Chapter 1

This chapter present the introduction, background of the study, theoretical

framework, statement of the problem, hypothesis, significant of the study, scope and

limitation and definition of term of the study.

INTRODUCTION

Making a useful equipment from scrap metals is a big help to the environment and

economic especially to the SMAW or steal workers or welders because steel workers are

occupationally exposed to inhaling the Metal dust. Because of some of the steel worker

don’t wear safety mask or sometimes forget to wear it. Long term exposure to metal

particles may cause respiratory problem, that can cause of permanent damage of your

body Using Iron Filling Protection is the best way to avoid complication from inhaling metal

dust, protective equipment can help keep the metal particles from entering the body and

lungs and causing long term damage steel workers should sure to dispose of any external

clothing, those who carried metal particles with them and their clothing have had greatest

risk of long term damage as well as lung damage of family members

According to J.A. Graham and F.J. Miller (2010) Factors governing the dosimetry

of metal particles can be grouped into two main categories: one that deals with the

physicochemical properties of the metal particles and another that included species-

specific factors (e.g., airway structure, the route and pattern of breathing, and rates of

monocular and alveolar clearance). Particle dissolution rate and chemical composition

are important physicochemical properties for the toxicity of metals.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

GLE Scrap Metal (2017) In our modern world, it’s simply not avoidable that we’re

going to generate a sizeable amount of trash each week. This is a situation that continues

to concern environmental groups who track the problems that waste creates for our

environment. That’s why organizations are promoting recycling as an effective and

efficient way to deal with the rising amount of waste. Worldwide, consumers are

generating more waste than ever before. Fortunately, recycling can reduce the negative

impact on our environment, and today, the recycling industry is not only expanding but

evolving. That’s due to investments and innovations within the fast-growing waste and

recycling industry. Recycling companies are constantly investing in ways of improving

their processes and techniques. Today, scrap recycling centers are getting assistance

from university researchers and sophisticated new technologies. It’s become a high-tech

journey to make recycled scrap metal into new steel and aluminum. This saves

manufacturers time and money because they don’t need to mine for iron ore. Scrap

recycling has been taken to a new level of processing, where it can be automatically

sorted.

Theoretical Framework

Conrad & Klaus (1997) The management of solid waste has become an urgent problem.

Product responsibility means that a product will accompany its producer from cradle to

grave; prevention, recycling and disposal of waste are part of a theory of the firm which
we develop under solid residual management. We assume that the government

stimulates firms to enhance recycling of resources by a fee on waste. A comparative

statics analysis shows the impact of a fee on waste reduction, on the structure of the

production process, on recycling, on input demand, material saving effort, number of

firms, and on the amount of waste disposal.

Innovation theory is facing a challenge to its foundation as a result of the recent

developments relating to, for example, discussions concerning strategic and social

innovation tendencies in the society. Innovation was introduced as a concept to

understand change that was seen as an exception to stability and equilibrium. But, if the

society is constantly moving and everything is changing, which many observers claim,

change is not an exception rather it is the norm. Has the concept of innovation become

meaningless? One may create theories about how changes are happening within

particular field and their direction, but does a general theory of innovation have any

meaning? Furthermore, it is postulated that all individuals need to adapt to changes and

to be active in that process (e.g., if they want to make career and not loose their job). If

everybody must carry out some kind of role with respect to change, we may ask whether

or not the concept of entrepreneurship is meaningful?

The answer to these theoretical challenges is not yet clear. The answer might be that the

concept of innovation will be restricted to technological business renewals – the

technology-economic perspective. It might be the case that innovation theory develops

into a new fundamental discipline, in line with psychology or sociology, that has the aim

of explaining that every system has a driving force to change (maybe not only social

systems, but also material systems and individuals) – a general change theory. It might
also be that theory will state that people by nature both want change, but also stability

and the task is to understand how much change, or innovation, is wanted or optimal in

different social systems. It might also be that innovation theory will discuss socio-

psychological issues by defining different roles in change process. Whatever, the

extension of the use of the innovation concept calls for a, maybe radical, revision of

innovation theory reflecting on what the theory fundamentally tries to explain (Sundbo,

2015)

Statement of the Problem

This research aim to prove the use of Iron Filling Collector. In Victoria Senior High

School specifically this study shall seek answer to following questions:

1. What are the method and procedure in utilization of scrap metal us Iron Filling Collector.

2. What is the mean level of metal scrap as Iron Filling Collector?

3. Is there a significant mean difference between with and without using metal scrap as

Iron Filling Collector?

Hypothesis

There is no a significant mean difference between with and without using metal

scrap as Iron Filling Collector.

Significant of the Study

This study will able to prove that the Iron Filling Collector can be used to protect

the steel worker and Smaw student from the metal particles.

Steel workers – they can use iron filling protection to protect them self.

The teacher – they can use iron filling protection to their student word them self.

Student – the can use iron filling protection to protect them self.

Scope of Delimitation

This study is an experimental research focusing of the validation of Iron Filling

Collector of Smaw student of Victoria Senior High School of Victoria, Laguna

Furthermore, the study delimits itself to Smaw student of Victoria Senior High

School year 2019-2020 Iron Filling Collector use only at Victoria Senior High School of

Victoria, Laguna.

Definition of Term

For the clearly in understanding of the Study the following term are defined:

Metal – a substance (such as gold, tin, or copper) that usually has a shiny appearance is

good conductor of electricity and heat, can be melted and usually capable of being

shaped.
Recycling - is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.

It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help

lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Innovation - in its modern meaning is "a new idea, creative thoughts, and new

imaginations in form of device or method".

Scrap - consists of recyclable materials left over from product manufacturing and

consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials.

Metal Dust - Dust in particular, such as that caused by aluminum grinding.

Quality - could be defined as a basic tool for a natural property of any good or service

that allows it to be compared with any other good or service of its kind. The

word quality has many meanings, but basically, it refers to the set of inherent properties

of an object that allows satisfying stated or implied needs.

 Chapter 2

This chapter provides an overview of previous research on knowledge sharing and

intranets. It introduces the literature for the case study that comprises the main focus of

the research described in this study.

Metal

According to Chema Cool (2017) an electrode is a solid electric conductor that

carries electric current into non-metallic solids, or liquids, or gases, or plasmas, or

vacuums. Electrodes are typically good electric conductors, but they need not be metals.

Science Daily (2019) Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions

surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons. The metals are one of the three groups

of elements as distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along with the

metalloids and nonmetals. On the periodic table, a diagonal line drawn from boron (B) to

polonium (Po) separates the metals from the nonmetals. Most elements on this line are

metalloids, sometimes called semi-metals; elements to the lower left are metals; elements

to the upper right are nonmetals. A modern definition of metals is that they have

overlapping conduction bands and valence bands in their electronic structure. This

definition opens up the category for metallic polymers and other organic metals, which

have been made by researchers and employed in high-tech devices. These synthetic

materials often have the characteristic silvery-grey reflectiveness of elemental metals.

The traditional definition focuses on the bulk properties of metals. They tend to be

lustrous, ductile, malleable, and good conductors of electricity, while nonmetals are

generally brittle (for solid nonmetals), lack luster, and are insulators.
 According to Anne Marie Helmenstine (2019) A substance with high electrical

conductivity, luster, and malleability, which readily loses electrons to form

positive ions (cations). Metals are otherwise defined according to their position on

the Periodic Table.

