MODEL QUESTION PAPER-1

Class-12 (Science)
Subject :- Physics
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 70

General Instructions :
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Section A contains Q. No. 1 to 10 of multiple choice type of questions carrying one mark
each. Q. No. 2 to 8 very short answer type of questions carrying one mark each.
3. Section B contains Q. No. 3 to 14 of 12 short answer type of questions carrying two marks
each.
4. Section C contains Q. No. 15 to 26 of 12 short answer type of questions carrying three marks

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each.
5. Section D contains Q.No. 27 to 31 of 5 long answer type of questions carrying four marks
each.
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6. Use Log-Table if necessary. Use of a calculator is not allowed.

Section - A
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Q. 1 Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each
sub-question: (10)
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1. A body revolves n times in a circle of radius  cm in one minute. Its linear

velocity is ____.
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2n 60
(a) cm / s (b) cm / s
60 2n

2 2 n 22 n 2
(c) cm / s (d) cm / s
60 60
2. The potential energy of a particle performing S.H.M. is
(a) Maximum at the centre of path
(b) Minimum at the extreme of path
(c) Proportional to the displacement from the centre
(d) Proportional to the square of thedisplacement from the centre

(1)
3. Length of an elastic string is L1, m when tension 5N is applied. Its length will be L2
when tension is 7 N. Its original length is

2L1  L 2 7L1  L 2
(a) (b)
2 9

7L1  5L 2 7L1  2L 2
(c) (d)
2 5
4. If R is universal gas constant then the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature
of 3 moles of a monomatic gas from 273 K to 373 K when to work done is ____.
(a) 200 R (b) 200 R
(c) 450 R (d) 480 R
5. The escape speed of a body from the Earth depends on
(a) the mass of the body

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(b) the direction of projection
(c) the latitude and altitude of the location from where the body is launched
(d) none of these
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6. If the length of a simple pendulum is doubled keeping its amplitude constant, its energy
will be
(a) unchanged (b) doubled
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(c) halved (d) increased to four times the initial energy

7. A liquid spreads over a solid surface, its angle of contact with the solid surface is
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(a) 180o (b) 90o

(c) 45o (d) 0o
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8. Quincke's tube is used to demonstrate

(a) Dopppler effect (b) the phenomenon of beats
(c) the interference of two sound waves (d) the ovetones in a pipe
9. To obtain pronounced diffraction with a single slit illuminated by light of wavelength
, the slit width should be

(a) of the same order as  (b) considerably larger than 

(c) considerably smaller than  (d) exactly elqual to  / 2

10. In a cyclotron, charged particles are accelerated by
(a) the electrostatic deflector plate (b) the electric field in the dees
(c) the electric field in the dees (d) the p.d. across the gap between the dees

(2)
Q.2 Answer the following question in one sentences. (8)
1. What is production of beat and frequency of beats?
2. Find the temperature at which the RMS speed of gas would be four times its value at N.T.P.
(Given data : C = 4Co, To = 273 K)
3. The photoelectric work function of a photosentive metal is 3  10–19 Joule. Calculate the
Threshold wavelength.
4. Draw a neat labelled circuit diagram using junction diode of full wave rectifier.
5. Define the period of revolution of a satellite.
6. If the displacement of a particle in SHM is given by x = 0.1 sin (6t) metre, what is the
frequency of motion?
7. If the surface tension of a liquid is 70 dyne/cm, what is the total energy of the free surface of
the liquid drop of radius 0.1 cm?
8. State Wien's displacement law.

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Section - B
Answer the following question in short. (Any Eight) (16)
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Q. 3 What is angular velocity? State its unit and dimensions.
Q. 4 State an expression for moment of inertia of a uniform solid sphere about an axis
of rotation coinciding with its diameter.
Q.5 What do you mean by communication and communication system.
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Q.6 A body of mass 10 kg is suspended from a wire of length 4 m and radius 3 mm,
calculate the stress.
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Q.7 What is capacitor? Give different uses of capacitors?

Q.8 What are advantages of potentiometer over voltmeter?
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Q.9 Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter.

Q.10 The orbital period of the moon around the earth is 27.3 day and its mean orbital
radius is 3.84  105 km. Calculate its critical orbital speed.
Q.11 Two monochromatic light waves of equal intensities produce an interference pattern. At a
point in the pattern, the phase difference between the interfering waves is  / 3 rad. Express
the intensity at this point as a fraction of the maximum intensity in the pattern.
Q.12 A capacitor of capacity 100 F is charged to a potential of 1 kV. Calculate the energy stored
in the capacitor.
Q.13 Four resistances 4,8, X and 6 are connected in sereis so as to form Wheatstone's
network. If the network is balanced, find the value of X.
Q.14 State any two applications of a permanentmagnet moving-coil galvanometer.

