Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cirquent calculus
• About cirquent calculus in general
• The language of CL5
• Cirquents
• Cirquents as circuits
• Formulas as cirquents
• Operations on cirquents
• The rules of inference of CL5
• The soundness and completeness of CL5
• A cirquent calculus system for classical logic
• CL5 versus affine logic
0
15.1 About cirquent calculus in general
Every formula should be in (= connected with an arc to) at least one group.
15.4
Formulas as Cirquents
F
F =
15.4
Cirquents as Circuits
F G H F
Circuit Sequent
15.4
Cirquents as Circuits
F G H F
Cir quent
15.4
Cirquents as Circuits
F G H F
Cir quent
15.4
Cirquents as Circuits
F G H F
Cir quent
sequent sequent sequent
F G H F
Circuit
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
F G H F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
F GH F
15.5
Operations on Cirquents
F G H F
F G H F
F E F
15.6
Identity
I
F F
15.7
Mix
F F G G
F F G G
M
F F G G
F F G G
M
F F G G
F F G G
M
F F G G
F F G G
M
F F G G
F F G G
M
F F G G
E
F F G G
E
F F G G
E
F F GG
E
F F G G
E
F F G G
E
F F G G
E
F F G G
E
F F G G
E
F F G G
E
F GF G
E
F F G G
E
F G F G
E
F F G G
E
F G F G
E
F G F G
E
F F G G
E
F G F G
E
F G F G
E
F F G G
E
F G F G
E
F G F G
E
F F G G
E
F G F G
E
F G F G
E
F F G G
E
F G F G
E
F G F G
E F G H
W
E F G H
E F G H
W
E F G H
W
E F G H
E F G H
W
E F G H
W
E F G H
E F G H
E F G H
D
E F G H
E F G H
D
E F G H
E F G H
D
E F G H
E F G H
D
E F G H
E F G H
E F G H
E F G H
E F G H
E F G H
E F G H
E F G H
E F G H
E F G H
E F G H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E FG H
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
E F G H K
In the premise:
• F and G are adjacent formulas, and no group contains both of them together;
• Every group containing F is immediately followed by a group containing G, and vice
versa: every group containing G is immediately preceded by a group containing F.
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
P Q R S P R Q S
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.13 Proof of Blass’s Principle
I I I I
P P Q Q R R S S
M…M
P P Q Q R R S S
E…E
P Q R S P R Q S
P Q R S P R QS
P Q R S (P R ) (Q S )
( P Q ) ( R S ) (P R ) (Q S )
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
15.14
Soundness and completeness
Fact 15.2. Every formula provable in CL5 is a tautology of classical logic, but not
vice versa: some tautologies are not provable in CL5 (and hence not valid in
computability logic when their atoms are seen as general atoms).
With a little thought one can see that the above cirquent, in turn, cannot be derived.
15.16 A cirquent-calculus system for classical logic
The next question to ask is how to strengthen CL5 so that it proves all tautologies
(and only tautologies). The answer turns out to be very simple. All it takes to extend
CL5 to a sound and complete system for classical logic is to add to it the contraction
rule:
Contraction
E F F H
E F F H
C
E F F H
E F F H
C
E F F H
E F F H
C
E FF H
E F F H
C
E F H
I I
P P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P
P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
C
P P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
C
PP P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
C
P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
C
P P P
P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
C
P P P
P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
C
P P P
P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
C
P P P
P P P
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
C
P P P
P PP
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
C
P P P
P PP
P PP
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
C
P P P
P PP
P PP
15.17 Example
Now P(PP) becomes provable, and so do any other classical tautologies:
I I
P P P P
M
P P P P
E
P P P P
C
P P P
P PP
P (P P)
15.18 CL5 versus multiplicative affine logic
Affine logic is a variation of the famous linear logic. Multiplicative affine logic is
obtained from system G1 (see Episode 4) by deleting Contraction (as for linear logic,
it further deletes Weakening as well).
Our CL5 is also obtained by deleting Contraction from a deductive system for
classical logic, and it is natural to ask how the two compare. Here is the answer:
Fact 15.3. Every formula provable in multiplicative affine logic is also provable in
CL5, but not vice versa: some formulas provable in CL5 are not provable in
affine logic.
Blass’s principle
( (P Q ) (R S )) ( (P R ) (Q S ))
proven on slide 15.13 is an example of a formula provable in CL5 but not in affine
logic. In fact, one can show that any proof of Blass’s principle in G1 would
require using not only Contraction, but also Weakening. On the other hand, our
CL5-proof of it used neither Weakening nor Contraction (nor Duplication).