Heavy metal accumulation in the food chain is an issue of global concern because

it eventually leads to toxic effects on humans through the water we drink, contaminated

soils, crops, and animals. Reports of toxicant levels in environmental media (air, water,

and soil) and biota in Ghana were sought in SCOPUS, PubMed, MEDLINE, and

EMBASE. Of 1004 bibliographic records identified, 54 studies were included in evidence

synthesis. A disproportionately large number of papers (about 80%) focused exclusively

on environmental media. Papers focusing on biomonitoring and human health were

relatively few. Studies reported a high degree of spatial variability for the concentrations

of 8 metals in groundwater. Generally, heavy metal concentrations in soil reported by the

studies reviewed were higher than metal concentrations in riverine sediments. Urine and

hair were the most common biological markers of heavy metal exposure used by the

studies reviewed unlike nails, which were sparingly used. By and large, published results

on the levels of heavy metals in goldmine and non-mine workers yielded contradictory

results. Mostly, concentrations of heavy metals reported by the studies reviewed for nails

were higher than for hair. A high degree of variability in the heavy metal concentrations

in human subjects in the studies reviewed is likely due to heterogeneity in physiological

states, excretion profiles, and body burdens of individuals. These, in turn, may be a

product of genetic polymorphisms influencing detoxification efficiency.

 According to Armah(2014) Over the past three decades, the term “heavy metals”

has been widely used in the scientific literature on ecotoxicology. It is frequently

considered as an assemblage name for metals and semimetals (metalloids) that have

been linked with contamination and potential toxicity or ecotoxicity [1]. The term “heavy

metals” has, however, been used inconsistently in the scientific literature. This has

culminated in considerable misperception of the significance of the term. There is also a

propensity to suppose that all the so-called “heavy metals” have highly toxic or ecotoxic

properties [1]. According to Duffus [1], the scientifically sound designations of elements

generally considered as heavy metals are as follows: As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Sb

(Chalcophile); Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn (lithophile/chalcophile); and Mn and Cr (lithophile).

Despite some recognition that the term “heavy metals” is a misnomer, we resort to its use

in this paper for two fundamental reasons. First, although the term “heavy metals” has

been queried over many years, for example, by Phipps [2], and by Loon and Duffy [3],

efforts to replace it by chemically sound terminology have so far failed. Secondly, all the

papers systematically reviewed in this study specifically used the term “heavy metals.”

Heavy metals in water, sediments, air, and other environmental media are of great

environmental concern because of their potential long-term effects on human health

particularly in developing countries where remedial techniques are nascent [4–8]. The

origin of such metals in the natural environment is either geogenic or anthropogenic

releases [9, 10]. In general, the anthropogenic releases constitute a constant source of

pollution, whereas surface runoff is a seasonal phenomenon which is influenced by

climate within the environmental system. The concentrations of heavy metal (loid)s in
soils and other environmental media can vary widely, even in uncontaminated

environments. Noticeable dissimilarities in the geochemical composition of the rocks

which constitute the parent materials of soils and disparities in the strength of soil-forming

processes can lead to extensive ranges of total and available concentrations of most

elements in soils, even in those unaffected by contamination [4]. Nevertheless,

contamination from many sources can often give rise to some very high concentrations

of heavy metal (loid)s [4] which can cause toxicity in soil organisms and susceptible

plants, but this depends on the factors affecting the bioavailability of the elements [4].

Many investigations have been conducted on anthropogenic contaminants of ecosystems

across the globe [11, 12].

In Ghana, which exemplifies a country where extensive research on heavy metals

has hitherto been carried out because of its extensive mining industry, one of the main

anthropogenic sources of concern is gold mining, both surface and underground. Gold

mining is widespread and according to Naylor [13], it contributes about 44% of Ghana’s

export earnings. The large-scale extraction of gold occurs predominantly in the Western

and Ashanti regions for example, Bibiani and Obuasi, and is accompanied by arsenic,

mercury, and Sulphur contamination to surface and groundwater bodies, soil and even

air pollution causing acid rain and degradation to the surrounding environment and

impacts on human health [14, 15]. With the liberalization of the gold mining sector in the

mid-1980s, gold mining-dependent livelihoods have soared, employing extraction

methods that invariably release mercury into surrounding water sources [5, 16, 17]. In the

past, gold mining was restricted to the south; lately however, exploration is increasing in

the north, especially in the Upper East Region. Iron and manganese have also been found
in elevated concentrations in water in Ghana [9]. This has culminated in the closure of

hundreds of wells in favour of surface waters likely contaminated with harmful

microorganisms [18]. Up till now, mining related studies in Ghana conducted on

environmental samples (water, air, soil, sediment, etc.) and biota (fish, urine, blood, nails,

etc.) include Hg [19, 20], As [14, 15], Fe and Mn [9, 21], Pb [7, 18], and Cd and Cu

[5, 16, 17].

Despite the large body of literature that has been devoted to heavy metal pollution

in Ghana, the results are mixed and are disparate making it quite difficult to elicit a

coherent account on the scope and levels of heavy metal pollution in the environment

and in biota, especially in humans, across Ghana. Consequently, this study aims to

cumulate scientific evidence on heavy metal pollution in the environment and in biota in

Ghana through synthesis of existing data. This systematic review was conducted for a

variety of reasons, but it was not limited to the synthesis of evidence on the magnitude of

heavy metal contamination or to supporting evidence-based policy or practice. This

review provides useful information for designing future research on heavy metal pollution

in Ghana and other jurisdictions. In particular, it will help to place future studies in context

by describing what we knew before and what we hoped to learn from any future study on

heavy metal pollution in Ghana and in other contexts.

According to V Duffus (2002) Over the past two decades, the term "heavy metals"

has been used increasingly in various publications and in legislation related to chemical

hazards and the safe use of chemicals. It is often used as a group name for metals and

semimetals (metalloids) that have been associated with contamination and potential
toxicity or Eco toxicity. At the same time, legal regulations often specify a list of heavy

metals to which they apply. Such lists may differ from one set of regulations to the other,

or the term may be used without specifying which heavy metals are covered. In other

words, the term "heavy metals" has been used inconsistently. This practice has led to

general confusion regarding the significance of the term. The inconsistent use of the term

"heavy metals" reflects inconsistency in the scientific literature. It is, therefore, necessary

to review the usage that has developed for the term, paying particular attention to its

relationship to fundamental chemistry. Without care for the scientific fundamentals,

confused thought is likely to prevent advances in scientific knowledge and to lead to bad

legislation and to generally bad decision-making. Lists all the current definitions of the

term "heavy metal" that the author has been able to trace in scientific dictionaries or in

other relevant literature. It must be noted that frequently the term has been used without

an associated definition, presumably by authors who thought that there was agreement

about the meaning of the term. The table shows how wrong this assumption is and

explains some of the confusion in the literature and in related policy and regulations. It

should also be noted before going further that the term "heavy metal" has even been

applied to semimetals (metalloids) such as arsenic, presumably because of the hidden

assumption that "heaviness" and "toxicity" are in some way identical. This example further

illustrates the confusion that surrounds the term. Before 1936, the term was used with the

meanings "guns or shot of large size" or "great ability" [1, 2]. The oldest scientific use of

the term to be found in the English literature, according to the Oxford English Dictionary,

is in Bjerrum's Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Danish edition, as translated by Bell in

collaboration with Bjerrum, published in London in 1936 [3]. It is worth noting that no
comparable inorganic chemistry textbook published since seems to have used Bjerrum's

classification, and it has not been included in the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical

Terminology [4], which is the gold standard of terminology for chemists. Bjerrum's

definition of heavy metals is based upon the density of the elemental form of the metal,

and he classifies heavy metals as those metals with elemental densities above 7 g/cm 3.