(3)
 Section - C
Answer the following question. (Any Eight) (24)
Q.15 State the principle of moving coil galvanometer and explain its working.
Q.16 An ideal solenoid has a core of relative permeability 500 and its winding has 1000
turns per meter. If a steady current of 1.6 A is passed through its winding,
Find :
i) the magnetic field strength H.
ii) the magnetization Mz.
iii) the magnetic induction B within the solenide.
Assume that Mz is directly proportional to H and single valued.
Q.17 State and explain Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction in accordance with the

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principle of conservation of energy.
Q.18 Define an ideal simple pendulum. Show that, under certain condition, a simple
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pendulum performs linear simple harmonic motion.
Q.19 Calculate the work done when a spherical drop of mercury of radius 2 mm falls from a
height and breaks into one million droplets, each of the same size. The surface tension
of mercury is 0.5 N/m.
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Q.20 State the demerits of Huygens wave theory of light.

Q.21 Draw a neat labelled diagrams for the formation of two virtual images in biprism
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experiment. Hence show that distance between two virtual images d  d1d 2 , where
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d1 = size of magnified image, d2 = size of diminished image.

Q.22 State an expression for M.I. of thin uniform rod about an axis of rotation passing through
its center and perpendicular to its length. Also deduce an expression for moment of inertia
about an axis passing through its one end and perpendicular to its length.
Q.23 Explain the reflection of transverse waves from a denser medium.
Q.24 State the main characteristics of stationary waves.
Q.25 A steel wire of length 4 m has mass of 25 g. It is elongated by 1.25 mm when stretched
by a weight 5 kg. Calculate the young modulus of steel.
(Density of steel is 7.8  103 kg/m3)
Q.26 State boyle's law? Deduce Boyle's law on the basis of kinetic theory of gases.
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 Section - D

Answer the following question. (Any Three) (12)

Q.27 A. Three capacitor have capacitance of 2 F, 4 F and 8 F. Find the equivalent
capacity when they are connected in
a) series b) parallel
B. What is meant by an angle of contact? State the main characteristics of angle of contact.
Q.28 Draw a neat labelled diagram for NPN transistor as an amplifier in common emitter mode
and explain its working.
Q.29 Using Gauss' theorem obtain an expression for the electric field intensity at a point out
side the charged sphere.
Q.30 A. Four resistance 5 , 10 , 15  and an unknown X  are connected in series so as

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to form wheatstone's network. Determine the unknown resistance X, if the network
is balanced with these numerical values of resistance.
B. Define current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer. Derive an expression for
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it. Hence discuss the factors on which sensitivity of M.C.G. depends.
Q.31 A. State the main properties of diamagnetic substance.
B. Define resonant frequency. Deduce an expression for resonant frequency in series
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LCR circuit.
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(5)
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER-2
Class-12 (Science)
Subject :- Physics
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 70

General Instructions :
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Section A contains Q. No. 1 to 10 of multiple choice type of questions carrying one mark
each. Q. No. 2 to 8 very short answer type of questions carrying one mark each.
3. Section B contains Q. No. 3 to 14 of 12 short answer type of questions carrying two marks
each.
4. Section C contains Q. No. 15 to 26 of 12 short answer type of questions carrying three marks
each.

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5. Section D contains Q.No. 27 to 31 of 5 long answer type of questions carrying four marks
each.
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6. Use Log-Table if necessary. Use of a calculator is not allowed.

Section - A
Q. 1 Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each
sub-question: (10)
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1. Two similar open organ pipes of length 50 cm and 50.5 cm produce 3 beats per
second when sounded together. The velocity of sound in air is _____.
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(a) 303 m/s (b) 330 m/s

(c) 151.5 m/s (d) 603 m/s
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2. Two glass plate are separated by water. If surface tension of water is 75 dyne
per cm and the area of each plate wetted by water is 8 cm2 and the distance between
the plate is 0.12 mm then the force applied to separate the two plates is _____.
(a) 102 dyne (b) 104 dyne
(c) 105 dyne (d) 106 dyne
3. According to the kinetic theory of gases, total energy of gas is equal to ______.
(a) potential energy (b) kinetic energy
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) gravitational P.E.
4. A car is travelling due North. The angular velocity of its wheels is due
(a) East (b) West
(c) North (d) South

