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    Occupational Health PDF

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    Prem Kumar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 26
    Chapter 14 Chap 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapt 18 Chapter 19 Appendis A Appendix B Bret Camuthers, Tom Shodoaa, Antoine Slaughter, le ‘Mich, eff Prt, James Frey, and Jesep Johnson ‘racy L. Zontek, PRD, CIH, CSP, and BurionR, Oe, PAD, chi, CSP Wills Walker and Dan Nelson (who wrote the seton on rmutomployer worksite plicy) Seoty Dunlap (who wrote te chapter) RancellJ Barry, PAD Robot Geteell, Keith McCullough, Mike Ban Derven, and "Nell Brown, 'Eddiz Anderson, Mike Baker, Barbara Dil, Craig Fulcer, ‘Dovg Gaylord, Barry Maxwell, David MeDanic, and Ros ‘Shinner Mike Baker, Cig Fulcher, Doug Geylor, Datla Hinnnt, David McDaniel, Glory Mzzlle, Ron Skane, Ward Tay. lor Chip Till, and Jason Whichand In auiton, the auors want recognize Kathy Fiend, MSOS, and Cos ‘ie Kon, MA, for hr profesionl encouragement. 1 Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health ‘CHAPTER OBJECTIVES ‘Anes completicg tis chapter, you will be able to Explain he importance of occupational safety aa alts ‘entity ke historical figures that have contributed to the profession Define bass terminology’ sein occupations safety and ath List ob tls of indvidals performing occupation safety and ealth + Identify ol and responsibilities of sfety and alts professionals + Identify basic guidepsts for judging ethical boaviers ‘case STUDY ‘Asa 22-year comsracton worker with 11 months of experience on the Job, Bob had filly made it. Since graduating high shoo, Bl had tried 2 lotof things, butthey just never seemed right forhim, He tended a commu- nity college fr one year and then dropped out There was to much theory that dda’ relate to how he saw the world. Bob ried a numberof jobs, but ‘minimum-wagesalres forced im to live at home with his parats. His par- ‘nts wore goed oop, but he was ready to move on with his ifs With this ‘ew job, everyting was taming out great Bob was bringing home a good ‘pycheck. He bad jut moved ito a pew apartment, which be shared with 2 npr bis high school buy Tim, and be was going he nex dy to sgn the papers {ora brand-new pickup tock. ‘Bob never made itt the dalerip to sign thse papers Maybe he was israted thinking bout hat “killer” pickop hat he was about to puch. Perhaps be never alized how dangerous i actually was to work on that scaffolding. Aer lit was ony 20 fet off the ground and it looked sf, Bob had worked onvet seafoling before, and although twas wet rem the rains the previous right, nothing ha ever happened ro make him concemed shout working at those highs. Bob's word changed when he elt the round Hi fl put bin ina wheleai, paralyzed fom the waist down OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH “The fel of oceuptionalsfesy and heath is concerned with minimizing Toss by aiding in he preservation and protection of bot human and other physical ast in the workplace. The dicpie i fa reaching in both seope find practice. Ie primarily involves montoring the workplace and adi ing employers of nanagement onthe best ways 1 preven! and minimize losses. Final responsiblity for ation always rests a the shoulders of the management, s hey ae ultimately accountable for workplace behaviors “Manageme is el accourable by wockholders or owners of he company, ‘he Ovcupatonal Silty and Health Admiastation (OSHA), the cous, ani ‘even public opinion. The jb of the safety and health profesional isto ssist Iapagensent by obcrving the workplce and providing guidance. Ta practice, ocerpatioal safety and health adresses moral and economic issues—ypcally within framework required by law, The United Stas ‘goverment, and goveraments werldwide, requ protection of employees fom bazar hat may resl in injury, ess, or death. Uader the Oscupa- tional Safty and Heals Act of 1970, known asthe OSHA, employers i the United States ate reid to provide safe and healthy workplaces. The safe and health rrofesinals lp employers todo tha. Unfortunatly, for Some employers the responsiblity to protet human isnot asimporant as ether goal or prioites. A company may fcus on rodictiviy and profits othe exclusion of safety and bealth is manggers ‘my view the oceumence of nesses and injuries 18 a routine part of the {ob In ely the amount of production required to cover costs associated ‘with aceidents te workplace canbe substan and may fer outweigh he rosso Optional Say od Heath 3 expense of providing » safe and healthy working environment. The role of the safety profesional requires monitoring werkplae conditions and ave- ing managemen-on the importance of making ctl eonectons fr toca, legal, and ecommie reasons, The effective safery professional wil work withthe management team and help demenstate hat providing a safe and healthy working enironmeat is