Seminar On “Recent Trends in Electric Wires & Power Cables Technology” ORGANISED BY CENTRAL POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE REGIONAL TESTING LABORATORY NOIDA“Recent Trends in Electric Wires & Power Cables Technology” 19th February 2020 PROCEEDINGS Organized By CENTRAL POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE REGIONAL TESTING LABORATORY NOIDAFORE WORD I-gives me immense pleasure to know that our Noida unit is organising a Seminar on "Recent Trends Electric Wire & Power Cable Technology on 19th Feb.2020 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Dalhi. Electric wire and Power cables form a vital link in the transmission and distribution of electric power. Today, India has installed Power Generation capacity of nearly 350 GW. With ever increasing demand for power, cables are being manufactured to operate at higher voliages for bulk power transmission. Over the years both due to demand and technological advancements there has been a continuous transition from smaller operating voltages of 6.6. kV to higher voltoges of 500 KV. There has been improved processing fechniques in insulat- ing material for converfing polyethylene fo cross linked polyethylene. Further the design of cable accessories like joints and terminations which are important components oF the cable system are gaining importance and attention. With encouraging power scenario in India, the demand for manufacture and installation of 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV and 400 kV cables and their associated accessories, is on the rise. Development of DC cables in India is also in the process. This one day seminar, is intended to provide a common platform to manufadiurers, profes- sionals and the utility engineers for sharing knowledge and experience on the technology, global trends, problems dealing with Cables and wires. | hope, the deliberations in the seminar would greatly benefit the participants and Indian electrical industry as well. Bret hove (VS Nandakumar ) Director General Wishing the program a grand success.INDIA Central Power Research Insitute (CPRI) was established by the Government of India in 1960 tis a Premier institute undertaking applied Research in electrical engineering besides functioning as an Independent National Testing and Cerifcation authority for ‘lectcal equipment. Itbecame an Autonomous Society nthe year 41978 under the agi ofthe Ministry of Power, Government of India Tho institute has offered its services for more than five decades to the Power Sector. ‘Activities of CPRI: * Applied Research n Electrical Power Engineering + Testing & Certification of Power Equipment * Consultancy and Feld testing services to Power Utes and Industry + Thr Party Inspection ang Vendor Analysis * Organising Customized Training programs for Utes and Industries ‘The headquarters ofthe Insttute i in Bangalore and its Units are locatedat Bhopal, Hyderebad, Nagpur, Noida, Kokataand Guvaat. The Bhopal Unithas exclusive fecites for Testing Transformers and ‘Switchgears. The Unit at Hyderabad focuses on Ura High Voltage Research and evaluation while Unit at Nagpur ofers constancy to solve problems faced by the Thermal Power sector. The Unitat Noida has facilities for testing Low and Medium Voltage equipment and ‘caters tothe requitement of Northern region. The Units at Kolkata and Guwahati, have faites for testing Transformer ol Accreditations: + ISOMIEC 17025 : 2005 aocredited by National Accretitation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) ~ ‘Traceabie to international bodes ke International Laboratory Accreditation Co-operation (ILAC) and Asia Pct Laboratory Accrettation Co-operation (APLAC) + Bureau ofingian Standards (BIS) « Intrtek=ASTA, UK + 1808001 Certification for Research and Consultancy activities 250A Shor Circuit Generator Credentials + Member ofthe Short ircut Testing Liaison (STL) + Corporate member on DLMS UA (Devi Language Message Specification User Associaton) and UCA 1UG (Utility Communication Architecture International User Group) PROFILE CENTRAL POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE “+ Approved by INMETRO Brazil sathird party testing laboratory {or Brazil Energy Labeling Program on transformers. + proved by letriity & Water Authority (EWA), Kingdom of Bahrain - Electricity Distribution Directorate (EDD) as an Independent esting and Certification Body + Associaton with Underwriters Laboratories (UL for testing of Wequipment + Assocation with TUV Rheinland India Pt. Lt. for testing and certification 100 K, 300 id Impuise Curent Generator Research & Development: CPRI promotes applied Research leading to technology’ development in Power Sector. With the State-of-the-art infrastructure, CPI has been carrying out R&D in the areas of electrical Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution inthe endeavor to assist the Power Utilities to supply reliable, uninterrupted safe and quality powtertothe consumes a afordable cost. The Center for Colaboratve& Advanced Research (CCAR) has been established withthe aim of crating a conducive environment ‘or collaborative research between R&D Instutions, Industry and Academia, Thevarious RED Schemes of CPRIare + In-House R&D (HRD) «+ Research Schemes on Power (RSOP) + Research Project under National Perspective lan (NPP) CCPRI also coordinates and monitors Uchhatar Avishkar Yojana (UAY) and Impacting Research. Innovation and. Technology (IMPRINT) under MHRO. Solar Lighting Products Testing‘Testingand Evaluation: CCPRI has built up expertise to cator to the entire gamut of services required by Power Sector covering Generation, Tansmission and Distribution under one root. CPRI houses unique ‘aclies for evaluation of EHV/UHV equipment going into the 800KV/1200KV system. Testfacilties have been createdfor: + High Power Short Cireuittesting of Transformers /Switchgear * Transmissionie Tower & Accessories + PowerCables, Capacitors + Material characterization including CRGO * Insulators & Lightning Arresters + Vibration Studies * Relays, Energymetersand Smart Meters + Refrgeratorsand Aironditioners * Domestic appliancesincluding LED and SPV Lighting Systems ‘The Institute has expertise for Seismic Qualification of electrical equipment, RealTime Digital Simulator for Power Systems Studies ‘anvtComimiinication Protocct for Power System Automation Consuttaney Services: CCPRI offers consutancy inthe areas of * Diagnostic & Condition Monitoring of HV substation and Power plantelectrcal equipment, Sitetesting of Transtormer oll + Power System Stucies, Real Time Simulation of Pover System Controls, Protection Audit - Generating stations and substations, Grid integration of Renewables - Wind and Solar, Power Quality Studies - Harmonic Filter design, Protection coordination studies /Equipmentsetting calculations + RUA and R&M of Thermal & Hydro Power Plats, Failure analysis of industial and plant components, Performance assessmentof coal mils and cooling towers, in-situ oxide scale Energymate Testing Tower Testing 2.4MV, 24044 Impulse Generator measurement in Super Heater and Re-heater tubes, Non- destructive evaluation of Thermal Power Station plant equipment, Corrasion mapping ot water wall tubes of Boers = Eneray Efficiency Services like Eneray Aucit, Fuel Audit of ‘Thermal Power Stations, training services in Plant Optimization forThermal Power Stations ‘+ Power System Automation / Distribution Automation, Smart Grid + The institut offers Third Paty inspection Serves and Vendor Assessment for Utilities, CPA is also offering its services for programmes intiated by Governmentot ince ‘Training: CCPRI has bean in the forefront for disseminating the knowledge assimilated by way of in-house Research through organising Technical Programmes. The training modules are designed to comprehensively address the speciic needs of the power sector Utes which has benefited a large number of personnel from Electrical Utilities and industries, Services for Overseas Customer CPRI has been addressing the electrical equipment testing requirements of Overseas countries ike Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sr Lanka, Korea, Japan, xtc. Besides the Certification, Consultancy and Training services arealso utilized by the Utes and Industries of counties in Middle East, South East & Far East Asia and Africa. Today, CPRI services ara being soughtby countries like USA, Europe, Australia, Nev Zealand andvarious other countries ainay (5) orn Mr Pro. SiC. V. Raman Road, Gadastivanager P,P. 8. No. 8056, Bangalore - $60 080, Karatala, India Tel: 491-802-2207 2010, 2207 2213, 2207 2208, Fax: +91-80-2360 1213 Email: drvarughase@eprin /Kamala@epr.in /ramdes@epri.in Wedsite : wovn-cpriinUnits Of Central Power Research Institute CPRI UNITS Switchgear Testing and Development Station Govindpura, Bhopal-462023 Tel, : 0755-2586682 Fax : 0755-2587774 E-mail : stds@epri.in cpribpl@sancharnet.in Ultra High Voltage Research Laboratory (UHVRL) Central Power Research Institute, Post Box No. 9, Medipally, Uppal, Warangal Highway, Hyderabad-500098 (A.P.) 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LTD .CPRI CENTRAL POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE “Recent Trends i Electric Wires & Power Cables Technology” CONTENT S.No. Name of the Authors Title of the Paper Page No. 1 | orajen ror, or. ‘eciYoramette nd Boneng ethos ot HY Cables 0122 TG, Guraron Wan, Ay Miers “avonce Distbuted Temperature Sensing (OTH) 2 | andchotnye Kun With Remote Location Monitoring 2329 US able indi ut feces Sherms 3 | Senta ta nena Power Cables Standoriation 30.35 {Gscrotcnicl Department, 15) Dr. Nees Roo. ‘Uncecng the role of ana rics niente ee 4 Former Acditios rector, CPRI properties of Polyechyane nano dielectric use in HVDC Extruded Cables eet “iiow sata, 2) | eee fr ET TAR cable wean BRL an {OH Fede, Bro (Ceca MRE ee ee 6 ‘Manuj Singhal, GtA(Etectricai)/Planning a ~ eee 74-83 ‘ete rca, oh Becca manning ome ee eee Lessons rom ete Fallurs ora Cable Sistem 84-99 P| Bernsen na wroicn fh storm Cit Moma owe Bien Coble Relevance t i ane ae nde: aioe Maman Dulved Project Manger Ineo Cororaon Utes ‘ovine esium Vokge Ditton rd Smart wih Seneorsd 2 | tabin enrol 2M EC ut. ted Nae Meus Cotees 35-98 Fated ie yaiasiiainy Tannngan Unerground Gabe HaanTon The SPER Ta at) | Peeipoclact arent) ‘and Sidewall Pressure 99-105 eek & Technologies: Covered Conciuctor Syste 11 | setvanager Qusty abort) & Aust Sed 106109 Enso tndle rid tran lot ane 685 ops) Testo on Unear De Coser ond Resa 32 | Ghemaak Kumar, Adan Electricity Mumbai tte | _ Fectric Fed Distribution in AC Power Cables ond nits oe sanjay? ve, ‘anes of Cone Dingo mite wing vry ow equeey, 13 | Chairman sta syeteme ‘arl aenage on espatin factor saeremant cn ery sasai9 teiage ern caer ajneth Dey Head of EnsnecTne eT ia ‘Tote Power DDL oo ais eee 15 | mecamicanate, managing vector tmertingTecnoagkemoradon in cable sees 23403 16 | orventarraaac andqumactarm | _Fascaron fame Rerun aye compo Fn wa is ‘Properties: Eco-Friendly and Cost Effective Methodology EtUNDERSTANDING OF ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS & BONDING METHODS OF EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE (EHV) UNDERGROUND CABLES Dr.Rajesh Kumar Arora, Delhi Transco Ltd (DTL), Delhi, India. ABSTRACT In the present situation the underground cables has become the only solution for electric transmission in urban areas or crowded cities when the ROW for overhead transmission lines are not available. During designing and selection of EHV cable, many electrical parameters aspects must be taken into consideration like: Cable voltage, short circuit calculation, cable ampacity, laying configuration , cable length , grounding and bonding of cables etc. Cable earthing /grounding is a very important aspect as it decides the induced voltage generation in the cable sheath which causes overheating and leading to decrease the cable ampacity. Besides above , sequence impedance , continuous current rating and short circuit current of conductor & sheath are very important aspects. This paper provides overview of cable construction and discusses the important of electrical parameters for EHV cables. KEY WORDS : Underground Cable, Conductor , Insulation , Grounding ,Bonding , Sequence Impedance , Dielectric Stress 1.0 INTRODUCTION Electric power can be transmitted or distributed either by overhead system or by underground cables. The underground cables have several advantages such as less liable to damage through storms or lightning, low maintenance cost, less chances of faults, smaller voltage drop and better general appearance. However, their major drawback is that they have greater installation cost and introduce insulation problems at high voltages compared with the equivalent overhead system. For this reason, underground cables are employed where it is impracticable to use overhead lines. Such locations may be thickly populated areas where municipal authorities prohibit over headlines for reasons of safety, or around plants and substations or where maintenance conditions do not permit the use of overhead construction .The chief use of underground cables for many years has been for distribution of electric power in congested urban areas at comparatively lower moderate voltages. However, recent improvements in the design and 1manufacturing have led to the development of cables suitable for use at high voltages. This has made it possible to employ underground cables for transmission of electric power for short or moderate distances. In this chapter, we shall focus our attention on the various aspects of underground cables and their increasing use in power system. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. Although several types of cables are available, the type of cable to be used will depend upon the working voltage and service requirements. In general, a cable must fulfil the following necessary requirements: 1. The conductor used in cables should be tinned stranded copper or aluminium of high conductivity. Stranding is done so that conductor may become flexible and carry more current. 2. The conductor size should be such that the cable carries the desired load current without overheating and causes voltage drop within permissible limits. 3. The cable must have proper thickness of insulation in order to give high degree of safety and reliability at the voltage for which it is designed. 4. The cable must be provided with suitable mechanical protection so that it may with stand the rough use in laying it. 5. The materials used in the manufacture of cables should be such that there is complete chemical and physical stability throughout. 2.0 CONSTRUCTION OF EHV CABLES 1. The main conductor which is responsible for current transferring could be stranded or segmented depending on the conductor cross section.(Refer figure 1) 2. The conductor screen is a semiconducting screen to achieve homogeneous field within insulation. 3. The insulation is XLPE (cross-linked poly ethylene) with dielectric properties surrounding the cable conductor, the surface of the insulation should be clean from any dust or voids which can cause partial discharge leading to complete breakdown. 4. The insulation screen is a semiconductor screen to achieve 2homogenous electric field within insulation. 5. The metallic screen is the moisture barrier and provides the main grounding for the cable against short circuit current in case of faults or the capacitive charging current. 6. Outer protective jacket is the mechanical protection for the metallic sheath and anticorrosion layer, usually it consist of polymeric material PE (Polyethylene) or PVC (poly vinyl! chloride). Fig 1 CONSTRUCTION OF POWER CABLE 3.0 IMPORTANT ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS In order to understand the behaviour of power cable let us start with fundamental given below: According to the basic theory of faradays law in figure 2 that: if an AC current flow in any wire it will produce magnetic field which rotates around the wire and the rate of change of the magnetic field will induce voltage generating electric current, if there is a path, flows in the opposite direction of the main current.KL Conducting Coil (Phase A,B or C) Fig 2 ILLUSTRATION OF FARADAY’ S LAW OF INDUCTION In case of the high voltage cable as shown in figure 3, the cable conductor are surrounded by insulation and metallic sheath, when the current flow in the main conductor,the produced magnetic field will induce voltage on the metallic sheath and if the sheath is grounded from both ends a circulating current will start to flow which is will affect the cable ampacity of the cable. Si available to drive current Primary current flow If a closed circuit is available, an induced or secondary current will flow in this direction Fig 3 CIRCULATING CURRENT IN POWER CABLE4.3. Dynar Mechanical Analysis The presence of fillers varies the cross linking density and hence chain mobility of the polymer, therefore the viscoelastic property of the material can be significantly altered by the presence of the filler. Further the interface regions can act as region of stress transfers and can affect stiffness of the material. Fig.6 shows the variation of storage modulus of pure and LDPE composites with temperature. It is observed that storage modulus of composites are higher than that of pure LDPE and variation in storage modulus amongst different weight percentages in minimum. The increased storage modulus of the composites can be attributed to the presence of filler with higher elastic modulus in the polymer matrix which provides higher stiffness to composite. Other researchers have observed a similar characteristic. 000 oz é ea ons ; ¥ 3 & 3 1500 o1 8 & g ; 3 Bro00 isms | S 2.5 wt% | 0.05 ®B 500 —3wt% 0 J 9 "50 0 30 100 Temperature (°C) Figure 6: Variation in Storage modulus and loss tangent at 1Hz Pure 25) 15 w% fs 25 wt% 2. 3.5 wt% | z.-le eS Su os. ot bo, } 27 2.75 28 2.85 1000/7 (k"*) Figure 7: Arrhenius plot for pure and LDPE_silica composites. Fig.7 shows Arrhenius plot of In(f) vs 1000/T for pure LDPE and LDPE-silica composites. It is observed that composites obey Arrhenius relation, hence the activation can be obtained from the slope of the Arrhenius plot. 4.4 Surface and Volume Resistance Measurements The surface and volume resistance results of Nano. dielectrics are tabulated in Table 5. From the Table 5 it is seen that the volume resistivity of nanocomposites remain the same but surface resistivity has increased by order 1. When compared to LLDPE, LPDE Nano samples have shown better performance[9]. Table 4: Surface and Volume Resistivity ana Volume composite resistivity (Ohm-cm) PLAINLDPE | 1.996414 1.016417 Mgo-PEMAH | 1.145416 2616417 io; HOMS 2.13516 5.03E+17 3%Nano Clay | 1.196414 1.806417 Plain LOPE | 7.47E+11 6276415 LLDPE*1%SiO, | | 6.07E+11 1.496417 2.5%Nano Sio, | 3.226413 7.56617 3.5%Nano SiO, | 4.246413 SATEMT 4.5 FTIR Studies Figure 8 shows the FTIR spectra of neat LDPE and LDPE Nano composites. The prominent characteristic absorption peaks at wave number 2912 cm' and 2846 cm (C-H single bond stretching vibration) and 1462 cm” (=CH2 deformation) are observed in case of neat LDPE whereas an additional peak at 1738 cm' (C=O) double bond stretching vibration), 3627 cm-1 (alcohol stretch) and 1152 cm"',1235 cm" peaks (amino CN stretch) is observed in case of nanocomposite. Figure 8: FTIR spectra of LOPE-metal oxide nanocomposite Similarly, additional peaks are also observed in case of LDPE-SiO, nanocomposite indicating presence of surface treated Nano particles.3.1 SHEATH LOSSES Applying faradays law on the high voltage cable, we will find that the sheath of the cable acts as a secondary of a transformer; where the current in the conductor induces voltage in the sheath. [Measures Current] Battery Magnetic Core (Iron) Fig 4 ILLUSTRATION OF INDUCED VOLTAGE The induced voltage depends on: - The mutual inductance between core & sheath - The conductor current - The length of the cable Assuming there is no proper grounding method for the cable, the induced e.m.f will generate two types of losses: circulating current losses (A1’) and eddy current losses (A1”), so the total losses in cable metallic sheath: A1=A1'+A1" 3.1.1 THE EDDY CURRENT (A1”): Is generated on similar principle of skin and proximity effect; i.e. they are induced by the conductor current, sheath circulating current and by current circulating in close proximity current carrying conductor.® Fig 5 EDDY CURRENT IN POWER CABLE The induced voltage is maximum in the internal side of the sheath and minimum in its external side. This situation induces the circulation of eddy currents in the sheath as shown in figure 5. The eddy currents are generally of smaller magnitude when comparing with circulating currents of solidly bonded cable sheaths and may be neglected in case of large segmental conductors. 3.1.2 CIRCULATING CURRENT (A;’): Is generated when the cable sheath is forming a closed loop and grounded from either ends or intermediate points along the cable route refer figure 6.Fig 6 CIRCULATING CURRENT IN POWER CABLE 3.2 GRADING OF CABLES The process of achieving uniform electrostatic stress in the dielectric of cables is known as grading of cables. It has already been shown that electrostatic stress in a single core cable has a maximum value (gmax) at the conductor surface and goes on decreasing as we move towards the sheath. The maximum voltage that can be safely applied to a cable depends upon gmax i.e., electrostatic stress at the conductor surface. For safe working of a cable having homogeneous dielectric, the strength of dielectric must be more than gmax . If a dielectric of high strength is used for a cable, it is useful only near the conductor where stress is maximum. But as we move away from the conductor, the electrostatic stress decreases, so the dielectric will be unnecessarily over strong. The unequal stress distribution in a cable is undesirable for two reasons. Firstly, insulation of greater thickness is required which increases the cable size. Secondly, it may lead to the breakdown of insulation. In order to overcome above disadvantages, it is necessary to have a uniform stress distribution in cables. This can be achieved by distributing the stress in such a way that its value is increased in the outer layers of dielectric. This is known as grading of cables. The following are the two main methods of grading of cables :1) Capacitance grading 2) Inter sheath grading 3.2.1 CAPACITANCE GRADING The process of achieving uniformity in the dielectric stress by using layers of different dielectrics is Known as Capacitance grading. In capacitance grading, the homogeneous dielectric is replaced by a composite dielectric. The composite dielectric consists of various layers of different dielectrics in such a manner that relative permittivity of any layer is inversely proportional to its distance from the centre. Under such conditions, the value of potential gradient at any point in the dielectric is constant and is independent of its distance from the centre. In other words, the dielectric stress in the cable is same everywhere and the grading is ideal one. However, ideal grading requires the use of an infinite number of dielectrics which is an impossible task. In practice, two or three dielectrics are used in the decreasing order of permittivity ; the dielectric of highest permittivity being used near the core. (figure 7) R Fig 7 CAPACITANCE GRADING IN POWER CABLE Ty r2 and R be the outer radii of three dielectrics of relative permittivity €1, €2, and €3, such that €1;< €2< &3. 3.2.2 Inter sheath Grading In this method of cable grading,a homogeneous dielectric is used,but it is divided into various layers by placing metallic inter sheaths between the core and lead sheath. The inter sheaths are held at suitable potentials which are in between the core potential and earth potential. Thisarrangement improves voltage distribution in the dielectric of the cable and consequently more uniform potential gradient is obtained. (figure 8) Fig 8 INTERSHEATH GRADING IN POWER CABLE i= radius of the intersheath R=radius of the outer sheath 3.3 IMPEDANCE (Z) OF CABLE Variable current will generate inductance, capacitance, and their related properties of inductive and capacitive reactance. Although there's no energy loss that directly results from these properties, 90- degree out-of-phase voltage and current must be supplied so that the created magnetic and electric fields can be maintained. As a result, a small increase in conductor I?R loss will occur. Resistance ,Inductive & Capacitive Reactance Inductive reactance is the measure of an inductor's ability, in a fashion similar to that of a resistor, to oppose current. It's expressed by the following equation: X, = 27fL Where X, is inductive reactance (in ohms), 9fis frequency (in Hertz), and Lis inductance (in Henries). Note that inductive reactance is directly proportional to frequency. As frequency increases, inductive reactance also increases. You should be aware of the fact that inductive reactance causes current to lag voltage by 90 degrees. Capacitive reactance is the measure of a capacitor's ability, in a similar fashion to that of a resistor or inductor, to also oppose current. It's expressed by the following equation: Xe = 1/ (20fC) Where X- is capacitive reactance (in ohms) and Cis capacitance (in farads). Note that capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to frequency. Therefore, as frequency increases, capacitive reactance decreases. The capacitive reactance will cause current to lead voltage by 90 degrees. CONDUCTOR GEOMETRY AND IMPEDANCE OF CABLE The inductance and, as a result, the inductive reactance of a cable is a function of its geometry and physical relationship to other cables. To make things easier , manufacturers provide reactance calculation of cables. 3.4 CHARGING CURRENT OF UNDERGROUND CABLE A cable is basically a set of one (or three) conductors surrounded by a metallic sheath. This arrangement can be considered as a set of two long, coaxial, cylinders, separated by insulation. The current carrying conductor forms the inner cylinder while the metallic sheath acts as the outer cylinder. The sheath is grounded, and hence voltage difference appears across the cylinders. The dielectric fills the space between the charged plates (cylinders), making it a capacitor. Hence, capacitance of the 10cable becomes a very important aspect, and must be calculated. Capacitance of the cable can be calculated as C= Q/V When the capacitance of a cable is known, then its capacitive reactance is given by X. = 1/(2nfC) 2. Then the charging current of the cable can be given as, I= Vph / Xe A CAPACITANCE OF THREE CORE CABLE Consider a three cored symmetric underground cable as shown in the following figure 9. Let Cs be the capacitance between any core and the sheath and Cc be the core to core capacitance (i.e. capacitance between any two conductors). (i) (ii) (iii) Fig 9 CAPACITANCE OF POWER CABLE In the above figure (ii), the three Cc (core to core capacitance) are delta connected and the core to sheath capacitance Cs are star connected due to the sheath forming a single point N. The circuit in figure (ii) can be simplified as shown in figure (iii). Outer points A, B and C represent cable cores and the point N represents the sheath (shown at the middle for simplification of the circuit). Therefore, the whole three core cable is equivalent to three star connected capacitors each of capacitance Cs + 3Cc as shown in figure 9 (iii). The charging current can be given as, I, = 2nf(Cs+3Cc)Vpn A uw3.4.1 EFFECTS OF CAPACITANCE IN UNDER GROUND CABLES We know that capacitance is inversely proportional to separation between plates. Hence, if the separation between the plates is large, capacitance will be less. This is the case in Overhead Lines where two conductors are separated by several meters. The converse, of course, is also true. If the separation is small, the capacitance is more. In Underground cables, obviously, the separation is relatively smaller. Hence capacitance of underground cables is much more than that of Overhead lines. The most important factor that is affected by this is the Ferranti effect. It is more pronounced in cables than in lines. This induces several limitations. Also, with increased capacitance, the charging current drawn is also increased. Underground cables have 20 to 75 times the line charging current compared to overhead lines. Due to these two conditions, the length of Underground cables is limited. 