The Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management in Cabalantian National

High School
Lorelie May Willkom, Jennalyn Lucero
Cabalantian National High School
loreliemaywillkom@gmail.com
jennalynlucero05@gmail.com

Abstract: This study aimed to assess the solid waste management effectiveness in garbage implementation in the
school Cabalantian National High School. It is also determined by the evaluation of the school every year. It
determined the level of effectiveness of solid waste management practices in terms of: collection, transportation,
disposal and segregation and processing of waste materials. It is also determined the problems encountered on
waste disposal practices tested the significantly and finally, proposed an action plan that will improve the Waste
Management Practices. The researchers concluded that the management of solid waste in the school campus was
very effective in terms of collection, transportation, segregation and disposal as perceived by the respondents. It
is such a social economic burden that necessarily needs more improvement to maintain the cleanliness of the
campus. Being one of the developing barangay, the Cabalantian National High School has increased waste in this
lineage matching growth of population. The aim of this research is also to evaluate what approach should be
applied for social in education institutes, comparing developing and developed the school barangay. The survey is
a very important tool for evaluating which solid waste policy is suitable in the venue, involving the students and
teachers. The implementation was still existing on the school campus Cabalantian National High School. All the
human beings in school were raised almost by the majority applying the proper solid waste management policies.
Due to the programmes, most of the residents are very aware about the issues. It is very common that the garbage
was the major problem of the community.

Keywords: aware; collection; disposal; effective; school campus; segregation; solid waste management; students;
transportation

1.Introduction
Solid waste generation management is the most important aspect to take in order to have an effective proper
garbage implementation system. It varies between the school and community in public or in private. (Tarra &
Goel, 2009, Wagner & Arnold, 2006). Being one of the developing Barangay, Cabalantian National High School
has increased waste generation matching its growth of population. CNHS with peaceful and clean that describe
the situation of the school campus on solid waste management(Carlo M.Punongbayan,September 15, 2014).
Improper waste disposal is the major and basic contribution of all the students to maintain cleanliness. Thus, an
effective waste management system must be introduced to everyone (Mark J. Trondillo). The Cabalantian
National High School (CNHS) has organized a solid waste program. However, it is observed, still going on, that
Solid Waste Management is continuously accumulated every day in the campus (Margarita C. Paghasian, 2017).
This research endeavours to assess the solid waste management, awareness and effectiveness among the students
of Cabalantian National High School (CNHS). It will measure the existing solid waste management programs
implemented in the school campus (Mark J. Trondillo). Solid Waste Management has basic components such as
collection, transportation, segregation & disposal (Vivek Raghavan, January 2013). As it defined, the respondent
says that waste management is the segregation of waste materials. But it is also collection, transport, processing,
recycling or disposal of waste materials (Margarita C. Paghasian, 2017) (Marello & Helwege, 2014) (H.Lanier
Hickman jr. 2003). Solid waste management is a social solution that requires the introduction of reliable public
policies including segregation of garbage. (Navarro Perronato) (Elena Cristina Rada, July 3, 2017). School Solid
Waste consists of different wastes such as biodegradable , non-biodegradable, hazard recyclable and reusable.
These include papers, cartoons, plastic bags or bottles, food waste, tins or cans and glasses (Asiri D. Vitharana).
All the people in the school campus have a responsibility to maintain the cleanliness with the help of proper solid
waste management. Such as students, teachers, and classroom officers (Joseph A, Burhat, December 2011). Most
of them were fully aware in the identification of biodegradable from non-biodegradable and only few of them were
knowledgeable on solid waste management. The students had good practices on solid waste management in terms
of segregation, reduction and reuse and they had fair practices on recycling and proper disposal (Margarita C.