the ight thing todo for Boh the employees ‘and te company. The safety and belth profesional most be abe o make ‘convincing argument, basi on sound business practices; otherwise, man- agement may choose to allow safety and health to become low pirites. [Neither ean exist witout management support, and tit support i only forthcoming wh profits ean be made. The oxasizaton eunnol ext with ‘ut profit and th job ofthe efety professional cannot exit without produc ‘ion. Safety downoad never wil come first. Safety cannot and wil not exist without profitable production, bt pritaleprodution isnt ikely exist without safety. Safe and profitable production i the ultimate goal of the safety profesional, IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Moray, legally, and economically, osepatonal safety and health have hocome important issues. Companies are attempting to remain profitable in an ever more competitive global economy. For these companies, addressing safety, eath and environmental issues may mean mor than good business practice. For mary companies, song ify, health, nd environmental ro ‘rams may aetaly mean survival, Thousands of employees are reportedly killed ann ‘States a5 a esl of on-hejob incidents and many more ae injured. The costs ssointed with these losses are inthe billions, Bend the rumbers (of dats and iajares are real peplemothers, fathers, sisters, brothers, spouse, sons, or daughters. They are people like Bob whose lives may never be the same ain, ‘The Oceupatnal Safety and Health Administaton (OSHA) isthe fed- eral agency respnsible for workplace safety and health; i stempts to ad- ress the safety end heal cones faced by American workers OSHA may ‘ot uuly levy fie but sso sock criminal prosecton of Dasness owners and managers who wilflly neglect the safety and health of tor employees, Tin adaion, employers may find thmssves the target of civil aut levied ‘ Our ty the victims and srvivors of workplace acide, Employers with oor safe and health rors mst also deal with rising medical insurance costs 5 well as unfavonble workers" compensition premiums. Unfortunately, ‘many employers hive not had to bea the ful eos of ijuring and ling members of ther wokloress. Woekers, uninformed and unaware oftheir legal righ, have cn shouldered te cots of the busines aot operating safely, The regulations and mechanisms fr enfocemeat rein place inthe ‘United Sates, bu the agenes charged wit ministering salty regulations sre generally undestafed. With wel over one hundred milion worker a nlloas of wortses of covered employers and not even tree thousand ‘OSHA inspectors, th tsk i leary a challenge forthe agency. In adition, ‘cortn clogris of worker, such as some federal sat, and municipal ‘mplayer, do thet jobs without protetion ffom OSHA or any government ‘agency. Mos foseraemplayees are excluded rom OSHA regulations. Many ‘ate and municipal employees in sates covered by federal OSHA als work ‘without OSHA praseion. Continued reduction of accidents inthe United State wl rue sn ncease in nitatve onthe pat ofall arti nvaved to include employes, employees and federal and tate goveraments An un Aertanding ofthe esses of tedy wil be enbancod by a review of the pst. EARLY HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF ‘OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Ancient Greek ané Roman Physicians ‘Concer for accupational safety ad health i not a ecco issue. Many of today's health at safty problems were fist observed over 2,000 years ago. ‘Am eay account is associated with the Code of Hammurabi that dates back to approximately 2100 BC In an atonpt to recompense victims, it primarily ‘auressod personal injury and losses and prescribed a schedule of punsh- ‘ment and payments fr wronoers, ‘Grech aint Ronan piysiies, practicing Beewcca 400 BC and 300 AD, expressed concer forthe bealth of inividuas exposed tothe metals com ‘monly used during this period, These included Hippocrates, th Father of ‘Mediine, and Pliny the Fler « Roman physician and scientist, both is. casted i chapter 6 Inrton 0 Osan fy aH s Gen, a Roman physician who lived daring the second century, wrote lout cceupatial diseases and the dangers of acid mists to capper miner He was also concer withthe mining, tanning, and chemical occupations, otng several dizases contacted hy individuals working in hos professions ‘The Furmpean Fenassance andthe Industral Revolution Prior tthe Remissanc, lite information is available on European injury, ‘ness, and property dimage-preventon scivies. Repors of medieval scribes sufeig lead poisoning, while performing the common practice of ‘Sipping thor gulls wih ther tomes betwesn dips into metal il sol tions, were repented need before the fenth entry. Unfortunately ithe ‘else was carded regarding safety and heath in hat period. Dering the Es- ropean Renaissance, physician and chemints began noticing the eltionship ‘enveenaccupationl activities