3.5 ELECTRIC STRESS ON INSULATION Under operating conditions, the insulation of a single core cable is subjected to electrostatic stress, called the dielectric stress. Potential gradient at any point is defined as the rate of increase of potential at that point and is the same as the dielectric stress at that point.(figure 10) Hence the ratio between the maximum potential gradient and the minimum potential gradient i.e., D 2V/dloge g_ D Smax _ | Smin 2 Slog. 3Fig 10 DIELECTRIC STRESS ON POWER CABLE 4.0 METHODS OF BONDING OF POWER CABLES Any sheath bonding or grounding method must perform the following functions: 1. Reduce or eliminate the sheath losses 2. Limit sheath voltages as required by the sheath sectionalizing joints. 3. Maintain a continuous sheath circuit to permit fault-current return, and adequate lighting and switching surge protection 4.1 BOTH ENDS BONDING The metallic sheaths are grounded at least at the two extremes of the cable. This system doesn’t allow high values of the induced voltages in the metallic sheaths. When dealing with both ends bonding cables, sheath circulating current loss occurs because there is a closed circuit current. This type is applied for MV and LV cable system with short distance. (Refer figure 11 and 12) 13ee spate es - | : Fig 11 BOTH END BONDING OF POWER CABLE Advantage: 1. The two cable ends are directly connected to earth with no sheath voltage limiter 2. No need for parallel continuity earthing cable 3. No stand voltage at the end of the cable U x Induced voltage distribution at both-end bonding Fig 12 INDUCED VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION FOR BOTH END BONDING Disadvantage: 1. Establishing a closed circuit for the induced current causing over heat and consequent reduction in the cable ampacity. In order to minimize the losses caused by both ends bonding, cables should be laid in a trefoil formation and a proper balance of cable spacing for good heat dissipation. 144.2 SINGLE POINT BONDING The simplest form of special bonding consists in arranging for the sheaths of the three cables to be connected and grounded at one point only along theirlength. At all other points, a voltage will appear from sheath to ground that will be a maximum at the farthest point from the ground bond. The sheaths must therefore be adequately insulated from ground. Since there is no closed sheath circuit, except through the sheath voltage limiter (if any), current does not normally flow longitudinally along the sheaths and no sheath circulating current loss occurs (sheath eddy loss will still be present) shown in figure13. Fig 13 SINGLE END BONDING OF POWER CABLE Types of single point bonding Types are divided according to cable length , if the cable length is less than 500 m or one drum length then one side bonding is applied, but if the cable length is from 300m to 1000m long cable section then split bonded system (mid point bonding system) is applied. The induced voltages in different bonding systems are shown in figure 14.r lu v v + v > 0 > 0 L . 1 i 1 a) Sheaths earthed at b) Sheaths earthed at the c) Sheaths earthed at both ends ‘one end only immediate point and sectionalised at the immediate point Fig 14 INDUCED VOLTAGES IN DIFFERENT BONDING METHODS Advantage: The ampacity is higher compared with both sides bonding, as there are practically no_ circulating current in cable sheath. Disadvantage: 1. As the screen is open, there are no circulating currents, but there is an induced voltage appearing at the open cable screen, where sheath voltage limiters must be installed in order to protect the cable outer jacket against transient overvoltage. 2. The length of one section is limited as the magnitude of the induced voltage is increasing with length. 3. During a ground fault on the power system, the zero-sequence current carried by the cable conductors could return by whatever external paths are available. A ground fault in the immediate vicinity of the cable can cause a large difference in ground potential rise between the two ends of the cable system, posing hazards to personnel and equipment. For this reason, single-point bonded cable installations need a parallel ground conductor, grounded at both ends of the cable route and installed very close to the cable conductors, to carry the fault current during ground faults and to limit the voltage rise of the sheath during ground faults to an 16acceptable level. The parallel ground continuity conductor (PGCC) is usually insulated to avoid corrosion and transposed, if the cables are not transposed, to avoid circulating currents and losses during normal operating conditions. The sheath voltage reduction rate of transposed PGCC is better than with no transposed PGCC. 4.3 CROSS BONDING METHOD For underground circuits, longer than 1 km, the losses on the metallic sheaths can be minimized making in each joint a cross bonding of the cable shields. The most basic form of cross bonding consists of sectionalizing the cable into three minor sections of equal length and cross connecting the sheaths between each two-minor section. Three minor cable sections form a major section (Refer figure 15). Fig 15 CROSSING BONDING OF CABLES The natural points to establish the crossings are the joints, where appropriate cross bonding link boxes connected to the sheaths, these link boxes include SVL. This method provides balanced induced voltages which are separated at an angle of 120° so that there is no resultant circulating current. LAYING FORMATION OF POWER CABLES : 1. FLAT FORMATION (UN TRANSPORSED) If the single-core cables are installed in flat formation un transposed the voltages induced in the cable sheaths of outer cables are higher than the induced voltage in the middle cable and the vector (phasor) summation is not zero as shown in figure 16. As a consequence, the imbalanced phasor voltage is generating a residual voltage which, in return would generate circulating currents. 7Major section Minor section Minor section Minor section . ve ne > Ub (SMALLER INDUCED VOLTAGE LEADING TO IMBALANCE) Us 2. Fig 16 CROSSING BONDING IN FLAT FORMATION (UN TRANSPORSED) Flat Formation (Transposed): When the cable sheaths of transposed cables occupying the same position in circuit configuration are straight connected, the vectorial summation of induced voltage would be zero if the system would be of balanced parameters: currents, spacing and length (Refer figure 17). So, it is obvious that in order to significantly reduce or to eliminate the circulating current losses the cable and cable sheaths must be transposed at every joint bay position and the sheaths cross-connected with phase rotation in opposition to that of cable transposition. 2.TREFOIL FORMATION When the cables are laid in trefoil formation, the induced voltage in the sheath of the three cables is similar so the cross-bonding method will be applied like the flat type system with transposition as shown in figure17. 18Minor section Minor section Minor section Uc Ub Ua Fig 17 CROSSING BONDING IN FLAT FORMATION (TRANSPORSED) 5.0 SHEATH VOLTAGE LIMITERS (SVL) A common means to reduce such losses is to segment the cable sheath . However, if segmentation is used to interrupt induced sheath current, measures must also be taken to limit voltage induced on the sheath during transient events. Otherwise, the voltage differential between sheath and earth can exceed the cable jacket’s withstand, leading to puncture. This can become a point of moisture ingress, which can lead to long term dielectric and failure issues. A sheath voltage limiter (SVL) is basically a surge arrester under a different terminology. It functions as surge arrester and, in most cases, is in fact a relabelled distribution arrester. 19Fig 18 LINK BOX WITH 3 SVLS AND CROSS-BONDED SHEATHS While a range of configurations is used to reduce losses in cable systems, (including cross-bonding of the sheaths and transposing phase conductors) segmentation along with surge protection of the cable jacket is considered the most effective. The link box in this case is a universally used sealed junction box placed either in manholes or cabinets and that accommodates surge protectors as well as a point to cross-bond the sheaths. Figure 18 shows a typical such link box setup that provides a location for the sheath voltage limiters as well as for cross bonding of the sheath. The phase conductors do not enter the link box, rather only the sheath or sheath extension. 6.0 CONCLUSION It is important to understand the electrical parameters and calculation of power cables as this may affect the operation of cable or may lead to failure of cables. The specification provided by the manufacturer must match the system requirement. Similarly the laying formation and bonding of cables need attention to avoid damage / failure of cables. Last but not the least the sheath should be able to withstand the short circuit level of the system with damage. 20Summary of Electrical Parameter of Cables Need Attention Are : 1. Impedance 2. Charging Current 3. Dielectric loss in watts per km/phase 4. Voltage Induced in Sheath 5. Continuous Current Rating 6. Short Circuit Current Rating REFERENCES [1] IEC 60228 Conductors of Insulated Cables. [2] IEC 60287 Current Capacity of Cables [3] IEC 60067 Power Cable with Extruded Insulation - Test Method and Requirement [4] IEC 60949 Calculation of Thermal Permissible Short Circuit Current [5] IEEE 575 Guide for Bonding Shields and Sheaths of Single- Conductor Power Cables Rated 5 kV through 500 kV [6] c1GRE 283 Special Bonding of High Voltage Power Cables [7] BICC Cable Hand Book 21Authors Biographical Detail: Dr. RAJESH KUMAR ARORA obtained the B. Tech. & Master of Engineering (ME) degrees in Electrical Engineering from Delhi College of Engineering, University of Delhi, India in 1999 and 2003 respectively. He completed his PhD in grounding system design from UPES, Dehradun. He is also certified Energy Manager and Auditor. He has worked in 400kV and 220kV Substation for more than 14 years in Delhi Transco Limited (DTL). He has also worked as Deputy Director (Transmission and Distribution) in Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC) for 03 years and 06 months. He has also given his contribution in the OS department of DTL for more than 2 years and rendered his services in the SLDC of Delhi Transco Limited (DTL) also. Presently he is working in D&E (Design and Engineering) department of DTL. His research interests include high voltage technology, grounding system, protection system, computer application and power distribution automation. 221 ADVANCED DISTRIBUTED TEMPERATURE SENSING (DTS) WITH REMOTE LOCATION MONITORING PC Gururani, M Y Jun, Ajay Mishra & Chaitanya Kumar LS Cable India Pvt. Ltd ABSTRACT “In early 1998 a series of power failures occurred in the Underground cables providing electricity to the central business district (CBD) of Auckland. As a consequence much of the CBD of Auckland was blacked out for a significant period. It is understood that the loss of power has had a significant impact on the economic activity of Auckland.” Due to this Auckland disaster, there is growing demand from the electricity supply industry for optical Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) systems. The electric cable industry is definitely in the mature product stage and while there are many incremental developments and improvements, the history and experience gathered enables us to approach issues of cable failure and cable life maintenance with ever improving tools. Distributed temperature sensors (DTS) measures temperature by means of optical fibers. These optoelectronic devices provide a continuous profile of the — temperature distribution along the cable and around key substation equipment. Thermal profiles obtained from DTS data are being used to facilitate more effective management of key assets, not only through avoidance of overheating failures but also by life prediction and real-time thermal rating. The economic benefits from fault minimization and better asset utilization significantly outweigh the marginal costs of installing optical sensing DTS systems have undergone significant improvements in the technology and the application scenario over the last decades. The main measuring principles are based on detecting the back-scattering of light, e.g., detecting via Rayleigh, Raman, and Brillouin principles, This paper explain currently _ available technology, the shortcomings, and the trends for future development Key Words:Ampacity, anti-Stokes, Stokes, Raman Scattering, cable temperature, DTS, fiber optic temperature sensing, firedetection, leakage detection,R-TAS Monitoring (CTM), Dynamic Current Rating (DCR) INTRODUCTION System, Conductor Temperature The principle of DTS is based on Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) techniques also Page 1 of 6referred to as back scatter. This is well established technique frequently used by telecommunications engineers to test the integrity of optical fiber cables. In this technique, a pulse of laser light is launched into the sensing fiber through a directional coupler. Light is scattered as the pulse passes down the fiber though several mechanisms including density and composition fluctuations (referred to as Rayleigh scattering) as well as Raman scattering due to molecular oscillation. A proportion of this scattered light falls within the cone of acceptance of the fiber (i.e. is retained within the optical wave guide or core of the fiber) and is guided back towards the source. This return signal is split off by the directional coupler to an opto-electronic detector. In a uniform optical fiber, the intensity of the back scattered light signal decays exponentially with time. Therefore, knowing the speed of light in optical fiber, the distance that the light has traveled down the fiber can be calculated. In this paper, we present a comparative review of the different DTS technologies and its application in cable system. 2. RAMAN SCATTERING Optical fibers are typically made from doped quartz glass, a form of silicon dioxide (SiO2).With the amorphous solid structure of SiOz, the thermal effects along the fiber cause lattice oscillations. As light falls on the thermally excited molecular oscillations, the photons of the light particles and the electrons of the molecule undergo an_ interaction, resulting in scattered light, also known as Raman scattering. The scattered light has a spectral shift equivalent to the resonance frequency of the lattice oscillation. The back-scattered light contains three spectral components, - The Rayleigh scattering with wavelength of laser source, - The Stokes component with the higher wavelength in which the photons are generated, and - The Anti-Stokes components with a lower wavelength. The intensity of the Anti-Stokes band is temperature dependent, while the Stokes band is temperatureinsensitive. The ratio of the Anti- Stokes and the Stokes light intensities provides the local temperature measurement shown in Fig. 1. The approach was developed in the 1980s at Southampton University, U.K. Figure 1: Raman Scattering 3. R-TAS™ (Real -time ampacity system) R-TAS, or Real-Time Ampacity System collects real-time data on temperature and load of the power cables. It calculates the effect of surrounding medium and converts it into transmissible energy. Real-time/quantitative data is provided on short-term/long-term current load to the power system operator. R- TAS provides measurable, controllable state variables for the cable system (conductor temperature, allowable current, routing environment variables, etc.) to enhance the efficiency of the transmission system, and automatic real-time auditing to prevent accidents and distinguish the stability of the cables. Main functions of R- TAS™ Real-time monitoring of distributed temperature Real-time — monitoring of — conductor temperature Page 2 of 6Verification of Hot Spot location Calculation of allowable kinetic current Tracking of thermal degradation history ‘Alarm for fire and local heating Figure 2: Hot Spot monitoring R-TAS System & its components Distributed Temperature Sensor (DTS) uses optical cables as sensors to measure the distributed temperature along the cable routing path(Temperature measurement according to distance starting at the measurement point is feasible). Conductor Temperature Monitoring (CTM) Analyzes conductor temperature changes within the cable by interpreting the temperature change as measured by the Distributed Temperature Sensor and the cable heat constants according to the realtime current load. By tracking the conductor temperature change within the cable, the system can calculate the actual conductor temperature in real-time. Dynamic Current ~— Rating (DCR) Calculates the thermal limiting factors of the energy cable through monitoring of real-time conditions including conductor temperature, current and thermal conditions surrounding the cable. Using this information, the allowable current load can be evaluated in real-time. Figure 3: R-TAS System 4. Working process of DTS system with remote location monitoring DTS systems will give us precise real-time, measured data and allow us to avoid all the variables such as surface temperature, soil moisture and thermal influences DTS systems work on very similar principles to RADAR and SONAR. Each unit operates independently and sends data to remote location data center/cloud , - Each unit is powered by solar power system or conventional power supply. - Data center provide technical service to customer: reporting, briefing, alarm. - Whole system except local units are installed and operated remotely Each local unit communicates with remote system using 3G/4G network. Figure 4: Data sharing to remote Location Page 3 of 6sont exon ; CASE STUDIES ao at __ Goud - Case study-1 showing the PD pattern due to : lose bolt at base plate with termination, eel Ee) Ge There is no PD seen after tightening the lose Figure 6: Data monitoring system bolt [PD Pattem before correction] [Loosen bolt at Spring Unit] [PD Pattem after correction] Figure 6: PD Pattern due to lose bolt at base plate Page 4 of 6Case Study-2:Figure-7, showing the PD pattern due to void formation in the cable joint & same is corrected by replacing the defective cable joint, IPD Pattem before correction} After Replacement - No PD i { IPD Pattem before correction} Figure 7: PD Pattern due to Void in the cable joint SUPPLY RECORDS 1. 2005 KEPCO Gwanpyung 154kV XLPE Line 2. 2008 Saudi Arabia SEC-Riyadh, 380kV XLPE Line 3. 2009 Taiwan Finghu-Shendu 345kV XLPE Line (Under Construction) 4. 2009 Korea, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. K2 S/S, 154kV Line (6 terminations) 5. 2010 Korea, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. H3 S/S, 345kV Line (24 terminations) 6. 2010 Korea, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. H1H2 SIS, 154kV Line (24 joints & 120 terminations) 7. 2010 Korea, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. K1_ S/S ,154kV Line (12 terminations) 8. 2011 Korea, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd 16 line PJT, 154KV Line (30 joints & 12 terminations) 9. 2012 Korea, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. H2 CGIS System(11 CGIS terminations) 10. 2012 Korea, Samsung Display Co., Ltd. A2 PJT 154kV line(4 terminations) 1 . 2012 Korea, LG Chemical Co., Ltd. Hwachi 154kV Line(2 Terminations) 1 8 . 2012 Korea, Samsung Display Co., Ltd. Tangjung 154kV Line(16 joints & 12 terminations) 1 3 . 2013 Egypt, CEPC/HHI, Giza North 500kV. line(36 terminations) 14. 2013 Korea, LG Chemical Hwachi 154kV Page 5 of 6line(6 terminations) 15. 2013 Korea, Samsung DSR Co., Ltd 154KV line(12 terminations, 6joints) 16. 2014 Korea, Samsung Display Co., Ltd A3- ph1 154kV line (12 terminations) 17. 2014 Korea, SCK Korea, Ltd 154kV line line (12 terminations, 6joints) 18. 2014 Korea, Samsung Display Co., Ltd A3- A2 154kV line (12 terminations, 3joints) 19. 2015 Korea, KEPCO Misa TIL, 154kV Line (64 joints & 12 terminations) 20. 2016 Korea, KEPCO Incheon T/L, 345kV Line 21. 2016 Korea, POSCO TIL, 154kV Line (57 joints & 6 terminations) 22. CONCLUSION HV& EHV underground cables are a valuable part of the electrical network, hence it required protection for uninterrupted power supply. One of the precautions often used is the control of screen temperature by means of Distributed Temperature Sensing Systems. The thermal resistivity of the ambient has a great influence on the cable ampacity but especially in urban areas the influences of the environment may be difficult to control, To ensure that the conductor temperature will not be exceeded, continuous temperature measurements need to be performed. For long lengths the old fashioned way of installing thermocouples might not be applicable. Instead the measurements can be performed by installing optical fibers. Whether the optical fibers should be integrated or attached to the power cable depends on several factors, such as installation conditions, cable length to be monitored ete. This system not only measures the hot spot along the long length of cable route but it also gives the data regarding real time monitoring of thermal behavior of the cable required for preventive measures to be taken for long life of healthy system REFERENCES 1. CIGRE SK B1-10- The Experience of using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) in XLPE Power Cables 2. IEC 60287-1-1: “Electric cables. - Calculation of the current rating — Part 1 Current rating equations (100 % load factor) and calculations of losses” 3. CIGRE Recommendations in Electra No. 87: “Computer method for the calculation of the response of single-core cables to a step function thermal transient” 4. IEEE, Distributed Temperature Sensing: Review of Technology and Applications Abhisek Ukil, Senior Member, IEEE, Hubert Braendle, and Peter Krippner 5. T.R. Parker, M. Farhadiroushan, R. Feced, V. A. Handerek, and A. J. Rogers, “Simultaneous distributed measurement of strain and temperature from noise-initiated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 645- 659, 1998. Page 6 of 6POWER CABLES - STANDARDIZATION Rajeev Sharma Scientist -F & Head (Electrotechnical Department) SYNOPSIS - Electrical cables are the nerves of any electrical system. The Power Cables consist of a huge percentage of capital investment in any electrification project be it domestic or commercial. However, they are the most vulnerable to failures too. Most of the cable failures could be attributed to improper quality. The article aims to provide basic information on cables and the available Indian Standards which may be referred for quality and suitability of cables. INTRODUCTION - A power cable is an electrical cable, which is an assembly of one or more insulated electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of electrical power. Power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, buried in the ground, run overhead, or exposed. Flexible power cables are used for portable devices, mobile tools, and machinery. Modern power cables come in a variety of sizes, materials, and types, each particularly adapted to its uses. Large single insulated conductors are also sometimes called power cables in the industry. Cables consist of three major components: conductors, insulation, protective jacket. The makeup of individual cables varies according to application, The construction and material are determined by three main factors: Working voltage, determining the thickness of the insulation; Current-carrying capacity, determining the cross-sectional size of the conductor(s); Environmental conditions such as temperature, water, chemical or sunlight exposure, and mechanical impact, determining the form and composition of the outer cable jacket Cables for direct burial or for exposed installations may also include metal armour in the form of wires/stripes spiralled around the cable, or a corrugated tape wrapped around it. The armour may be made of steel or aluminum, and although connected to earth ground is not intended to carry current during normal operation. Power cables for fixed installations use stranded copper or aluminum conductors, although small power cables may use solid conductors. All electrical cables are somewhat flexible, allowing them to be shipped to installation sites wound on reels or drums. Where applications require a cable to be moved repeatedly, such as for portable equipment, more flexible cables called "cords" " are used. Flexible cords contain fine bunched conductors, not solid/stranded core conductors, and have insulation and sheaths to withstand the forces of repeated flexing and abrasionPvc OUTER ARMOUR BeOS b ot Mas) 807. W sg Ps aes CONDUCTOR The overall assembly may be round or flat. Non-conducting filler strands may be added to the assembly to maintain its shape. Special purpose power cables for overhead or vertical use may have additional elements such as steel structural supports. Some power cables for outdoor overhead use may have no overall sheath. Other cables may have a plastic or metal sheath enclosing all the conductors. The materials for the sheath will be selected for resistance to water, oil, sunlight, underground conditions, chemical vapours, impact, or high temperatures. In nuclear industry applications the cable may have special requirements for ionizing radiation resistance. Cable materials may be specified not to produce large amounts of smoke if burned. Cables intended for underground use or direct burial in earth will have heavy plastic or metal, most often lead sheaths, or may require special direct-buried construction. When cables must run where exposed to mechanical damage, they may be protected with flexible steel tape or wire armour, which may also be covered by a water-resistant jacket. Some Cables may also have an inner sheath. It is used for protecting the cable from moistures which would affect the insulation. The inner Cable sheath also provide strengths to withstand the internal pressures of the pressurized cables. The material used for inner sheath should be nonmagnetic material. The Electrical cable classification can be done on the basis of: Material of conductor Insulating and sheath material used in their manufacture, With/Without Armouring Voltage Grade for which they are manufactured However, the method of electrical cable classification on the basis of voltage more common, according to which they can be divided into the following categories: Low-tension cables — up to 1100 V High-tension cables — up to 11000 V Super-tension cables — from 22 kV to 33 kV Extra high-tension cables — from 33 kV to 66 kV.Extra super voltage cables — beyond 132 kV ‘Standardization in the Field of Cables At National level, Bureau of Indian Standards through its Power Cables Sectional Committee, ETD 09 is responsible for preparation of Indian Standards in this area. The Committee comprises of various stakeholders from Manufacturing Industries, Regulators, Government Bodies, Research Organizations. Academia, Laboratories, End Users, Consumer organizations etc. At International level, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) through its Technical Committee IEC TC 20 is preparing International Standards. India is a P-member on IEC TC 20 and BIS Committee, ETD 09 acts as National Mirror Committee and takes care of country’s interest during the formulation of Intemational Standards through comments and voting on the IEC documents. Members of ETD 09 are nominated as experts on IEC committee to put forth Indian point of view by participating in the meeting of the Technical Committee. Presently, Indian Experts have been nominated on IEC TC 20 and its working groups WG 17 and WG 18 ETD Committee has so far published more than 100 Indian Standards on Power Cables. These standards can be segregated in to the following categories: Indian Standards specifying the requirements of various types of power cables. Some of the important power cables standards are: IS 694. PVC Insulated Sheathed/Unsheathed Cables and cords for working voltages upto and including 1100 V IS 1554 (Part | PVC Insulated (Heavy Duty) Electric Cables for 1) working voltages upto and including 1100 V IS 1554 (Part | PVC Insulated (Heavy Duty) Electric Cables for 2) working voltages from 3.3 kV upto and including 11 kV. IS 7098 (Part | XLPE Insulated Thermoplastic Sheathed Cables for 1) working voltages upto and including 1100 V IS 7098 (Part | XLPE Insulated Thermoplastic Sheathed Cables for 2) working voltages from 3.3 kV to 33 kV IS 7098 (Part | XLPE Insulated Thermoplastic