12. What is definition of LAN?

A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common
communications line or wireless link to a server. Typically, a LAN encompasses computers and
peripherals connected to a server within a distinct geographic area such as an office or a
commercial establishment. Computers and other mobile devices use a LAN connection to share
resources such as a printer or network storage.
A local area network may serve as few as two or three users (for example, in a small-office
network) or several hundred users in a larger office. LAN networking comprises cables, switches,
routers and other components that let users connect to internal servers, websites and other
LANs via wide area networks.

13. What is definition of MAN?

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer
resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area
network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). The term is
applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network (which may then
also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also used to mean the
interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines. The latter
usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus network.
Examples of metropolitan area networks of various sizes can be found in the metropolitan areas
of London, England; Lodz, Poland; and Geneva, Switzerland. Large universities also sometimes
use the term to describe their networks. A recent trend is the installation of wireless MANs.

14. What is definition of WAN?

A wide area network (WAN) is a geographically distributed private
telecommunications network that interconnects multiple local area networks (LANs). In an
enterprise, a WAN may consist of connections to a company's headquarters, branch
offices, colocation facilities, cloud services and other facilities. Typically, a router or other
multifunction device is used to connect a LAN to a WAN. Enterprise WANs allow users to share
access to applications, services and other centrally located resources. This eliminates the need
to install the same application server, firewall or other resource in multiple locations.

15. How did internet work?

For example how internet work went you send your email. when you clicked send, your laptop’s
Network Interface Card sent the data in the email to the Wireless Access Point using Wi-Fi. The
WAP then sent the data through a wire to the local router.
The local router took that data and sent it to another router, which then sent to another router,
and another router, all the way through a chain of routers until the data was transferred over
one of the transatlantic communication cables to the United States.
There, it ended up at a Google data center (because your parents use Gmail) and Google then
sent a notification to your parent’s laptops stating that they’d received a new email.
 Mom sees it first, goes to her email account, and clicks on the email. The data is transferred
from the Google data center through multiple lines and reaches the router of your mom’s home,
which then goes through the Ethernet cable she has connected to her computer, through her
laptop’s network interface card, and is finally displayed on her screen.

16. How internet provides business value?

 The Internet gives more marketing options, benefits and platform for business than
traditional methods.
 Business owners can find tools for market research and data mining.
 Application for business planning and product development.
 Open source software application to start an online business.
 Clients for products and services around the world.
 Tool to track business performance and growth.
 Cloud storage tool to store business data and information.
 Text, audio and video conferencing tools for instant business communication.
 Online accounting and bookkeeping software and apps.
 Social media networks to build relationships with important people and for character
development.
 Online courses and learning platforms are to improve owners, employees business and
marketing skill.
 Payment gateway and online payment system to accept and send money etc. by the use of
the internet.
 Customer support tools that are useful to build healthy relationships and improve brand
awareness.
 Remote staff hiring platforms with unlimited talent and capacity to work on business goals
and entrepreneurship dreams.

17. How the Domain Name System (DNS) works?

 Step 1: Request information
The process begins when you ask your computer to resolve a hostname, such as visiting
http://dyn.com. The first place your computer looks is its local DNS cache, which stores
information that your computer has recently retrieved. If your computer doesn’t already
know the answer, it needs to perform a DNS query to find out.
 Step 2: Ask the recursive DNS servers
If the information is not stored locally, your computer queries (contacts) your ISP’s recursive
DNS servers. These specialized computers perform the legwork of a DNS query on your
behalf. Recursive servers have their own caches, so the process usually ends here and the
information is returned to the user.
 Step 3: Ask the root nameservers
If the recursive servers don’t have the answer, they query the root nameservers.
A nameserver is a computer that answers questions about domain names, such as IP
addresses. The thirteen root nameservers act as a kind of telephone switchboard for DNS.
 They don’t know the answer, but they can direct our query to someone that knows where to
find it.
 Step 4: Ask the TLD nameservers
The root nameservers will look at the first part of our request, reading from right to left —
www.dyn.com — and direct our query to the Top-Level Domain (TLD)
nameservers for .com. Each TLD, such as .com, .org, and .us, have their own set of
nameservers, which act like a receptionist for each TLD. These servers don’t have the
information we need, but they can refer us directly to the servers that do have the
information.
 Step 5: Ask the authoritative DNS servers
The TLD nameservers review the next part of our request — www.dyn.com — and direct our
query to the nameservers responsible for this specific domain. These authoritative
nameservers are responsible for knowing all the information about a specific domain, which
are stored in DNS records. There are many types of records, which each contain a different
kind of information. In this example, we want to know the IP address for www.dyndns.com,
so we ask the authoritative nameserver for the Address Record (A).
 Step 6: Retrieve the record
The recursive server retrieves the A record for dyn.com from the authoritative nameservers
and stores the record in its local cache. If anyone else requests the host record for dyn.com,
the recursive servers will already have the answer and will not need to go through the
lookup process again. All records have a time-to-live value, which is like an expiration date.
After a while, the recursive server will need to ask for a new copy of the record to make sure
the information doesn’t become out-of-date.
 Step 7: Receive the answer
Armed with the answer, recursive server returns the A record back to your computer. Your
computer stores the record in its cache, reads the IP address from the record, then passes
this information to your browser. The browser then opens a connection to the webserver
and receives the website.
This entire process, from start to finish, takes only milliseconds to complete.