5G System Overiew

in a Day
What is 5G?
What KIND of thing is it?
5G In Pictures
European Commission
5GPPP
5GPPP
GSMA
3GPP
5G In Words
3GPP
European Commission
”Key Topics for 5G Architecture Design”
Orange
Priorities for 5G Infrastructure
5G in Numbers
IMT-advanced vs. IMT-2020
...or 4G vs 5G
ITU IMT-2020 Requirements
What Actually Matters?
ITU-R
ITU Working Party 5D
Minimum requirements – Summary

• Peak data rate: 20/10 GBps (DL/UL)

• User data rate: 100/50 Mbps (DL/UL)
• Average traffic capacity: 10 Mbps/m2
• User plane latency: 1-4 ms
• Control plane latency (passive to active state): 20 ms
• Connection density: 1 million devices/km2
• Mobile station speed: 0-500 km/h
• System interruption time: 0 ms
ITU-T
IMT-2020 High-Level Description

IMT-2020 systems will differentiate themselves from fourth generation (4G) systems not
only through further evolution in radio performance but also through greatly increased
end-to-end flexibility. This end-to-end flexibility will come in large part from the
incorporation of softwarization into every component. Well known techniques such as
SDN, NFV and cloud computing will together allow unprecedented flexibility in the IMT-
2020 system. Such flexibility will enable many new capabilities including network slicing.
So Do We Agree About Anything?
A 5G Consensus?
Network Slicing
Cloud technology
More
mobile data Different
capacity access
technologies
Virtualization working
together

Faster Radio
Data
Connection Move
(NR) functions
closer to
customers
(MEC)

Really
reliable
mobile Zillions of
services connected
things
The Apis IP-Solutions Consensus

NG-RAN
5GC
NFV
SDN
MEC
+ Legacy (EPC, LTE, IMS, VoLTE...)
The Three 5G Use Cases
As Described by ITU
ITU Use Cases
And 3GPP’s and ETSI’s and Huawei’s and Ericsson’s and...
ITU Use Cases – In Their Own Words

Enhanced mobile broadband

Allows users to experience high-speed and high-quality multimedia services, e.g., virtual reality,
augmented reality, 4K/8K Ultra-High Definition video, and even hologram services, at any time
and any place.

Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications

Enables delay sensitive and mission critical services such as tactile Internet which requires less than a
millisecond end-to-end delay, remote control of medical and industrial robots, and vehicle-to-everything
(V2X) communications.

Massive machine type communications

Supports connections and communications among
massive amounts of Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
EU 5G Visions vs. ITU Use Cases

Enhanced mobile broadband

Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications

Massive machine type communications

EU 5G Visions vs. ITU Use Cases

Enhanced mobile broadband No direct mapping to ITU use case

Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications

Massive machine type communications

GSMA Survey
Highest priority early use case
5G System Overview
5G System (5GS)

UE 5G Access Network 5G Core Network (5GC) Data Networks (DN)

NG-RAN
• New Radio (NR) Internet / OTT Services
gNB • Combined NR and LTE AUSF UDM NEF ...
UE - non-standalone NR AF
ng-eNB - initially with EPC
• LTE (evolved) AMF SMF PCF UPF
.
IMS / Operator Services
UE AP
• ...combined with WiFi
AF
• Storage of subscriber data
UE • Registration (incl authentication)
• Mobility Mgmnt Intranet / 3rd party
Non-3GPP Access Network • Reachability Mgmnt service provider
• Session Mgmnt AF
UE • Policy Control
• Stand-alone non-3GPP access Capabilities Exposure (to DNs)
. AP • Trusted or un-trusted
•
• User data transfer
DN xyz...