Sheathed Cables for 3) working voltages from 66 kV to 220 kV 1S 9968 Elastomer Insulated Cables for working voltages upto and including 1100 V 1S 17048 Halogen Free Flame Retardant (HFFR) Cables for working voltages upto and including 1100 V IS 16246 Elastomer Insulated with Limited Circuit Integrity Cables TS 14255 ‘Aerial Bunched Cables for working voltages upto and including 1100 V 18 9857 Welding Cables IS 5950 Shot Firing Cables IS 2465 Cables for Motor Vehicles Indian Standards specifying the properties of raw materials like conductors (copper/aluminium), Insulation and Sheath materials. Some of the relevant Indian Standards areIS 5831 Specification for PVC Insulation and Sheath of Electric Cables Indian Standard Name of Product 1S 6380 Specification for Elastomer Insulation and Sheath of Electric Cables IS 8130 Conductors for Insulated Electric Cables and Flexible Cords- Specification Indian Standards specifying test methods for various parameters specified in the Power Cables Standards. One of the most important series of standards is: IS 10810 | Method of Test for Cable (Part 1 to 64) Code of Practice/Guidelines Standards IS 1255 Code of Practice for Installation and Maintenance of Power Cables up to and including 33 kV rating IS 3961 Recommended current ratings of Cables TS 10462 Fictitious Calculation Method for Determination of Dimensions and Protective Covering of Cables. IS 16269 Recommended Short Circuit Ratings of Electric Cables with Rated Voltage from 11 kV to 220 kV Besides the above published standards, the Indian Standards on the following subjects/areas are in advance stage of formulation: Electric Cables for Photovoltaic Systems for rated voltage 1500 V d.c. Thermosetting Insulated Fire Survival Cables for Fixed Installation having Low Emission of Smoke and Corrosive Gases when affected by Fire for working voltages upto and including 1100 Volts a.c. and 1500 Volts d.c. XLPE Insulated Thermoplastic Sheathed Cables for working voltages above 150 kV upto and including 500 kV_ Keeping in view that the safety of an electric installation is largely attributed to the quality of electric cables, the Government of India has brought IS 694 and IS 9968 under mandatory certification through the Electrical Wires, Cables, Electrical Appliances and Protection Devices and Accessories (Quality Control Order), 2003. Other Indian Standards on Electrical Cables are also brought under the ambit of Quality Control Order through Cables (Quality Control Order), 2020.IS 1554(Part 1) :1988 | PVC Insulated Heavy Duty Cables IS 1554(Part 2):1988 TS 2593 : 1984 Specification for Flexible Cables for Miner’s Cap-Lamps TS 5950 : 1984 Specification for Shot Firing Cables (for use other than in shafts) TS 7098(Part 1):1988 | Crosslinked Polyethylene — Insulated IS 7098(Part 2):2011 | Cables IS 7098(Part 3):1993 TS 9857 : 1990 Welding Cables — Specification IS 9968 (Part 2): 2002 | Specification for Elastomer Insulated Cables Part 2 For Working Voltages form 3.3 kV Up to and Including 33 kV TS 14494 : 2019 Elastomer Insulated Flexible Cables for Use in Mines ~ Specification IS 17048 : 2018 Halogen Free Flame Retardant (HFFR) Cables for Working Voltages Up to and Including 1100 V ~ Specification CONCLUSION - While designing an electrical installation, selection of an adequate wire or cable for any purpose is very important. The quality of the conductor and of the insulator plays a vital role in the manufacture of cables. The two major ingredients in cable— conductor and insulator—both must be of appropriate standard for the end products performance. There are many key distinctions among similar looking cables. Parameters like the number of conductors, size and construction, geometry between pairs, shielding, insulation, jacketing and cable configuration should all be kept in mind before selecting the cable. The conformance of the cables to the relevant Indian Standards must be emphasized upon to ensure quality of cables and to avoid failures of installations. Mr Rajeev Sharma, who is presently working as Head of the Electrotechnical Department of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), has more than 30 years of experience in field of procurement, installation and commissioning of Switchgear and Electric Panels and other electrical equipment in private and public sector organizations. He has also worked in Conformity Assessment Schemes, Management System Certification activities, as well as laboratory Management and Standards Development work of BIS. As a Registered Technical Assessor he has carried out assessments of various International Conformity Assessment Bodies under the IECEE-CB, IECQ and IECEx Schemes as well as Management Systems Certification Audits of organizations as per ISO 9001 (Quality Management Systems), ISO 50001 (Energy Management Systems), IS 15700 (QMS- Requirements for Service Quality for Public Service Organizations) as Lead Auditor/ Team Leader. He is a member of the IEC Systems Committee on Low Voltage Direct Current and Low Voltage Direct Current for Electricity Access and the convener of Working Group 1 on LVDC Standards for Electricity Access.UNDERTSTANDING THE ROLE OF NANO PARTICLES IN IMPROVING THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE NANO DIELECTRIC USED IN HVDC EXTRUDED CABLES: Nageshwar Rao Burjupati", Former Additional Director, Central Power Research Institute, P.B.No. 8066, Bengaluru 560080, Karnataka, India *nageshburjupati@gmail.com Abstract: The design of insulation for HVDC extruded cables is one of the most challenging issues, mainly due to the dependence of its dielectric properties on temperature, electric field distortion due to accumulation of space charge in the insulation. Polyethyelene-metal oxide nanocomposites are used to achieve the space charge reduction, enhance the volume resistivity and also achieve higher dielectric stress withstand capability. Study of Electrical, Dielectric and thermal properties of Nano dielectric is very necessary to understand its long term performance and its reliability when used in HVDC extruded power cables. Nanoparticles such as MgO, SiO, and clay have been investigated as filers in linear low density and low density polyethylene. Surface pre-treated nano sized metal particles were dispersed in a rheometer with low density polyethylene at 100 °C for 20 minutes and nanocomposites were prepared. The distribution and dispersion of the nanoparticles in the LDPE is determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Electrical, dielectric, thermal and mechanical properties were determined. The surface and volume resistivity of nanocomposites have increased by one order compared to neat LLDPE & LDPE samples. Inclusion of nano filers in the polymer matrix resulted in deeper traps with increased trap density for both positive and negative charges. Nano dielectrics with SiO, metal oxide treated with PEMAH and Trimethoxy methyl silane (TMMS) have shown less decay rate and higher initial potential. Further 3% and 4% MgO treated with HDMS have shown better performance. Permittivity has increased with filler content while dielectric losses have increased with filler content and frequency. Higher surface discharge inception voltage of LDPE Nano composite suggests increased surface discharge resistance. The results are presented and discussed. INTRODUCTION insulating materials such as polyethylene (LLDPE, High voltage direct current (HVDC) extruded cables are the preferred option for bulk electrical power and long distance transmission, as they are more economical with improved stability and reliability [1-3]. However, the design of insulation for HVDC extruded cable is one of the most challenging issues, mainly due to the dependence of its dielectric properties on temperature, electric field distortion due to accumulation of space charge in the insulation [3]. Polyethylene metal oxide nanocomposites are used as main insulation, of de cables to reduce the space charge effect [3]. Surface modification of metal particles is usually done by treating the nanoparticles with functional silane to have good distribution and dispersion of metal particles in the polyethylene matrix (4, 5]. Nano sized metal oxides like MgO, SiO2, ZnO, clay etc. are used as fillers to achieve the space charge reduction, enhance the volume resistivity and also achieve higher dielectric stress withstand capability. Nano dielectrics are prepared by adding a small quantity of inorganic nanometre scale fillers into conventional polymers. By adding Nano fillers. like SiOz, MgO, silica, layered silicate, alumina, etc. the possibility of improving the properties of LDPE, MDPE, HDPE), polypropylene, epoxy and silicone rubbers are being explored. These polymer Nano dielectrics are characterized by the fact that they have interfaces with enormous specific surface between polymers and Nano fillers and that, such interface tend to determine whole properties of the polymer nanocomposites. Dielectric evaluation of polymer nano dielectrics is usually made by determining the properties like permittivity, dielectric loss, electrical conductivity, space charge, dielectric breakdown, partial discharge resistance [6, 7]. Having known all this, in the present study, an attempt have been made. to understand the role of filers in polyethylene matrix in improving the electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of LDPE Nano composites. The results are presented and discussed 2 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 2.1 Materials Used Low density polyethylene (LDPE) and Linear Low density Polyethylene (LLDPE) of 2g/10 per min melt flow index and nanoparticles of less than 50 nm size and purity 99% were used in the presentstudy. Polyethylene graft Maleic anhydride (PEMAH) and functional silanes like methyl, ethyl, hexadecyl and octyl were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (USA) and all other solvents like ethyl alcohol, heptane were obtained locally. 2.2 Preparation of Nanocomposites Surface pre-treated Nano sized metal particles were mixed with low and linear low density polyethylene and Irganox 1010 (2 wt.%) which was used as thermal stabilizer. The mixture was compounded using twin screw Brabender extruder at 100 °C, 100 rpm for 10 minutes. Further, the LDPE- metal oxide compound were cut into small pieces and pressed under a plate vulcanizer at 140 °C for 10 minutes to produce thin plaques of 100 micron and 200 micron. Finally the samples of LDPE, LLDPE and its nanocomposite were put in vacuum oven at 100 °C for 24 hours so as to make uniform initial thermal and mechanical conditions. 3 ELECTRICAL, MECHANICAL & THERMAL PROPERTIES DC resistivity measurements were carried out using Sefelec Meg ohmmeter, Model M1501P, France make. Fourier Infrared spectrometer (Bruker make ALPHA FTIR spectroscopy with reflective crystal as ZnSe) was used for identifying the functional groups., Mechanical properties were determined using Tinus, UK tensile testing machine. The dynamic mechanical properties of the pure LDPE and LDPE- nanocomposites were measured at different frequencies (1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz) and temperatures (span: -50 °C to 100 °C) using DMA 242 D (NETZSCH) with three point bending fixture. Breakdown strength and Surface decay characteristics were measured. The trap distribution of LDPE composites was also calculated. The thermal properties like enthalpy, melting point, decomposition temperature were determined using Perkin Elmer, simultaneous thermal analyzer, model STA 6000 Frequency domain dielectric (FDS) spectrometer, model IDA 300 was used for measuring the dielectric response of Nano dielectrics. The parameters like dielectric loss angle (tan 6), the real part of complex relative permittivity (e'), as a function of frequency from few mHz to 1 kHz at 2 kV was measured. 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Surface Potent Measurement The charge injected by corona discharge process was deposited on the surface of the nano dielectric and on charge deposition removal the surface potential measurements were carried out using electro static voltmeter. The surface potential decay characteristics under positive polarity by applying voltage of 12 kV for a duration of 3 minutes measured on LDPE based MgO & SiO; Nano dielectric is shown in figure 1. Comparing the decay rates and initial potential, Nano dielectrics with SiO, metal oxide treated with PEMAH and Trimethoxy methyl silane (TMMS) have shown less decay rate and higher initial potential. Further 3% and 4% MgO treated with HDMS have shown, better performance. This indicates increased resistance to surface charge mobility and significant modification of trap distribution on filler inclusion. Fig. 2 shows the surface potential decay characteristics for different wt.% of SiO, in LDPE composites under positive and negative polarities. On inclusion of metal oxide nano particles, there is a significant increase in decay time. For 2.5 wt.% sample decay process was very slow indicating higher resistance to charge carrier mobility on the surface. Further with 1.5 wt.% decay time slightly reduced compared to 2.5 wt.% sample. Table | shows the decay constant and initial potential for the LDPE-SiO, nanocomposites. Similar characteristics have been observed, irrespective of polarity of corona charging. i e\ NN axsI0, ~~ mene | ants | = ees Figure 1: Surface potential decay characteristics of MgO & SiO, Nano composites under positive polarity. Time (s) Figure 2: Surface Potential decay characteristics of pure and SiO, Nano composites under positive and negative polarity. Figures 3 and 4 shows the trap distribution of LDPE SiO, nanocomposites for positive and negative DC corona. The trap distribution [8] for positive and negative polarity was calculated and is shown in figures 3 and 4. It is observed from figure4 that trap energy level varies from 0.7 to 1 eV under positive and negative DC corona. Addition of Nano fillers in the LDPE matrix resulted in deeper traps with increased trap density. (Table 1). Further from Table 2 it is observed that there is good correlation between increased trap density and higher initial charge. Deeper trap level with composites strongly correlates with lower decay rate or higher detrapping time observed with SiO. nano dielectric. Nano dielectric with 2.5 wt. % filler, has highest trap level consequently has very low decay rate. This is probably due the interaction between intercalated molecular chains within the layered silicates resulting in deeper trap levels. Table 4: Initial potential and mean life time of pure and Nano composites 4.2 Variation in Surface Discharge Inception Voltage Fig. 5 shows the variation of surface discharge inception voltage with filler content. Surface discharge inception voltage is determined based on the first UHF signal captured on the gradual increase of applied voltage. The SDIV values are average of 10 readings with maximum deviation observed to be less than 1%. Table 3 shows the average surface discharge inception voltage of LDPE nanocomposites under AC. Higher SDIV of LDPE nano composite suggests increased surface discharge resistance of the material. Increased surface discharge resistance improves the tracking performance of the insulating material. Table 2: Peak trap density and trap energy of pure Positive DC Negative DC and nano composites Sampl | Initial | Mean | Initial | Mean es | Potential | Life | Potentia | Life Negative DC (kv) ve(r)_ | MkV)_| time(s) Corona Pure 206 | 15034 | 280 | 12538 Sampt ae 1Swi% | 362 | 100090 | 410 | 285.31 ‘i density | Trap as NEE)(10 | Energy( 2swi% | 357 | sa04s | 419 | 568.18 Te | ee aswe% | 291 | 1828.15 | 295 | 1000.50 ‘m Pure | S618 | 0.8773 | 500 | 0.8528 Pure = = 4.500% + 15wt% | 7.244 | 0.6026 | 6.925 | 08776 2swt% | 6923 | 09229 | 4671 | 08817 35wt% | 6924 | 09002 | 4o71 | 08746 z Po 1 Z $3 & 5 os 07 08 09 1 8. AE (eV) 3 Figure 3: Trap distribution characteristics of pure a4 and Nano composites at positive DC corona. 305 , Pam co poe wo Pure 1Smt% 25Wt% 35m% Figure 5: Variation of SDIV with filler content. Table 3: Surface Discharge inception voltage of pure and nano composites. Figure 4: Trap distribution characteristics of pure and Nano composites at negative DC corona. Average Surface | standard ‘Samples Inception deviation Voltage(kV) 1 Pure 3405 0.01308 1.5 wt.% 3.584 0.01154 25 wt% 3.599 0.01004 35 wh% 3.651 0.009494.6 Relative Permittivity and Dielectric Loss Figure 9 and 10 shows the variation of relative permittivity (€) with frequency for neat LDPE and metal oxide Nano dielectric at 1400 volts rms. From these figures, it is evident that the relative permittivity increases strongly with decreasing frequencies. = ss Sara Relative Permit (e) Frequeney(te} Figure 9: Variation of relative permittivity (€') with frequency - LDPE and SiO, Nano composites with 15%, 2.5%, 35% SiO2 This reflects conductivity effects due to free charge motion within the material. At low frequencies, the dipoles have sufficient time to align with the field before it changes direction giving rise to higher relative permittivity. At high frequencies, the dipoles do not have time to align before the field changes its direction and so the relative permittivity is lower. This phenomenon could be attributed due to interfacial polarization induced by the charge at the Nano filler-polymer interface at low frequencies and at high frequencies due to the dipoles introduced by the Nano structuration [10] + PLA LDPE a saanocety . + 2NANOM@D 7 FB S02 Relative Permittvity(e’) ooot oor 01 ©1010 3000 Frequency(He) Figure 10: Variation of relative permittivity (€') with frequency - LDPE -% MgO, SiO and clay Nano composites. Figure 11 shows the variation of dielectric losses (tan_), (€") as a function of frequency for neat LDPE and LDPE-SiO, nanocomposite. The loss tangent curve shows local maxima whose position, and height changes with filling materials. The Nano dielectrics have higher loss factor compared to unfilled dielectric. However, the percentage addition of Nano particles whether 3% or 4% Nano filler has not shown any appreciable changes in loss factor. But, the kind of Nano filler and surface treatment has shown appreciable changes. The shape of the loss curve is attributed to occurrence of a-relaxation processes in Nano material filled LDPE at lower frequencies, which is not present for the unfilled LOPE [11]. Magnesium metal oxide shows slightly lower values of dielectric loss. It is clearly evident that addition of Nano fillers will increase the polar character of the base polymer. Pein wre STERN SIOZ 2sKnanosio2 f#-25%Nan0 S02 oo) i Ons g om 100 Frequency(Hs) Figure 11: Variation of relative permittivity (€') with frequency - LDPE and Nano composites with 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5% SiO 4.7 Mechanical Properties The stress-strain curves obtained on the nanocomposites is shown in figure 12. It is observed that the 1% and 2% Nano particle-LDPE composites have higher capability of withstanding stresses compared to neat LDPE. \ 108 | cet / > ee Figure 12: Curve showing Stress- Strain curves for different nanocomposites along with LDPE Higher concentrations of nanoparticles have resulted in lower withstanding stresses probably due to decrease in crystallinity with filing concentration.4.8 Chemical Kinetics The thermal properties: Enthalpy, Melting point, decomposition temperature are shown in Table 5 and Table 6. It is observed that Nano clay composites have lower activation energy with filler content. This is probably due to decreased cross linking due to the inclusion of the particles in the matrix. Table 5: Thermal properties Of Nanocomposites Nano | "paint | Enthalby | oecompostion composite | P° (JI Pp cc) | 9) oo) go MgO 129.27 | 46.2310 97.332 sio,Homs | 12564 | 720514 90.245 Nano Clay | 132.14 | 55.6908 96371 uppEsio, | 138.45 | 33.5652 97.852 PLAIN PLAIN 13098 | 68518 98.859 Table 6 the glass transition temperature (T,) corresponding to their loss modulus peaks. It is observed that silicate composites have lower glass transition compared to pure sample. Also with increase in frequency increase in glass transition is observed due to decreased molecular segmental motion with increase in frequency (Table 6). Table 6: Thermal properties of Nanocomposites with crystalline temperature es | ga | tarey| ee) | 8) Sample | ik Jjimol) fare) GHz) | (10 | @0 Hz) | Hz) Pure | 21618 | 64.30 | 01.90 | 07.20 | 987 1.5 wt% | 13.38 | 79.70 | 97.90 | 97.20 | 98.71 25wt% | 13915 | 78.90 | 95.50 | 98.60 | 98.60 35wi% | 11158 | 72,70 | 91.70 | 97.00 | 98.50 5 CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions were drawn from the present study. The inclusion of clay in the LDPE matrix has resulted in increased relative permittivity and shown increasing trend with filler content at all frequencies. The resistivity of the nanocomposite is one order higher than pure LDPE. Dielectric losses of Nano composites are higher than neat LDPE in the frequency range 10 to 1000 Hz, exhibiting maxima with relaxation peak. Inclusion of nano fillers in the polymer matrix resulted in deeper traps with increased trap density for both positive and negative charges. Higher surface discharge inception voltage of LDPE Nano composite suggests increased surface discharge resistance. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author thank the management of CPRI for facilitating test facilities to carry out the experimental investigations. REFERENCES [1] Roberto Rudervall, J.P.Charpentier, Raghuveer Sharma, "High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems technology review paper, Energy Week 2000, Washington DC, USA, March 7- 8, 2000, [2] W. Breuer, D. Povh, D.Retzmann, E Teltsch, “Trends for future HVDC application, The 16th conference of Electric Power supply Industry, Mumbai, India 6-10 November 2006. [3] Pierre Mirebeau, Christian Frohne, Vegar Syrtveit , “Review of "HVDC insulated — transmission technologies, Jicable’ 15 - Versailles 21-25 June, 2015. 4] D. Liu, AMPourrahimi, RT. Olsoson, Ms. Hedengvist, U.W. Gedde, "Influence of nanoparticle surface treatment on patticle dispersion and interfacial adhesion, European Polymer Journal 66, p 66-77, 2017. [5] D. Liu, AT.Hoang, AM. Pourrahimi, L.K.H Pallon, F. Nilsson, S.M. Gubanski, RT.Olsson, MS: Hedengvist and U.W. Gedde, “ Influence of Nanoparticle surface coating on electrical conductivity of LOPEIAI2)3. Nanocomposites for HVDC Cable Insulltions, IEEE Transaction of Dielectrics and Electrical insulation — June 2017 [6] Ross McDonald J, Impedance Spectroscopy Emphasizing Solid materials and Systems, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987 [7] Gerhardt R, "Dielectric and _ Impedance spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 55, pp 1491 - 1506, 1994. [8] Simmons J G, and Tam M C Theory of isothermal currents and’ the direct determination of trap Parameters in semi-conductors and insulators. containing arbitrary trap distributions [J]. Physical Review B, 1973, 7(8): 3706-3716. (9] ASTM 0257-07, Standard test methods of DC resistance or conductance of insulating materials [10] Wenlong Zhang, Yajie Dai, Hong Zhao and Lidong Zhong, “Influence of nanocomposite of LDPE doped with Nano-Mgo by different preparing methods on its dielectric properties", Journal of Nanomaterials, Volument 2015, Article Id 146260, Hindawi Publishing corporation [11]Florin Ciuprina, llona Plesa, Petru V. Notingher, Pasal Rain, “Dielectric properties of LDPE-Sio2 Nanocomposites”, ICD, Potsdam, Germany July 4- 9, 2010,Presentation by’ Abhinav Srivastava GM ~ Engineering, BRPL {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITEDContents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 . Cable -- Definition . Types & sizes . Network usage (Application) . Salient features . Configuration . Manufacturing process . Testing procedure . Appendix1. Cable -- Definition —An electrical cable is an assembly of one or more insulated wires running side by side or bundled, which is used to carry electrical current —It is used to connect two or more devices, enabling the transfer of electrical signals or power from one device to the other {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED Over Sheath Armour Inner Sheath Electrical Power Cable Conductor2. Type & sizes of cable Cable used in BRPL ¢ LT cable 1.1kV * LT control cable 1.1kV ¢ LTAB cable 1.1kV * HT cable 11kV * HTAB cable 11kV * EHV cable 33 & 66kV | Sno | Type of cable 1 LTXLPE Cable IS 7098 (Part 1) 1988 2 LT AB Cable IS 14255 1995 3 LT Control IS 1554 (Part 1) 1993 Cable {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED2. Type & sizes of cable Contd.. a 1.1 2Cx2.5,4Cx2.5,6Cx2.5,8Cx2.5,10Cx2.5,12Cx2.5 cable LT Service 1.1 2CX10,2CX25,4CX25,4CX50 cable LT power 1.1 4CX150 & 4CX300 cable LTABcable 1.1 © 3CX150(Ph) +1CX150 (N) + 1CX125(M)+1CX16 (SL) © 3CX95 (Ph) +1CX95 (N) + 1CX70(M)+1CX16 (SL) LT Single 1.1 Core cable 1CX300, 1CX630,1CX1000 BSES 5 {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED3. Network Usage (Application) Contd.. ait Voltage | Armoured/U Application in BRPL ade (k' EHV Grid: for relay FRLS Control 1.1 Armoured e 11kVS/Stn for DT protection & Metering cable Metering Safety of the equipment e Pole to 1Ph /3Ph meter LT Service 1.1 Armoured ¢ Pole to Bus bar Box cable e Bus bar Box to meter LT power 11 Armoured e Sub ACB to Feeder Pillar cable ¢ Sub ACB to Pole Em LT AB cable 1.1 Un-armoured Pole to Pole LT Single 1.1 Un-armoured e DT to Main ACB Core cable © Main ACB to sub ACB e Sub ACB to Sub ACB SSeS ccc cs {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED3. Network Usage (Application) Contd.. PL e EHV Grid: for protection& 2Cx2.5,4Cx2.5,6Cx2.5,8Cx2.5,10Cx2.5,12Cx a Metering 2.5 e 11kVS/Stn for DT Metering Pole to 1Ph /3Ph meter 2CX10,2CX25,4CX25,4CX50 Pole to Bus bar Box Bus bar Box to meter Sub ACB to Feeder Pillar 4CX150 & 4CX300 Sub ACB to Pole @ 3CX150 (Ph) +1CX150 (N) + 1CX125(M)+1CX16 (SL) Pole to Pole @ 3CX95 (Ph) +1CX95 (N) + 1.CX70(M)+1CX16 (SL) [2] © DT to Main ACB 1€X300, 1€X630,1CX1000 e Main ACB to sub ACB e Sub ACB to Sub ACB BSES 1Cx1000mm2 cable procured for 3200A ACB in BRPL- First Ut {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED3. Network Usage (Application) Contd.. —Type of Connectors used to = connect the LTAB cable * Insulated Piercing connectors-- It is used to connect two LTAB cable & single & three phase meter connection noe 1 35-150 35-150 mm2 LTAB-LTAB mm2 LTAB-DB 2 50-150 6-50mm2 _LTAB-Service cable mm2 3 16-95 4-50 mm2 LTAB-Service cable mm2 Armour cast [—Y— —{ 4 Armour cast has been used in BRPL to avoid power theft- First Utility in been used in BRPL to avoid power theft- First Utility in [SES RAJDHANI POWER LIMITED byt3. Network Usage (Application) Contd.. —Multi tap connectors (Satellite) o lt is used to provide multiple connection — for Consumer connection (4 max) o Incomer 95/150mm2 o Outgoing up to 25mm23. Network Usage (Application) Contd.. --Armour Cast Background -Direct theft from LTAB cable -Tapping from service line/IPC Solution -Armour Cast on open joints/IPC o Putti o Armour tape (2 types) Features — -Easy for installation -Maintenance free -Almost unbreakable {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED4. Salient features Contd Per meter supply Higher Less LTAB: Cost effective cost 2 Per meter laying Higher Less LTAB: No RCP required cost Weight Higher Less LTAB: Easy for installation 4 Maintenance cost Higher Less More Less LTAB : 5 Fault repairing - Fault is easily visible time -No pinpointing of cable is required 6 Power Theft No power Power theft LTAB unarmoured cable theft 7 Laying procedure Difficult Easy BSES {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED4. Salient features Contd.. * Safety clearance (LTAB)* Pole (9m) Pare ()at 19 PV a t-19 Horizontal clearance Siem DCL =§ Clearance(LV) to the 5.8 5.5 ground in mtr *- As per BRPL approved document * Laying practises Trench details (mm) Type of cable Depth (Single & double run) Width (Single run) Width (double run) LTXLPE 875 400 400 11kV cable 1055 400 650 33kV cable 1235 400 650 66kV cable 1445 650 1200 {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED4. Salient features Contd.. Rating of LT Cable with respect to de-rating factor in Air (Approx.) Ley izle or 7 Cable Size(sqmm) | Rated enon Air @40 Net city i oo (or) Air Temp 50deg Celsius Grouping 0 10 64 0.89 0.85 48 25 98 0.89 0.85 74 50 140 0.89 0.85 106 95 205 0.89 0.85 155 150 270 0.89 0.85 204 300 400 0.89 0.85 303, reer) Gian in Air | De-rating Factor