(6)
5. A car goes round a circular track of radius 50 m with a speed of 25 m/s. Its angular
speed is
(a) 0.5 rad/s (b) 2 5 rad/s
(c) 5 rad/s (d) 1250 5 rad/s
6. The weight of a body is maximum
(a) at the poles of the Earth (b) at the equator of the Earth
(c) below the surface of the Earth (d) abov ethe surface of the Earth
7. A constant torque acting on a body produces in it a constant angular
(a) acceleration (b) displacement
(c) momentum (d) velocity
8. In simple harmonic motion, the acceleration of a particle is zero when its
(a) velocity is zero
(b) displacement is zero

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(c) both velocity and displacement are zero
(d) both velocity and displacement are maximum
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9. If a liquid does not wet a solid surface, its angle of contact with the solid surface is zero
(a) zero (b) acute
(c) 90o (d) obtuse
10. In reflection of sound waves from a rarer medium, there is a phase change of
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(a) 0 rad (b)  / 4 rad

(c)  / 2 rad (d)  rad

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Q.2 Answer the following question in one sentences. (8)

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1. What is angular acceleration? State its unit and dimensions.

2. Define : "Frequency".
3. Give types of stationary waves with example.
4. What is magnetic effect of electric current?
5. Two slits in Young's experiment have width in the ratio 2 : 3. Whalt is the ratio of the intensities
of light waves coming from them?
6. What is the minimum angular separation between two stars if a telescope is used to observe
them with an objective of aperture 20 cm? The wavelength of light is 5900 Ao.
7. A metal sphere of radius 1 cm is given a charge of 3.142 C. Find the electric intensity at a
point 1 m from the centre of the sphere.
8. State any two uses of a potentiometer.

(7)
 Section - B
Answer the following question in short. (Any Eight) (16)
Q. 3 Define magnetization. State its formula and S.I. unit.
Q. 4 The coefficient of mutual induction between primary and secondary coil is 2 H.
Calculate the induced emf if a current of 4A is cut off in 2.5  10–4 second.
Q.5 Draw a neat labelled diagram of the setup in the Davisson and Germer experiment for
diffraction of electron waves.
Q.6 What is Junction diode? What are forward bias and reverse bias?
Q.7 The wavelength of a certain blue light in air and in water are 4800 Ao and 3600 Ao,
respectively. Find the corresponding Brewster angle.
Q.8 Draw a neat circuit diagram of wheatstone's bridge.
Q.9 A racing car complete 5 rounds of a circular track in 2 minutes. Find the radius of
the track if the car has uniform centripetal acceleration of 2 m/s2.

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Q.10 State and explain Kepler's law of orbit.
Q.11. State the functions of the series resistance in modifying a galvanometer to a voltmeter.
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Q.12. Calculate the orbital magnetic dipole moment of the electron in the second Bohr orbit of the
hydrogen atom. The radius of the orbit is 2.126 A0 and the orbital speed of the electron in the
rorbit is 1.09  106 m/s
Q.13 State and define the SI unit of mutual inductance. Give its dimensions.
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Q.14 Calculate the energy of a photon, in joule and eV, in a light of wavelength 5000 Ao.
Section - C
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Answer the following question. (Any Eight) (24)

Q.15 Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of a body of mass M rotating uniformly
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2
1 L
about a given axis. Show the rotational kinetic energy  M    .
2 K
Q.16 When the length of simple pendulum is decreased by 20 cm, the period changes by 10%.
Find the original length of the pendulum.
Q.17 Define Young's modulus of elasticity? Derive an expression for Young modulus of
elasticity.
Q.18 Distinguish between interference and diffraction.
Q.19 A rectangular coil of a moving coil galvanometer contains 50 turns, each having area
12 cm2. It is suspended in radial magnetic field of induction 0.025 Wb/m2 by a fibre of
twist constant 15  10–10 Nm/degree. Calculate the sensitivity of a moving coil
galvanometer.

(8)
Q.20 What is photocell or photoelectric cell? Describe its construction and working.
Q.21 A parallel plate air capacitor has rectangular plates, each of area 20 cm2 separated by a
distance of 2 mm. The potential difference between the plate is 500 volts.
Calculate :
i) Its capacitance.
ii) The change on each plate.
iii) The electric field intensity between the two plates.
Q.22 Derive an expression for the excess pressure inside a drop of liquid.
Q.23 Compute the temperature at which the rms speed of nitrogen molecule is 832 m/s.
(universal gas constant, R = 8320 J/Kmol.k, molecular weight of nitrogen = 28)
Q.24 What is modulation? State different types of modulation.
Q.25 The frequency of a tuning fork is 256 Hz and velocity of sound in air is 350 m/s. Find
the distance covered by the wave when the fork complete 16 vibration.