AF
5G System (5GS)

UE 5G Access Network 5G Core Network (5GC) Data Networks (DN)

NG-RAN
• New Radio (NR) Internet / OTT Services
gNB • Combined NR and LTE AUSF UDM NEF ...
UE - non-standalone NR AF
ng-eNB - initially with EPC
• LTE (evolved) AMF SMF PCF UPF
UE . AP
• ...combined with WiFi
IMS / Operator Services

AF
• Storage of subscriber data
UE • Registration (incl authentication)
• Mobility Mgmnt Intranet / 3rd party
Non-3GPP Access Network • Reachability Mgmnt service provider
• Session Mgmnt AF
UE • Policy Control
• Stand-alone non-3GPP access Capabilities Exposure (to DNs)
. AP • Trusted or un-trusted
•
• User data transfer
DN xyz...

AF

• Smartphones Smartphone: Electricity meter: Public safety:

• Pads/tablets • Very mobile • Stationary • May be critical
• FWA Gateways • Lots of data • Not much data • Possibly D2D
• ”Things” / IoT Gateways • eMBB • mMTC • URLLC
5G System (5GS)

UE 5G Access Network 5G Core Network (5GC) Data Networks (DN)

NG-RAN
• New Radio (NR) Internet / OTT Services
gNB • Combined NR and LTE AUSF UDM NEF ...
UE - non-standalone NR AF
ng-eNB - initially with EPC
• LTE (evolved) AMF SMF PCF UPF
UE . AP
• ...combined with WiFi
IMS / Operator Services

AF
• Storage of subscriber data
UE • Registration (incl authentication)
• Mobility Mgmnt Intranet / 3rd party
Non-3GPP Access Network • Reachability Mgmnt service provider
• Session Mgmnt AF
UE • Policy Control
• Stand-alone non-3GPP access Capabilities Exposure (to DNs)
. AP • Trusted or un-trusted
•
• User data transfer
DN xyz...

AF

• New frequency spectrum: • New Radio (NR), still OFDM

NG-RAN - traditional fq-ranges (< 3GHz) • Carrier Aggregation, Massive MIMO
Features - high: 6-100 GHz fq-bands • Tight integration with E-UTRA (e.g. Dual Connectivity)
• Use of unlicenced spectrum (LAA) • Integration with WiFi (LWA)
5G System (5GS)

UE 5G Access Network 5G Core Network (5GC) Data Networks (DN)

NG-RAN
• New Radio (NR) Internet / OTT Services
gNB • Combined NR and LTE AUSF UDM NEF ...
UE - non-standalone NR AF
ng-eNB - initially with EPC
• LTE (evolved) AMF SMF PCF UPF
UE . AP
• ...combined with WiFi
IMS / Operator Services

AF
• Storage of subscriber data
UE • Registration (incl authentication)
• Mobility Mgmnt Intranet / 3rd party
Non-3GPP Access Network • Reachability Mgmnt service provider
• Session Mgmnt AF
UE • Policy Control
• Stand-alone non-3GPP access Capabilities Exposure (to DNs)
. AP • Trusted or un-trusted
•
• User data transfer
DN xyz...

AF

5G Core • VNFs in Central and Distributed Data Centers • More flexible UP paths
• Clear Separation of CP and UP functions • Service-based architecture
Features • Closer integration with Data Networks
possible
5G System (5GS)

UE 5G Access Network 5G Core Network (5GC) Data Networks (DN)

NG-RAN
• New Radio (NR) Internet / OTT Services
gNB • Combined NR and LTE AUSF UDM NEF ...
UE - non-standalone NR AF
ng-eNB - initially with EPC
• LTE (evolved) AMF SMF PCF UPF
UE . AP
• ...combined with WiFi
IMS / Operator Services

AF
• Storage of subscriber data
UE • Registration (incl authentication)
• Mobility Mgmnt Intranet / 3rd party
Non-3GPP Access Network • Reachability Mgmnt service provider
• Session Mgmnt AF
UE • Policy Control
• Stand-alone non-3GPP access Capabilities Exposure (to DNs)
. AP • Trusted or un-trusted
•
• User data transfer
DN xyz...