At 50 [Net Rating i ty zo) Cable ize ea mm) 3CX95 (Ph) +1CX95 (N) + 1CX70(M)+1CX16 (SL) 0.89 3CX150 (Ph) +1CX150 (N) + 1X125(M)+1CX16 (SL 298 0.89 265 BSES : {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED4. Salient features Contd.. Rating of LT Cable with respect to de-rating factor in Ground (Approx.) Demers Net Rating | ground Loi Rena) eee) SE) round Temp 50 deg — ee) 0.82 0.85 25 120 0.82 0.85 83 50 133 0.82 0.85 93 95 196 0.82 0.85 137 150 249 0.82 0.85 173 300 370 0.82 0.85 258 BSES i {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED5. Configuration of a cable —LT cable ¢ Al Conductor ¢ XLPE insulation ¢ PVC Inner sheath * Armour (round/strip) * PVC outer sheath —LT AB cable * Conductor * XLPE insulation ¢ Messenger wire (Al alloy) BSES5. Configuration of a cable Contd.. —FRLS Control Cable ¢ Stranded circular plain copper conductor Extruded PVC Insulation * PVC inner sheath Galvanized steel wire Armouring * PVC FRLS outer sheath BSES a Roce] oleate] mete Cd5. Configuration of cable Contd.. —Functions Conductor — Main current carrying part XLPE Insulation — To provide conductor insulation PVC Inner sheath- it gives circular shape of cable and it also provides Bedding for the armoring GI Armour (round/strip) & Messenger wire - used as a fault carrying path as well as it’s provide mechanical strength to the cable PVC outer sheath- It provides Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical and environmental protection (Ultra Violet)5. Configuration of cable {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED Contd.. OUTER SHEATH (PVC TYPE ST-2) G.S. FLAT STRIP ARMOUR EXTRUDED INNER SHEATH (PVC TYPE ST-2) XLPE INSULATION STRANDED SHAPED ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR5. Configuration of cable Contd.. * LTAB cable XLPE INSULATION RIDGES FOR CORE IDENTIFICATION ~ é CIRCULAR STRANDED COMPACTED ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR 4 Hass CIRCULAR STRANDED COMPACTED ALUMINIUM ALLOY CONDUCTOR (MESSENGER) 6 BAG Oey & SS _ Zs CIRCULAR STRANDED COMPACTED ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR (NEUTRAL) rl STRANDED COMPACTED ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR (STREET LIGHT) {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED6. Manufacturing process (LT cable) Contd.. PROCESS CHART OF L.1F. POWER CABLE 1.R.B.D. 2. STRANDING 5. SPARK 4.CURING 3. INSULATION TESTING — => + 7-EXTRUSION onner snearo, - ee = LAmUP CABLE PVC COMPOUND INNER: LIBR. ION courer snearro 8.ARMOURING + as at oo ee MEASLES 10-SEQUENTIAL MARKING 47-FINAL TESTING Le & REWINDING Se {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED6. Manufacturing process (LTAB cable) _Contd.. PROCESS CHART OF LT AB CABLE 1.R.B.D ee 9.5mm EC GRADE ALUMINIUM ROD ALUMINIUM WIRES 4. CURING sre \_——| INSULATED CONDUCTOR BLACK (a. 2. STRANDING COMPACTIN —$—$—$—— SSNBCETOR 3. INSULATION (XLPE) (SHANE BASE) 6. LAYING BSES {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED 7. FINAL REWINDING 5. STRANDING &| COMPACTING7. Testing Procedure Contd.. —Routine tests- The routine tests shall be made at the manufacturer's works on each apparatus manufactured, to ensure that the product is in accordance with the equipment technical requirement —Acceptance test Acceptance testing conducted at Manufacturer’s work at which the product is developed and performed by the supplier in presence of customer, to determine whether or not a product satisfies the technical requirements {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED7. Testing procedure Contd.. —Type test * Type tests are made to demonstrate that they comply with specified requirements not covered by routine tests * It may be conducted based on customer requirement — Special test Special tests are tests, other than routine or type tests, agreed between manufacturer and purchaser SES RAI TED7. Testing procedure —Routine test— * Conductor Resistance o To determine inherent D.C. resistance of the conductor material * High Voltage o To determine insulation breakdown strength of the cable {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED Contd..7. Testing procedure Contd.. —Acceptance test * Conductor Resistance * Tensile strength test for Al * Wrapping Test for Al * Thickness of insulation & sheath * Hot Set -for XLPE only (to check elongation) * Tensile Strength & Elongation for insulation (before & after ageing) * Tensile Strength & Elongation for outer sheath (before and after ageing) * Insulation Resistance @ 30 & 90 deg c(Volume Resistivity method) * HN Test at room temp (3kv for 5 min withstand) * Anti termite & Rodent test * Rewinding BSES Drum no. is marked on each meter of cable is mandatory on each P.O [SES RAJDHANI POWER LIMITED - First Utility in Reliance7. Testing procedure Contd.. —Type test * Tests on Conductor o Conductor Resistance * Physical tests on insulation o Elongation & Tensile Strength o Hot Set for XLPE insulation o Insulation Resistance @ 27 & 90 deg C o Shrinkage Test o Ageing in air oven —Before & after o Water absorption o Thickness of insulation & sheath Type testing of the cable is mandatory on each P.O.- First Utility in Reliance {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED7. Testing procedure Contd.. * Physical tests on outer sheath o Dimensions o Elongation & Tensile strength o Ageing in Air oven — before & after o Loss of mass o Shrinkage Test o Hot Deformation o Heat Shock o Thermal stability * Physical tests on Inner sheath o Dimensions ¢ Flammability test {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITED7. Testing procedure Contd.. * Test on Armour strip o Tensile Strength o % Elongation o Mass of Zinc Coating o Dimension and uniformity of zinc coating o Vol. Resistivity o Wrapping test on armour {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITEDCable Laying process * Route Survey — Feasibility of Route for cable laying work ¢ Radar Survey — Identification of other buried utilities * Test Pits — Alignment of trench route * Trench Excavation * Cable Laying ¢ Cable protection and back fillingChallenges ¢ Right of Way — Major Challenge in Metro City — Trenchless (HDD) drilling * Maintenance of Cables — Pinpointing of faults ¢ Issues with long cable feeders — Capacitive injection at low loading conditions — Cross bonding requirement for 1 C cables ¢ Termination kits for Gas Insulated substation — Few manufacturersThank You {SES RAIDHANI POWER LIMITEDCABLES AND WIRES USED IN DMRC AND ISSUES FACED 1. INTRODUCTION: The Electrical power supply system is the backbone of the modern metro rail systems. All the systems ranging from Traction systems to Air-conditioning (HVAC), Signalling to automatic Fare collection, surveillance to safety, all need electric power for the functioning of the equipment in the systems The power supply distribution is analogous to the circulatory system of a human body, and the power supply cables and wires are analogous to the arteries and veins. Power cables and wires are essential part of a modern day metro rail system. This paper focuses on the various types of cables and wires used in today’s metro system; and various properties related to the performance of these cables during severe adverse conditions arising out of fire in a metro station/building. The metro station/buildings are classified in two types — ‘underground’ and ‘elevated’/at grade’. The underground stations/buildings are enclosed while the elevated/at grade stations/buildings can be enclosed or non-enclosed (generally these are non-enclosed, in case they are enclosed the requirements of underground stations/buildings will be applicable). Considering the codal requirements and the human safety aspects, cables meeting the stringent requirements are selected and used on the underground stations and cables and wires meeting the needs of elevated stations are used to optimize the cost and application with the best engineering practices available. a TYPES OF CABLES AND WIRES USED: - The following types of cables and wires are commonly used in Elevated and underground stations, sub-stations, and other areas of a Metro Rail system :- . FR(Flame Retardant) PVC Wires. ° FR(Flame Retardant) PVC cables. ° FRLSH(Flame Retardant Low Smoke and Halogen) Cables. ° LSZH(Low Smoke and Zero Halogen) Cables. ° FS(Fire Survival)/FR (Fire resistant) Wires and Cables. Page 1 of 93.1. 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. MAJOR AREAS OF APPLICATION: Elevated/ At grade Metro Stations: Wide variety of Cables are used in a Metro Station to distribute power to all the utilities including Lighting, Air-conditioning, Signage, Signalling and Telecom, Ventilation, emergency services, etc. For quality control, various tests as per prescribed standards are conducted in the designated labs to establish the conductor properties and Fire rating properties. The testing details and procedures are described further. Cables for LT Power supply distribution - Cables used for LT Power supply distribution in Elevated metro station are 1100 V, armoured, XLPE insulated, FRLSH (Flame retardant cables with reduced halogen evolution and smoke), Aluminium / Copper conductor cables as per IS 7098-1 (SPECIFICATION FOR CROSSLINKED POLYETHYLENE INSULATED PVC SHEATHED CABLES - PART 1 FOR WORKING VOLTAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING 1100 VOLTS) Control cables - Cables used for Control circuits in Elevated metro station are Multi core, 1100 V grade, armoured, PVC insulated, FRLSH (Flame retardant cables with reduced halogen evolution and smoke), Copper conductor cables as per IS 1554-1 (SPECIFICATION FOR PVC INSULATED (HEAVY DUTY) ELECTRIC CABLES - PART 1 FOR WORKING VOLTAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING 1100 V) Wires for Lighting and powers sockets - PVC insulated (heavy duty), FR type, copper conductor wires complying to IS - 694are used. (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE INSULATED UNSHEATHED AND SHEATHED CABLES/CORDS WITH RIGID AND FLEXIBLE CONDUCTOR FOR RATED VOLTAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING 450/750 V) Alarm circuits - Single core -PVC insulated (heavy duty), FR type, Copper conductor wires complying to IS - 694are used. (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE INSULATED UNSHEATHED AND SHEATHED CABLES/CORDS WITH RIGID AND FLEXIBLE CONDUCTOR FOR RATED VOLTAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING 450/750 V) Multicore - Multicore Cables used for Fire Alarm circuits in Elevated metro station | Depot are 1100 V grade, flexible, PVC insulated, FR-LSH (Flame retardant cables with reduced halogen evolution and smoke), Copper conductor cables as per IS 1554-1. (SPECIFICATION FOR PVC INSULATED (HEAVY DUTY) ELECTRIC CABLES - PART 1 FOR WORKING VOLTAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING 1100 V) Page 2 of 93.2. 3.2.2. Underground Metro Stations: In Underground Metro stations, and Tunnel areas, there is no free passage for smoke and gases, being confined areas. Further, lot of emergency services like Emergency Lighting, Tunnel Lighting, Tunnel ventilation fans, Station Ventilation systems, Signages, Fire suppression systems, Smoke exhaust systems, etc.are provided. Working of these systems is essential for Life safety. The Power and control supply for such systems are essential and continuous operation of such emergency services even in case of Fire and smoke conditions, is necessary for safety reasons. There may be conditions of Emergency in Tunnels due to Fire in Tunnel areas, in such situation, the tunnel lighting and Tunnel ventilation and smoke extraction is required to facilitate safe evacuation. Considering the importance of these Emergency services, the Power and control supply for these Emergency services is provided by using “Fire Survival cables” In addition to above, cables must not generate Halogen gases in fire conditions to maintain safe environment in confined spaces. In view of above, it is recommended to use only FR-LSZH type cables for services in underground metro stations and other similar confined spaces. Cables for Power supply distribution - The cables used for power supply distribution, for other than the Emergency services, in underground metro station, are XLPE insulated, armoured, LSZH, copper conductor cables, complying to BS 6724(Electric cables - Thermosetting insulated, armoured cables of rated voltages of 600/1 000 V and 1 900/3 300 V for fixed installations, having low emission of smoke and corrosive gases when affected by fire — Specification). Cables for Power supply distribution for emergency services- Considering the essential nature of services, “Fire Survival” type cables are used for Power supply distribution for emergency services like Emergency lighting circuits, UPS supply circuits, fire services installations, smoke extraction system, staircase pressurization system, and those circuits that are required to maintain circuit integrity under fire conditions. Therefore, the cables used for power supply distribution for emergency services in underground metro station are “Fire Survival type (FS), XLPE insulated, armoured, copper conductor cables, complying to BS 7846 (Electric cables — Thermosetting insulated, armoured, fire-resistant cables of rated voltages of 600/1000 V, for fixed installations, having low emission of smoke and corrosive gases when affected by fire — Specification) Page 3 of 93.2.3. Control cables - Cables used for Control purpose in underground metro station are of type — XLPE insulated, armoured, LSZH, copper conductor cables, complying to BS. 6724 (Electric cables — Thermosetting insulated, armoured cables of rated voltages of 600/1 000 V and 1 900/3 300 V for fixed installations, having low emission of smoke and corrosive gases when affected by fire — Specification). 3.2.4, Wires and cables for Lighting and power sockets - The wires and cables used for Lighting and power sockets are single / multi core, XLPE insulated, LSZH, copper conductors, Non armoured type, complying to BS 7211 (Electric cables - thermosetting insulated and thermoplastic sheathed cables for voltages up to and including 450/750 V for electric power and lighting and having low emission of smoke and corrosive gases when affected by fire). 3.2.5. Fire Alarm circuits - Considering the emergency nature of Fire Alarm and Fire detection installations, “Fire Survival” type cables are used, in order to maintain circuit integrity under fire conditions. Therefore, the cables used for Fire Alarm circuits in underground metro station are “Fire Survival type (FS)’, XLPE insulated, armoured, copper conductor cables, complying to BS 7846 (Electric cables — Thermosetting insulated, armoured, fire-resistant cables of rated voltages of 600/1000 V, for fixed installations, having low emission of smoke and corrosive gases when affected by fire — Specification) 3.3. Receiving Substations, Auxiliary and Traction Substations: Various Power cables used in Receiving Substations, Auxiliary and Traction Substations, comply to different International and Indian standards for different voltage levels of substation operations. IEC 62067, IEC 60840 and IEC 60502 are followed for HT voltages encompassing various levels i.e. 33kV, 66kV, 110kV, 132kV and 220 kV. Additionally, IS 7098 is used for LT cabling for supplying power to distribution boards etc. within the RSS building and FR PVC wires as per IS 694 are used for supplying power to small lighting loads. For Fire Detection and Fire Alarm circuits, Fire Survival type cables complying to BS 7846 are used. Page 4 of 94. SUMMARY: - “cat Conductor | Governing Area of use Application Type of cable ea standards LT Power supply | 1100 V, armoured, XLPE | Aluminium | 1S 7098 distribution insulated, FRLSH J Copper Elevated Metro | > Control cables 1100 V, unarmoured PVC | Copper IS 1554 Stations Biations ots insulated, FRLSH La Small Lighting and Power | FRPVC insulated Wires | Copper | 1S 694 Loads and Fire Alarm circuits LT Power supply | XLPE insulated (Fire- | Annealed | BS 7846 distribution to emergency | Resistant) armoured FS | Copper loads Cables Underground LT power supply to other|LSZH XLPE insulated | Annealed | BS 6724 ro Stations | than emergency loads armoured Cables Copper Control circuit cable / Fire |LSZH XLPE insulated | Annealed | BS 7211 Alarm circuit cable / small | unarmoured Cables and | Copper lighting load wires wires HT Power distribution XLPE insulated armoured | Aluminium |1EC 62067, Cables /Copper | 60840 and 60502 Rear Control cables 7700 V, unarmoured PVC | Copper | IS 1554 Substations insulated, FRLSH Small Lighting and Power | FRPVC insulated Wires | Copper | 1S 694 Loads and Fire Alarm circuits HT Power Supply|FRLS , XLPE insulated | Aluminium | IEC 60502 distribution armoured Cables 1 Copper _ Control cables 1100 V, unarmoured PVC | Copper _| IS 1554 Auxiliary insulated, FRLSH Substations Smnall Lighting and Power | FRPVC insulated Wires | Copper | IS 694 Loads and Fire Alarm circuits HT Traction power supply |FRLS, XLPE insulated | Aluminium | IEC 60840 system armoured Cables 1 Copper Traction Small Lighting and Power | FR PVC insulated Wires | Copper IS 694 Substations Loads and Fire Alarm circuits Page 5 of 9RANGE OF SIZES USED: - . . . . 6.0 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.4 FR PVC Wires upto 6 Sq. mm for LV supply system. FR PVC cables upto 16 sq. mm multiple core for control supplies. FRLSH Cables upto 400 sq. mm for LV supply systems. LSZH Cables upto 400 sq. mm for Underground supply systems. FS (Fire Survival) Cables upto 400 Sq.mm for Fire detection and suppression systems including ventilation fans in underground stations. Challenges Design / Tender stage Selection of right type of cables / wires is to be as per applications, and the correct manufacturing and testing standards / codes. Manufacturing Strict compliance to the material and manufacturing requirements should be ensured. Diligent supervision of processes and testing for quality control should be done. Factory acceptance testing (FAT) Sacrosanct adherence should be made to procedures for sample preparation, test apparatus assemblies and test methods and guidelines. Sample collection for testing Care should be taken while collection of samples, packaging and handling to send for third party labs. Third Party testing The challenge faced is schedule of testing i.e. sufficient time needs to be allowed for preparation of samples, calibration of test equipment, interpretation of codes and guidelines for testing and accommodation of witnessing agencies. Failure of cable during testing: Ss Cable Description Failure detaills No. 1 1100 V, Armoured, | Oxygen Index Test, Temp. Index Test, XLPE insulated, | Smoke density Test, HCL gas evolution FRLSH cables test, Elongation at break Test, Elongation at break Test (ageing in air oven), Loss of mass Test & Test for Armouring strip. 2 [1100 V, un-armoured | Oxygen Index Test, Temp. Index Test & PVC insulated, FRLSH | Smoke density Test. cables 2 XLPE insulated (Fire - | Insulation Thickness of blue core, Armour Resistant) armoured | Galvanization & Resistance to fire. Page 6 of 96.5 6.6 7.0 7A FS Cables 4 LSZH XLPE insulated | Mass of Zinc coating on armour. armoured Cables 5 FRLSH PVC un- | High voltage (water immersion DC test), Armoured cables and | Oxygen Index Test &Temp. Index Test. FR PVC __ insulated Wires Refinement of test procedures There is a need of refinement in the testing procedures to minimize the variance in test results as a function of human error and unaccountable errors. Risk assessment and Quantification of marginal failures Since the projects run on extremely compressed timelines and many a times third party testing is carried out after cables have been laid. Some procedures to quantify the risk need to be developed, if there are marginal short comings. Case Study 25 kV Cable failure at Udyog Bhawan Failure in cable insulation took place in 25 kV Cable at Udyog Bhawan Station. This led to disruption in train services. 12 train trips were cancelled and 4 trains got delayed. Weak sheath grounding at the end has been suspected to be the prime reason and poor quality of the cable was a contributory factor. It was a single point sheath grounding system which is applicable with short lengths of cables. One end of the metallic sheath of the cable is earthed. Other end of the metallic sheath is left ungrounded. Voltage at the ungrounded end of the cable at the full load current does not exceed 65 Volts. It becomes dangerously high (approx 7.5 KV) if grounded sheath gets disconnected, Poor quality of Cable: Comparison of cable with other makes cables with correct parameters: When it was compared with the construction of 4 different cables, it was found that out of 8 component of the cable, 2 components were not provided in the faulty cable. Page 7 of 97.2 Bedding: In other make of cable a binder tape made of different material such as poly propylene or glass fibre is provided above the insulation screen This was not provided in failed cable. Aluminium armouring: In all the other three make of cables aluminium armouring has been provided of different thickness in each case. This is not provided in failed cable. Metallic screen: In all the other three make of cables, 50-58 copper wires of thickness 1.8-2.3 mm are provided. In case of failed cable very thin (0.9mm) copper wires are provided just 29 in numbers. 66 kV joint failure at Janakpuri There were four joint failure occurred at Janakpuri in 66 kV incoming cable coming from Papankala DTL Grid sub-station. There were seven cable having incorrect SVL connection. In repairing/ rectifying the same, public resistance was faced. Therefore, the route of the cable approx. 4 km have been re-routed. Suggestion/practice in regards to SVL: (i) All SVL box should be made with man hole at ground level for maintenance of SVL link box. (ii) At all single point bonding, the un-earthed side of sheath should be provided with surge arrester secured in a link. (iii) Colour coding of all SVL cables at the link box should be made for easy identification during cable failure. (iv) Checking of earth connection of single point bonding has been made annual practice by DMRC. (v) Regular cable route patrolling by DMRC’s staff in all cable route are being done. REFERENCES: - IS 7098-1: SPECIFICATION FOR CROSSLINKED POLYETHYLENE INSULATED PVC SHEATHED CABLES - PART 1 FOR WORKING VOLTAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING 1100 VOLTS. IS 1554-1: SPECIFICATION FOR PVC INSULATED (HEAVY DUTY) ELECTRIC CABLES - PART 1 FOR WORKING VOLTAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING 1100 V. IS 694: SPECIFICATION FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE INSULATED UNSHEATHED AND SHEATHED CABLES/CORDS WITH RIGID AND FLEXIBLE CONDUCTOR FOR RATED VOLTAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING 450/750 V. Page 8 of 9BS 7846: SPECIFICATION FOR THERMOSETTING INSULATED, ARMOURED, FIRE- RESISTANT CABLES OF RATED VOLTAGES OF 600/1000 Vv, FOR FIXED INSTALLATIONS, HAVING LOW EMISSION OF SMOKE AND CORROSIVE GASES WHEN AFFECTED BY FIRE. BS 7211: SPECIFICATION FOR THERMOSETTING INSULATED AND THERMOPLASTIC SHEATHED CABLES FOR VOLTAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING 450/750 V FOR ELECTRIC POWER AND LIGHTING AND HAVING LOW EMISSION OF SMOKE AND CORROSIVE GASES WHEN AFFECTED BY FIRE. BS 6724: SPECIFICATION FOR THERMOSETTING INSULATED, ARMOURED CABLES OF RATED VOLTAGES OF 600/1 000 V AND 1 900/3 300 V FOR FIXED INSTALLATIONS, HAVING LOW EMISSION OF SMOKE AND CORROSIVE GASES WHEN AFFECTED BY FIRE. IEC 60502: SPECIFICATION FOR POWER CABLES WITH EXTRUDED INSULATION AND THEIR ACCESSORIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES FROM 1 KV (UM = 1,2 KV) UP TO 30 KV (UM = 36 KV). IEC 60840: SPECIFICATION FOR POWER CABLES WITH EXTRUDED INSULATION AND THEIR ACCESSORIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 30 KV (UM = 36 KV) UP TO 150 KV (UM = 170 KV) - TEST METHODS AND REQUIREMENTS. IEC 62067: SPECIFICATION FOR POWER CABLES WITH EXTRUDED INSULATION AND THEIR ACCESSORIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 150 KV (UM = 170 KV) UP TO 500 KV (UM = 550 KV) - TEST METHODS AND REQUIREMENTS. Page 9 of 9Lessons from Field Failures of MV Cable Systems Ashok Saigal B.Tech (EE), MBA(Managing Director, Frontier Technologies Pvt Ltd) With Generation capability in India exceeding demand, the focus on ensuring Distribution system reliability has increased. And with increasing demand for electricity in even smaller towns the use of insulated Cable systems to replace bare lines in Electricity Distribution in India is gaining both usage and importance. At the same time the expectations of the consumers, with increased dependence on electrical gadgets and data and communication devises has made consumers less accepting of outages in power supply. And to meet the needs of increased quantity of power the voltages are going up with MV systems using 11 KV and 33 KV cables forming a large part of the distribution infrastructure. And many of these cable systems are developing and reporting failures that need to be understood and causes noted so that the avoidable mistakes are eliminated. This paper tries to create awareness of some of the more common and easily avoidablefailures. These have been grouped under the following heads: Cable Installation Mistakes Some Material Quality related Causes Some Product Design Related Issues Failures arising from poor Workmanship. Design and Engineering shortcomings. The accompanying presentation illustrates many of these instances encountered in the field by the Author and his company. Cable Installa n Mistakes Cables are not pulled from a drum on its side casing the lay of conductors and cores to be disturbed. Cables are pulled by uncontrolled tension (such as a tractor) and over rough surfaces (ike a road or stones) causing physical damage. Recommended Depth of burial, and protective overburden refill norms are not specified or not followed. Cables and joints can damaged by traffic above them. In case of Aerial Cables, after spending high amounts in using insulated cables the interconnecting points are left un-insulated compromising the system for small economies. In case of aerial cables and pole top terminations the weight and tension of the cables are not supported properly. In outdoor terminations the lugs are not fixed to a rigid support that can ensure electrical clearances are maintained over the life of the system. Underground road crossings are sometimes done without providing casing pipes. Minimum bending radius limitations are not respected leading to premature failure at bends.Some Mater lui related Causes Materials used are not sourced consistently from established and proven quality sources. Outer protective materials do not have an outdoor life that matches the life of the cable. Stress control materials often do not have the required properties affecting required control of partial discharges. Sealants used to exclude moisture are either not applied in adequate thickness or have poor adhesion to the substrates. Water entry at conductors is particularly dangerous. Dual wall tubing used in straight joints is sometimes not co-extruded to eliminate air voids, but simply one layer pre-shrunk onto another to appear as dual wall Some Product Design Related Issues Armour earthing system is not well designed and can result in loose connections or damage to cores. Screen earthing is not secure. Lengths of termination tubing are shortened to save on cost leaving XLPE insulation exposed in outdoor conditions, or resulting in over-bending of cores. Some materials in the leakage current path are of low voltage grade and not anti-tracking. Insulation thickness over ferrules in straight joints are not adequate. Screen continuity across cores does not have sufficient cross-section area. Failures arising from poor Workmanship. Semicon removal at end is not even and has peaks. Knife cut at end of cable semicon cuts into insulation. Cable insulation is not smoothened after scraping semicon layer with glass. Stress control tubing is either not adequately earthed to copper tape screen. Stress control tubing is excessively overlapped on cable semicon/copper tape resulting in shortened effective length. Tubing on lower side of joints not properly shrunk. Design and Engineering shortcomings. Cable route not properly defined to eliminate obstacles during installation Improper selection of cable sizes and section lengths. External Screen and armour earthing points not pre-determined and communicated to erection teams.In case of aerial bunched cables the sag, tension, and clearances across/along roads are not pre- engineered. Need to provide LAs to protect AB Cables from static charge build-up due to clouds. Proper tools and tackles for installation not provided, specified, or insisted upon. Need to foresee construction of foundations or roads to avoid later damage to installed cable. Evaluation of skill levels of jointers and knowledge level of Supervisors not checked before allowing them to work. Post Installation drawings and Commissioning data not preserved for ease of maintenance and future trouble-shooting. Design aesthetics often ignored completely during design and execution stages. Conclusion None of these causes of failures need expensive or complicated solutions. What is needed is awareness of the possible causes of failure, and simple care to reduce them to a minimum. This has to be based on a 5 level system that consists of : Knowledge and application of general good engineering practice, Detailed engineering that is site specific, Communication of these engineering details to the erection team Training and checking of the knowledge and skill levels of the erection team. Pre commissioning check of the erected system before energising. Following these erection practices is a good investment at low incremental cost both for the Erection Contractor during his Guarantee period, and the operating Utility during the life of the system. In addition the resulting increased reliability and reduced down-time delivers non-cash benefits that enhance the reputation of both. --000000—Extracts from IS 1255: Code of Practice for Installation and Maintenance of Power Cables 6.3 Laying Direct in Ground 63.1 This method involves digging a trench in the ground and laying cable(s) on a bedding of minimum 75 mm. riddled soil or sand at the bottom of the trench, and covering it with additional riddled soit or sand of minimum 75 mm and protecting it by means of tiles, bricks or slabs (see Fig. 2). 