Over the years, this definition has been modified by various authors, and there is no

consistency. In 1964, the editors of Van Nostrand's International Encyclopedia of

Chemical Science [5] and in 1987, the editors of Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary

[6] included metals with a specific gravity greater than 4. A little later, in 1989, 1991, and

1992, Parker [7], Lozet and Mathieu [8], and Morris [9] chose a defining specific gravity

"greater than 5". However, Streit [10] used a specific gravity of 4.5 as his reference point,

and Thornton [11] chose 6. The Roempp Chemical Dictionary [12] gives 3.5 as a possible

defining specific gravity. However you work with these definitions, it is impossible to come

up with a consensus. Accordingly, this basis for defining heavy metals must be

abandoned as yielding nothing but confusion. At some point in the history of the term, it

has been realized that density or specific gravity is not of great significance in relation to

the reactivity of a metal. Accordingly, definitions have been formulated in terms of atomic

weight or mass, which brings us a step closer to the periodic table–traditionally the most

sound and scientifically informative chemical classification of the elements. However, the

mass criterion is still unclear. Bennet [13] and Lewis [14] opt for atomic weights greater

than that of sodium, i.e., greater than 23, thus starting with magnesium, while Rand et al.

[15] prefer metals of atomic weights greater than 40, thus starting with scandium. Lewis

[14] also suggested that forming soaps with fatty acids is an important criterion of
"heaviness". This suggestion, together with the absurdity of classifying magnesium as a

heavy metal when there has developed a conventional association of heaviness with

toxicity, makes the Bennet and Lewis definition untenable. As for starting with scandium,

it has a specific gravity of just under 3 and so would not be a heavy metal under any of

the definitions based on density. Thus, again we have no consistent basis for defining the

term. Another group of definitions is based on atomic number. Here there is more internal

consistency because three of the definitions cite heavy metals as having atomic numbers

above 11, that of sodium. Interestingly, one of them comes from the chapter by Lyman in

Rand (1995) [16] and contradicts the definition favored by Rand himself cited in the

previous paragraph. The problem with citing metals of atomic number greater than

sodium as being "heavy" is that it includes essential metals, such as magnesium and

potassium, and flatly opposes the historic basis of definition tied to density or specific

gravity, because it includes elements of specific gravity lower than any one that has been

used as a defining property by other authors. Burrell's definition [17] even includes the

semimetals arsenic and tellurium and the nonmetal selenium. A fourth group of definitions

is based on other chemical properties, with little in common: density for radiation

screening, density of crystals, and reaction with dithizone. This litany brings us to the

definitions based vaguely on toxicity. One of these definitions [18] even refers to heavy

metals as an "outdated term". The same authors also point out, as we have already noted

in Table 1, that the term has been applied to compounds of the so-called heavy metals,

including organic derivatives where the biological and toxic properties may reflect more

on the organic moiety than on the metal itself, thus making the term even more misleading

than usual in the literature. With the above in mind, it is not surprising that the most widely
used textbook in toxicology, Casarett and Doull's Toxicology [19], never uses the term

"heavy metal". It is not surprising either that Phipps, one of the authors whose definitions

are cited in the table, calls the term "hopelessly imprecise and thoroughly objectionable"

[20], or that, recently, vanLoon and Duffy conclude that "there is no chemical basis for

deciding which metals should be included in this category (heavy metals)" [21]. What is

surprising is the persistence of the term and its continuing use in literature, policy, and

regulations, with widely varying definitions leading to confusion of thought, failure in

communication, and considerable waste of time and money in fruitless debate. The term

"heavy metal" has never been defined by any authoritative body such as IUPAC. Over

the 60 years or so in which it has been used in chemistry, it has been given such a wide

range of meanings by different authors that it is effectively meaningless. No relationship

can be found between density (specific gravity) or any of the other physicochemical

concepts that have been used to define heavy metals and the toxicity or Eco toxicity

attributed to heavy metals. Understanding bioavailability is the key to assessment of the

potential toxicity of metals and their compounds. Bioavailability depends on biological

parameters and on the physicochemical properties of metals, their ions, and their

compounds. These parameters, in turn, depend upon the atomic structure of the metals,

which is systematically described by the periodic table. Thus, any classification of the

metals to be used in scientifically based legislation must itself be based on the periodic

table or on some subdivision of it. One possibility for such a system was suggested more

than 20 years ago by Nieboer and Richardson [43] when they also condemned the use

of the term heavy metals. Such a classification of metals by their Lewis acidity as Class

A (hard), Class B (soft), or Borderline indicates the form of bonding in their complexes,
and this designation determines the possibilities for complex formation and, thus, for

toxicity (Figure 1). Class A metal ions, which are hard or no polarizable, preferentially

form complexes with similar no polarizable ligands, particularly oxygen donors, and the

bonding in these complexes is mainly ionic. Class B or soft metal ions preferentially bind

to polarizable, soft ligands to give rather more covalent bonding. In general, it is noticeable

that hard—hard or soft—soft combinations are preferred wherever possible. Even if the

term heavy metal should become obsolete because it has no coherent scientific basis,

there will still be a problem with the common use of the term "metal" to refer to a metal

and all its compounds. This usage implies that the pure metal and all its compounds have

the same physicochemical, biological, and toxicological properties. Thus, sodium metal

and sodium chloride are assumed by this usage to be equivalent. However, nobody can

swallow sodium metal without suffering serious, life-threatening damage, while we all

need sodium chloride in our diet. As another example, epidemiological studies show that

chromium and its alloys can be used safely in medical and dental prostheses even though

chromate is identified as a carcinogen. Finally, it should be emphasized that nobody uses

the term "carbon" to refer to all carbon compounds. If they did, carbon would have to be

labeled as a human carcinogen because so many carbon compounds fall into this

category. If metallic elements are to be classified sensibly in relation to toxicity, the

classification must relate logically to the model adopted for carbon, and each metal

species and compound should be treated separately in accordance with their individual

chemical, biological, and toxicological properties.

 According to Ali & Khan (2017) The term ‘heavy metals’ is commonly used in the

environmental literature to refer to metals and metalloids associated with environmental

pollution, toxicity and adverse effects on biota. The term has been diversely defined,

mostly in terms of density, relative atomic mass and atomic number. This diversity of

definitions has raised questions about the nomenclature of these elements. The inclusion

of the metalloid as and the nonmetal Se with heavy metals is also an important issue.

Some people have called the term as meaningless, imprecise and poorly defined and

have suggested abandoning the use of the term. The term itself may not be problematic

but the careless and inconsistent use of terminology has led to a confusion about the

meaning of the term. The use of the term may be continued but it should be defined in a

more comprehensive and scientific way. Here a more comprehensive definition of the

term ‘heavy metals’ is suggested as ‘naturally occurring metals having atomic number (Z)

greater than 20 and an elemental density greater than 5 g cm−3.’ A screening of the

Periodic Table according to this definition yields 51 elements to be called ‘heavy metals.’

As and Se are excluded from heavy metals.

According to Patlolla etal (2012) Heavy metals are defined as metallic elements

that have a relatively high density compared to water [1]. With the assumption that

heaviness and toxicity are inter-related, heavy metals also include metalloids, such as

arsenic, that are able to induce toxicity at low level of exposure [2]. In recent years, there

has been an increasing ecological and global public health concern associated with

environmental contamination by these metals. Also, human exposure has risen

dramatically as a result of an exponential increase of their use in several industrial,

agricultural, domestic and technological applications [3]. Reported sources of heavy

metals in the environment include geogenic, industrial, agricultural, pharmaceutical,

domestic effluents, and atmospheric sources [4]. Environmental pollution is very

prominent in point source areas such as mining, foundries and smelters, and other metal-

based industrial operations [1, 3, 4]. Although heavy metals are naturally occurring

elements that are found throughout the earth’s crust, most environmental contamination

and human exposure result from anthropogenic activities such as mining and smelting

operations, industrial production and use, and domestic and agricultural use of metals

and metal-containing compounds [4–7]. Environmental contamination can also occur

through metal corrosion, atmospheric deposition, soil erosion of metal ions and leaching

of heavy metals, sediment re-suspension and metal evaporation from water resources to

soil and ground water [8]. Natural phenomena such as weathering and volcanic eruptions

have also been reported to significantly contribute to heavy metal pollution [1, 3, 4, 7, 8].