AF

• Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) • Automation and Orchestration

5G System • Software-Defined Networking (SDN) • Support for (enhanced) MBMS
Features • Network Slicing (using NFV and SDN) • For IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet and ”Unstructured” traffic
• Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC)
5GC – The 5G Core Network
5G Core – Reference Point representation
23.501
Basic 5GC Architecture

• Performs • Subscriber data incl. master key

AUSF UDM • UE Context (info about UE)
Authentication

• Registration • Data Session Management

AMF SMF • Select UPFs
• Mobility mgmnt

Data
UE gNB DATA SESSION UPF UPF UPF
Network
• Data Forwarder(s)
• Mobile • Internet
Base Station • IMS
• etc.
Basic 5GC Service-Based Architecture
Main communication ”bus”
Everything is HTTP on the bus

AUSF AMF SMF UDM

Data
UE gNB DATA SESSION UPF UPF UPF
Network
5G Core Overview
Service Based Architecture
Control Plane Provides policies e.g.
User Plane • Access and Mobility policies (to AMF)
• Session rules (to SMF)

Exposes services and • Subscriber data

capabilities provided by NFs Allows NFs to: • UE Context (info about UE)
internally or to 3rd party • Register themselves Equipment registry
• Find other NFs • Backend to e.g. UDM, PCF, NEF Application Function
• ”Look-up function” • ”External hard drive” • Operator For SMS:
• 3rd party • Connected to e.g. SMS-GMSC
Slice selection
Edge Proxy to
other domains
SEPP NEF NRF PCF UDM UDR NSSF 5G-EIR AF SMSF ...
• e.g. For
Roaming

”Bus architecture” / IP Network

Authentication of UEs and HTTP & JSON
AUSF AMF • Registration SMF
generation of keys
- Incl 5G-AKA • Session authorization
• Mobility mgmnt • UE IP address allocation
• Selects and controls UPF(s)
N1 (NAS)

N4
PFCP
N2 (NGAP) AF
SRB(s) N3 (GTP-U) N6
NG- Data
UE UPF
RAN Network
DRB(s) N9
User Plane Function
• Traffic forwarding
GTP-U Tunnel (one per PDU Session)
(GTP-U) • QoS enforcement
PDU Session • Reporting (e.g. for charging) • Internet
• Several UPFs can be linked using N9 • IMS
Packet data connection between a UE and a Data Network
• Intranet
• etc.
Can be initiated by:
• UE itself
• Request by 5GC
4G vs 5G Systems
4G (LTE/EPS)
Control Plane
User Plane
MME HSS

UE
eNB SGW PGW PDN

5G System

Control Plane
User Plane
AMF SMF UDM

UE
gNB UPF UPF DN
NG-RAN: The 5G Radio Access Network
NG-RAN: Next-Generation Radio Access Network

NR 5GC
(New Radio) N2
(NG-C)
gNB AMF
UE

Xn
SMF
NR N3
(NG-U)
UE
gNB UPF

NG-RAN
Dual Connectivity (DC)

5GC
gNB AMF
UE

Xn
SMF

gNB UPF
Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (DC)

5GC
gNB AMF
UE

Xn
SMF

ng-eNB UPF
Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (DC)

EPC
eNB MME
UE

X2

en-gNB SGW
Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity Options Solid lines = Primary
Dashed lines = Secondary
NE-DC
(NR-E-UTRA DC)
5GC EPC
gNB eNB

AMF MME
Xn X2

ng-eNB en-gNB
UE

SMF SGW
EN-DC
gNB
(E-UTRA-NR DC)
= ”Non-standalone NR”
Xn
UPF PGW
ng-eNB

NGEN-DC
(NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR DC)
Centralized or Distributed RAN
D-RAN
NAS PDUs

RRC SDAP 5GC

PDCP

RLC

MAC
gNB AMF
gNB
PHY

gNB

C-RAN NAS PDUs SMF

RRC SDAP
RLC gNB-DU
PDCP
MAC gNB-DU
PHY

gNB-DU gNB-CU
UPF
5G and Unlicensed Radio Access

Currently EPC (4G Core)

eNB

Xw UE
(GTP-U)