63.2 Depth— The desired minimum depth of laying from ground surface to the top of cable is as follows: High voltage cables, 3°3 kV to 11 kV rating: 09m High voltage cables, 22 kV, 33 kV rating =: 1°05 m Low voltage and control cables : 075m Cables at road crossings : 1°00 m Cables at railway level crossings (measured: 1°00 m from bottom of sleepers to the top of pipe) TABLE § MINIMUM PERMISSIBLE. BI DING RADI FOR CABLES Vouraue Rating PLLC Camus PVC and XLPE Cat aw “% KV Uptolt 2p ISD sD 12D Above IL t0 11 2D SD Isp SD Above I 23D = 0D 2D ISD Note ~ D is outer diameter of cable. Extracts from India Electricity Rules: 77. Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor- (1) No conductor of an overhead line, including service lines, erected across a street shall at any part thereof be at a height of less than- (a) For low and medium voltage lines 5.8 metres (b) For high voltage lines 6.1 metres (2) _ No conductor of an overhead line, including service lines, erected along any street shall at any part thereof be at a height less than- (a) For low and medium voltage lines. 5.5 metres (b) For high voltage lines 5.8 metres (3) No conductor of in overhead line including service lines, erected elsewhere than along or across any street shall be at a height less than- {@)__ For low, medium and high voltages lines upto and including 11,000 volts, if bare 46 metres (b) For low, medium and high voltage: lines upto and including 11,000 volts, if insulated 4.0 metres (©) _ For high voltage lines above 11,000 volts 5.2 metresPOWER BRIDGING: CABLES RELEVANCE TO OIL & GAS INDUSTRY Atul K, Joshi, DGM(Projects), Sh. Rajeev Sharma, Chief Manager (Projects) and Sh. Naman Dwivedi, Project Manager Indian Oil Corporation Limited Abstract: Oil & Gas industry, being operated as hazardous area, the role of power cables is most vital, as safety of man & machine is of paramount importance. The electrical system needs to be designed for continuous & reliable operations, and ease of maintenance, minimum power losses, safety & protection of equipment & personnel. In order to achieve the desired results, a scientific study based on different theories and practical experiences had been done and accordingly a guideline for use of specialized cables has been published. This paper deals with identification of cable specifications for Oil & Gas industries along with area of improvement with special emphasis on guidelines issued by Oil Industries Safety Directorate (OISD). Keywords — Cable, Oil & Gas Industry, OISD. 1. INTRODUCTION In Oil & Gas industry, a fire resistant and flame retardant cable sheath is a necessity, which is designed to resist combustion and limit the propagation of flames. Low smokes cables have a sheath designed to limit the amount of smoke and toxic halogen gases generation during fire situations, Requirement for these cables are listed below Flame Retardant - designed for use in fire situations where the spread of flames along a cable route needs to be retarded, Fire Resistant (FR) - cables are designed to maintain circuit integrity of vital emergency services during the fire, Low Smoke and Fume (LSF) - bums with very little smoke and fumes compared to standard PVC, fumes may contain halogen. Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) - upon burning there is very little smoke and fumes (compared to standard PVC). The fumes contain no halogen. Il, SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT IN CABLE MATERIAL SELECTION FOR OIL & GAS INDUSTRY The proper design of power cable systems is dependent on many factors, including system nominal voltage, system fault level, voltage drop, conductor material, insulation and shielding material, type of ductwork (whether direct buried in soil or in duct), phase spacing (and conductor spacing), phase arrangement, number of conductors installed, method of shield grounding, earth thermal resistivity, ambient temperature, current loading, load cycling, load factor and safety. These factors make it prudent to consult industry codes For Oil & Gas industry, Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) has formulated the codes and standards which include the specific requirement for cables. Following are the specific technical requirements identified as per OISD-149 for selection of power cables in Oil & Gas industries: (i In order to avoid spread of fire due to cable burns, it is recommended that the outer PVC sheath of all cables used in industry shall be flame retardant type conforming to category AF as per IS:10810. The inimum Oxygen index shall be 29. (i) ables shall have low smoke density and the minimum value of light transmittance shall be 60%. (ii) The cables shall have a smoke density maximum of 40%. (iv) High voltage Power cables (above 1.1 KV voltage grade) may be Aluminium/Copper Conductor XLPE insulated PVC sheathed, armoured type. (v) The conductor screen, XLPE insulation screen shall all be extruded in one operation by “Triple Extrusion’ proc (vi) 1.1 KV grade cables may be Aluminium/Copper Conductor PVC/XLPE insulated, PVC sheathed, armoured type. (vii) power and control cables shall preferably have extruded inner and outer sheaths. Page 1 of 4(viii) Wherever single core cables are armoured and are meant for use on AC circuits, armouring with non-magnetic material (e.g. Aluminium) shall be employed. (ix) Cables shall be properly sized to cay without undue temperature rise the load current under site de-rated conditions. The de-rating shall take into account ambient air temperature, ground/ duet temperature, grouping and proximity of cables with each other, thermal resistivity of soil, depth of cable laying ete. Cables protected by fuses shall be able to withstand the maximum (I’ x time) let through energy of fuse. (x) In other cases, cables shall be able to withstand the fault current for duration as dictated by protective disconnecting device. (xi) The type of cable selected and the insulation shall be compatible with various chemicals encountered in the plant and other environmental conditions such as dampness highly corrosive atmosphere, high/low temperature, radiation etc., bearing in mind that certain chemicals (e.g. Benzene, Ethylene Chloride) are known to be detrimental to PVC. (xii) The selection of voltage rating of HV cables shall take into account the system voltage, system earthing arrangements and type of earth fault protection schemes. (xiii) When feeders comprising of parallel runs of cables are envisaged, the size, length and type of individual cable shall be identical 11.CABLE TESTING & ACC! LIMITS EPTANCE The criteria mentioned on cable selection section can be ensured by the testing of the cables as per IS 7098 Part-I & 2 standard, Following are the tests carried out to ensure the cable specifications, as per OISD guidelines: (i TS 7098 -1, clause 16.10 states that testing for flame retardant can be carried out in accordance with appropriate parts of IS: 10810 (Part-62) on bunched cables which provide the testing procedure of Flame retardant. Similarly Oxygen index test can be carried out as specified in IS 7098-1-16.9. (ii) Smoke density and light transmittance testing can be carried out as per ASTM D2843. (iii) High Voltage test can be carried out as per IS 7098- 1-153. (iv) Flammability test can be carried out as per IS 7098- 1-163 Similarly other testing procedures are specified in IS 7098-1 for complete cable testing and ensuring the OISD requirement of cable specifications for Oil & Gas industry. IV.PROPOSED ADDITIONAL TESTS ON THE CABLE FOR INCLUSION (i) PARTIAL DISCHARGE TEST (FOR SCREENED CABLES ONLY) : Partial discharge test (for screened cables only) is part of Routine, Type & Acceptance Tests as per clause no. 19.3, 19.1 & 19.2 of IS 7098 Part 2: 2011 (Reaffirmed 2016). Partial discharge test is necessary for ascertaining health of insulation system of cable and hence requires to be included in acceptance test for cables used in Oil & Gas Industry. (ii) Hot Set Test (HV): Hot set test is part of Type & Acceptance Tests as per clause no. 19.1 & 19.2 of IS 7098 Part 2: 2011 (Reaffirmed 2016). Hot set test helps us determine cross-linking of material used in insulation of cable. (iii) Hot Set Test (LV): Hot set test is part of Type & Acceptance Tests as per clause no. 19.1 & 19.2 of IS 7098 Part 2: 2011 (Reaffirmed 2016). Hot set test helps us determine cross-linking of material used in insulation of cable. V. PROPOSED SPECIFIC CABLE REQUIREMENT FOR rp (VARIABLE FREQUENCY pRIVES) Variable frequency drives are commonly used for controlling speed of Squirrel cage induction motors. These drives work on the principle of constant v/f which is employed by using Pulse width modulation (PWM). As per current practices we are using the same power cable for complete sinusoidal power supply and Pulse width modulated (PWM) at output of variable frequency drives, Since current from PWM supply is not as smooth Page 2 of 4as sinusoidal power supply, so it will produce high stress and high induced voltage during switching on of power cable which can be understood by following example, For PWM wave at output of VED: DAAA [\ uy ees cen tHE uf u us U : THU fl dit } | Ul, HH wv AAA i i 8 sk M 7 IL ay Win owe Max dv/dt value specified for VFD output = ‘Ili ——_]),_ fisopvMiicrosecona Ge PMO stent ve Sinusoidal power supply can be illustrated by following Snax2/Bmax = 724 (iv) equation: v(t) = V sin(wt) & i(t) =I sinQwetk) @ Where w is the frequency of power supply (50Hz in India) and k is the phase difference. Let us understand each phenomenon of high stress and high induced voltage developed in output cables during switching on of VED in depth in following paragraphs. 1. High Voltage stress: Voltage stress appearing on the cable (g = dv/dt) (ai) For Sinusoidal voltage: g = V w cos(wt) For MV system (6.6kV); g = 6600 x 2 x3.14 x 50 cos(wt) 20.7 x 10° V/Sec (iii) tangent to curve at point A slope = Ay/Ax So from eq. (iv) it can be viewed clearly that maximum voltage gradient in case of Voltage output from VED shall be 724 times maximum voltage gradient of voltage from pure sinusoidal Hig! ced voltage during s re Let 'L’ be the inductance of circuit connected to the drive. Therefore, induced emfis given by: E(t) = Ldi/dt E(t) = L Iw cos(wttk) Now in case of PWM frequency ‘w' of sampling is very high w.r.t to 50Hz (more than 1000 times), therefore induced emf in the cable shall be very high and shall be approximately 1000 times higher than that in smooth sinusoidal wave. Therefore during selection of cable for AC drives, maximum voltage gradient withstand capacity shall be considered as one of the major parameters. V1. COMPARISION ON ERECTION OF CABLES -UNDERGROUND vs ABOVE GROUND ( Advantages of laying above ground cables in comparison to buried cables: Public safety: In case of any excavation, there is always a chance of cable cut and fatal accident of maintenance personnel in underground cable laying. The same can be Page 3 of 4nullified in case of above ground cable laying in cable trays. Ease of maintenance & Fault identification: Maintenance & fault finding in above ground cables is easier in comparison to underground cables where it is a nightmare in identifying & rectification of cable faults in developed lands Easier installation: Digging trenches for construction of cables is cumbersome as well as inconvenient to the public. In comparison, above ground cables requires construction of cable trays & supports only Safe Handling of Cables: In case of above ground cable laying, physical damages to cables can be minimized in comparison to underground cable laying, Vil. IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR CABLE LAYING IN EQUIPMENT ROOMS/BUILDINGS & PUMP SHEDS Innovative method of cable entry in HT/LT equipment room/buildings through Multi conduit transits (MCT) blocks into cable cellars Fig: Typical MCT block This methodology has following advantages: i) Cable installation and future identification becomes easier. ii) Cable maintenance by personnel in cellar is easier in comparison to conventional cable trenches in equipment rooms/buildings. Fig: Typical equipment room/building with cable cellar Similarly, in pump sheds, instead of conventional underground burial of cables, permanent cable trenches covered by paver blocks can be considered for easy installation & future maintenance. vu, CONCLUSION Prominence on smoke density & FR type cables as per OISD guidelines for use in hazardous areas in Oil & Gas Industries has been discussed in details in the pre-pages of this paper. Additionally, requirement of specific properties in cables pertaining to use in output of VFD is a grey area and requires further focus for improvement. Use of appropriate power cable for VFD drives will avoid interference with the operation of other plant equipment, as well as ensure optimum operation and life of the connected load, In case of cable installation, innovative methods of above ground cable laying instead of conventional underground cable laying and cable entry through MCTs into equipment room/buildings with cellar for case of future maintenance, REFERENCES IEEE 519-2014:IEEE Recommended Practice and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power system Effect of harmonics on the efficiency of a three phase energy efficiency efficient and standard motors by Dr. Ahmed Hassan Eltom, P.E, ‘Siemens guide on harmonics in power systems Price and performance consideration for harmonics solution by Mr. Daniel J. Carnovale, P.E., Mr. Thomas J. Dionise, P.E. and Mr. Thomas M. Blooming, PE. Active/Passive Harmonics Filters: Applications, Challenges & trends by Lukas Motta, Nicolas Faundes Active filter design and specification for control of harmonics in industrial and commercial facilities by Mark Me Granaghan Electrotek Coneepts, Inc. Passive techniques for reducing input current harmonics by Mahesh M. Swamy, Yaskawa Electric America [3] (4 [5] [6] 71 Page 4 of 4Making Medium Voltage Distribution Grid Smart with Sensored Cable Terminations Aashish Agrawal 3M E8C India (P) Ltd. aagrawal@mmm.com ABSTRACT Distribution utilities in India are evolving and adopting measures to make the distribution network smart and efficient. For making any decision,the most powerful tools available to Utilities are the availability of historic and real- time data. The medium voltage system is the backbone of the electrical distribution network. Enabling monitoring of electrical parameters ‘such as voltage/current/ power quality/ reactive- power-flow/waveform capturing at medium voltage level can enable faster decision making. For enabling these monitoring features, the ability to retrofit existing infrastructure can help in saving cost & space which is extremely important in urban electricity distribution. With the help of captured data, analytical tools can help in enabling predictive maintenance, enhancing load planning, identifying power quality polluter&potentially identifying fault in underground cabling — network —_—before theoccurrence of the event. This paper discussesthe importance of medium voltage monitoring & sensor-based technology for making the distribution network reliable and efficient. Keywords grid automation,grid modernization, smart grid, waveform analysis, predictive maintenance, distribution network, Sensors, cable termination. 1.INTRODUCTION The nature of electrical power demand is changing in India. Indian distribution utilities are augmenting their existing equipment and installing new equipment for meeting changing demand in the electrical network. There are a few key contributing factors for change in power demand. There is emphasis on increasing renewable energy. Renewable Energy is expected to grow from 69GW in 2017 to 225GW in 2022. The government of India has initiated nationwide drive for introduction of e-vehicles. 25% of vehicles in India to be all electric by 2030, charging stations areexpected to be installed at every 25 km across India.Growth in annual power consumption in India is close to 6% “' Consumer expectations have changed from intermittent power supply to uninterrupted power supply. These changes contribute to challenges such as bi- directional energy flow due to distributed generation, power quality issues due to rapid charging stations, and space constraints for installation of new equipment to meetever-growing power demand. The medium voltage distribution network needs to be upgraded to overcome above challenges. 3M SensoredCable Termination for MV network is designed to upgrade the distribution network efficientlyby retrofitting existing infrastructure. It includes passive voltage sensor. The voltage sensor is capacitive divider and provides output in terms of both — voltage magnitude and phase angle. The current sensor is based on Faraday principle (Rogowski coil), which provides the output in terms of both — magnitude and phase angle.The compact form factor of Sensored Cable Termination can enable the utility to install inside the cable boxes of existing equipment. Hence, eliminating the need for additional space. These terminations, in combination with the right intelligent electronic devices and analytics devices,can enablea variety of applications in MV network. Uses of data captured through 3M Sensored Cable Termination in combination with the 3M™ Underground Monitoring, Analytics and Communication System (currently under development) are discussed in detail in this paper. 2. FEATURES OF TERMINATION ™ SENSORED CABLE The 3M Sensored Termination contains a pre- calibrated, highly accurate, and passive voltage and current sensors. These sensors are designed to provide outputs in accordance with IEC 61869-10 and -11,and enable precise measurement without calibration on site. It is available both in skirted termination and screened T-body _ plug-in configurations. The sensing function is in addition to all the expected basic functionality of standard cable terminations such as providing stress control,weather & tracking resistance, electrical insulation etc. Safety, accuracy and installation simplicity are the major features of this state of art technology which have led to many exciting grid modernization initiatives. Key features of the passive voltage sensors are as follows: IEC Voltage Class 24 kV Rated primary insulation level - 125 kVp (1.2/50 ss) Rated frequency 50 Hz Nominal voltage sensor transformation ratio 10,000/1 Accuracy class 0.5% Temperature category: -20° to +60°C Required voltage secondary impedance (RTU input): 1 MQ/50 pF circuit The Key features of the Rogowski coil used for pilot application discussed in this paper are as follows: Rated frequency 50 Hz Rated primary current 600 A Nominal current sensor converting ratio 1,000 A/ 100 mv Phase Error <0.5° Rated Accuracy (calibrated) 0.5% Linearity £0.2% of reading Bandwidth 1Hz to 100kHz (348) Operating Temperature -30 to +80°C Field installation of cable terminations with voltage & current 3. IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING IN MEDIUM VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK 3.1 Load Planning: Two important aspects of load planning are availability of historic daily-demand and peak load demand.The Sensored CableTermination can enablecontinuous monitoring of load. Data can be plotted in graphical format for capturing average Power demand and peak power demand for load planning. Wag. Source: Load curve plotted using 3M Sensored Cable ‘Termination andElecrical Analytics Unit (EAU), a component of the 3M™ Underground Monitoring, Analyties and Communication System, with hourly time span for 3 core cable termination installed in ring-main-unit In this case, it can be seen from the graph that generally load demand is repeating a pattern on daily basis exceptone day when there is a peak demand for few hours which may be attributed to increased demand due to public neighborhood event. This kind of data can help utility to predict area-wise load demand. With the availability of historic and real-time data, load growth rate can be predicted Trend analysis as above can guideutilities about the suitability of distribution equipment capacityand can potentially guide them about when they need to replace and install higher capacity equipment in their network. Analysis of peak demand can guide them about recurrence of the event and can be accounted for load planning purpose. 3.2 Voltage Monitoring and Identifying Medium Voltage NodesForConservation Voltage Reduction Implementation Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) is the practice of actively lowering the distribution line voltage as low as possible while ensuring that the delivered voltage is still within required specifications. The practice is built on the principle that many devices (i.e. air conditioning, incandescenvfluorescent light bulbs, induction motors, etc.) function with higher energy efficiency at rated voltages. Implementation of CVR involves a ‘combination of Volt/VAR optimization and switching capacitor banks to reduce line losses and maintain @ more uniform voltage along distribution lines, in addition to voltage regulation at the substation to purposefully reduce the voltage. Broad implementation of -~—-Sensored CableTermination in distribution network can help in identification of those segment of network which are having high voltage fluctuation and need CVR implementation. It can improve the power quality and increase lifespan of associated equipment. The 3M™ Underground Monitoring, Analytics and Communication System enables continuous accurate voltage monitoring, It can capture voltage fluctuation. These voltage-fluctuations can be plotted in graphical format for understanding of network. Generally, voltage fluctuations reduce lifespan of equipment connected throughout the network. Enabling monitoring of voltage can be important for utilities that has previously removed this feature from RMU due to space constraints at the MV nodal point. It is directly related to Power Quality improvement and extending equipment life span. Delivering power at more constant voltage or with less fluctuations can help with optimization of power demand and supply, thereby increasing revenue for the utility.cles Source: Voltage curve plotted using 3M Sensor Cable Termination and EAU, a component of the 3M™ Underground Monitoring, Analytics and Communication System, with hourly time installed in ring-main-unit 3.3 Phase Angle Monitoring and Identifying Nodes for Volt/VAR Optimizationimplementation For VoltVAROptimization(VVO), the monitoring of reactive power is necessary.The 3M Monitoring Analytics and Communication —systemenables ‘concurrent measurements of voltage, current and subsequent analysis of the time relationship between these parameters in realtime. Once measured, inductive loads can be compensated by switching a capacitor bank to cancel out reactive loads or switching in a reactor to cancel out capacitive loads. This automation can significantly improve the operating efficiencies of the MV feeder. ~ Nhe Source: Phase angle measurement using the EAU, a component, of the 3M™ Underground Monitoring, Analytics and Communication System 3.4 Sensor Based Protection System Output of the 3M Sensored CableTermination can be used by a relay for enhancing protection coordination in the MV network. Voltage and current sensor used in 3M Sensor Cable Termination aresignal sensors with linear response and broad dynamic range compared to ferromagnetic based sensors (eg. VT, CT, etc).Given the accuracy and dynamic rangethese sensors are well suited for protection, monitoring and waveform analysis, purposes. Overall, in terms of grid modemization, sensor- based protection, monitoring and analysis can enhance safety & reliability. New IED/Relays are ‘emerging for use with signal sensors such as 3M Sensored Cable Termination. 4. ENABLING PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE USING WAVEFORM CAPTURE. 4.1 Incipient Fault Generally, incipient faults are self-clearing sub-cycle faults.Given their sub-oycle nature, capturing the waveform is essential.Common reason for ‘occurrence of incipient fault is moisture ingress in cable joint.For understanding purpose, we can take an example.Typically, damage due to cable splice degradation allows moisture to enter the splice in the affected areas. Moisture content present inside the cable joint causes an arc, which in tum evaporate the moisture and extinguishes the fault. These faults are hard to capture with existing telemetry infrastructure since, both current and voltage waveforms, are needed to be captured. Such arc faults,when they become more and more frequent.leadto a full-blown fault. Incipient fault are precursors to permanent faults on the same phase. Frequency of incipient fault ‘occurrence increases over time. There might be one or two such events initially, but their frequency can increase rapidly before they are about to turn permanent. Below picture illustrate theoretical possibility of capturing the incipient fault. If maintenance activity had been planned based on first two captured waveform, permanent fault of the network could have been avoided altogether. AW Ut Sei Incipient Fault in underground Cable " 4.2 Lifecycle of Fault Life-cycle of electrical fault in underground cabling network can be understood with the help of block diagram. If there is any problem in installation such ‘as moisture or surface cut or contamination etc. it leads to partial discharge. Partial discharge leads to, ‘reeing in the insulation. Which further leads to incipient fault and eventually permanent fault. There are many options available for PD measurement which are capital intensive. Our objective is capturingincipient fault so that accessories can be planned to be replaced before the permanent fault. Life-cycle of Fault in Underground Cable Network"! 4.3Predictive Analysis, Maintenance By WaveformPrecise voltage and current waveforms captured through 3M Sensored Cable Termination and appropriate telemetry device can be analyzed using suitable tool for determining the distortion at the specific point in the waveform.in addition, ability tomonitor corresponding increase in current could enable avoiding false positives due to harmonics. 5. OTHER APPLICATIONS OF 3M SENSORED CABLETERMINATION “! 