Industrial sources include metal processing in refineries, coal burning in power plants,

petroleum combustion, nuclear power stations and high tension lines, plastics, textiles,

microelectronics, wood preservation and paper processing plants [9–11]. It has been

reported that metals such as cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe),

magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se) and

zinc (Zn) are essential nutrients that are required for various biochemical and

physiological functions [12]. Inadequate supply of these micro-nutrients results in a variety

of deficiency diseases or syndromes [12]. Heavy metals are also considered as trace

elements because of their presence in trace concentrations (ppb range to less than

10ppm) in various environmental matrices [13]. Their bioavailability is influenced by

physical factors such as temperature, phase association, adsorption and sequestration.

It is also affected by chemical factors that influence speciation at thermodynamic

equilibrium, complexation kinetics, lipid solubility and octanol/water partition coefficients

[14]. Biological factors such as species characteristics, trophic interactions, and

biochemical/physiological adaptation, also play an important role [15]. The essential

heavy metals exert biochemical and physiological functions in plants and animals. They

are important constituents of several key enzymes and play important roles in various

oxidation-reduction reactions [12]. Copper for example serves as an essential co-factor

for several oxidative stress-related enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase,

peroxidase, cytochrome c oxidases, ferroxidases, monoamine oxidase, and dopamine β-

monooxygenase [16–18]. Hence, it is an essential nutrient that is incorporated into a

number of metalloenzymes involved in hemoglobin formation, carbohydrate metabolism,

catecholamine biosynthesis, and cross-linking of collagen, elastin, and hair keratin. The

ability of copper to cycle between an oxidized state, Cu(II), and reduced state, Cu(I), is

used by cuproenzymes involved in redox reactions [16–18]. However, it is this property

of copper that also makes it potentially toxic because the transitions between Cu(II) and

Cu(I) can result in the generation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals [16–19]. Also,

excessive exposure to copper has been linked to cellular damage leading to Wilson

disease in humans [18, 19]. Similar to copper, several other essential elements are

required for biologic functioning, however, an excess amount of such metals produces

cellular and tissue damage leading to a variety of adverse effects and human diseases.

For some including chromium and copper, there is a very narrow range of concentrations

between beneficial and toxic effects [19, 20]. Other metals such as aluminium (Al),
antinomy (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd),

gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), gold (Au), indium (In), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), mercury (Hg),

nickel (Ni), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), strontium (Sr), tellurium (Te), thallium (Tl), tin (Sn),

titanium (Ti), vanadium (V) and uranium (U) have no established biological functions and

are considered as non-essential metals [20]. In biological systems, heavy metals have

been reported to affect cellular organelles and components such as cell membrane,

mitochondrial, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei, and some enzymes involved in

metabolism, detoxification, and damage repair [21]. Metal ions have been found to

interact with cell components such as DNA and nuclear proteins, causing DNA damage

and conformational changes that may lead to cell cycle modulation, carcinogenesis or

apoptosis [20–22]. Several studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that reactive

oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress play a key role in the toxicity and

carcinogenicity of metals such as arsenic [23, 24, 25], cadmium [26], chromium [27, 28],

lead [29, 30], and mercury [31, 32]. Because of their high degree of toxicity, these five

elements rank among the priority metals that are of great public health significance. They

are all systemic toxicants that are known to induce multiple organ damage, even at lower

levels of exposure. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.

EPA), and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), these metals are

also classified as either “known” or “probable” human carcinogens based on

epidemiological and experimental studies showing an association between exposure and

cancer incidence in humans and animals. Heavy metal-induced toxicity and

carcinogenicity involves many mechanistic aspects, some of which are not clearly

elucidated or understood. However, each metal is known to have unique features and
physic-chemical properties that confer to its specific toxicological mechanisms of action.

This review provides an analysis of the environmental occurrence, production and use,

potential for human exposure, and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity, and

carcinogenicity of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury.

Innovation

According to Fagerberg (2006) Innovation is not a new phenomenon. Arguably, it

is as old as mankind itself. There seems to be something inherently “human” about the

tendency to think about new and better ways of doing things and to try them out in

practice. In spite of its obvious importance, innovation has not always received the

scholarly attention it deserves. For instance, students of long-run economic change used

to focus on factors such as capital accumulation or the working of markets, rather than

on innovation. This is now changing. Research on the role of innovation in economic and

social change has proliferated in recent years, particularly within the social sciences, and

with a bent towards cross-disciplinarity. In fact, as illustrated in this article, in recent years

the number of social-science publications focusing on innovation has increased much

faster than the total number of such publications.

According to Eveleens (2010) The body of innovation management literature grew

considerably over the last 35 years. This led to an increasing amount of different models

of innovation processes. This paper reviews 12 sources in which models of innovation

processes have been proposed. While comparing both the models and their implications,

additional attention is paid to several dimensions of innovation searching for patterns that
assist in the practical use of the findings. It is found is that from these models, 6 phases

could be distilled. Also, from these models an extensive overview was created of 150

important activities -routines -that are increasing innovation success. In the cases these

routines were not practical enough for immediate use, management tools were searched

for and presented.

For decades what has been heated are debates on topics such as: which country

is the most competitive? What is the best country to live in?. However, it may be

disputable whether results of these debates have practical outcomes. It is arguable

whether is it clear what constructs are in fact discussed, how to measure their level, and

how to draw conclusions from such studies. This paper addresses aspects relevant to

innovativeness - interpretation, measurement, accuracy and practicality. This paper

shows that despite of very abundant literature on the subject, the prime tangible effect

deals with various rankings of countries for public relations purpose rather than it provides

a policy setting directions. (Nasierowski & Arcelus, 2012)

According to Gallouj (2014) Awareness of the importance of service innovation as

an engine for the economic growth is a recent phenomenon. Previously, services were

considered as non-innovative activities, or innovations in services were reduced to the

adoption and use of technologies. The innovation literature was focused on the

manufacturing sector, technological product development, and process innovation, and

thus, innovation in services was addressed from a manufacturing perspective. Indeed,

the corresponding literature “assimilated services within the consolidated framework used

for manufacturing sectors and manufactured products” (Gallouj & Savona, 2009). The risk

of such a bias towards manufacturing is the underestimation of innovation in services and

its effects, because innovation in services includes invisible or hidden innovations that

are not captured by the traditional indicators of innovation in the manufacturing sector.

However, the traditional approach has been increasingly challenged, mainly because the

underestimation of the dynamics of the service sector was seen as inconsistent with the

rise of the service economy, which now accounts for nearly 70% of gross domestic

product and employment in member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-

operation and Development (OECD, 2005). Accordingly, the discussion about innovation

in services should be extended beyond the traditional (technological) perspective. A

number of studies have shed light on the specificities of innovation in services beyond the

traditional biased point of view, which constrained it to the adoption and use of technology

(Gallouj & Weinstein 1997; Sundbo & Gallouj, 1999; Tether, 2005). These studies take

into account the main characteristics of the service product – its intangibility, its co-

production, and its co-terminality – which makes it efficient to define innovation in

services. The objective of this article is to review the extant literature on service innovation

in order to identify and evaluate different models of the innovation process in services.

The article also aims to show how the unresolved issues relative to the definition of

service output have contributed to the underestimation of the performance of service

innovation in terms of productivity and employment. First, the characteristics that are

important for defining and measuring innovation in services are discussed. Next, the main

theoretical perspective mobilized in the literature to account for innovation in services is

presented. This discussion addresses the main theoretical inferences associated with

each perspective accompanied with a survey of the most important pertinent application

in each perspective. Finally, we discuss the relationship between innovation in services,

including productivity and employment as indicators of economic performance.