WiFi AP eNB

LWA LAA
(LTE / WLAN Aggregation) (License-Assisted Access)
Non-3GPP Access to 4G and 5G ”Non-3GPP Access” Examples
• WiFi
• WiMax
• Fixed broadband (xDSL / Fiber)

5GC EPC
TRUSTED
AMF Non-3GPP Access TWAG MME

SMF UE

SGW

UNTRUSTED
UPF N3IWF Non-3GPP Access ePDG PGW
Protocol Stacks for NG-RAN
UE gNB AMF SMF
NAS SM NAS SM
NAS MM NAS MM
HTTP HTTP
Control Plane

RRC RRC NGAP NGAP

PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP TCP TCP
RLC RLC IP IP IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2
Radio Radio L1 L1 L1 L1

Uu N2 / NG-C N11

UE gNB UPF (UPF) ”DN Node”

PDU PDU PDU PDU
SDAP SDAP
User Plane

GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U

PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC UDP UDP UDP UDP
MAC MAC IP IP IP IP
Radio Radio L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2

Uu N3 / NG-U N9 N6
Protocol Stacks for NG-RAN
UE gNB AMF SMF
NAS SM NAS SM
NAS MM NAS MM
HTTP HTTP
Control Plane

RRC RRC NGAP NGAP

PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP TCP TCP
RLC RLC IP IP IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2
Radio Radio L1 L1 L1 L1

UE gNB UPF (UPF) ”DN Node”

PDU PDU PDU PDU
SDAP SDAP
User Plane

GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U

PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC UDP UDP UDP UDP
MAC MAC IP IP IP IP
Radio Radio L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2
Protocol Stacks for 5G with NG-RAN
UE gNB AMF SMF
NAS SM NAS SM All new!
NAS MM NAS MM
HTTP HTTP New Name – Replaces Similar Protocol
Control Plane

RRC RRC NGAP NGAP

PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP TCP TCP Existed by same name – Slightly Updated
RLC RLC IP IP IP IP
Exactly Like Before
MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2
Radio Radio L1 L1 L1 L1 Same Old Protocol – New for 3GPP

UE gNB UPF (UPF) ”DN Node”

PDU PDU PDU PDU
SDAP SDAP
User Plane

GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U

PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC UDP UDP UDP UDP
MAC MAC IP IP IP IP
Radio Radio L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2
PDU Sessions and 5G User Data
PDU Sessions – Your 5G Connection to the World

NG-RAN 5GC
A Data
A PDU Session! Network

UE
Another PDU Session!
Another
Data
Network
The 5G User Plane

AMF SMF
NAS
Identified by DNN

UE RAN UPF UPF UPF DN

PDU Session
PDU Sessions – There are Different Kinds!
NG-RAN 5GC

IPv4 / IPv6 Data

UE Network

UE Ethernet
Data
Network

Data
UE Unstructured Network
PDU Session Can Even be Split Up

UPF

UE UPF UPF Data

Network
UPF

UPF

One PDU Session

5G New Radio
LTE Evolution Need for more!
New use cases
Internet of Things (MTC)
Device to Device (ProSe)
Mobile Broadband ”WiFi everywhere” LTE is part of 5G!
VoLTE

LTE LTE Advanced LTE Advanced Pro LTE Advanced Pro cont.

• Carrier Aggregation
• Dual Connectivity
• HetNets / Small Cells
New Radio NR
• Advanced MIMO and modulation
• NB-IoT (narrow carriers – 180 kHz)
• Licensed Assisted Access (LAA)
• LTE WLAN Aggregation (LWA)
• Enhancements, improvements....