5.1Fault Identification and location: Full scale deployment of Sensored Cable Termination in the distribution network enables nodal point monitoring. The waveforms generated by a fault and measured by the device can be sampled at a high frequency and analyzed using signal locating methods including time-domain Teflectometry (TDR) and —_time-domain transmissometry (TDT). These analysis methods work on the basis that the captured waveforms are affected by the impedance of the conductor(s) the signal travels along. Coupling these measurements with time stamps and a network model including knowledge of cable lengths and impedance allows for fault locating via time of flight data. WithSensored Cable Termination and appropriate IEDs placed optimallyin electrical grid, faults can be measured from multiple locations and triangulated for fault location. 5.3 Power quality monitoring: The Sensored Cable Terminationis capable of measuringupto the 50” harmonic which is generally considered most relevant and sufficient for power quality related studies. With nodal point monitoring, the SensoredCable Terminations in the network can help identify possible sources of harmonics and potentially help the distribution companies to tackle the issues related to failures and premature ageing of assets in more informed way. 7.CONCLUSION The 3M Sensored Cable Termination provide a compact, accurate and efficient means of sensing current&voltagein the underground cable distribution network. The accuracy level of the sensors enables its usage in protection, monitoring, power qualityand planning predictive maintenance. The availability of the key network data enables grid automation in ways that can lead to a more efficient and reliable network. The compact form factor of the Sensored Cable Terminations is ideally suited for retrofit applications to upgrade existing networks to make them more efficient and responsive. It can serve as an altemative to Voltage Transformers and allow reduction in size of Distribution Equipment by eliminating needfor VT compartment, thereby reducing the footprint of distribution equipment. The most exciting possibility is that with proper planning and deployment of Sensored Cable Terminations with appropriate set of analytics, multiple functionalities can be achieved, thus making the network more efficient and reliable. REFERENCES [1] The Smart Termination: An innovative Component to enable ‘Smart Grids Development ~ CIRED June 2013 (Stockholm) by Ivano GENTILINI of Ene! Distibuzione ~ Italy ; Giulano BOLCATO of 3M Italy et al [2] Innovative protection system on distribution network by Luigi DIORAZIO & Roberto CALONE, Enel Distribuzione S.p.A.— taly [3] Ground fault protection in ENEL _ Distribuzione's experimental MV Loop Line byA. CAPASSO *, R. CALONE +R. LAMA tS. LAURIA *, A, SANTOPAOLO “Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, TENEL Distribuzione, Italy [4] Sensored Medium Voltage Cable Terminations for Smart Distribution Networks -Cable Tech-2019by Sanjay Jha, 3M india Lita [5] _K Temmen “Evaluation of Surface Changes in Flat Cavities Due to Ageing by Means of Phase-Angle Resolved Partial Discharge Measurement” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33 603 2000 [6] 5. Kulkarni, S. Santoso, T. Shor, “Incipient Fault Location [Aigorthm for Underground Cables,” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ‘ON SMART GRID, VOL. 5, NO. 3, MAY 2014. [7] Wikipediattecticity sector in india [8] _Enabiing Predictive Maintenance in Distribution Network through Waveform Analysis: Sensored Cable Terminations. by Aashish AgrawalPlanning an Underground Cable Installation The Effects of Tension and Sidewall Pressure By Charles Cole-Vice President, American Polywater Corporation 90% of premature medium and high voltage cable failures results from factors related to their installation. For cables installed into duct, a significant percentage of such failures are due to high tensions or sidewall pressures. Goodraceway design and installation practices minimize the risk of cable damage and reduce the cost of installation. This paper is the first in a series of papers related to underground cable design, planning, and best practices which lead to safe and cost-effective underground cable installations. The Underground Cable System Planning Process The planning process presented here is structured along the same lines as those used in American Polywater’s PullPlanner®4.0 Tension and Sidewall Estimation software program. The process considers the following issues: 1. Duct/Raceway Geometry- The planning process assumes that the raceway’s general geometry is agiven. This includes i.) starting/ending points of the raceway; ii.) length and vertical displacement of straight sections; ii.) location, direction, radii and curvature of duct bends; and iv.) potential location of pulling/splicing bays, cable pushers and other related structures and/or hauling equipment. 2. Materials & Equipment: The planning process identifies the materials and equipment that will be used in the cable installation, Data to be considered include i.) duct and cable jacket materials to be used; i.) the size and/or power of rollers, bull-wheels, cable-pushers, cable-drum drives, and winches; and iii.) the selection of a cable pulling lubricant, if any, based on its friction reduction characteristics and compatibility with the other materials found in the cable network. 3. Tension & Sidewall Pressure Generation- The planning process must accurately estimate the tension and sidewall pressures produced on the cable when hauled into the duct. The underground raceway can take on many physical configurations which affect differently thegeneration of tensions in vertical displacements of straight sections to tensions in bends. The direction of travel of the cable inavertical bend or the direction that gravity acts on the cable will also impact the generation of tensions. The application of the appropriate physical equations to correctly model the tension and sidewall pressures generated in these different configurations is critical to accurate planning and optimal cable network design. The planning process must consider all the ways that raceway geometry can affect the friction created as the cable rubs on the interior duct wall. This frictiongenerates tensions and sidewall pressures on the cable.Curvature in raceway design increases tension in an exponential manner, while short bend radii increase sidewall pressures. Both increase the risk of damage to the cable and the raceway itself. In the same way, the planning process must take in account the influence that materials and equipment selection have on friction generation and how they might affect installation distances and the need for and size of cable hauling equipment. Different combinations of duct and cable jacket materials result in different coefficients of friction (COF). The addition of cable pulling lubricants into this material mix results in COFsmuch different than those generated from unlubricated materials. Low COFs havesignificant impact on tension reduction, installation distances, the need for intermediate bays and the size of pulling winches. Raceway Geometry To expand on the issues outlined above we will use the following raceway layout (plan view) similar to many high voltage cable installations in terms of length and curvature: Raceway Layout Section S Section 1 Section 2 Section Section & Section 3 Using the PullPlanner®4.0 planning process to describe this raceway configuration, it is assumed that each section is composed of a straight segment and a bend. (Section 7 above does not include a bend as it is the end of the duct run.) In this example, all sections are assumed to be on the same horizontal plane, so there are no changes in elevation nor vertical curves. This is not the case in mostsituations so elevation changes such as angle of inclination from horizontal of straight segments and vertical orientation of vertical bends must be entered for each section. A pulling bay is proposed at the midway point of Section 4 designated by the red dashed rectangle. Whether this will be required will be discussed later in this paper. The table below shows the required data to describe each section: Raceway Configuration Data Section No. | StraightSegment | Straight Segment | Bend Type | Bend Radius | Bend Angle Angle (degrees) Length (m) (m) (degrees) 1 H 25 H 6 90 2 H 100 H 3 45 3 H 150 H 6 90 4 H 700 H 3 45 5 H 20 H 3 22.56 H 60 H 3 22.5 7 H 20 H - - These data result in a raceway of 1100.9 min length; 1075 min straight sections and another 25.9 m in length of the bends. Total curvature in the installation is 315 degrees. Materials & Equipment In this phase of the cable hauling planning process, the materials to be used in the installation need to be identified. These include duct, cable jacket and lubricant types. These will determine the COF and concomitant tensions and sidewall pressures generated on the cable during its installation. The tensions encountered during installation will, in turn, determine the equipment and structures required to reduce cable damage risk. The table below identifies the materials used in the installation whose layout was defined above: Installation Materials Component | Material 1D/OD Weight | Max. Tension | Unlubricated | Lubricated (mm) Kgs/m KN COF COF Duct PVC 150 a Cable Jacket XLPE 94.7 14.3 100 : Lubricant _| Polywater J 0.11 Coefficient of Friction:The accurate estimation of the COF is critical to the cable installation planning process. Many of the data used at present to design underground cable networks are based on outdated COF and installation practices. These often result in inaccurate or overly conservative tension/sidewall pressure estimates, which increase cable installation costs and compromise the long- term performance of the electrical grid. Greater COF accuracy allows for more design flexibility, reductions in cable installation costs and optimalperformance of the cable network over the long-term. Every combination of duct type, cable jacket material and cable pulling lubricant results in a different COF. For example, if the cable jacket in the scenario being considered, were constructed with a PVC material instead of XLPE, the unlubricated COF would be 0.56 instead of the 0.45 COF shown above in the table. Ifthe lubricant were changed from Polywater J to Polywater LZ for the original combination of PVC duct and XLPE jacket materials, the lubricated COF would be 0.05. A single lubricant will not result in the same COF for different materials combinations. Such variations in friction generation during a medium to high voltage cable installation can lead to significant changes in the tension and sidewall pressures induced on the cable.Accurate tension estimation requires that the COF used in the planning process be based on the specific materials being used. The introduction of new materials used in the construction of underground cable networks has had a great impact on the COF and Sidewall Pressures (SWP) realized in the field today. Many cable installation standards and guidelines were developed 20-30 years ago and are based on duct, jacket and lubricant technologies found at the time of their publication. The development of new jacket materials and lubricant technologies, makes inaccurate many of the COF data contained in the standards. Forexample, the introduction of Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) jacket materials and pulling lubricants designed to be used in their installation are not accurately covered. Nor are new formulations of standard XLPE and PVC jacket materials covered in the standards. To ensure that appropriate COF data are used in the planning process, consult cable and/or cable lubricant manufacturers for accurate, field- tested COF for different materials combinations. Polywater’s PullPlanner®4.0 Tension and Sidewall Pressure Estimation program utilizes the largest COF database to provide accurate data in the planning process. Equipment & Structure Requirements:The cable installation planning process must also identify the type of equipment and structures to be used when the cable is hauled into the duct. The sizing of equipment and location of structures such as pulling/splicing bays is a function of the tensions generated on the cable during installation. We will first assess the need for the intermediate bay in Section 4. Whether the proposed vault is needed, is a function of the tensions generated on the cable through Section 4. If the tension will surpass the maximum allowable cable tension somewhere in section 5, the bay should be installed to shorten the total installation distance so as not to exceed the maximum tension. The table below shows the tensions generated on the cable when the non-lubricated COF of 0.45 is used. Tension/SWP Estimates-No Lubrication Section Straight Bend Radius Bend Angle Section Tension Bend SwP (m) (m) Degrees kN kN 1 25 6 90 3.36 0.56 2 100 3 45 13.77 4.59 3 150 6 90 47.13 7.86 4 700 = 45 130.02 43.34 5 20 3 22.5 156.66 52.22 6 60 3 22.5 191.46 63.82 7 20 = = 192.72 = As shown, the tension on the cable surpasses the maximum tension of 100kN somewhere in Section 4. To determine where this tension exceeds maximum tension, the PullPlanner®4.0 was used to locate this critical point. This analysis showed that the tension going into the bend at the end of Section 4 was approximately 91 kN: Below the maximum allowable tension of the cable. The tension out of the Section 4 bend was 130.2 kN as shown in the table, This demonstrates the fact that tension increases in an exponential manner based on the COF in raceway bends. The placement of the pulling bay; therefore, should be located before the start of the bend if no lubrication is used. A revised table based on the lubricated COF of 0.11 is shown below: Tension/SWP Estimates-With Lubrication Section | Straight | BendRadius | Bend Angle | Section Tension Bend SWP (m) (m) Degrees kN. kN 1 25 6 90 0.55 0.092 100 3 45 2.29 0.75 3 150 6 90 5.48 0.91 4 700 3 45 17.75 5.92 5 20 3 22.5 18.86 6.29 6 60 3 22.5 20.66 6.89 7 20 oa = 20.96 = The use of Polywater J Cable Pulling Lubricant has a significant effect on the tensions and sidewall pressures generated on the cable. This analysis shows that the Pulling Bay can be eliminated completely from the raceway design,as a result, of the use of the lubricant. This reducesproject cost and installation times. In addition, the risk of cable damage is reduced significantly. The use of lubricant has other benefits. These include: * The elimination or reduction in the number of cable splices required when the total length of the installation cannot be installed at one time. This not only reduces project costs but eliminates weak points in the cable network where future problems can occur. + The use of smaller pulling equipment such as winches. In the non-lubricated scenario above, a ten (10) tonne winch would be needed just to pull the cable to the start of the Section 4 bend. In the lubricated scenario, a much smaller winch of three (3) tonnes would be required for the entire installation distance. +The elimination of ancillary equipment such as rollers and cable pushers. This reduces project costs and set-up costs. + The reduction in the number of cable installation equipment set-ups to reduce installation times and increase worker productivity. * The improved safety of workers and equipment. Tension and Sidewall Pressure Estimation The generation of tension in a cable when installed into a duct is accurately estimated using a set of equations developed in the 1940s and 1950s by Rifenburg’. These Pulling Equations estimate tensions of cables in different duct configurations such as in straight horizontal or inclined sections, horizontal bends and various vertical bend types where cables are either pulled up or down through them. (See Appendix A for a listing of these equations.) An installation in the field can be modeled by combining the different duct segment configurations together with their corresponding equations. Cable installation specifications and guidelines published years ago often use simplified pulling equations to estimate tension and SWPs in these configurations. Theinaccuracies they introduce into tension calculationsoften lead to overly conservative estimates that increase cable installation costs and compromise the long-term performance of the electrical grid, It is recommended that Rifenburg’s Cable Pulling Equations be used to minimize uncertainty and to optimize cable installation design For large installations, the number and variation in these various raceway configurations can result in laborious calculations that take time and effort. It is recommended that a program designed specificallyfor underground cable installation which incorporates the full set of Rifenburg’s equations and the latest COF data be used whenever possible. As was shown above, American Polywater’s PullPlanner®4.0 can be used to accurately estimate tensions and SWP. The PullPlanner®4.0 incorporates updated COF data, even for new jacket technologies such as LSZH, and utilizes the Pulling Equations to quantify the effects that changes in elevation or the vertical orientation of raceway bends have in tension generation. It can be used to determine whether ancillary installation equipment is required and where structures such as splice/pulling bays should be placed. The PullPlanner®4.0 also facilitates the calculation of tensions in large radius bends common to duct systems under roadways, railbeds and bodies of water. In such raceway configurations, the Pulling Equations do not accurately estimate tensions. Proper software tools can be used to the optimize raceway design. The PullPlanner®4.0 incorporates the full set of the Pulling Equations, up to date COF data and other functions for the accurate and effective estimation of tension and sidewall pressures generated on the cable when installed in a varietyof underground raceway configurations. Conclusion The planning process described in this paper allows for the optimization of underground cable installation design.The understanding of how tension and sidewall pressures are generated during the installation of medium to high voltage cables is critical to this process. The safety, efficiency and economic return of underground cable hauling operations are better estimated when the appropriate data is incorporated into this process. These include up to date COF data that reflect recent duct, cable jacket and lubricant advances, as well as, cable specifications that quantify maximum allowable tensions and sidewall pressures for the cable being installed. The planning process allows for the evaluation of installation distances and the assessment of the need for and location of equipment, structures and splices. Proper raceway design can also lead to faster installation, lower risk to equipment and personnel and lower cost of cable hauling operations.SEMINAR ON RECENT TRENDS IN ELECTRIC WIRES AND POWER CABLES TECHNOLOGY Organised by: CPRI, Noida Date & Venue:19/02/2020, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. Invitee: Amit Kaushik Senior Manager- Quality, Laboratory & Audits mobile: +91-9873354677 email: amit.kaushik@ensto.com Ensto India Private Ltd Plot no.241-242, Sector 6, IMT Manesar Haryana 122050, India Some overview about topics chosen are as below: Topics: 1) Emerging Technologies: Covered Conductor System Covered conductors were developed to improve reliability of the distribution of electricity. Time has assured the Covered Conductor solution to be extremely functional and reliable. Faults caused by snow, ice or storms have decreased remarkably. Full Covered Conductor Solution provides even more complete protection for the line. Covered Conductor Solution (CC) allows space savings e.g. 40% narrower clearances for line corridors through forested areas, compared to a standard bare line, Ensto accessories for medium voltage Covered Conductor Solutions are tested according to the EN 50397-2 standard which, compared to earlier national standards, is substantially more demanding and covers the accessories designed for such solutions more extensively. This brings a whole lot of reliability for theCovered Conductor Solution. Benefits of FCCS Full Covered Conductor Solution (FCC) provides even more complete protection for the line compared to traditional Covered Conductor Solution. In addition for the covering of the conductors, other live parts of the line have been covered also such as insulators, suspension- and tension clamps, connectors, etc. This has been done to acquire even more protection from wildlife, such as birds and squirrels, and to prevent interruptions in the distribution of electricity. Choosing a Full Covered Conductor solution with quality accessories, which are designed electrically & mechanically for the best performance is guaranteed to pay for itself in the form of fewer faults, lower maintenance costs, and higher-quality electricity. Accessories for medium voltage Full Covered Conductor lines include insulators, tension and suspension clamps, arc protection devices, current limiters, connectors, bird protectors and crossarms. Reqi ments with Covered Conductors Some additional requirements have been set for Covered Conductors, compared to traditional bare conductor construction:* Conductors must be handled with care. * Only accessories designed and approved for the conductor shall be used. * Arc Protection devices must be used on lines vulnerable to overvoltage. © Substations must have tripping earth-fault protection devices and alarming secondary devices. Are Protection Overvoltage is induced on the line usually when lightning strikes on an overhead line or near it. The magnitude of the overvoltage is approximately the same in all phases and may rise to several hundred kilovolts between a phase conductor and earth. The overvoltage travels along the line to the nearest pole and discharges there by igniting an arc between the crossarm and the conductors. After the overvoltage has discharged a power frequency short-circuit current start to flow through ionized air, resulting in a power arc between the phases. Power arc magnitude is normally several kilo amperes. Power arc can move freely along an ordinary bare conductor line towards the load, but in the covered conductor line the covering forms an obstacle. When an arc ignites, it burns a small hole in the covering and keeps burning until the conductor is damaged or burned through. Circuit breakers cannot respond quickly enough. In order to prevent damage a covered conductor must be protected by installing arc protection devices to appropriate locations. These offer the power arc a safe discharge route without damaging the conductor. Placing of the Arc Protection An Arc Protection device is used to protect the conductors as well as other network components. In this way, itis possible to achieve disruption-free distribution of electricity, a major benefit to the consumer. Arc protection devices must be installed in places in which overvoltage is likely to occur, e.g. fields and hills. Furthermore, protection is required in frequently used areas; for example, buildings, yards, their immediate vicinity, traffic routes and sports fields. The protection chosen also depends on the network's short-circuit values.Topics: 2) Erection/Commissioning: Type of Overhead Line Systems for LV ABC Character/Criteria Four Core System Insulated MWS: Bare MWS Description 4 equal Al alloy Insulated Al phase + Insulated Al phase + Bare Al conductors Insulated Al alloy alloy messenger messenger MBL(typical values) 4x70sqmm: 45.3 kN 3x70sqmm+54.6sqmm=16. OkN 3x70sqmm+ 95sqmm=27.90 kN Sharing of mechanical ‘Mech.load applied in Messenger wire carries all ‘Messenger wire carries all breaking under unexpected loads like falling trees,etc. to break alone, if the installation is made properly. High mechanical strength. alone, if not provided with weak links. Risk to personnel and apparatus due to risen phase voltage & high potential in neutral, if the earthing is not made properly. load all conductors mechanical load mechanical load TS of wires of All conductors ‘Neutral 300N/sqmm ‘Neutral 300N/sqmm conductor(N/sqmm) _ | 260N/sqmm Phase 120N/sqmm Phase 120N/sqmm Risk of neutral The neutral is unlikely | The neutral may break The neutral is reinforced, but it may break alone. Risk to personnel and apparatus due to risen phase voltage & high potential in neutral. if the earthing is not made properly. Care required for handling of overhead AB Cables & Covered Conductors: LT /HTAB Cable XN - The drums must be stored and transported in an upright position.- The cable drums may not be thrown e.g. from transportation vehicles. - When handling the cable, avoid contact with sharp articles. - In order to prevent corrosion, an AB cable may not touch the ground. - Always cut AB cable with a cutter in order to prevent the strands from spreading. - Use nylon ties or electrical tape to prevent the cable from spreading after the cutting. - Staple the end of the cable on to the drum in order to prevent loosening. - Do not remove the protective boards from the ABC drum before the cable is pulled out of the drum, - When moving the drum by rolling it on the ground, always roll the drum in the direction indicated by the arrow on the flange. When pulling the cable, the spinning direction must be opposite. - Do not store the drums on wet soil, sand or humid places. - Store the accessories in good order for quick, easy and correct handling. PULLING AND FIXING OF THE LT AB CABLE = Working group has the line plan including maps and instructions - Check that the poles have fasteners for cables and that the reels are on their appropriate places. - Before installation, check that the cable drums, accessories, tools and equipment are in good condition PULLING THE LT AB CABLE The principle is to pull the ABC Cable under mechanical tension so that contact with the ground or any other obstacles is avoided. Stringing Operation Two separate methods can be used: A. The sag method: Tension the cable using cable hoist till you get the required sag. One can measure the sag using a stick marked with length as per tables. B. The dynamometer method: Tighten the cable at the required value by reading the dynamometer as per the required tension table.Investigations On Non-Linear Dielectric Constant and Resultant Electric Field Distribution in AC Power Cables and Joints Pranay Johri and C. C, Reddy Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar, India pranav.19ee20010@iitpr.ae.in, reddy @iitepr.ac.in ‘Chempak Kumar Adani Electricity Mumbai Led. (Chempak.kumar@adani,com Abstract—This work is in context of the power cables and joints in power distribution networks which operate predominantly under ae fields and the dielectric behavior of the cable insulation depends on its permittivity which tends to be nonlinear under varying electric fields and temperature. In this paper, the authors have presented their findings obtained du res of transition joints in the Indian city of Mumbai. The permittivity of the joint layers had been measured using diclectric spectroscopy under varying conditions and electric field distribution had been obtained for a cylindrical geometrical model of the paper insulated lead covered with rrespect to an independently operating cable and that in a joint, and with variation in temperature, average value of applied electric field and loading conditions of the joint, Keywords: Power Distribution Networks, Dielectric Spectroscopy, Non-Linear Permittivity, Transition Joints. 