languages respectively). From s, z, Fang1-an4
c come the digraphs sh, zh, ch by analogy with English sh, ch. Although this IPA [xân.ỳ pʰín.ín fáŋ.ân]
introduces the novel combination zh, it is internally consistent in how the two Wu
series are related, and reminds the trained reader that many Chinese people
Romanization hoe nyiu phin in
pronounce sh, zh, ch as s, z, c (and English-speakers use zh to represent /ʒ/ in
faon oe
foreign languages such as Russian anyway). In the x, j, q series, the pinyin use of x
Hakka
is similar to its use in Portuguese, Galician, Catalan, Basque, and Maltese; and the
Romanization hon55 ngi24 pin24 im24

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ba! ( , Go quickly!)
6. Exclamations and interjections: À! Zhēn měi! ( ), Oh, it's so beautiful!)
7. Onomatopoeia: mó dāo huòhuò ( , honing a knife), hōnglōng yī shēng ( ; , rumbling)
10. Capitalization

1. The first letter of the first word in a sentence is capitalized: Chūntiān lái le. ( ; , Spring
has arrived.)
2. The first letter of each line in a poem is capitalized.
3. The first letter of a proper noun is capitalized: Běijīng ( , Beijing), Guójì Shūdiàn ( ; ,
International Bookstore), Guójiā Yǔyán Wénzì Gōngzuò Wěiyuánhuì ( ;
, National Language Commission)
1. On some occasions, proper nouns can be written in all caps: BĚIJĪNG, GUÓJÌ SHŪDIÀN, GUÓJIĀ YǓYÁN
WÉNZÌ GŌNGZUÒ WĚIYUÁNHUÌ
4. If a proper noun is written together with a common noun to make a proper noun, it is capitalized. If not, it is not
capitalized: Fójiào ( , Buddhism), Tángcháo ( , Tang dynasty), jīngjù ( ; , Beijing opera),
chuānxiōng ( , Szechuan lovage)
11. Initialisms

1. Single words are abbreviated by taking the first letter of each character of the word: Beǐjīng ( , Beijing) →
BJ
2. A group of words are abbreviated by taking the first letter of each word in the group: guójiā biāozhǔn (
; , Guóbiāo standard) → GB
3. Initials can also be indicated using full stops: Beǐjīng → B.J., guójiā biāozhǔn → G.B.
4. When abbreviating names, the surname is written fully (first letter capitalized or in all caps), but only the first
letter of each character in the given name is taken, with full stops after each initial: Lǐ Huá ( ; ) → Lǐ H.
or LǏ H., Zhūgě Kǒngmíng ( ; ) → Zhūgě K. M. or ZHŪGĚ K. M.
12. Line Wrapping
1. Words can only be split by the character:
guāngmíng ( , bright) → guāng-
míng, not gu-
āngmíng
2. Initials cannot be split:
Wáng J. G. ( ; ) → Wáng
J. G., not Wáng J.-
G.
3. Apostrophes are removed in line wrapping:
Xī'ān ( , Xi'an) → Xī-
ān, not Xī-
'ān
4. When the original word has a hyphen, the hyphen is added at the beginning of the new line:
chēshuǐ-mǎlóng ( ; , heavy traffic: "carriage, water, horse, dragon") → chēshuǐ-
-mǎlóng
13. Hyphenation: In addition to the situations mentioned above, there are four situations where hyphens are used.
1. Coordinate and disjunctive compound words, where the two elements are conjoined or opposed, but retain
their individual meaning: gōng-jiàn ( , bow and arrow), kuài-màn ( , speed: "fast-slow"), shíqī-bā suì (
; , 17–18 years old), dǎ-mà ( ; , beat and scold), Yīng-Hàn ( ; , English-
Chinese [dictionary]), Jīng-Jīn ( , Beijing-Tianjin), lù-hǎi-kōngjūn ( ; , army-navy-airforce).
2. Abbreviated compounds ( ; ; lüèyǔ): gōnggòng guānxì ( ; , public relations) → gōng-
guān ( ; , PR), chángtú diànhuà ( ; , long-distance calling) → cháng-huà ( ; ,
LDC).
Exceptions are made when the abbreviated term has become established as a word in its own right, as in

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chūzhōng ( ) for chūjí zhōngxué ( ; , junior high school). Abbreviations of proper-name

compounds, however, should always be hyphenated: Běijīng Dàxué ( ; , Peking University)
→ Běi-Dà ( , PKU).
3. Four-syllable idioms: fēngpíng-làngjìng ( ; ), calm and tranquil: "wind calm, waves down"),
huījīn-rútǔ ( ; , spend money like water: "throw gold like dirt"), zhǐ-bǐ-mò-yàn ( ;
, paper-brush-ink-inkstone [four coordinate words]).[44]

1. Other idioms are separated according to the words that make up the idiom: bēi hēiguō ( ; , to
be made a scapegoat: "to carry a black pot"), zhǐ xǔ zhōuguān fànghuǒ, bù xǔ bǎixìng diǎndēng (
; , Gods may do what cattle may not: "only the official is
allowed to light the fire; the commoners are not allowed to light a lamp")
14. Punctuation

1. The Chinese full stop ( ) is changed to a western full stop (.)

2. The hyphen is a half-width hyphen (-)
3. Ellipsis can be changed from 6 dots (......) to 3 dots (...)
4. The enumeration comma ( ) is changed to a normal comma (,)
5. All other punctuation marks are the same as the ones used in normal texts

Comparison with other orthographies

Pinyin is now used by foreign students learning Chinese as a second language, as well as Bopomofo.

Pinyin assigns some Latin letters sound values which are quite different from that of most languages. This has drawn
some criticism as it may lead to confusion when uninformed speakers apply either native or English assumed
pronunciations to words. However, this problem is not limited only to pinyin, since many languages that use the Latin
alphabet natively also assign different values to the same letters. A recent study on Chinese writing and literacy
concluded, "By and large, pinyin represents the Chinese sounds better than the Wade–Giles system, and does so with
fewer extra marks."[45]

Because Pinyin is purely a representation of the sounds of Mandarin, it completely lacks the semantic cues and
contexts inherent in Chinese characters. Pinyin is also unsuitable for transcribing some Chinese spoken languages
other than Mandarin, languages which by contrast have traditionally been written with Han characters allowing for
written communication which, by its unified semanto-phonetic orthography, could theoretically be readable in any of
the various vernaculars of Chinese where a phonetic script would have only localized utility.

Comparison charts
Vowels a, e, o

IPA a ɔ ɛ ɤ ai ei au ou an ən aŋ əŋ ʊŋ aɚ

Pinyin ê e
en eng ong er
Tongyong Pinyin a o e e ai ei ao ou an ang

Wade–Giles eh ê/o ên êng ung êrh

Bopomofo

example

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