2008 2017 2018 2019

Rel-8 Rel-14 Rel-15 Rel-16
AND:
In 5G many complementary
radio technologies will co- NB-IOT, EC-GSM-IoT, WiFi, LoRa, ZigBee, Bluetooth etc.
exist:
5G Frequency Band Candidates

•To be decided at WRC-19 (Nov 2019)

•Subject to national and regional regulation
Sites, Cells and Beams

Site: Some physical location

xNB xNB One or more xNB per site

xNB

Sector a
Sector b
Sector c One or more sectors per xNB

Carrier 1 One or more cells per sector

Carrier 2 Cell 1 • one carrier per cell (different fq, bandwidth etc)
Carrier 3 Cell 2
Cell 3

xNB may use Beamforming

Beams
Cell n • MIMO used to direct energy in certain directions
• Same radio resources serve different UEs
MIMO

Tx Rx

Single Input – Single Output

Tx Rx

Multiple Input – Multiple Output (4 x 4 Example)

MIMO

Tx Rx

Single Input – Single Output

Tx Rx

Multiple Input – Multiple Output (4 x 4 Example)

MIMO

Tx Rx

Single Input – Single Output

Tx Rx

Multiple Input – Multiple Output (4 x 4 Example)

Cell Sizes
To get ”1000 x higher overall capacity”:
• More spectrum (50x)
• Higher density, small cells (10x)
• Spectral efficiency (2x)
Ultra-dense Small Cells:
• Indoor or outdoor
• On high frequency bands
• Wide Carriers / Carrier Aggregation / Dual Connectivity
• Cell capacity concentrated on very small area
-> Hundreds of Gb/s per km2
-> Millions of UEs per km2
• Cells can be on/off based on load

gNB
Macro Cell
on low freq-bands
Pico Cells (beyond 100 km size)
Micro Cells
”New” Cool Things in 5G New Radio (NR)
Supplemental Uplink
To add coverage in an otherwise high-frequency setup

Range UL DL

UL

Frequency

One cell

UE UE
 4G Carrier Aggregation (CA)

UE UE UE UE UE UE UE
Rel 8
LTE 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz ....... 20 MHz 20 MHz
Without Carrier
Aggregation Frequency

UE UE UE
UE

Rel-10 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz ....... 20 MHz 20 MHz

LTE Advanced
2 x 20 MHz Frequency

UE
Rel-13
LTE Advanced Pro
32 x 20 MHz Frequency
= 640 MHz
Carrier Aggregation in 5G New Radio (NR)

UE UE UE

400 MHz 400 MHz .......... 400 MHz

Frequency

UE

For comparison:
UE
A 20 MHz LTE carrier
(In scale)
PDCP Duplication
For scenarios where retransmission is not optimal (e.g. URLLC)

UE
gNB

PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC RLC RLC

MAC MAC

Carrier / Cell 1

Carrier / Cell 2
PDCP Duplication
For scenarios where retransmission is not optimal (e.g. URLLC)

UE
• Several gNBs: Master-Slave
• C-RAN: gNB-CU + gNB-DUs

PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC RLC RLC

MAC MAC MAC MAC

gNB 1

gNB 2
Cloud and Virtualization
So What Is Cloud?

Compute
Cloud Service Users (CPU, Servers)
Can be Applications

Network
(Switches, Routers)
An IP Network

Storage
(Hard drives)

Network Access to Shared Resources

Virtualization Stack
Virtual Machines (VM)

App App App App App App

Operating Operating Operating

System System System OS OS OS

One physical
machine /
server / Hypervisor
computer

Hardware Hardware Hardware Hardware

Traditional Stack Virtualized Stack

Why Virtualization?
Even Distribution of Resources

Application A Application B Application C

Traditional
Virtualized
Application C Application C
Controller Application B
Application B
Application A
Application A Application A
Why Virtualization? Customer B Customer C
Customer B
Customer C

Easier Maintenance Customer A

Customer A
Customer A

Customer C
Customer B
Customer B

Customer A Customer A

Customer C Customer C Customer B

Customer B
Customer A Customer A
Customer A
Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)
5GC – Non-Virtualized
AMF SMF UPF UDM Issues:
OS OS OS OS • Scalability
• Changing traffic patterns
HW HW HW HW
• Redundancy
• Specialized HW
• Static locations Network
Functions (NFs) UDM

AMF SMF

IP Network
UE gNB UPF

5G-RAN 5GC
5GC –Virtualized

Virtual
Network
Functions (VNFs) UDM
HV

AMF SMF
HV HV
IP Network
UE gNB UPF
HV
5G-RAN 5GC
HV
Hypervisor
Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) Benefits of NFV:
•Better HW resource usage
•Flexible NW topology
•Uses less power
AMF, UDM, SMF and UPF
are Virtualized NFs (VNFs)