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Q.26 State the principle of transformer. Explain its construction and working.
Section - D
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Answer the following question. (Any three) (12)
Q.27 Explain the formation of stationary waves by analytical method. Show that nodes
and antinodes are equally spaced in a stationary wave. Define nodes and antinodes.
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Q.28 An alternating e.m.f. e = 220 sin (120 t) volt is applied to a bulb of resistance 110 .
Find peak value effect, effective value, frequency and period of alternating current
through bulb.
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Q.29 A. State law of radioactive decay. Hence drive the expression N = N0e–t where symbol
have their usual meanings.
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B. The period of revolution of the electron in the third orbit in a hydrogen atom is
4.132  10–15 s. Find the period in the fourth orbit.
Q.30 A. What is logic gate? What are basic logic gates? Draw a schematic symbol and
logic table for it?
B. What is space wave propagation? Draw a neat labelled diagram to show space
wave propagation.
Q.31 A steel wire of length 7 m and cross section 1 mm2 is hung from a rigid support,
with a steel weight of volume 1000 cm3 hanging from its other end. Find the decrease
in the length of the wire when the steel weight is completely immersed in water.
(Ysteel = 210  11 N/m2, density of water = 1 g/cm3)

(9)
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER-3
Practice Paper
Class-12 (Science)
Time : 3 Hours Subject :- Physics Max. Marks : 70

General Instructions :
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Section A contains Q. No. 1 to 10 of multiple choice type of questions carrying one mark
each. Q. No. 2 to 8 very short answer type of questions carrying one mark each.
3. Section B contains Q. No. 3 to 14 of 12 short answer type of questions carrying two marks
each.
4. Section C contains Q. No. 15 to 26 of 12 short answer type of questions carrying three marks
each.

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5. Section D contains Q.No. 27 to 31 of 5 long answer type of questions carrying four marks
each.
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6. Use Log-Table if necessary. Use of a calculator is not allowed.

Section - A

Q. 1 Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each
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sub-question: (4)
1. A satellite of mass 200 kg is orbiting with a critical velocity of 20 m/s. Another
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satellite of mass 100 kg orbiting in same orbit will have critical velocity.
(a) 20 m/s (b) 10 m/s
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(c) 40 m/s (d) 60 m/s

2. The amplitude and periodic time of a S.H.M. are 5 cm and 6 s respectively.
At a distance of 2.5 cm away from the mean position the phase will be
 
(a) (b)
6 4

5 
(c) (d)
12 3
3. The work done in increasing the size of soap film from 10 cm  6 cm to 10 cm  11 cm
is 3  10–4 Joule. The surface tension of the film is _____.
(a) 1.5  10–2 N/m (b) 3  10–2 N/m
(c) 6  10–2 N/m (d) a11  10–12 N/m

(10)
4. When the minute hand turns through  rad, the angular displacement of the hour
hand is

 
(a) rad (b) rad
2 12

 
(c) rad (d) rad
60 360
5. The acceleration of an Earth satellite in a circular orbit is independent of
(a) the mass of the Earth (b) the radius of the Earth
(c) the mass of the satellite (d) theorbital radius of the satellite
6. The total energy of a particle executing SHM is proportional to
(a) the frequency of oscillation
(b) the square of amplitude of motion
(c) the velocity at the equilibrium position

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(d) the displacement from the equilibrium harmon
7. Fractional change in volume per unit change in pressure is called
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(a) bulk modulus (b) shear modulus
(c) volume strain (d) compressibility
8. At which of the following temperature is the surface tension of water minimum?
(a) 70 oC (b) 50 oC
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(c) 30 oC (d) 4 oC
9. Doppler effect is exhibited by
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(a) only longitudinal mechanical waves (b) all types of mechanical waves
(c) only electromagnetic waves (d) all types of waves
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10. In the vibrations of the air column in a pipe closed at one end, the second overtone is
(a) the second harmonic (b) the thsird harmonic
(c) the fifth harmonic (d) absent
Q.2 Answer the following question in one sentences. (4)
1. Define centripetal force.
2. What is law of length for simple pendulum?
3. What are the types of strain?
4. State the Kirchoff's law of radiation.
5. A biprism is placed 5 cm from the slit illuminated by sodium light of wavelength 5890 A0.
The width of the fringes obtained on a screen 75 cm from the biprism is 9.424  10–2 cm.
What is the distance between the two coherent sources?