and worker alh and safety. Uirich Ellentog, for example, recognized, identified, and reported on “xe posenous ad noxious vapors and fumes of meals” In 1437, he ee ‘ognized thatthe vapors of some meals inluding lad and mercury, were dangerous and described the symptoms of industrial poisoning from these soures He alzobecame aware of asbestos and lung diseases among ier. ‘Berardo Rawazzni, an Ualian physician, aroend 1700 published De ‘morbis atifiews dlaibe, ex Tie Diseases of Workers, he fis teatise on ‘ccupational disease, Considered by some tobe the faber of occupational ‘medicine, and by others at the father of industrial hygiene, he recom ‘mended physicians ask their patients, “What is your trade?” He wnged stunts o lear the nature of cecupational diseases in shop, mills, mines, for wherever mea tol. In 1666, ire swept hough London, England, and raged for sever days ‘A that ine, Leadon was a city of hlftimbere,piteh-overed, medieval toulings that gsitod at tho touch ofa spark From an in on Pudding Lane the fre spread into Thames Steet, whet riverfoat warehouses were burt 1 wih ol tab, and oer eornbusble goods. The customary recourse ‘during a fire of such magnitude was to demolish every building in he path ofthe lames, in order to deprive the fir af fue, but the city's mayor hesi- tated, ering thc high cost of rebuilding, With building codes atthe time, ‘bowes wee Gotu bul oie ee he ste, Secn nd subsequent ‘sores were often cantilevered, withthe top lors nearly touching houses « chron across theres. Te fire raged and destoyed Tage past of London, Early ‘examples of building an fre codes resulted fom this disaster. ‘Ding the perid between 1760 and 1840, history witnessed dramatle vances in tchoowgy, Dr Percival Pout (eiea 1778) eae he fst form of canes, semtl cance in chianey weeps, and determined it rela 'onship to soo andoal ar exposure. This observation resltd in mumerous regulations called the Chimey Sweep Act that were promulgated beta 1788 and 1875. About the same time, several industrials also became ‘comoemed with the welfr of their workers. Sir Robert Pee, il owe, made the English Pariment aware ofthe deplorable working conditions ‘often exiting inthe mils He report that opin Iabor was frequently used to perform demanding tasks in lest than sanitary conditions. His study of these deplorable coitions revealed the mean life expectancy ofthe werk ing lass, under thee tebe conditions was only 22 years, wile the mean ‘age ofthe wealtherclass was 44 years. ‘With advancing ecology and the Industria Revolution came an ia- erease in safety and health hazards. The innovations of mechanical textile ‘nachigery, foundry furnace, steam engines, and nameroa ocr inventions Created new and more dangerou Workplce environment. Factories and ‘other workplaces were mazes of moving bells, pulleys, and gus. Human senses were asalied with fumes, toxic vapors, noise, sd heat. The hela tnd safety problem was compounded by the intvoduction of increasing num ber of women and children into the workforce. Long workdays, unsanitary ‘conditions, nd demanding physical nb amplified the iklibod of isiury snd ilies for his new worktovee 'At the dain ofthe Industrial Revotton in England, Charles Thockra ‘became concerned with ocupatonil sty and health and studied the ef fects fats, ae if abit, ive sates, and profession upon health and longevity. By enpaying basic principle of ocespatonal medicine, he be- ‘ate the fit pycian nthe English-speaking world to establish the prac- tie of industrial maine. His writings lo led wo aise public awareness ‘of the plight of many ofthe new working cls. In 1882, Edwin Chock, 2 British lawyer and sanitarian,desried the deplorable condition of fc- tory workers in his "Report ino the Sanitary Conditions ofthe Labouring Population of Gres: ian” He stated tat life expetany was mc lower in towns than inthe countryside and wtebutd is Findings oat pllaton Inthe United Sues, the Industrial Revolution began in the eaty i teenth centiry as faetories and mills in New England sprang tis. Ia voto Octal Sayan Heath 1 Lowell, Massachusetts, women and gil, as young as si to ten yeas of 8, worked lore hour, often fom five inthe morning uni sven inthe evening. Their work required their hands o be placed very close tothe (Gunning) gears of spinning machines. Many wete injured or maimed in the moving gears and pulleys ofthe textile machinery. Ther fingers were cu off or mangled with such frequency that machine-quarding laws were eventually passd. Fatalities in the mining and stcl industries were as, ‘common a those in the textile indus In 1877, Massachuses passed & regulation requiring safeguards on hazardous machinery. This lw also ted liability othe setons of employers pose to taxie meal such as merry and lad has been an oops tional health prblem for hundreds of yea. Teehologieal advances intr

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