Compute Node / Spare

Server UPF HW
MANO
Management and Orchestration NFV CTRL AMF UDM SMF UPF UPF
• Start/stop/move VMs (MANO) VM VM VM VM #1 VM #2
• Knows NFVI resources Hypervisor HV HV HV HV
• Knows VM image files HW (COTS) HW HW HW HW
• Create/delete Networks

DN:
• Internet
gNB • IMS

Routers,switches and cables

NFV Infrastructure
(NFVI)
The Mission of NFV

“Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV) aims to transform

the way that network operators architect networks by
evolving standard IT virtualisation technology to consolidate
many network equipment types onto industry standard high
volume servers, switches and storage, which could be
located in a variety of NFVI-PoPs including datacentres,
network nodes and in end user premises.”
ETSI White Papers on NFV
Virtualised Mobile Core and IMS
NFV Architectural Framework: High-Level View
Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
Software-Defined Network

Traditional Network Software

Defined
Network
OpenFlow

E.g. OpenFlow
Network Slicing in SDN

Control

Customer A
Customer B
SDN For Mobile User Data

SDN CTRL

DN:
SDN SDN SDN • Internet
gNB
Device Device Device • IMS
SDN
Device
Routers,switches and cables SDN
SDN Device
SDN SDN
Device
Device Device
Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)

AMF, UDM, SMF and UPF

are Virtualized NFs (VNFs)

Compute Node / Spare

Server UPF HW

NFV CTRL AMF UDM SMF UPF UPF

(MANO) VM VM VM VM #1 VM #2
Hypervisor HV HV HV HV
HW (COTS) HW HW HW HW

DN:
• Internet
gNB • IMS

Routers,switches and cables

SDN and NFV Together!

AMF, UDM, SMF and UPF

are Virtualized NFs (VNFs)

Compute Node / Spare

Server UPF HW

NFV CTRL AMF UDM SMF UPF UPF

(MANO) VM VM VM VM #1 VM #2
Hypervisor HV HV HV HV
HW (COTS) HW HW HW HW

SDN CTRL

DN:
SDN SDN SDN • Internet
gNB
Device Device Device • IMS
SDN
Device
Routers,switches and cables SDN
SDN Device
SDN SDN
Device
Device Device
SDN and NFV Together
Now With Extra Realism!

AMF, UDM, SMF and UPF

are Virtualized NFs (VNFs)

Compute Node / Spare

Server UPF HW

NFV CTRL AMF UDM SMF UPF UPF

(MANO) VM VM VM VM #1 VM #2
Hypervisor HV HV HV HV
HW (COTS) HW HW HW HW

SDN CTRL

DN:
SDN SDN SDN • Internet
gNB
Device Device Device • IMS
SDN
Device
SDN
SDN Device
SDN SDN
Device
Device Device
Network Slicing
5GPPP Network Slicing
Huawei Network Slicing
GSMA Network Slicing
Network Slicing Creating logical networks that
AMF SMF
provide specific network capabilities NF NF
and network characteristics. UPF
RAN is slice- HW HW UE gNB NF DN 2
aware, for 1
NF NF
UE
1 different radio DN 1
NF NF GREEN Slice
QoS needs
NF
UE
2

gNB
BLUE Slice
UE UE NF NF
3 2
HW HW gNB
UEs can belong NF DN 1
UE NF NF NF
to multiple slices
NF NF 3
at the same time
(max 8)

RED Slice
NFs can belong to NF NF
multiple slices
NF DN 1
HW HW
NF NF UE gNB NF NF
DN 2 3
NF NF DN 2
NF