Organizations create innovation strategies to improve their productivity and the

competitive advantage. In this sense, innovation management facilitates the realization

of innovation. It is known that measurement is important in the management processes;

however, there is no classification of the contributions in these subjects. Therefore, in this

study we identify publications that involve measurement and analysis in the management

of innovation. Our study used a systematic mapping of the literature and it shows that in

recent years there has been an increase in research on measurement, however, there

are few studies and only for certain industrial sectors, sizes of companies and countries.

Hence, there is a little worked research space which can be more developed.( Melendez,

Dávila, & Melgar, 2019)

The importance of innovation in current business justifies the increasing interest

that researchers are taking in it. This propose of this article is to identify and organize the

overall innovation research current state to investigate and analysis the key findings of

these studies.The method used in this article was systematic review of empirical and

conceptual article published in scholarly reviews on topic of innovation.The findings

shows (1) There are three mainstreams innovation typologies approach dominant:
incremental versus radical innovation; technological versus marketing innovation; and

product versus process innovation. (2) The literature research in innovation measurement

can be divided into two mainstream of innovation measurement; Input and output

measurement; Metric and methodologies measurement. Keyword: Innovation, Innovation

typologies, Innovation (Suroso, Azis, 2015)

According to John Bessant et al (1998) The importance of small and medium-sized

enterprises (SMEs) in economic growth has made them a central element in much recent

policymaking. Of particular interest have been policies designed to promote and facilitate

the operation of the innovation process within SMEs, and there has been substantial

expansion of this kind of effort. Despite this interest, the knowledge base about how SMEs

actually undertake innovative activities remains limited. This paper reports on a literature

survey of UK work over the past decade and tries to characterise the state of knowledge

about SMEs and innovation. It concludes with a discussion of gaps and weaknesses in

the literature and some requirements for future research in this fi

The importance of green innovation management is growing both in practice and

in academia. This paper provides a current overview of the existing body of literature in

the field of green innovations, identifying the most active scholars, institutions and

relevant publications. It also contributes to a clarification of the concept ‘green innovation’.

The review explains that three different notions of green, eco/ecological and

environmental innovation are used largely synonymously, while the notion of sustainable
innovation broadens the concept and includes a social dimension. According to this

review, the most active scholars are situated in Europe (especially the Netherlands, Italy

and Germany). A ranking is provided of innovation management journals by their total

number of green innovation publications. The paper stimulates discussion about the

adequacy of research in this subject area (managing green innovation) and the dearth of

comprehensive literature reviews. (Herststt, 2012)

Innovation is not a new phenomenon. Arguably, it is as old as mankind itself.

However, in spite of its obvious importance, innovation has not always got the scholarly

attention it deserves. This is now rapidly changing, however. As shown in the paper,

research on the role of innovation economic and social change has proliferated in recent

years, particularly within the social sciences, and often with a bent towards cross-

disciplinarity. It is argued that this reflects the fact that no single discipline deals with all

aspects of innovation, and that in order to get a comprehensive overview of the role

played by innovation in social and economic change, a cross-disciplinary perspective is

a must. The purpose of the paper is to provide the reader with a guide to this rapidly

expanding literature. In doing so it draws on larger collective effort financed by the

European Commission (the TEARI project, see http://tikpc51.uio.no/teari/teari.htm), one

of the outputs of which will emerge as Oxford Handbook of Innovation (Fagerberg, Jan,

2004).

Recycle
 Several studies have been conducted to explore individual recycling behavior

(Coggins 1994; McDonald and Ball, 1998; Schultz et al 1995; Thogersen 1996).

Efforts have been made to understand what motivates a person to recycle and

certain common characteristics have been identified as common factors in those who

recycle and these may be roughly grouped into three categories. The first factor is

environmental attitude. Those who value the environment and want to preserve it for

its intrinsic value are more likely to be the kind of people who make the effort to

recycle (Vining and Ebreo 1992). The second factor includes several sub factors and

may be broadly classified as situational factors that impact upon recycling behavior.

According to Daneshvary et al (1998) examined the role of experience and

Schahn and Holzer (1990) examined the role of knowledge in recycling. A study

conducted by ERM Ltd and Kingston University in the Chelsea and Kensington areas

in U.K. showed that 94% of the residents used curbside recycling, but did not know

about the recycling warden scheme, corroborating the results of the Schahn and

Holzer study about the lack of knowledge being a factor in recycling.

(www.kingston.ac.uk). some people have altruistic motives to recycle (Hopper and

Neilsen 1991) while others have intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to recycle

(DeYoung 1986). Other recycle because they perceive environmental threat

(Baldassare and Katz 1992), while others are socially influenced to do so. (Chan

1998)

A study by Berger (1997) examined socio demographic factors in recycling.

The socio demographic profile of recyclers was also examined in a study conducted
by Gonzalo Dias Menezes (2005) that revealed that recycling behavior is multi -

dimensional and depends upon a combination of factors. A study of recycling

behavior was carried out in Latin America (The TGI Latina study) to specifically

examine the attitude towards recycling and attendant behavior. (Soong 2002). This

study showed that recycling behavior tended to improve with age and older members

of the population appeared to be more conscientious in recycling on a regular basis.

While other studies have also shown that recycling behavior tends to increase with

age, these are balanced by other studies that show that age has not noticeable effect

on recycling behavior. (Laroche et al., 2001; Pickett, Grove, & Kangun, 1993;

Webster, 1975)

Similarly, while exploring the responses from participants in the Latin

American study of recycling behavior (Soong 2002) taking into account socio

economic levels, it was found that contrary to what might have been expected,

people from the lower classes tended to be more careful in recycling. This was a

surprising finding because the natural assumption was that the better educated

people would be the ones who would be more conscious about recycling and take

more effort to do so, rather than the poorer sections of society. But this study appears

to show a more highly developed sense of the value of recycling in those from lower

socio economic groups.

The convenience factor could be a possible reason that may explain the

results of the Latin American study. A study that was conducted by Laroche et aL.

identified the factor of inconvenience as reflecting the extent to which it is convenient

for the customer to engage in recycling behavior. This factor holds good in the case
of purchase of recyclable products as well as active participation in curb side

collection programs – a customer may perceive recycling itself as important but may

not actually engage in it actively because of the perceived level of

inconvenience. Marty and Shrum (1994) corroborated the results of this study when

they discovered that the participants of their study were influenced by the

convenience factor in recycling – the more inconvenient they perceived the recycling

activity to be, the less likely they were to indulge in it.

This appears to suggest that customers are not as likely you recycle items if

they have to go out of their way to find collection centers for certain waste items. A

study conducted by Jenkins et al (2000) examined the percentages that were

recycled in respect to five specific materials: glass bottles, plastic bottles, aluminum,

and newspaper and yard waste. The findings of this study were that access to curb

side recycling had a positive effect on recycling behavior and improved percentages

of materials that were recycled, thereby lending credence to the possibility that the

convenience of curb side access is a factor that impacts upon recycling behavior. A

curb side program tends to reduce both time and expense for the customer (Jenkins

et al 2000). On the other hand, unit pricing programs are not a successful as the curb

side recycling programs because customers pay more for recycling more and it is

only those who have a strong sense environmental friendly attitude or equally strong

altruistic motives who will be impelled to recycle. In a similar manner, when

customers have to go out of their way to access drop off centers where materials

may be recycled, the convenience factor is likely to play a significant role (Marty and

Shrum 1994).
 olid wastes may be recycled into useful products. Nowadays, as reported by

Guzman et al., (2010), recyclable materials recovered from municipal refuse. Many

municipalities require that those who generate solid wastes must separate and keep

bottles, cans, newspaper, cardboards and other recyclables items. Special trucks pick up

these wastes and transfer to the recycling facilities.