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Paghasian, 2017).
Cabalantian National High School, like many developing schools and community public or private has solid waste
management related challenges. Solid waste management has become more problematic in provinces due to rapid
increase in rural population (Fei-Baffoe et al,, 2014; Olukanni et al., 2014; Schwarz-Heroin et al., 2008). Waste
management has implications on climate change, the environment, public health and the economy through
tourism for instance. Proper solid waste management enhances the achievement of the Millennium Development
Goals (Gonzenbach & Coad, 2007). In addition, solid waste management is a component of Cabalantian National
High School for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation under food security and nutrition cluster, in the
cluster key result area of environmental management (Government of Zimbabwe, 2013). The local authorities and
Environmental Management Agency (EMA) have been given the responsibility to manage pollution and waste in
the country. Thus the management of solid waste has attracted attention internationally, regionally, nationally
and locally.
Solid Waste management plays a pivotal role in enhancing sustainable development as it eliminates deterioration
of the environment and improving the quality of life. Solid waste management is a worldwide challenge ranging
from developing to developed countries. The solid waste is recycled through the involvement of members of the
general public. In the Cabalantian National High School for example, the programme was launched leading to an
increase in recycling from 16% to 50%. Thus participation of all stakeholders makes it easier to handle solid waste
(Mundhe et al., 2014). The usually waste disposed of in the landfill site and the capacity of existing dump can
hardly support the increasing quantity of the waste generated.
Solid waste management is one of the greatest challenges facing the state and local government environmental
protection organisations in the campus (Ogwueleka, 2009). Rampant disposal of solid waste in dumpsites located
within urban areas has posed problems to nearby residents in most developing cities and Freetown is no exception
(Sankoh et al., 2013).
Although solid waste has been produced since the early days of civilisation, it did not pose any threat to human
life since the population was still very small and there was very large land available for its disposal (Plesea
&Visan, 2010). Solid waste became an issue about 10 000 BC due to the shift from nomadism to creation of
permanent settlements as well as increase in human population (Roberts, 2011). However no lasting solution has
been found to bring this challenge to an end. In spite of the fact that waste generation is rising, waste collection
is deteriorating (Makwara & Magudu, 2013; Selin, 2013). Worldwide solid waste management now aims at waste
reduction and recycling before disposal (Musademba et al., 2011).
Students utilise and consume different commodities and items necessitated by both his needs and wants
by drawing resources from his natural environment and reinstating by-products to the same in various forms
on a daily basis. Items useful now may later be considered useless and discarded based on owners or users choice
or discretion usually driven by outdated, expired, non-useable, damaged, unwanted and/or spoilt basis. Any
material considered brand new, clean and valuable serving its original intent has the tendency to lose its
significance in application after awhile. This implies that the quantity of useful and valuable resources obtained
often conforms to the volume of waste generated (Ekweozor, 2002), added that almost, if not all aspects of
human activities lead to generation of waste.
Common portrayal among many researchers is that wastes are garbage, unwanted, refuse, useless, damaged,
sludge and discarded materials (Tchobangolus and Peavy, 1983; Anurigwo, 2000; Leton and Omotosho, 2004;
Ruchi and Avinash, 2007; Ohaka et al., 2013) resulting from man's actions which include activities in
industries, homes, and school (Ofodile, 2002; Zamorano et al., 2009, Ogwueleka, 2009; Al-Maaded et al., 2012;
Hoornweg and Perinaz, 2012; Oteng-Ababio, 2014), So long as humans continue to live and inhabit in a place,
waste of different types (solid, liquid and gas) both in quantity and quality must be generated (Ohaka et al., 2013;
Awopetu, 2014),

2. Methodology
This study used the descriptive method research design which is used to describe the situation of the school
campus on solid waste management. As the main gathering instrument were the questionnaires that were given
to the fifty (50) respondents who were the students selected randomly from all the grade 7 to 12. The purpose was
to study the effectiveness in solid waste management in the school campus among the students. The instrument

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of the research study was the validity of survey questionnaires. The questionnaires were designed to assess the
knowledge, and practices on solid waste management at school. It includes the questions that were related to the
effectiveness and regarding how they apply the solid waste management in their respective areas. In order to
obtain information about waste management, the researchers utilized the library, online resources, and data
searching online. After a series of consultations and reviews. The researcher distributed the questionnaires to the
respondents in order to identify and get the answer to the questions stated in the objectives of the study. In order
to obtain information about waste management the researchers utilized the library, online resources, and data
searching online. After a series of consultations and reviews, the questionnaire was edited by the researchers.
The researcher distributed the questionnaires to the respondents in order to identify and get the answer to the
questions stated in the objectives of the study. All data gathered were presented graphically to interpret the result
such frequency distribution. Frequency distribution and ranking were utilized to determine the solid waste
management practices in terms of: collections, disposal, transportation and segregation. Also, to identify the
problems encountered in waste management practices for certain responses in the study, the following scales and
corresponding verbal interpretations were use was carried out thus; an appropriate scoring scheme was associated
with each of the six possible responses,Interpretation of the analysed data is given as follows; 1 for Most Effective,
2 for Moderately Effective, 3 for Effective, 4 for Slightly Effective, and 5 for Slightly Not Effective and 6 for Not
Effective.
Formula:
P= f/n × 100
Where:
P = percentage
f = frequency
n = total number of respondents

3. Results and Discussion

This research aims at the good and final discussions about the title “The Effectiveness of Solid Waste
Management”. Due to the results of questionnaires, the researchers were very active to find out the findings.

Figure 1. The Demographic Profile of the Respondents who were Aware of Solid Waste Management.