PHYSICAL VIEW LOGICAL VIEW

Network Slices and PDU Sessions AMF SMF

NF NF
UPF
UE gNB NF DN 2
1

GREEN Slice

BLUE Slice
UE NF NF
2
gNB
DN 1
UE NF NF NF
3

RED Slice
NF NF
NF DN 1
UE gNB NF NF
3
NF DN 2
Network Slice Selection
A Network Slice instance may be available in the
whole PLMN or in one or more Tracking Areas

NSSF can use NRF to

find AMFs
NRF

AMF may ask NSSF for help to:

• Determine valid slices NSSF
• Reselect AMF(s)

Verifies
AMF
slice availability

UE
1 gNB

Can request slice Selects AMF

at registration
IoT – Internet of Things
Massive Machine Type Communication

Forecasts
Device connections by network type (various sources):
~70% – short range (connected via capillary NW and IoT GW)
~30% – wide-area
Percentage of M2M traffic and devices (ITU-R M.2370):
2020: 7% of total traffic, 7 billion subscriptions
2030: 12% of total traffic, 97 billion subscriptions
Example MTC Services and Application Areas

Smart cities Home Energy

• Traffic monitoring and control
• Smart parking
• Information services
• Heating/cooling/light control
• Utility meters (electricity, gas...)
• Alarms
• Access control
• Automated shopping
• Turbines/windmills/generators/
/sub-station control and monitoring
• Backup generators

Transportation Retail services Industry

• “Non-URLLC V2X” • Vending machines • “Non-URLLC automation”
• Tolls • Payment terminals • Sensors, meters, actuators
• Navigation
• Traffic / Fleet management
• Logistics / Tracking

Healthcare Security Personal

• Hospital room • Surveillance • Personal Area Networks

• Patient monitoring • Alarms • Entertainment equipment
• Home monitoring • Tracking • Home network integration
• Environmental sensors
Examples of Devices with Very Different Traffic Patterns
Water / gas meter
• Periodic transmission, little data amount, no mobility, deep indoor locations with poor coverage
• Low power consumption requirements
Burglar alarm
• Spontaneous transmission, little data amount, no mobility
• Possibly low power consumption requirements
Surveillance camera
• Constant, high data rate transmission, no mobility
• No power saving features needed
Fleet tracking device
• Periodic and spontaneous data transmissions, polling from application server side
• High mobility
Road traffic camera
• Periodic transmission of small data amounts with possibly video stream when
• unusual activity (e.g. an accident) detected.
Patient health monitoring system
• Periodic and spontaneous data transmissions, requests from server side, may require low delay and
high reliabilitye.g. in case of sudden condition changes, medium mobility
Object tracking
• Little or no device initiated transmissions, short response time requirements for server-side queries
• High mobility, possibly low power consumption requirements
Remotely operated machinery, e.g. water valve
• Little or no device initiated transmissions, short response time requirements for server-side queries
• Low or no mobility, possibly low power consumption requirements
GSMA Application Families

Application Family Type 1 Type 2 Type 3a and 3b Type 4

Applications and Tracking persons or Industrial asset tracking, Deep indoor (type 3a) Stationary and powered
examples objects, assisted living, livestock and or extended devices of various
remote health environmental outdoor/rural (type 3b) kinds, smart city
monitoring, wearables, monitoring, fire coverage: water/gas lighting, home white
bicycle tracking hydrants, industrial tank meters, smart parking, goods,
processes environmental sensors vending machines

Short to medium Medium Very long N/A

Battery life
(often recharged) (5—10 years) (10—15 years) (mains powered)

Mobility Low to high Stationary or nomadic Stationary Stationary

About 30 sec for most Under 10 sec in most 10 sec for control use Under 30 sec for most
Latency cases, 2—5 sec for cases cases, 60 sec for data cases, under 1 sec for
some collection some

Communication Event-triggered Event-triggered Mostly periodic Various

3GPP Mobile IoT Radio Solutions
Network Slicing for mMTC
User Data Through UPF

UE
mMTC Network Slice X
UE
UE
AUSF UDM ...
UE
UE
UE
UE
UE

UE
gNB AMF SMF PCF
UE

UE

UE

UE

UE
UE
Car / Vehicle
UE
UE
ng-eNB UPF manufacturer

• Vehicles!
• Millions per km2
• Low complexity
• Little data, low rates?
• Mobile!
• NIDD (Non-IP Data Delivery)
Network Slicing for mMTC
User Data through 5G Signalling Layer

