CONCLUSION

After the exposure, as student nurses, the group established trust and rapport with the
client and family. We also established teamwork and good collaboration with our colleagues.
We gain more knowledge about Breast Carcinoma because of our exposure in the area. We
developed our skills regarding on our patients condition.

Our experience in the surgery ward area gave us the knowledge that we need as a future
nurse. Now that we have been exposed in the different rooms, we gained knowledge that can
help us to formulate appropriate nursing diagnosis, plan effective patient care, implement the
proper nursing interventions to resolve the patient’s identified problems, evaluate outcome of
proper patient and established self-reliance within the patient case identification and
understanding. Surgery ward served as a companion for us to be a more efficient and effective
nurse with a good clinical eye in having a proper assessment. The group learned so many
things. We got brilliant ideas from plenty of books that helped us to expand our knowledge and
wisdom regarding Breast Carcinoma. Most importantly, we established a good nurse-patient
relationship that helped us to understand more about our patient’s condition.

On the part of the patient, she was able to understand better about his health status. She
understood the importance of following the doctor’s orders to continue the Breast Carcinoma
medications. After managing our patient, we learned a lot about the etiology, manifestations,
pathophysiology, and the proper course of treatment and management for patient with Breast
Carcinoma

. RECOMMENDATION

A. Student Nurse
To our fellow student nurses, case study is an essential tool that will help us and serve
as an educational companion to have a better understanding about specific cases
including Breast Carcinoma. Case studies will help us to be more familiar and aware of
different causes, risk factors, pathophysiology of different case, therapies and treatments
on different cases. To establish an effective collaboration with your group mates to
accomplish a good case study.

B. Patient
For the patient, she must continue to take the prescribed medication, have diet
modification and limit in salt and fat consumption. She must eat healthful diet containing
plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables. Avoid consuming alcohol and eating processed
foods that contains large amount of sodium. Limit exercise as necessary is essential.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Breast
The mammary glands are the organs of milk production and are located in the
breasts, or mammae. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands. Externally, each
of the breasts of both males and females have a raised nipple surrounded by a circular,
pigmented area called the areola.
In prepubescent children, the general structure of the male and female breast is
similar, and both males and females possess a rudimentary duct system. The breast
begin to enlarge during puberty, under the influence of estrogen and progesterone.
Some males also experience a minor and temporary enlargement of the breasts at
puberty. The breasts of a male can become permanently enlarged, however, a condition
called gynecomastia. Causes of gynecomastia include hormonal imbalances and the
abuse of anabolic steroids.
Each adult female breast contains mammary glands consisting of usually 15 – 20
glandular lobes covered by a considerable amount of fat tissue. It is primarily this
superficial fat that gives the breast its form. Each lobe possesses a single duct which
opens independently to the surface of the nipple. The duct of each lobe is formed as
several smaller ducts that originate from lobules converge. Within a lobule, the ducts
branch and become even smaller. In the milk – producing, or lactating, mammary gland,
the ends of these small ducts expand to form secretory sacs called alveoli.
The breast are supported by the mammary ligaments, which extend from the fascia
over the pectoralis major muscles to the skin over the breasts and prevent them from
excessive sagging. In older adults, the mammary ligaments can weaken and elongate,
increasing the tendency for the breasts to sag.
The nipple are very sensitive to tactile stimulation and contain smooth muscle.
When the smooth muscle contracts, the nipple becomes erect. The smooth muscle cells
contract in response to stimuli such as touch, cold, and sexual aousal.

Reference
Seeley, R.R., Stephens D.R., et al. (2005) Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (5th
edition)