1. INTRODUCTION With the growing right-of-way problem associated with the overhead lines, underground power cables have been the primary carrier for transmission and distribution of electric power since the last two decades or so. The advent of renewable energy sources and the associated power converters has given a boost to HVDC power transmission; however, the majority of power distribution networks in our country operate under alternating current voltages and thus the research pertaining to the various aspects of AC power cables assumes a high significance, The insulation system represents the most critical part of a power equipment whose performance determines the reliability and service life of the equipment. Cellulose based paper insulation impregnated with silicone oil has been traditionally used as power cable insulation and such cables. continue to exist in power distribution. systems With the development in the power cable technology over the years, a number of polymeric materials have come up which have adequate dielectric strength even without oil impregnation and such a dry type of insulation has gradually replaced oil based insulation in large parts of power networks|1]. Among the polymeric materials, cross- linked polyethylene (XLPE) has become the preferred insulation material at most voltage levels of operation owing to its good dielectric and thermal properties and case of processing and extrusion. Another important consideration in the design and installation of power cables is the length and drum size which is limited by the economic and portability issues. After a certain length, cable joints become inevitable and historically they have been more prone to failures than individual cables. Given that different types of power cables do exist and operate today, sometimes with entirely different insulating media such as the oil impregnated paper insulated lead covered (PILC) and oil-free XLPE cables, the joints connecting, them, also known as the transition joints iave also become inevitable. It has been reported by power utilities such as Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited (AEML) and literature that these joints have been significantly vulnerable to failures especially on the PILC cable side of the joint [2]. In this paper, the authors have presented the findings and results obtained during the course of collaboration with AEML, to investigate the possible reasons behind such a high failure rate of transition joints. H, DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOUR UNDER AC FIELD A dielectric or insulating material tends to behave differently under ac and de electric fields. In case of alternating current (AC) fields, the capacitive nature of the dielectric dominates at steady state over the resistive nature and its permittivity becomes crucial over conductivity for determining the response to the applied field. Relative permittivity which is the ratio of the permittivity of a dielectric to the permittivity of the vacuum and also known as the dielectric constant is no longer constant if there are variations in the applied electric field, frequency and temperature, The authors have subjected a number of dielectric samples to dielectric spectroscopy under varying conditions of electric field and temperature at the power frequency of 50 Hz and found out that the permittivity of a dielectric is non-linear and has a dependence of exponential nature on applied electric field and temperature, Based on the experiments performed on a large number of dielectric samples, the authors have proposed an empirical relationship for dependence of relative permittivity on el Id and temperature in as in equation (1). a(T.B) = axel xe ()T=temperature (°C) Eclectic field (kV/mm) a-dimensionless constant ‘b-temperature coefficient of permittivity (°C) e=field coefficient of permittivity (mmvkV) AAs this work pertains to transition joints and in particular the paper insulated (PILC) cable side, the results presented here are for materials used in such a joint. The following figure depicts a two-dimensional cylindrical geometry of a PILC cable which is pact of «transit joint with a XLPE cable. Fig. 1. The eylndsical geometry o'a PILC eable ina transition joint, The electric stress in a dielectric material is roughly inversely proportional to its permittivity and based on the results of dielectric spectroscopy, out of all layers on the PILC cable side, the permittivity of the primary paper insulation and a polyolefin based oil blocking layer have such values that they tend to affect the resultant electric field distribution, as all other layer have high permittivity values resulting in a low electric stress across them. The following figures depict the three-dimensional plots showing the variation of relative permittivity of paper and polyolefin based oil blocking layer respectively, with respect to electric field and temperatures, as obtained with the empirical relationship presented in equation (1). For Paper insulation ‘sptativg Permictvity n ‘ nae ‘ .® a TEMPERATURE) LECTREFELDAvinm) Fig. 2. Relative permitivty of paper insulation w.rt electric field and. temperature ForPotyoletin based ol locking layer Fig. 3. Relative permitvity of polyolefin based ol blocking layer wt cleirc Feld and temperature II]. SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULTS The cylindrical model presented in the preceding section hhad been used as the simulation model. Permittivity of each of the two insulation layers had been specified as functions of temperature and electric field with their respective coefficients as described in the preceding section. Dirichlet boundary conditions of electric potential and temperature were specified at the conductor boundary and at the grounded metallic sheath boundary. Maxwell's equations had been solved along with the heat flux equation in order to obtain the resultant electric field distribution asthe cable operates under simultaneous electric and thermal fields [3]. The following figure present a comparison in the electric field distribution in a PILC cable, operating independently without the polyolefin layer and one with the polyolefin layer in a transition joint under an applied electric field of 1OKV/mm, conductor temperature of 70°C and grounded sheath temperature of 40°C. Fig. 4. Electric Field Distribution in an independently operating, PILC cable and a PILC cable ina transition joint With further simplification based on the permittivity results presented in figures | and 2, which bring about the fact that only the paper and oil blocking layer tend to influence the resultant field distribution, a simplified ‘model was obtained by the authors. The following figure presents the simplified simulation model:SECONDARY INSULATION (POLYOLEFIN) {CONDUCTOR PRIMARY INSULATION (PAPER) = {GROUNDED SHEATH Fig. 5. The simulation model In this model, the thickness of the paper and polyolefin layers have been assumed as same; in general the primary insulation has a higher thickness. The electric field distribution was then obtained with variation of conductor temperature, keeping the average value of applied electric field and permittivity coefficients (6 and ¢) constant at their original values as presented in figure 6. It has been observed that with increase in conductor boundary temperature, the peak of the electric field tends to increase in the polyolefin layer; while at the same time, a dip in the electric field across the paper insulation layer had been observed, ‘atl Emeric Fal Ve Cal Ra for Varying Conduct Tampere Fig 6, Eletic Field Distribution with variation in conductor boundary temperature The effect of variation in average value of applied electric field was also studied, keeping the temperature and permittivity coefficients constant as seen in figure 7. Fig, 7. Eletrie Field Distribution with variation in average value of applied electri field Another investigation was done with regards to. the loading conditions of the joint. In a scenario when both the paper and polyolefin based oil blocking layer have the same thickness, the PILC cable was subjected to conditions varying from no-load till overload and the resultant field distribution was obtained. Figure 7 presents the obtained results MAGIYTUOE ANO LOCATION OF PEAK ELECTRE STRESS WITH LOAD CONDITIONS. f ae i & Sa imoudan) " coxoucTOR BOUNDARY TeMPERATUREe) “ovERLOADING) Fig. 8, Variation in magnitude and location of peak electric stress with load conditions (when thickness of paper and polyolefin layers ate same) It has been seen that at most of the practical load conditions, the peak stress is experienced by the polyolefin based oil blocking layer, as also seen in figure 6, whereas at no load or lightly loaded conditions, the paper faces peak stress. IV. Discussion The capacitance offered by a dielectric has a direct dependence on its permittivity and thus the variations in permittivity with changes in temperature and electric field affect the capacitance and the capacitive reactance which is inversely proportional to the capacitance, The voltage drop across a particular capacitance or dielectric layer depends directly on the reactance and the higher its value, the higher is the voltage drop and thus the electric stress. The results presented in this paper validate the above line of reasoning. As the permittivity of the polyolefin based oil blocking layer is lower than that of paper and tends to dip with increase in temperature, the capacitance offered by this layer is the lowest and it therefore experiences the peak electric field under most of the practical operating conditions. As the stress rises across one of the layers, simultaneously drops across the other layers since the applied voltage is constant, thus leading to a non-uniform distribution of electric field in the PILC cable and the transition joint. This non-uniformity together with further deterioration due to ageing may eventually result in the failure of the transition joint. V. CONCLUSIONS The authors have arrived at the following tangible conclusions based on the obtained results: a) . The permittivity of a dielectric which is non-linear in nature determines its response under alternating fields. b). The increase in conductor boundary temperature and average value of applied electric field leads to an inerease in the peak electric stress across the joint layers which have an inverse permittivity relationship with temperature. b). In a PILC cable forming a transition joint the peak stress is experienced by paper under no load and by the polyolefin layer under all practical load conditionsrespectively, if the thickness of the polyolefin based oil blocking layer is equal to that of the primary paper insulation. VI. ACKNOWLEGEMENT The authors would like to express their gratitude towards Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited (AEML) for their resources and support during the course of this work. Oy (2] BI] REFERENCES JH. Lawson, “The transition from paper-insulated, lead-covered cable to cross-linked polyethylene-insulated cable- a personal account,” IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Volume 29, Issue 4, July-August 2013, pp. 16-23 Jeffry Mackevich, Peter Larsson, December 1984, "The extension of Heat-Shrinkable Components For Use in 1/C ‘Transition and Paper Cable Joints ", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-103. Ch. Chakradhar Reddy and 'T, S. Ramu, “On the computation of electric field and temperature distribution in HVDC cable insulation,” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Volume 13, Issue :6, 2006, pp. 1236-1244.Benefits of combined diagnostics methods, using Very Low Frequency, Partial Discharge and Dissipation Factor measurement on medium voltage distribution cables Sanjay P. Mishra Chairman, SM Systems 18, 2nd Floor, Mamta Anand Sankul, Nashik Poona Road, Nashik Road, Nashik - 422 006, Maharashtra, India. https://www.smsystems.co.in, Email: salesGsmsystems.co.in Abstract—This paper discusses the experiences in field testing and diagnostic measurements with Very Low Frequency, partial discharge and dissipation factor on insulations in medium voltage distribution cable networks. Keywords : Underground Cable Testing, Fault Loca- tion, Dissipation Factor, Partial Discharge Measure- ment, Very Low Frequency, 0.1 Hz 1. Introduction Inspection and commissioning of newly installed HV ca- bles especially for the power Transmission and distribution network is an important procedure to ensure the reliability and performance of the power supply. Since many years HV DC and HV AC testing at power Frequency under laboratory and field conditions have been reliable tools for insulation Assessment. Beyond recent development in the international standards, new methods and testing, frequencies were added to these new standards like VLF — rather than power frequency. The assessment. of ageing, and preventing damages of medium and high voltage un- derground cable system is highly important for the utilities today. Due to the quality of the power distribution network: and the high cost of increasing demand of reliability in the power supply; the underground cable system needs more performance testing and control IL. Quality of underground cable systems For a reliable cable network it is important to measure a newly installed cable-line, which was laid and mounted by third party service providers, also to check the quality and reliability for the future, Such providers promise a warranty of quality. If the cable gets faulty caused by a defect cable-sheath or a mounting fault of joints and terminations the provider is accountable for unprofessional laying or mounting. Despite of this, it is necessary to consider that the reputation of the supplier is severely affects from the customer's viewpoint. III, Combined Diagnostic Measurement, ‘Techniques With partial discharge measurements one can detect local mounting-faults or electrical trees in order to prevent future Interruptions. The dissipation factor measurement, is'a key tool to pursue this strategy, also to identify a great part of the undocumented bad production of XLPE-cables with electrical and water-trees from the first generation as they are responsible for a great number of interruptions. Applying combined very low frequeney 0.1 true sinusoidal , the dissipation factor and partial discharge measurement, will improve the reliability of the medium voltage eable beforehand enormously, before the cable will incipiently fail. In the following sections results of measurements and conclusions as well as a suitable evaluation of measured dissipation and partial discharge value will be presented. IV. Why DC test may not be used for XLPE cables? Many power utilities had been using DC voltage for on-site testing of cables. ‘The same practice was retained when XLPE cables were introduced into the system about 20 years ago. However recent study on eable failures in developed utilities revealed the fact that this traditional method of cable testing, which is relatively reliable on PILC cables, is ineffective in detecting hidden defects in XLPE insulation. It was found that DC voltage testing could induce trapped space charges in the polymeric ma- terial, which are detrimental to the dielectric strength of the cables, After successfully passing the DC voltage, these cables would breakdown again shortly after being re-energized. Similar behavioral pattern was also observed in the medium voltage (MV) cable failures. Space charges can be visualized by distributing the voltage distribution during a DC test between the sheath and core over the distance of insulation. The voltage distribution indicates that voids that are acting as small capacitors at particular positions can store certain energy.Seminar on Recent ‘Trends in Electric Wires & Power Cables Technology, CPRI Noida Depending on its position along the diameter the voltage can reach quite high after several minutes of DC test After the test has been completed, the core is discharged and kept grounded. The voltage distribution along the insulation will remain for a certain time. Voids that are charged may keep their charge due to the surrounding highly insulating XLPE material. Cables that are switched on after a suecessful DC test may face that those locations with voids will receive over- stress and might fail soon after the switching on sequence poten, et bt Fig. 1. Space Charges in voids of XLPE during DC testing, V. Why should VLF be used for testing of MV underground cables? For insulation coordination it is a need to test the withstand strength of equipment with a stress similar to the stress in operation. Diagnostic procedures are more or Jess free in the stress of the insulation. Requirements are first not to damage proper insulation and second to achieve a sufficient recognition of the status. DC testing confiiets both requirements when testing PE / XLPE insulated power cables. Very Low Frequency test voltages have first been ine troduced for testing high power generators. Recognizing the danger of DC testing of PE/XLPE cables, VLP was one of the possible alternatives. First VLF was used as a possible withstand at typically 3Up for one hour. Later dissipation factor (DF) measurement (tand) and partial discharge (PD) measurements have been introduced as diagnostic tools. Technical reasons using VLF Weight and volume of test equipment Mobility for field application Higher efficiency in finding insulation defects Higher sensitivity and precision on TD measurement, compared to power frequency or oscillating wave + Diagnostic efficiency, using truesinus@® HV source for PD measttrements + Fault distance monitoring during commissioning and proof tests with PD monitoring + VLF testing is far more effective than DC + DC may produce space charges in the dry cable insulation with long term damage to the cable General strategic reasons for using VLF Improve wide seale system reliability Reduce hours lost/user/per year Condition based maintenance (medium cost) Preventive maintenance (very high cost) Replacement, decisions on partial replacements Reliable system for life time considerations and sys- tem assessment data evaluation Tc Wag Cals ‘ow amt | Gece Bare 2014 620~ 1996, =a Uality Standard bsvoisnis eat fo VLF 0. Hr a hres Excrrisan oxen [of es foswoae asaone coming POE SH tara hon oe zoe) Jewirensc fovnsowme vuror ne pee J-1o70”foveteabesig Pam, pa fended pao [esr0n smi. ee 18-22 fraeet hs—comia a = hen nance hares cL =e a Besse [Nt (VLE PD eo Fig. 2. Overview of testing and diagnostics standards for MV Cables A. Test voltage Voltage wave shape + The test voltage should be an alternating voltage having a frequeney between 0.01 Hz and 1 Hy. + NOTE: With respect to the wide frequency range the relevant Technical Committee should specify the frequency dependent on the test object, the test duration and the voltage value, Sinusoidal VLF voltage wave shape shall approximate & sinusoid with both halfeycles closely alike. The result of a high-voltage testis thought to be unaffected by small deviations from a sinusoid if the ratio of the peak to root mean square values is within v2 + 15%, + NOTE: If the ratio of peak r.m.s values is not within v2 5%, it should be verified that positive and negative peaks do not differ by more than 2%, Page 2Seminar on Recent Trends in Electric Wires & Power Cables Technology, CPRI Noida Rectangular VLF voltage wave shape shall approximate a rectangular wave with both half cycles closely alike. The polarity change should be controlled to avoid over voltages caused by transients. The ratio of peak to r.m.s value shall be within 1.045%. + Tolerance The measured value of the test voltage shall be within 5% of the specified value unless otherwise specified by the relevant Technical Committee. VI. CASE STUDY INVATTENFALL BERLIN A. Strategic Plan In Berlin it is necessary to cluster the existing eable-lines in present condition categories, because it is unimaginable replacing a great part of the 10.500 km long aged medium, voltage cable network in Berlin without a cost-efficient strategy. The main target is, of course, to replace only 1 part of a cable-line or a joint, which is responsible for a possible interruption of a cable-line in the near future, Cable Knowledge / Statisties Cable Diagnosties power frequency tans. The following criteria’ s are used to evaluate the global cable assessment. dissipation factor (tans) i, Tow and not voltage-dependent-=normal operational risk Tl, mean and lightly voltage = above average operational dependent risk Tl, high and strongly voltage- = very high operational risk dependent IV, (very) high and/or strong voltage-dependent = shortly before malfunction Ta clase Failure probabiliey Tor ‘one year experienced data 0.00% 230% Tarmias Aged Maintainance l Do Nothing. — | Reduction actin | Replacement! Development of i Stastastical Fig. 3. Management Strategic Plan in Vattenfall B. Measurement Results Cable Diagnosis with Dissipation ‘Measurement The integral diagnostic parameter tané is applied for the total length of the eable in a non - destructive method to check the integrity of the insulation and their accessories. Factor Diagnostic results with dissipation factor mea- surement and risk assessment criteria The severity of insulation defects, mostly caused by water trees or humidity ingress in joints the dissipation faetor is useful tool for the global assessment of the cable system. At Very low frequencies in the range or 0.01 up to 1 Hz the stability of tand over the test voltage range starting at 0.5U up to 2Up are much more sensitive compared to 12.10" 35.60% Strong Aged Critical Results and Benefits Vattenfall have saved about 75% of the investment with Dingnostics in this real case study. In addition the repu- tation of the company has improved. In conclusion only 4 of the 15 cables in 5 systems tested are in real bad condition, By replacing the 4 cables each 300m, in total 1.200m with a value of approx. euro 60.000. the efficiency of the investment was almost. 75% by saving euro 165.000, in this ease, VII. CABLE MAINTENANCE STRATEGY & DIAGNOSTIC METHODOLOGY In response to higher risk on damaging the cable and expectation from stakeholder, utility applied maintenance strategy to achieve the below two goals: + To prevent fault with typical fault nature. «+ To provide information for preparing effective replace- ment plan, utility developed a systematic and effective methodology to collect the quality data for further analysis and action for the cable with defect. Below was the methodology util- ity applied. The operating cable after commissioning for 2 years should consider performing the diagnostic test, in order to collect the quality data of the cable. Considering huge number of cables section, selection criteria for the test was defined as the scoring (S1) function of joint number over the allowed limited (J), installation age (A), number of fault experience (F) and loading data (L). S$, = Wid + WA + WSF + Wal (0) Page 3Seminar on Recent Trends in Electrie Wires & Power Cables Technology, CPRI Noida where W; is the weighing factor The cable with higher S; score should scleet for diagnostic test. By statistic, noncelectrical external fault and electrical internal fault was significant to affect the reliability of the network, Most of them were related to the damage on outer sheath by dig-in and termite and workmanship on the joint. In view of this fault mode, utility apply 3 kind of old diagnostic test. ‘They were: + Cable sheath test (including cable sheath continu- ity test, sheath insulation resistance test, d.c. outer sheath test) + Core insulation test (including VLF withstand test, core insulation resistance test) « Partial Discharge (PD) off-line test is applied to check the degradation of the insulation quality of cable AILTTRY Cable t ‘Commissioning and Acceptance Test ee “Cableseectionby pre |_| Consider in Aefined selection cetera J] the nex year ‘sb Catcoie te uaty sare ot fe} Dinznentie the cable (Sq) es Cae slestion by preceined section Te eteria (83) fy ‘cons ee themext year Fig. 5. Methodology of Selection Cable for Diagnostic Test All the collected data from diagnostic test were analysed and used as the eriterion used for referring to the quality of the cable (Sq). The cable quality is defined as the function of the testing result of cable sheath insulation (8), core insulation resistance (C) and Partial Discharge (PD) intensity and pattern (P) with the S; (2) It was as the blueprint of cable replacement plan. The cable with higher Sq score should be prioritized for S, = S1 + WS + woC + weP Conclusion Based on the increasing age of underground assets a “do nothing’ scenario is not an option to be considered and reactive repair of failing assets only contributes to an increase in lost customer minutes. The long term approach will be to make better operational decisions that are no Ionger based purely on replacement or repair but will hope to predict the reliability of the network and how best to spend the funds to achieve improved system stability. Periodie dissipation factor testing in conjunction with partial discharge testing will continue to be utilized to increase awareness of the integrity of the underground assets and the development of the knowledge base will continue, When proactive dissipation factor and partial discharge testing is carried out in the future a better knowledge of the integrity of the network leads to lower risk of failures at highly reduced maintenance cost. In this relatively new area of proactive cable management the benefit will be greatly improved for all. REFERENCES [1] TEBE Std 400 -2001 Guide for Field Testing and Evaluation of the Insulation of Shielded Power Cable Systems Rated 5 kV and Above. [2] TEBE Std 400.2 -2004 Guide for Field Testing of Shielded Power Calbe Systems Unsing Very Low Froquency (VLE) Feb 2005 [a] TEC Standards IEC 60060-3-2006,"High Voltage Field Testing”, International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC Central Office GENEY A 20, Switzerland, www-iec.ch [i] M. Baur, "Why should we test medium voltage power eables with Very Low Frequeney”, IEEE Conference Cuemavaca, Mexico ALTAE 2007, 1D 121 [5] BAUR Priie und Messtechnik, 6832 Sulz, Austria, Product Description PHG 70/80 TD I PD, ID DS_826—066_ PHGT0— SOTDPD_en— gb, 2010 PageStandardization of Cable Jointing Kit Abstract: At every level of power flow, Cables and Conductors form an integral part of electrical infrastructure. Underground cable life span is expected to persist for at least 35-40 years, to contribute towards cost optimization, reduced capital investment etc.Cable jointing necessarily comes into picture in almost every network of any single cable. Cable jointing often forms a weak link in the continuous current pathway of the cable. This paper highlights the key challenges faced by Utility due to causes that lead to recurrent cable joint failures, vis-a-vis the mitigation plans to curb such causes. Introduction: Underground cable network is a major power carrying asset of the electrical infrastructure of a Utility. Various voltage levels demanddifferent sizes and configuration of cables. We at TATA Power Delhi Distribution, are operating at 230V, 440 V, 11 kV, 33 kV & 66 KV voltage levels. Depending upon the network and site conditions, cable network and length of the cables are planned and executed. Long cable lengths demand Cable jointing in between, thus Cable jointing forms an integral part of the cable network. Problem identification: We at TATA Power Delhi Distribution follow best operational and maintenance activity. Every power cut/ fault/ interruptionis monitored closely, to find out the root causes, followed up with finding remedial solutions. Upon data analysis of interruption time and faults, one major reason explored was cable joint failures.Also cable life cycle was restricted to only 15 years approx. In-depth analysis of causes leading to cable joint failures was being done by Engineering team. Challenges: Cable Jointing kit for 1.1 kV, 11 kV, 33 kV, 66 kV power cables that has been used till now were prone to become weak link in the cable network. Causes of failure in cable joints were explored and found to be as mentioned below: 1) Absence of Water inhibition prevention: Water once entered into the cable joint, would track through the entire cable lengths, leading to lowering the cable life cycle and deteriorating cable performance.2) Availability & Usage of complete round sleeves in the jointing kit:Cable jointing kit had complete round sleeve as coverage of joint section which required digging work of approx. 10 meters of length, requiring more restoration time, and more MTTR. Thus impacting SAIDI. 3) Disproportionate insulation thickness vis-8-vis sleeve:insulation thickness of heat shrinkable sleeve was not in proportion to cable insulation. Thus impacting the cable performance. 4) Non-standard sizes of lugs and ferrules in cable jointing:Sizes of lugs and ferrules used in cable jointing kits was not standardized, and BOM was received from participating vendors post price negotiation.Lower sizes of lugs and ferrules lowered the conductivity of the joint section and thus impacted cable lifecycle. Mitigation Plans: To nullify the interruption cycle due to cable joint failures, Standardization has been done for Power Cable jointing kit with following additional features: 1) Introduction of Cable breakouts: Polyolefin Cable breakouts shall be part of cable jointing kit. The cable breakout shall work as a water inhibitor/ barrier, thus preventing water flow inside the cable. Also after an interval of 250 meters of standard cable length, water inhibitor shall restrict the flow of water into consequent lengths. (Avg. cable length 2 kms for trunk feeders). Cable life can be enhanced to 35-40 years. 