UE UE UE UE UE UE UE UE UE UE
mMTC Network Slice Y
UE UE UE UE UE UE UE UE UE UE AUSF UDM NEF SCS
UE UE UE UE UE UE UE UE

UE UE UE UE UE UE UE UE
gNB AMF SMF PCF

T T T T T T Utility
UE

T T T T T T ng-eNB Company x

•Short distances – Meters! • Possibly NB-IoT

•Millions of UEs per km2 - Deep / extended coverage
•Low complexity - Repetition of data
•Possibly MICO - PSM
•Some via IoT-GW (UE) - Long DRX cycles
•Little data, low rates, non-RT
•Stationary
5G and IoT
UE 3GPP Device

UE UE UE UE UE
4G (LTE) 3GPP M Mobile Device

UE UE UE UE UE
T Thing
5G (NR)
T T UE UE UE UE UE

T T LTE-M
UE UE UE UE UE 3GPP Core
T T
UE UE UE UE UE
NB-IoT Networks
T T

T T UE UE UE UE UE EC-GSM

M M M M M M ZigBee 3
Non- GPP 3rd-Party Networks
(e.g. Internet)
M M M M M M
6LoWPAN
M M M M M M
(IPv6 over Low power
Wireless Personal Area Network)
M M M M M M

802.11ah
M M M M M M
(WiFi HaLow)
T T Other Access-
M M M M M M
T T
Bluetooth Related
T T
M M M M M M Networks
T T M M M M M M LoRa
T T M M M M M M
WiMax
...and more
Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC)
 UE Mobilty:
MEC – Multi-Access Edge Computing • MEC requires seamless service
• MEC App may need live migration
Operator or 3rd party services hosted close to UE

• Locally
relevant
info
• Ultra-low
UE UE
• Local media
latency production and
consumption

Local
• High-latency
sites MEC apps run
connection MEC MEC MEC
on local NFVI
• Backhaul App. App. App.
COTS hardware
congestion risk

EXAMPLE SERVICES
• Mall or sports arena info Central
Backhaul
• IoT GW (pre-processing) App. offloaded
• Video optimization
• V2I and V2N traffic Central
• Content caching Core
Voice Calls in 5G
 VoLTE vs Vo5G
Packet Data Network (PDN)
MME
PCRF

eNB SGW PGW

AAA
SGi IMS

AP ePDG
PDN Connection TAS
SIP HSS TAS
Default EPS Bearer
RTP
Dedicated EPS Bearer CSCF
CSCF
CSCF
EPS ”4G”

MGW
AMF SMF PCF
N6

gNB UPF UPF

AP N3IWF
PDU Session
SIP
QoS Flow
RTP
QoS Flow
Data Network (DN)
5GS
Time Line(s)
There Are a Lot of Them
3GPP
Combined Timeline
2000 ... 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 ... 2025

Standalone
5G-NR

Rel 16
Non- (Phase 2)
standalone
5G-NR

Rel 15
(Phase 1)

EU 5G Showcase:
Launch Gigabit 5G
Projects PyonChang
5GPPP on Tokyo
Phase 1 Olympics EU 5G Olympics
Projects 5G in all
EU 5G Phase 3 urban areas
EU 5G Vision Projects + transport
Early
announced Phase 2
Commercial
Large scale Deployment
5G Trials
Ready for IO
Detailed Tests
Requirement
Basic Trials
First White Start IO Tests
Paper Completed
System
Design 1st Rel
Standard Ready for
Ready Deployment

IMT- WRC 5G WRC 5G

IMT-2000
Advanced Radio Radio
Spectrum IMT-2020
Spectrum
Summary
The Apis IP-Solutions Consensus

NG-RAN
5GC
NFV
SDN
MEC
+ Legacy (EPC, LTE, IMS, VoLTE...)