The sample represented 10 (20%) grade 7 and 11, 4 (8%) grade 8 and 9, 7(14%) grade 10 and 15 (30%) grade 12 of
the respondents. In that figure, the results revealed that many grade 12 students were well aware of the program
by school regarding waste management compared to other grade levels. Majority of the students for all grade
levels knew about implementation. It is very important for both in school and at home that all of the respondents
were very aware of segregation. Mentioning the segregation, some of our respondents answered the questions
what type of solid waste they usually encountered in their perspective area. The students had good practices on
solid waste management in terms of segregation, reduce and reuse and they had fair practices on recycling and
proper disposal.

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Figure 2: Types of Solid Waste Management

Most of them may usually segregate their garbage or solid waste management in their perspective area (Abdel-
Shafy, Mansour, M.S.M, 2018). Not just segregation but also collecting and disposing of waste in the designated
areas. Based on the results, such papers and cartoons have the highest percentage which is 39.24%. The
Cabalantian National High School was always top on evaluation. Every student has been assigned in their
perspective area to maintain the cleaning, collecting and disposing of waste as the classrooms ended each day.

Figure 3: The Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management

The graph shows the effectiveness of solid waste management results through questionnaires survey. Based on
the results, the most effective has the highest or majority situation in implementing garbage on the school
campus. in questions 3, there will be no garbage left uncollected in every classroom. The effectiveness of the
existing waste management practices in terms of disposal is presented in Figure 3. Wastes were disposed of in

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the designated area and are not disposed everywhere such as in the ground, canals and vacant lots ranked first
while leftovers are disposed in the trash bins ranked last.

4. CONCLUSIONS
This study disclosed the following as its findings: The effectiveness of the Cabalantian National High School
students was high (Margarita C. Paghasian, 2017). Most of them were fully aware in the identification of
biodegradable from non-biodegradable and only few of them were knowledgeable on Republic Act 9003. Solid
Waste Management is effective in terms of collection, disposable, transportation, segregation, recovery and
processing as perceived by the respondents. The students had good practices on solid waste management in terms
of segregation, reduce and reuse and they had fair practices on recycling and proper disposal. The respondents
are moderately agreed that there are problems occurring in the waste management, specifically that disposal area
of waste materials is not strategically located. Moreover, though there are means of recovering and reusing such
waste, they were not strictly implemented. There are significant relationships in the waste management practices
of community in terms of collection, disposal and recovery and processing. The researchers proposed an action
plan for the improvement of waste management practices on the school campus.
It is recommended that the implementation of waste disposal, collection and proper segregation of waste may
strictly be practiced and recommended in all classrooms. School officials or staff may conduct regular assessments
and evaluation on the programs supporting waste management Practices. Disciplinary actions may be given for
those who violate the rules and regulations on waste management practices within the campus through
community service. Future researchers may conduct similar studies using different variables. The Solid Waste
Committee should be consistent in monitoring the students’ behavior towards the program. The Supreme Student
Council should purchase more trash bins and put them on conspicuous areas like in the side of the pathways or
in every covered shade where the students could easily dispose of their garbage properly. The Supreme Student
Council should assist the Committee in the monitoring of the program. Teachers should put more emphasis in
disseminating information about the importance of the Solid Waste Management program. Students should
maintain appreciable practices on Solid Waste Management by attending seminars and orientations. Students
should internalize the program and impart their knowledge to others by making themselves responsible for doing
it regularly. The school administration should have information drive/campaign on Solid Waste Management
every General Orientation Programs, Convocation Programs and in Homeroom classes to ensure full awareness
on the wise disposal of garbage. The Supreme Student Council (SSC) or school student body should have an annual
plan of action for sustaining Solid Waste Management.

5. Acknowledgement
The researchers were very thankful to their research adviser Mrs. Noreen B. Dayta for her inspirational advice
to achieve this research study and giving us support in carrying out the study. Also to Mrs. Cairalyn Gandamra
Macauyag for the laptop the researchers are renting. Also to their beloved parents and guardians for the love,
care, and financial support in doing the research study. To God the Father in heaven whose source of life,
knowledge and wisdom, for love and peace.

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Questionnaires Interpretation
Waste materials are collected according to the schedule in school or home. Most Effective
Waste materials are collected according during weekends and even holidays. Moderate Effective
Solid waste are collected once a week only. Not Effective
Students, home or departments are informed on the days when garbage are to be collected.
Solid waste designated area or material recovery facility is used in the school management system or
community.
No garbage are left uncollected in designated àrea.
Waste materials are collected in designated àrea.
Medical wastes from school are place in appropriate container located throughout medical department
facility at time of generation (if applicable).
Waste are collected by the maintenance staff.
Infection waste, chemical waste, toxic substances are collected together, regardless of whether or not
they are contaminated(if applicable)
Grease trap, kitchen waste, are collected by authorized staff in strong, leak proof containers that are
clearly labelled.

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