2) Introduction of Cable wrap around sleeve:Use of cable polyolefin wrap around sleeve instead of complete round shaped sleeve over cable joint, would save the digging length from 10 meters to 8 meters. i.e. at least 2 meters of length of digging shall not be required, thus lowering the road restoration charges and restoration time, manhours saving and lowering of MTTR. 3)Fixing of thickness of heat shrinkable sleeve:After recovery, insulation thickness of sleeves shall be 1.2 times that of insulation thickness of cable. Thus cable performance is retained.4) Standardized sizes of lugs and ferrules used in Cable jointing kit:Lugs & ferrule sizes inclusive in cable jointing kit has been standardized for various types of cables. This will help in maintaining adequate conductivity of cable joint section and overall cable performance. Benefits out of Standardization: No. of cable joint failures in FY 18-19 = 172 nos. No. of cable joint failures in FY 19-20 = 150 nos. 12.79% reduction in cable joint failures. Financial benefit of Rs. 1, 70, 00,000/-. Conclusion: This technical paper describes the innovative ways of reducing Cable joint failures. The solutions offered is easy to execute and make it a common practice, thus saving and improving upon the life of cable network, which will in turn improve the system efficiency by reducing SAIDI. Eventually leading to customer delight. Team: B . Brajanath Dey - AGM 2. Sanjeev Atri— Sr. Manager 3. Gagandeep Kaur — Sr. Manager 4. Pratibha Kumari — Asst. ManagerEmerging technologies Innovation in Cable accessoriesInnovation Lenses for designing a Reliable CA CELLPACK ROW Com JAC Location V1 Health RMUGIS PSTB Simple Tool free Ae r Fast Carbon foot print Inventory Variations Cost CompetitiverNLow Voltage CA- Indian Experience CELLPACK + Cast resin CCU Ser EL Sector ShapedLow Voltage CA — Technology Shift Crimped Connector ——<— + Remove Insulation + Rounding of the conductor i) Conductor Preparation B) Crimping of connector using crimping tools & dies Repeat for all cores ¥ CELLPACK A) Insulation Piercing B) Mechanical Connector + Place over Cable cores & tighten Bolts + Remove Insulation * Place connector & Shear the bolts + Repeat for all cores IPC Branch JointLow Voltage CA — Technology Shift CELLPACK * Cast Resin Smeg SmegMedium Voltage CA — Indian Experience CELLPACK Heat Shrink Ceo) BSalati¢Medium Voltage CA — Technology Shift CELLPACK Mechanical Connectors Crimped connectionsMedium Voltage CA — Technology Shift CELLPACK ==> Several Interfaces- Multiple Single Interface tubing Triple Extruded tubing (Heat Shrink + EPDM Rubber) Refractive stress control <==Medium Voltage CA — Technology Shift CELLPACK ETE) Eig Insulated Switchgear Global Gas-Insulated Substation Market Size In the Forecast Period (2018 - 2027) 103% 2) Fillll| impiety | Pe Um RUM Ce CUU CLL Compact Gas Compact Insulated Substations Switchgear Global Gas-insulated Substation Market Share by Geography (%), 2018 Latin America Plug in Cable terminations Byer t tt Biel) etal ey® £ D 2 a a G E 2 a < £ 3 Cd] 2 oOPlug i in Screened Separable connectors for RMU CELLPACK There care 3 types of MV bushing | ch | : p : 12.5kKA 1 s and 31.5 kA peak . ype 00 >: 16kA 1 s and 40kKA peak 3. Type C: 63 p: 25kA 1s, 21kA3 s and 62.5kA peak Types of connection interface SchneiderCellplux Plug in Screened Separable connectors il 4 » Back to Back touch proof connectors — CELLPACK With Surge ArrestersEvery Cellplux separable connector is X- rayed for any defect before supplyCELLPACK tees: Plugin Compax JointsCELLPACK Built in ConnectorWye Soon RM Be \ S SS . y Premolded JointsThanks We connect your Energy aFabrication of Flame Retardant Polymer Composite Films and its Properties: Eco- Friendly and Cost Effective Methodology Venkata Prasad. C’’and Gnanasekaran’. ‘Liquid Dielectric Laboratory, Central Power Research Institute, RTL, Noida-201309 * Dielectric Materials Division, Bangalore — 560080. *Corresponding Author: e-mail: drehavidi@epri.in Abstract: Aim of the analysis is to study the effect of Eggshell nanoparticles (ENPs) on Poly (vinyl alcohol (PVA) - Chitosan (CS) composite films. The study explains the effect of various concentrations (1% -5 %) of ENPs on physical, morphological, thermal, and electrical properties of PVA/CS blend & nano composite films.The polymer blend and nano composite films were fabricated by cost effective and eco-friendly solvent casting technique.The obtained results reveals that composite films showed better properties compared to plain polymer blend. Morphological studies divulge that nanoparticle dispersed uniformly throughout the polymer matrix up to 2% loading. It was also confirmed that electrical and thermal properties of composite films showed superior properties up to 2% loading of ENPs than virgin polymer blends. Key words: E, ag shell, Chitosan, Poly (vinyl alcohol), Solvent Casting. 1.Introduction Now-a-days worldwide nano fillers from bio-source filled polymer composites have been widely used for the development of eco-friendly materials due to increasing environmental concern. The bio based nano filler composites have several advantages such as biodegradable,eco-friendly, low cost, higher specific strength, low density, lower manufacturing energy, and renewable compare to inorganic-filler. Polymer composites are widely used in areas of electrical, electronics, avionics, automobile, transportation, construction and consumer products as they provide superior properties which is difficult to obtain from individual components. Fillers are generally used in the form of fibers, particulates or platelets. The physical & chemical nature of fillers includes their size, surface area, structure, homogeneity of dispersion, composition and providing better adhesion in polymer matrix is prominant for bulk properties of polymer composites[1, 2]. Nano composites are defined by its particle size of dispersed phase having at least one dimension less than 100 nm [3]. Due to itsfnNano scale dimension, the nano composite offer super 1 physical and chemical properties compare to conventional bulk composites[4-6]Agriculture is the backbone of India, in line with poultry and it is one of the fastest growing fields in agriculture sector with a poultry population of 489 million, producing 47 billion eggs per year ranks third highest among egg producing countries in the world. Due to such a huge growth in the poultry production, it leads to increasing the demands and price for feed and feed ingredients. Agriculture waste is defined as, any waste being created from farming process in accumulative concentration. Eggshell is an agricultural waste basically considered as useless and is discarded mostly because it adds to pollution. Eggshell meal is a mixture of shell membranes; eggshell and small amounts of egg counts [7].The agricultural waste should be disposed in a environmental sound manner to avoid environmental issues like soil nutrition effection. The nature, shape and size of agricultural waste generated differs from origin to origin. So this initiative of using agricultural waste i.e eggshell as a filler to polymer composites will helps to reduce agricultural waste to some extent.One way that adds great value to agricultural waste is its utilization as a biomaterial in electrical insulating cable application. Since it contains 98% of calcium carbonate (CaCOs) and 2% of other organic materials such as type X collagen, sulfated polysaccharides, and other proteins [8-10]. CaCO; extracted from eggshell has a relatively low density compared to mineral CaCO; (density values obtained by using ASTM-679 are 0.4236 gem® for eggshell as compared with 0.467 for commercial CaCO3 or 0.458 for talc) [9, 11-14] Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) is a water soluble polymer that is used in current research. Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic hydrophilic polymer and inherent barrier to oxygen. PVA has more flexibility (like rubber), substantial tensile strength and hardness. PVA can chemically bound to or physically entangled with a nanoparticle surface. The properties of PVA depend on degree of polymerization or degree of hydrolysis. It has been used in paper industry, textile, adhesive, and food grade application Chitosan (CS) is a bio polymer a derivative of chitin extracted from shrimp shells and is used for blending with PVA due to both are water soluble and compatible at all ratios. Presence of NH group in CS makes more reactive compared to cellulose. Chitosan can be dissolved in 2% acetic acid solution. Since its water soluble easily binds to negatively charged surface. Chitosan used in agricultural, horticultural, bio-medical and bio-printing areas. In the present work the authors used green process where no chemicals are involved in fabricating the polymer composite films by a clean and green procees (solvent casting technique). The aim ofthe current work is to develop the flame retardant properties of polymer composites using bio- waste material (Egg shell powder), 2.Materials Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) (Mw-31,000-50,000, 87-89% hydrolyzed) and Chitosan (Mw-50,000- 190,000, Visc-0-300 centi Poise) were procured from Sigma Aldrich, India. Bio waste, eggshell nano particles (ENPs) were purchased from Korean Company and were used as received. Acetic acid used for this research procured from Ranbaxy Laboratories, Punjab, India. DM water used for this study was procured from Nice Chemicals, Bangalore, India. 3.Preparationof PVA/CS blend and ENPs CompositeFilms Stock solution of PVA was prepared by dissolving 25 grams of PVA in 250ml of water at 100°C (Remi, RQT -124A/D) 400 -600 rpm for the period of Shrs. Similarly, the stock CS solution was prepared by dissolving Sgram of CS in 250ml of 2% acetic acid solution under constant stirring (Remi, ROT -124A/D) 400-600 rpm for a period of Shrs. PVA/CS blend was prepared by mixing 10m1 of standard PVA solution and SOmI of standard CS solution and allowed for stirring using magnetic stirrer (600 rpm) at temperature of 80°C [15] ENPs was dispersed in DM water and subjected to sonication at room temperature. Composite films of PVAJCS (1:1) of different formulations were fabricated by varying ENPs concentration ranging from 0 -5% in PVA/CS polymer solution. The formulations of ENPs in PVA/CS solution are shown in the table 1. The composite solutions were allowed for drying at room temperature for a period of 72hrs to evaporate the solvents [16]. Then all the films were allowed for drying over night at 70°C to remove moisture present in the film prior to perorm characterization. The thickness of films obtained from solvent casting technique is in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 mm. Table 1 Formulations of Fabricated Polymer Blend and its Composite Films S.No Composition Designation 1 PVAICS Polymer Blend (1:1) PVA/CS-00 2 PVAICS 1% ENPs 3 PVAICS, 2% ENPs 4 PVA/CS, 3% ENPs PVA/CS-03 5 PVAICS, 4% ENPs PVA/CS-04 6 PVA/CS, 5% ENPs PVA/CS-054 Results and discussion 4.1Moisture absorption Moisture presence in the polymer film is one of the critical parameter which affect the properties severely. To study the moisture absorbtion properties, small piece of films cut from each composition, and then stored in desiccator for 3-4 hours to obtain constant weight. Then composite films were weighed immediately in high accuracy electronic balance(Make: Metler Toledo). After films were dried in oven at 105°C for 5 hours & immediately dried weight also noted [17-18]. Figure shown moisture absorption trends of polymer blend & nano composite films, The moisture absorption was calculated using the following Eqn 1 Moisture Absorption (%) = [(wi-w2)] / (wa) X 100. —- 1 Where ‘w,’ is the weight of sample before drying ‘wo’ is the weight of sample after drying. Moisture absorption trend shows that while addition of 1% ENPs, the moisture adsorption (%) decrease from 19.11 to 15.78% compared to polymer blend film. Again found to decrease when addition of 2% nanomaterial to 14.30% due to better interaction between polymer and filler network (interference with SEM, TGA, and DSC results). Further addition (beyond 2%) of nanomaterial there is a significant increase in the moisture adsorption and then while increasing the loading up to 5% nanomaterial level. This results are comparable with SEM analysis (ie formation of agglomeration beyond 2% nanomaterial loading) hence at 2% nanomaterial moisture absorption(%) reduced due to good interaction between polymer and eggshell nanomaterial. Moisture Absorbtion (%) Sof ENPs Fig 1 Moisture Adsorption Trend of polymer blend and composites4.2 Solubility test Solubility test conducted to examine the solvent resisitivity of nano films in various organic solvents. Small piece of films in duplicate were taken into test tubes containing different solvents and kept at atmospheric condition for 100hrs [19]. Table 2 shown the solublity nature of polymer blend and its composites on various organic solvents. Fabricated PVA/CS blend & ENPs Composite films were immersed in different solvents to check the solubility of composite films. Small piece of films were taken into test tubes containing different solvents and kept at atmospheric condition for 100hrs. The films were found resistant to all various organic solvents due to mixed polarity nature of polymer blend and its composite film. PVA is a polar polymer, whereas CS is intermediate polar due to (O -H, N -H and C -H bonds and also effect of particulate filler (ENPs) limtis solublity nature [19] Table 2 Solublity Nature of Polymer blends and its Composites Solvent | PVA/CS 00 | PVA/CS 01 | PVAICS 02 | PVA/CS 03 | PVAICS 04 | PVA/CS 05 Toluene Vv v Vv Vv v Vv Chloroform v v v v V V Tetra hydro Vv V Vv Vv v V furan (THF) Benzene v v Vv Vv Vv Vv Hexane V V V V V V Ethanol V V V V V V Heptane V V 1 1 T T Where X is insoluble. 4.3 Determination of Chemical Composition of ENP’s by EDAX The chemical composition present in ENPs was determined by EDAX. As shown in figure 2 and table 3, chemical composition of ENPs. The results reveals that ENPs contains almost 98% of calcium carbonate (CaCO;) and also have other compounds like magnesium carbonate and s [5, 6, 12, 13, 14] calcium phosphate It s confirmed with existing resulFig 2 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy spectrum of ENP’s. Table 3 Elemental Analysis of ENPs Name of the Element Weight% Atomic% Cc 8.43 12.19 oO 73.55, 79.87 Mg 0.44 0.31 Ca 17.58 7.62 Total 100 4.4 SEM Analysis of Eggshell Nanoparticles ENPs also analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope figure 3 shown SEM image indicates that ENPs agglomerated on the surface. From the SEM image ENPs doesn’t have definte shape.As seen in the figure, ENPs are found to be having irregular shape and particle size vary from of lum -10 um with broad particle size distribution [20] °. The morphological properties of ENPs was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy technique at IISC, Bangalore, India (Make : ZEISS Model: Ultra 55).Fig 3 SEM image of ENP's. 4.5 XRD Analysis of Eggshell Nanoparticles XRD analysis of eggshell Nanoparticles was analysed using x-ray diffractometer at MTD, CPRI, Bangalore (Make: PANanlytical, Model : Xpert Pro). The XRD patterns of the raw eggshell nano particle with peaks at 20=29.2°, indicating that calcium carbonate (CaCOs) is the major phase in the waste eggshell [21,22]. The ENPs crystallite size was calculated using the Scherrerequation. ENPs with a crystallite size of 71.26 nm. Intensity (a.u) 2) |< _J LiL J 20 30 40 60 60 70 20 Position(2Theta) Fig 4 XRD Pattern of ENPs. 4.6 Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) Analysis of ENPs It was compared the composition of ENP’s by WDXRF and SEM-EDAX Technique. Both the techniques reveals that the major composition of egg shell Nano particles is CaCOs. From the analysis shows that ENPs contains 98.49% of calcium and remaining other inorganic elements Mg, Na, Al and Si. The results were comparable with SEM-EDAX.4.7 Morphological Studies of Polymer Nano composite Films Morphology of all types of polymers and composites were analysedby SEM.In figure Sa SEM image of PVAJCS blend shows very smooth surface. Also there is no phase separationof PVAICS blend implies that single phase (i.e both polymers are miscible with each other) which is consistent with TGA and DSC results. Figure Sb and Sc shows 1% and 2% ENPs loaded composite, but there is no voids at macro level indicating that added particulate filler is uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix. Figure Sd to Sf represents SEM images of PVA/CS composites films loaded with 3 and 5% of ENPs indicating lot of empty spaces in the film revealing that added particulate filler is not distributed uniformly in the polymer matrix, SEM images show that the nanoparticles dispersed randomly in the polymers matrix in the range of 100-500 nm. SEM analysis indicates that loading of eggshell particles up to 2%w, there is a good dispersion of eggshell particles in PVA/CS films whereas.beyond 2% loading there is absence of uniform dispersion of ENPs leading to agglormeation of filler particles with polymer matrix randomly [23] Fig 5 SEM images of a) PVA/CS-00, b) PVA/CS-01, c)PVA/CS- 02, (d)PVA/CS-03, ¢) PVAICS-04 and (f)PVA/CS-05 Polymer Composites films4.8 FTIR Analysis of Polymer Nano Composite Films Fabricated polymer composite films were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy technique. FTIR spectra from the polymer blend and containing ENPs (1-5%) shows several similarities and some differences. Plain PVA/CS blend spectrum reveals in the figure C-H stretching at 2850 -2910 (cm !) , chitosan stretching vibration at 3340 (cm’') also observed. Stretching vibration spectra of the amide group ofchitosan films appear at 1560cm '. The change in the characteristic shape of the chitosan spectrum aswell as shifting of peak to a lower frequency range due to hydrogen bonding between OH of PVA and -OH or -NH2 of chitosan in the blended films. reported that the crystallization-sensitive band of PVA at 1072cm’ [24]. Two well-defined infrared bandsobersed in composite films at 1409 and 793 cm’! are characteristic of the C-O stretching and bending modes of calcium carbonate [25]. Absence of this peak in PVA/CS spectrum revals that absence of ENPs in the polymer blend film. Transmittance (%) Wave number (cm-1) Fig 6 FITR Analysis of Polymer Nano Composite Films with varying ENP’s. 4.9 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Polymer Nano Composite Films TGA analysis revelas that on additon of ENPs up to 2% lading in the polymer blends improve its thermal stability in micro level due to dispersion of ENPs across polymer matrix [26] thereby forming filler ~ filler network which is thermally more stable than polymer ~ polymer network,h-— PVA - CS 00 -PVA-CS01 PVA - CS 02 ~ PVA - CS 03 PVA - CS 04 ———- PVA -CS 05 ‘Weight (%) 50 100 150 200 250. 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Fig 7 TGA Curves of Polymer blends and its Composites with varying ENP’s. First minor loss happens in the temperature of range of 120°C to 250°C due to evaporation of water and glycerol [27]. Since majorly the polymers are water soluble and contains low boiling components like glycerol. Second stage loss occurs at above 250°C, this weight loss majorly due to decomposition of vinyl compounds and chitosanin the polymer blends. The polymers start losing weight once it reaches the on - set degradation temperature (250°C) & in the range 260 - 400°C release of CO2from ENPs after thermal degradation. At 600°C the plain polymer blend having residue of 16.77%. Whereas addition of ENPs | to 5 % the residue wt% residue 23.48%, 24.86%, 22.69%, 22.49% and 21.70% respectively Table 4 Thermal Stablity of Polymer Blend and its nano Compositie Films Composition | % wt loss, at 120°C | % we loss, at 250°C |” yee ot PVAICS-00 89.93%. 76.23 16.77 PVAICS-01 90.34% 1142 23.48 PVA/CS-02 90.34% 7748 24.86 PVA/CS-03, 91.04%. 79.70 22.69 PVAICS-04 89.97%, 79.45 22.49 PVA/CS05 88.34%. 78.41 21.70 5.10 DSC Analysis of Polymer Nano Composite Films Figure 8 shows DSC curves of polymers blend and compositefilms.It explains that thermal behaivourwas as different as the macroscopic appearance, and these differences were related tomicrostructure of polymer chain. Polymer blend and all composite filmscurves shown single Ty ranging from 90-105°C. DSC curves represents there is addition of ENPs into polymer blend Ty, shifting from low temperature (90°C) to higher temperature (105°C) due to flexibility of the polymer film limited by addition of ENPs. ‘As per DSC curve, the endothermic peak not observing for PVA/CS polymer blend film. This may be due to amorphous nature of polymer. But while addition of ENPs into polymer matrix, there is broad endothermic peak appearing around 130 to 140°C for composition except PVA/CS 02. For PVA/CS-02 composition the curve represents endothermic at 160°C. This morphological (SEM) results with dispersion was found uniform at 2% ENPs and TGA at 2% ENPs the weight of the residue is more at 600°C. This implies that at PVA/CS 02 showing better thermal stability. Heat Flow (mW) Heat Flow (mi) 60 75 | 100 125 160 1758 | 200 | 235 260 Temperature (°C) Fig 8 DSC Curves of Polymer blends and its Composite Films with varying ENP’s 5.11 Electrical Properties The electrical properties of the PVA/CS blend and ENPs composites were characterized by measuring the volume resistivity and permittivity of blend and composite films. Figure 9 reveals that on addition of ENPs volume resistivity volume resistivity of composite films lightly increases for 1%w of ENPs and remain stable upto 3 w% compare to PVA/CS blend film, beyond 3% there is sudden increase in resistivity, due to the presence of higher concentration of Egg shell nano particle (CaCO; an insulating material). This sudden drop shows that many conductive pathways have been formed in the PVA/CS matrix with addition of ENPs. The significant increase in the resistivity of the composites may be attributed to the increase in CaCO; an insulating material and homogeneous dispersion of ENPs in the polymer matrix resulting from theeffective dispersion. However, the permittivity of the composite films increase upto 2% ENPs loading, beyond that there is sudden decrease in permittivity. E 24 13.01 & 20 2 Be 673 9.32 = - Z| era e7 B Joss L & 3 24 L ° 7 2 3 2 3 € % Weight of the eggshell particles (Numbers) Fig 9 Volume Resistivity Trend of Polymer blend and its Nano Composites. Flame retardant properties Figure 10 revelas that with increasing ENPs concentration from 0 to 5 %, there is increase in LOI index, this may be attributed due to increase in the availability of Calcium Oxide (Oxygen barrier) and improves the flame resistance properties of the polymer nano composites. Oxygen Index (%) < Fig 10: LOI of Polymer Nano composite Films Conclusion In this work green polymer composite films were fabricated using natural products (Poly vinyl alchol(PVA), Chitosan (CS), & Eggshell nano particles(ENPs)). Physical, morphological, electrical and thermal properties of films were characterizatied by WDXRF, Cone calorimeter, FITR, SEM, volume resistivity, DSC and TGA techniques. SEM analysis reveals that up to 2%concentration addition of ENPs, uniform dispersion was observed beyond 2% concentration dispersion is not uniform due to agglomeration of ENPs. Supporting to SEM results, TGA and DSC analysis also reveals that 2% ENPs composite films having higher thermal stability & melting temperature than other concentration and is attributed to better interaction between filler and polymer thereby forming stable polymer-filler network. Electrical studies reveals that there is a huge drop in the resistivity upto 3% ENPs concentration due to formation conductive pathways ‘on addition of ENPs. In this study, PVA/CS/ENPs composites showed improved thermal, superior flame resisitance properties and tailored electrical properties revealing potential applications in cable application and packaging of electronic components. Acknowledgment We thanks to the management of M/s. Central Power Researh Institute for finanacial support and providing infrastructure facilities. References Alamin, Idris.; Zakaria, Man.; Abdulhalim Shah, Maulud. J .Appl. Poly. Sci. 2017, 134, 45310. Nassima EI Miri.; Karima,Abdelouahdi.; Mohamed,Zahouily.; Aziz Fihri.;Abdellatif,Barakat.; Abderrahim,Solhy.;Mounir, El Achaby.; J .Appl. Poly. Sci. 2015, 132, 22 3) Gnanasekaran, D.; Madhavan, K.; Reddy,B.S.R.J.Sci.Jndu.Res. 2009, 4) Arias, J. L.; Fernandez, M.S.; Dennis, J.E.; Caplan,A.I. Matrix. 1991, 11,5 5) Genzhong, Ji.;Hongqi, Zhu.; Chenze, Qi.; Minfeng, Zeng. Poly. sci. Engg.2009, 49, 7 6) Freire,M.N. ; Holanda,J.N.F. Ceramica. 2006, 52, 240. 7) Idris,Abdulrahman.;Hamzatlbiyeye, Tijani.; Bashir Abubakar, Mohammed.; Haruna,Saidu,;Hindatu, Yusuf,, Mohammed,NdejikoJibrin,:Sulaiman, Mohammed. J. Mater. 2014 8) Bootklad, M.; Kaewtatip, K. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 97,315. 9) ArabiHassen, Ahmed.;Dizbay-Onat, Melike.;Bansal,Dhruv.;Bayush, Theresa.;Vaidya, Uday. Poly. Poly. Compo.2015, 23, 9. 10) Hussein, A. A; Salim, R. D.; Sultan, A. A.J, Basrah Researches ((Sciences)). 2011, 37, 3A. 11) Hussein, A. A; Salim, R. D.; Sultan, A. A.J. Basrah Researches ((Sciences)). 2011, 37, 3A. 12) Freire. MN. ; Holanda,J.N.F. Ceramica. 2006, 52, 240. 13) Igwee, LO.; Onuegbu,G.C. American. J. Poly. Sci. 2012, 2 , 4. 14) Kang, D.; Pal, K., Park; S., Bang, D.; Kim, J. Mater. design.2010, 31 , 2216. 15) Tripathi, S.; Mehrotra, G.K.; Dutta, P.K. Intern .J. of Biological Macromolecules. 2009, 45, 372-376, 16) Ling, Yang.; Shuxue, Zhou.; Guangxi, Gu.; Limin, Wu. J Appl. Poly. 1445. 17)Viviana, P. Cyras.sLiliana,B. Manfredi.; Minh-Tan_—_,Ton-That.;Anali'a,Va'zquez. Carbohydrate. Polym. 2008, 73, 55 — 63 2 ci, 2013, 129, 1434 -18) Alomayria, T.;Assaedia, H.;Shaikhe, F.U.A. Lowa, LM.Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 2014, 2 , 3 , 223 -230, 19) JONG- YOUNG , JEON.; TAE-MOON, TAK.J .Appl. Poly. Sci. 1996, 60, 22. 20) Hassan, Tarig A.; Rangari, Vijay K.; Rana, Rohit K.; Jeelani, Shaik.Ultra. Sono chemistry. 2013, 20, 5, 1308-1315 21) Muhammad, M. Rahman.; Netravali,Anil N.;Tiimob, Boniface J.; Vitus,Apalangya.; Vijaya, K. Rangari.J Appl. Poly. Sci. 2016, 133, 22. 22) Mosaddegh, Elaheh.; Hassankhani, Asadollah.Chinese Journal of Catalysis. 2014, 35, 3, 351-356. 23) Kangoa, Sarita.;Kalia, Susheel.; Celli, Annamaria.;Njuguna, James.;Habibi, Youssef.; Rajesh Kumar. Progress.polym. Sci. 2013, 38, 8, 1232-61. 24) Kim, J.H.; Kim,J.Y.; Lee, Y.M.;Kim,K.Y. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.1992, 45 1711-1717. 25) Doostmohammadi, Ali.; Monshi, Ahmad.; Salehi, Rasoul.; Fathi, Mohammad Hossein.; Golniya, Zahra.; Daniels, Alma. U. Ceramics. International.2011, 37, 2311-2316 26) Abraham, Agil.; Soloman, P.A.; Rejini, V.O. Procedia. Technol. 2016,24,741-748. 27) Boudjema, H. L.; Bendaikha, H. J. Chem. Mater. Res.2015, 3, 21 -25ANVIL CABLES PVT. LTD. 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Beside in house R&D, CPRI also undertake sponsored research projects from manufacturer and other agenciasin different areas of specialization. EVALUATION AND TESTING With its quality of output on par with international standards CPRI offers specialization service on the performance, evolution and certification of different kinds of power equipment like switchgear, fuse Geers, Transformers, Cables, Capacitors, Insulating Material and Systems, Transmission Line towers, Liquid Dielectrics and Non Conventional Energy devicesinits seven laboratory spreads all overIndia CONSULTANCY SERVICES CPRI offers expert consultancy services in the areas of Transmission and Distribution System Power Quality, Energy Auditing Conductor Vibration Power System instrumentation. 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CPRI Laboratories have been recognized asa Approved Test house by Electrical Directorate Kingdom of Bahrain and SEC, Saudi Arabia CPRI NETWORK With its head office located at Bangalore, the Institute has six state ~ of — the — art infrastructure facilities at Bhopal, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Noida, Kolkata and Guwahati Sy bala fog sade Weer Central Power Research Institute (A Government of India Society, Ministry of Power) Regional Testing Laboratory Plot 3A Institutional Area ,Sector-62, Noida