The United States recycle about 23% of its municipal solid wastes while Canada

recycles about 10% of its waste. The goal for Ontario, Canada is to reduce amount of

garbage to the landfill sites by 50% in 2000. Recycling along with source reduction, is a

major part of the Ontario plan. Recycling along with source reduction, is a major part of

the Ontario plan. Recycling initiative has grown rapidly in North America during the past

several years (Cunningham & Saigo, 2005).

In the Philippines, recycling is well established. It is slowly taking-off in the more

parts of Asia. Two of which are in the remote village of Looc on Panglau Island in the

Philippines. Locals now collect plastics for recycling to supplement their income. Also,

schemes are under way to recycle plastic bottles and cans. The collected material is send

to Cebu City by barge. There, the bottles can are processed. It is important to note that

the motivators for this recycling initiate are mostly financial rather than environmental.

These rural communities are still living in a severe poverty, with the proceeds of sale used

to buy basic foods staples (Alan, 2011). There are two types of recycling: One is direct in

the sense of materials are reused directly like bottles and refillable beverage containers.

The indirect way is when the waste materials will undergo processing like aluminum cans.

With recycling, new materials are formed out of sates (Guzman & Reyes, 2003 as cited

in Anito, 2011).
 According to Patrik Söderholm and Tomas Ekvall (2019) An increased

understanding of the existing markets for recycled (secondary) metals, including

interactions with virgin material production, is essential for public decision-making

processes concerning the implementation and evaluation of different categories of

recycling policies. In this paper, we review the existing literature with the purpose of

discussing (1) the impacts of various recycling policies on metal markets in which

aggregate demand can be met by both primary and secondary production, and (2) a

number of challenges that policy-makers need to confront in choosing between various

types of recycling policies and policy designs. A simple partial equilibrium model is used

as a pedagogical tool for shedding light on the impacts of tradable recycling credits,

virgin material taxes, and recycling subsidies. In a second step, the paper identifies and

discusses a few key challenges that policy-makers will need to address in recycling

policy-making. These challenges include improving the functioning of secondary

material markets by addressing various non-environmental market inefficiencies;

identifying and designing (second-best) policy mixes due to the presence of incomplete

monitoring and enforcement of waste disposal behavior, and regulating environmental

impacts through price- or quantity-based policies. Throughout the analysis, we consult

the empirical literature on the functioning of scrap metal markets (e.g., steel, copper,

and aluminum)

Society uses metals derived from primary and secondary sources. Secondary

sources include all metals that have entered the economy but no longer serve their initial
purpose. The environmental benefits of increasing reliance on secondary metal

production include conserving energy, landscapes, and natural resources, and reducing

toxic and nontoxic waste streams. A variety of technologies are used to recover and

process metals from waste streams and their use for metal production influences the

amount of secondary metal that reenters the system. Environmental regulation also

affects secondary metal production through laws that control emissions and govern the

classification and treatment of metal-loaded wastes. Industry must develop better

technology to isolate and recover maximum value from metals in waste streams, and

governments must institute policies that remove barriers to their economically and

environmentally sound recovery. Only through a concerted effort can society recover a

maximum amount of metal from the industrial/social system to benefit the environment.

(Wernick & Themelis, 1998)

Scrap metal

According to Han Spoel D. Phil. (1990) Although millions of tonnes of metals are

recycled around the world every year, even more can be done if the proper economic

incentives are present. Increasing the rate of recycle will slow the growth of primary

production and reduce the potential for environmental overload. But to progress beyond

the present state of affairs, public opinion, regulations and economics must combine to

encourage the responsible reprocessing of metal wastes.

 According to Feil & Johnen, (2019) Scrap metal is made up of a mixture of metals

originating from a variety of sources which include commerce and industry, municipalities,

and households. This obsolete scrap is collected, stored, processed, and sold from scrap

yards or other specialized facilities. In this context “home” scrap and “in-house” industrial

scrap are not discussed as these materials can be considered as “works scrap” which

never reach the consumer. As a rule this type of scrap does not contain foreign material

and does not need any treatment or separation process and can be reused directly.

However, obsolete scrap requires target-oriented mechanical processing in order to meet

the quality demands of the customers which at this stage are metallurgists at metallurgical

plants. At this stage, the following goals are to be achieved:

•modifications of physical properties, for example, dimensions and bulk densities,

•modifications of chemical properties, for example, metal content and unmixed

grades of final products,

•modifications of safety properties, for example, removal of explosives and hollow

bodies,

•modifications of other properties, for example, separation of different metals and

separation of unwanted adherences.

The collected scrap appears in a great variety of forms and properties such as

different lump sizes and shapes; materials with differing bulk densities; different kinds of

metals, each with their own properties (e.g., hardness, abrasiveness, etc.); and materials

made of composite substances which could include plastics and other nonmetals.

Consequently, it is necessary to adapt the treatment processes to the special

characteristics of the most frequently found complex composed feed mixtures.

Mechanical processing of scrap is carried out predominantly with mechanical equipment,

such as shears, compaction units, shredders, and other types of machines. Table

10.1 presents an overview of the different kinds of scrap and the mechanical processing

methods used in recovering the different metals.

According to Söderholm & Ekvall (2019) An increased understanding of the

existing markets for recycled (secondary) metals, including interactions with virgin

material production, is essential for public decision-making processes concerning the

implementation and evaluation of different categories of recycling policies. In this paper,

we review the existing literature with the purpose of discussing (1) the impacts of various

recycling policies on metal markets in which aggregate demand can be met by both

primary and secondary production, and (2) a number of challenges that policy-makers

need to confront in choosing between various types of recycling policies and policy

designs. A simple partial equilibrium model is used as a pedagogical tool for shedding

light on the impacts of tradable recycling credits, virgin material taxes, and recycling

subsidies. In a second step, the paper identifies and discusses a few key challenges that

policy-makers will need to address in recycling policy-making. These challenges include

improving the functioning of secondary material markets by addressing various non-

environmental market inefficiencies; identifying and designing (second-best) policy mixes

due to the presence of incomplete monitoring and enforcement of waste disposal

behavior, and regulating environmental impacts through price- or quantity-based policies.

Throughout the analysis, we consult the empirical literature on the functioning of scrap

metal markets (e.g., steel, copper, and aluminum).

According to Rick Leblanc (2019) Metals are valuable materials that can be

recycled again and again without degrading their properties. Scrap metal has value, which

motivates people to collect it for sale to recycling operations.

In addition to a financial incentive, there is also an environmental imperative. The

recycling of metals enables us to preserve natural resources while requiring less energy

to process than the manufacture of new products using virgin raw materials. Recycling

emits less carbon dioxide and other harmful gasses. More importantly, it saves

money and allows manufacturing businesses to reduce their production cost. Recycling

also creates jobs.

According to Thomas (2011), This chapter describes the fundamentals of metal

recycling. It considers the process of mechanical processing of scrap. These processes

are all that is required to produce metals that can be used without any difficulties and

without further treatment in metallurgical plants. These metallurgical processes include

the machinery that is actually a part of the downstream equipment involved in smelting

and refining and thus these processes complete the recycling loop for metals. Mechanical

treatment of different waste streams containing metals involves the use of well-

established methods, which, as a rule, is profitable because of the high market value of

the recovered metals and also because metals do not change their properties with use
and hence can be recycled an unlimited number of times. The main aim of the processing

methods is to achieve high recovery values as well as the best possible grades of the

final metallic products. Newly developed systems such as sensor-based sorters are

increasingly being implemented to improve separation efficiencies. Finally, re-smelting of

the reclaimed products constitutes the closing of the complete recycling loop for metals.

Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, (2014) In

Jamaica, and several other developing countries, scrap iron and metals from small

industries and households are often collected and handled locally at commercial recycling

facilities before being exported to industries using secondary iron and metals. At the

recycling facility the scrap may be shredded, sorted, cleaned, stored, and baled,

depending on the type and capacity of the operation. While the more valuable metals are

usually handled in closed facilities, iron and other less valuable metals are often handled

in the open air and often directly on unprotected ground. Although environmental

regulations have become more stringent in recent years for scrap recycling facilities,

many facilities still operate with few measures to control leaching of metals from the scrap

heaps and from the dirt surrounding shredders and other operating machinery. In

addition, many facilities have existed for decades and in the past operated with very little

attention to any potential environmental aspects of the operation, for example, allowing

acids and Pb-containing sludge from car batteries drain into the soil. These sites may be

potential sources for groundwater pollution and the concentrations of metal in the soil may

be so high that remediation is required if the site is considered for other types of land use.
 It is well known that heavy metals are generally subject to retention in soil

by sorption and complex formation. This has also been confirmed by studies of metal

concentrations in soil profiles in the vicinity of metal processing industries. For example,

it has been reported that topsoil collected close to a brass foundry was highly

contaminated with Cd, Cu, and Zn, and researchers have concluded, on the basis of

solubility calculations, that the metals were retarded by sorption and complex formation.

However, conclusions in the existing literature about the distribution of trace metals in

soils near metal industries cannot be applied directly to scrap iron and metal recycling

sites that handle large quantities of iron and metal scrap directly on the ground surface.

Here, fragments of metallic iron and other metals accumulate in the dirt layer on the site

and, by corrosion, may become leachable. In addition, strong acid and Pb-containing

sludge from car batteries may have been spilled directly on the soil surface at some

locations, which has the potential to make the metals more mobile in the soil environment.

The investigations of two 25-year-old facilities for recycling of scrap iron and other

metal, which had handled the scrap directly on unprotected ground surface, showed that

the scrap dirt, constituting the surface soil, contained highly elevated concentrations of

heavy metals like Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni, compared with reference soil samples and

levels typically found in uncontaminated soils. The scrap dirt samples all had elevated pH

values, presumably on account of ongoing corrosion processes of iron and metal

fragments.

It was noted that the heavy metals had migrated less than 50 cm below the surface

during an approximate 25 years of activity at the sites, except at the car battery recycling

locations. At these battery recycling locations, low pH values were found and
consequently heavy metals had migrated deeper into the subsurface. In particular, at a

site where the recycling activity was most intensive, very low pH values (2.8–3.9) were

found down to the groundwater table located 3 m below the surface.

Substantial concentrations of Pb and slightly elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu,

and Ni were found both in the soil and aquifer sediment, and in the groundwater below

the battery recycling location. The investigation also showed that soils at scrap recycling

facilities are heavily contaminated and must be considered as waste if the sites change

their land use.

Generally, migration of heavy metals out of the scrap dirt is slow as a result of the

relatively high pH value (pH 6.5) apparently maintained in the scrap dirt due largely to

corrosion processes. At this pH, although slightly acidic, heavy metals are not appreciably

solubilized. Therefore, the risk of contaminating the subsoil and the groundwater is very

limited unless acids also are spilled, for example, where car batteries have been

destroyed directly on the ground. This supports the regulations enforced in many

countries, requiring that car battery recycling be restricted to confined facilities. Pollution

problems associated with other operations at scrap iron and metal recycling facilities,

however, are confined primarily to heavy metal surface soil pollution. Such detailed

studies have not yet been conducted in Jamaica, but it is expected that similar types of

results would be obtained because of the similarity of the processing of scrap metals at

these sites.

According to Rick Leblanc (2019) Metals can be recycled repeatedly without

altering their properties. According to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), steel is
the most recycled material on the planet. The other highly recycled metals include

aluminum, copper, silver, brass, and gold.

Metal Dust

According to Lung Institute (2017) Breathing metal dust for any duration of time

can have a negative effect on the lungs, but it can be particularly dangerous if you do so

over an extended period of time. The lungs have a natural defense system to protect

against foreign particles settling within, but with constant exposure, this system can fail.

As a result, dust particles are able to settle in the lung tissues — often in the air sacs or

airways — and cause damage therein.

A few of the lung conditions that commonly occur as a result of continuous metal

dust inhalation include:

 Siderosis — Also known as welder’s lung or silver polisher’s lung, this lung

disease is caused by breathing in iron particles in the form of dust or fumes.

 Silicosis — This occupational lung disease occurs when a person inhales

silica, a mineral present in ores and rock such as quartz, over an extended period

of time. Miners, construction workers and other employees who are regularly

exposed to silica have a higher chance of developing this condition if preventative

measures are not taken.

 Black lung — Also referred to as coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, this

occupational lung disease most commonly affects miners and other workers who

inhale coal dust on a regular basis.

 All of these conditions fall under the pneumoconiosis umbrella, which is a broad

term for interstitial lung diseases that occur as a result of mineral dust inhalation. While

these conditions are not curable, there are many treatment options available for those

affected. Some of the most common traditional treatments include medications, oxygen

therapy and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking.

At the Lung Institute, we offer an innovative and natural treatment option for

pneumoconiosis: cellular therapy. Using a patient’s own cells, we are able to potentially

help reduce inflammation in the lungs, slow the progression of the disease and improve

the patient’s overall quality of life.

According to Koponen (1918) A knowledge of the properties of airborne dusts

containing compounds of Cr, Ni and Co is valuable when estimating biological monitoring

methods and health risks. In this study chemical, physical and magnetic properties of

alloyed steel and hard metal grinding dusts have been examined. Twenty-one stainless

steel grinders from one workshop were selected for measurements of magnetic lung

contamination and urinary chromium and nickel.

The dust samples were analyzed for total elemental composition, water solubility

and acid solubility. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis

were used for characterizing the dust particles. The highest concentration of total

chromium (7–18%) was found in the dust from high-alloyed steel grinding. The

concentration of total nickel varied between 1.5 and 6% in different types of alloyed steel

grinding dusts. Dust particles seem to have the same metallic structure as the ground

stainless steel piece. Concentrations of tungsten and cobalt in hard metal grinding dusts
were up to 20 and 25%, respectively. An enrichment of cobalt in the airborne dust

compared with the base material was also observed. Oxidation of alloyed elements in

alloyed steel grinding dusts is slight, therefore water soluble chromium and nickel

compounds do not exist.

All the grinding dusts studied showed high magnetic moments, sufficiently for

the in vivo measurement of lung retained dust. The average lung retention of metallic

particles among stainless steel grinders was 200 mg. Urinary chromium and nickel values

for all stainless steel grinders were below the detection limit.

According to Lung Health (2018) The lungs are generally great at protecting

against foreign particles, but over time and being exposed to great amounts of harmful

material, their natural defense will fail, leading to inflammation and scarring. Eventually,

those afflicted by lung disease caused by breathing metal dust may find it difficult to

breathe.

When it becomes too much for the lungs to handle, metal dust particles will settle

in pulmonary tissue, often in the air sacs and airways, where they cause damage from

within.

Lung conditions commonly associated with long-term respiratory exposure to

metal dust are types of pneumoconiosis – a category of interstitial lung diseases

specifically related to breathing mineral dust. These include:

 Siderosis – also known as “welder’s lung” or “silver polisher’s lung”, which

is caused by breathing in iron particle dust or fumes.

  Black lung – or “coal worker’s pneumoconiosis”, is an occupational lung

disease that commonly afflicts miners and others inhaling coal dust on a regular basis.

This is due to the presence of toxic metals like lead, mercury, nickel, tin, cadmium,

mercury, antimony and arsenic.

Prevention is one of the best ways to avoid complications from inhaling metal dust.

Personal protective equipment like respirators, when used by those working around

heavy metals and minerals, can help keep these particles from entering the body and

lungs and causing long-term damage. Studies have shown that with more frequent mask

usage comes a lower incidence of reduced lung function.

In addition, anybody working with dust-producing metals should make sure to

dispose of any external clothing. Historically, those who carried metal particles home with

them on their clothing have had the greatest risk of long-term damage – as well as lung

damage of family members, including children.

It’s essential, as well, for workplaces to provide proper ventilation. And finally,

regular checkups with a doctor can help spot early signs of lung damage.

For those dealing with the symptoms of siderosis, black lung and other diseases

created by the long-term inhalation of metal dust, cellular therapy may be an option. In

cellular therapy, cells from the patient’s own blood sample may be used to target and

promote healing from within the lungs. Many patients who have chosen cellular therapy

have reported less difficulty breathing.

In general, control of metal dust from hand-held disk grinders is difficult because

such reparable dust tends to disperse in every direction around the grinding wheel and

cannot be captured effectively by a conventional exhaust hood. The author described the
application of a custom-made tool-mounted local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system

attached to a hand-held disk grinder, and by laboratory experiments assessed its

effectiveness at dust control. The effectiveness of the LEV for dust control was assessed

by determining the reparable dust concentration around the grinding wheel during metal

surface grinding with and without the use of the LEV. It was shown that the average

reparable grinding dust concentration decreased from 7.73 mg/m(3) with the LEV off to

4.87 mg/m(3) with the LEV on, a mean dust generation reduction of about 37%. (Ojima,

2008)

Quality

According to Plunkett & Dale (1987) Quality‐related costs indicates the

domination of the prevention‐appraisal‐failure categorisation of costs, a similar pre‐

occupation with in‐house costs and little consideration of supplier and customer‐related

costs. Most of the data are of questionable value because not suitably qualified by

detailing inclusions and methods of computation, and there is scant coverage of

measurement and cost collection, or warnings of limitations in costing exercises. Failure

to discuss definitions, and lack of guidance on cost collection and treatment of

overheads and valuation of scrap are all notable omissions in the literature so far.

According to Elshaer & Ibrahim (2012) Concepts are the basic units of theory

development and the building blocks of social research, this is because without well-

developed conceptual definitions for the research terms, it is impossible to develop a

coherent theory, moreover, it is impossible to develop a valid measure of a concept that

is not precisely defined, It should be noted, however, the importance of defining

concepts differs depending on the adopted research approach. In the quantitative

approach, the concepts are clarified and connected to empirical indicators which will be

used to operationalize these concepts before the research begins, while in qualitative

research concepts remain under construction during the research not only in the

operational terms, but also in theoretical terms. Given the importance of defining the

study concepts, this paper evaluated the available definitions of the concept quality in

order to find or propose a valid and reliable definition of quality.

According to Diaz (2014) There are many definitions of quality. Some are more

related to objective facts while others to more subjective feelings, but they are

interdependent. If you look in a dictionary, you will find several definitions. In addition,

every quality expert defines it in different way depending on their environment and

criteria.

Quality could be defined as a basic tool for a natural property of any good or service

that allows it to be compared with any other good or service of its kind. The word quality

has many meanings, but basically, it refers to the set of inherent properties of an object

that allows satisfying stated or implied needs.

Furthermore, the quality of a good or service is the perception that a customer has

about it. It is a consumer’s mind-set who accepts a specific good or service and

acknowledges its ability to meet his or her needs.

 According to Farag (2010) Quality management is all about making sure that the

product you are building conforms to your customer’s requirements. If you have done a

good job of gathering and understanding those requirements, all of the measurements

you take on your project should help you see if what you are building will make your

clients satisfied in the end.

 CHAPTER 3

Methodology

Research Methodology

This chapter will reflect the type of research design, population and sampling

technique, research instrument, research procedure, and statistical tools to be use in the

conduct of the study. To achieve the stipulated goals of the study.

Research Design

This descriptive study aims to determine if there a significant effect of using Metal

Iron Filling Protection to the works of the select grade 12 Smaw Students during work

immersion.

Sampling

Purposive sampling will be apply to this study. According to Ccrossman, (2017)

purposive sampling is also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling is a

non – probability sample that is selected based on characteristics of a population and the

objective of study.

By the definition, population is the group to which researchers would like the results

of the study to be generalizable. It would also be set of all cases of interest (Richardson,

2005) and mighty be virtually any size or might every almost any geographical area (Gay
and Diehl, 1992). Theoretical, researchers could specify an even finer dissection of

population called the study population (Wolfer, 2017).

The respondent of the study are the grade 12 Smaw student of Victoria Senior

High School S.Y 2019 – 2020.

Research Procedure

To gather the necessary data the researchers secure the necessary permit for

them to conduct this study the researchers prepare the checklist that will be validated by

the researcher’s adviser. The discussion will be conducted on the Forthy Eight (48) Smaw

student.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

The main research tool will be utilized in the study is the questionnaire this self-

structure instrument which is development by the researcher to seek information on the

status of the usage of iron filling protection

Legend

Scale Interpretation

3.26. 4.00

2.51. 3.25
1.76. 2.50

1.00. 1.75

Statistical treatment of data

After the respondent have finished answering the questionanaire the data gathered

will be subject to a series of statistical test and the following statistical tools will used to

determine the mean level of performance of Iron Filling Protection of the student of

Victoria Senior High School students S.Y 2019-2020.

Mean is computed using the formula:

Where.

X = the computed mean

∑x = the sum of the grades

N = the total number of respondent

And the Standard Deviation the formula is:

Where:

SD. = Standard Deviation

x = Represent each of the value

X = Mean of the sample

N. = Size of sample
 Bibliography

Website

https://www.thebalancesmb.com/an-introduction-to-metal-recycling-4057469

https://grademiners.com/free-papers/environmental-science/recycling-behavior-

literature-review

https://robertbalinton143.wordpress.com/2017/03/10/review-or-related-literature/0

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13563-019-00184-5

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.465

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/innovation.html

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2011.00672.x

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497297001028

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2014/252148/

http://www.old.iupac.org/publications/ci/2001/november/heavymetals.html

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321651151_What_are_heavy_metals_Long-

standing_controversy_over_the_scientific_use_of_the_term_'heavy_metals'-

proposal_of_a_comprehensive_definition

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144270/
https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/978019928680

5.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199286805-e-1

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265422944_Innovation_manage

ment_a_literature_review_of_innovation_process_models_and_their_impli

cations

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269476916_What_is_Innovative

ness_Literature_Review

https://timreview.ca/article/780

https://www.jotmi.org/index.php/GT/article/view/2905

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Defining-Mainstreams-Of-

Innovation%3A-A-Literature-Suroso-

Azis/e3199fe020d78305907805200aed95dd92e72f15

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03220922?fbclid=IwAR2ehauO

lbvS3b7j13ofRPe1S-FbvgMsvUMazbjVt772QRp9ouYtP0ATWCM

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/scrap-

metal?fbclid=IwAR3h-

dzxzlm6rxwOF23geSnJSycPQZsScxtJdnyr6FkV8pHkpnoZyS6CuIM

https://www.thebalancesmb.com/an-introduction-to-metal-recycling-

4057469

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-

sciences/shredder
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/iron-

scrap

https://academic.oup.com/annweh/article/24/2/191/162208

https://lunginstitute.com/blog/can-breathing-metal-dust-hurt/

https://www.thelunghealthinstitute.com/blog/can-breathing-metal-dust-hurt-you

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5640213_Efficiency_of_a_Tool-

mounted_Local_Exhaust_Ventilation_System_for_Controlling_Dust_Exposure_during_

Metal_Grinding_Operations

https://specialties.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/178617/what-is-the-best-definition-of-

quality/

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb002874/full/html

https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/57345/1/MPRA_paper_57345.pdf

https://www.gbnews.ch/what-is-your-definition-of-quality/