(11)
6. A metal plate of area 0.01 m2 carries a charge of 100 C. Calculate the outward pull on the
side of the plate. [k = 1]
7. What is a paramagnetic material? Give two examples.
8. Define : i) atomic number ii) mass number.
Give their symbols

Section - B
Answer the following question in short. (14)
Q. 3 Distinguish between Harmonics and overtone.
Q. 4 Calculate the Kinetic energy of Hydrogen in 1 litre of volume, at a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
Q.5 State any four method to produce plane polarised light.
Q.6 Define constructive and destructive interference.
Q.7 State any two sources of errors in meter bridge experiment. Explain how they can be

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minimised.
Q.8 Explain the need to convert a galvanometer into voltmeter.
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Q.9 Draw a graphically representation of the variation of KE, PE and TE of a particle
performing linear SHM with respect to its displacement.
Q.10 The length of wire increases by 9 mm when a load of 2.5 kg is hung from the free end
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of the wire. If a wire of radius of cross section three times the given wire is used, all
other condition remaining the same, find the increase in its length.
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Q.11 The optical path difference between identical waves from two coherent sources and arriving
at a point is 17 . What can you say about the resultant intensity at the point? If the path
difference is 9.18 m, calculate the wavelength of light.
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Q.12 Calculate the energy density in a medium of dielectric constant 4, at a point where the intensity
of electric field is 1000 V/m.
Q.13 A solenoid 3.142 m long and 5 cm in diameter has two layers of windings of 500 turns each
and carries a current of 5 A. Calculate the magnetic inducltion at its centre along the axis.
Q.14 What is Zener diode? Explain.

Section - C
Answer the following question. (33)
Q.15 State and prove Gauss's theorem in electrostatics.
Q.16 Describe Kelvin's method to determine the resistance of a galvanometer by using a
meter bridge.

(12)
Q.17 A coil has 300 turns, each of area 0.05 m2.
i) Find the current through the coil for which the magnetic moment of the coil will
be 4.5 A.m2.
ii) It is placed in a uniform magnetic field of induction 0.2 T with its magnetic movement

making an angle of 30o with B . Calculate the magnitude of the torque experienced by
the coil.
Q.18 What is electromagnetic induction? Describe faraday's magnet and coil experiment.
Q.19 What is radioactivity? Give properties of -particles.
Q.20 With the help of neat circuit diagram explain the working of half and full wave rectifier.
Q.21 What is amplitude modulation? Explain production of amplitude modulation.
Q.22 A torque of 20 N-m sets a stationary circular disc into rotation about a transverse axis through
its centre and acts for 2 seconds. If the disc has a mass 10 kg and radius 0.2 m, what is its

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frequency of rotation after 2 seconds?
Q.23 Obtain expressions for the tensions at highest position, midway position and bottom
position for an object revolving in a vertical circle.
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Q.24 A clock regulated by a seconds pendulum keeps correct time. During summer the length of
the pendulum increases to 1.01 m. How much will the clock gain or lose in one day?
[g = 9.8 ms2]
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Q.25 What neat labelled diagrams, explain the three lowest modes of vibration of a string
stretched between rigid supports.
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Q.26 A. The moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod of mass 'M' and length 'L' about a

ML2
transverse axis passing through its centre is . Determine its M.I. about a
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transverse axis passing through its one end.
B. A body of mass 10 kg is suspended from a wire of length 4 m and radius 3mm.
Calculate the stress.

Section - D
Answer the following question. (Any Three) (12)
Q.27 A. Explain the reflection of transverse wave from rarer medium.
B. The surface tension of water is 0.072 N/m. Find the vertical force required to detach
a floating pin of length 2.5 cm from the surface of water.

(13)
Q.28 A. Show that only odd harmonics are present as overtone in the case of an air column
vibrating in a pipe closed at one end.
B. State Kirchoff's law of radiations and give its theoretical proof.
Q.29 A. Describe with neat diagram, the fraunhofer diffraction pattern due to single slit.
B. A particle performs S.H.M. what fraction of its total energy is kinetic when the
displacement is half the amplitude.
Q.30 A. Distinguish between free vibrations and forced vibrations.
B. A parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident on glass slab at an angle of
incident 60o. Find the ratio of the widths of the beam in glass to that in air, if
refractive index of glass is 1.5.
Q.31 A. An object is illuminated by light of wavelength 5000 Ao and observed by microscope
in air. Calculate resolving power of microscope if semi vertical angle is 30o.
B. Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter.

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(14)
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER-1
Class-12 (Science)
Subject :- Physics
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 70

Section - A
(Note : Rough work isgiven only for your understanding)
Q.1 Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each
sub-question: (10)
1. A body revolves n times in a circle of radius  cm in one minute. Its linear
velocity is ____.

2n 60 22 n 22 n 2
(a) cm / s (b) cm / s (c) cm / s (d) cm / s

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60 2n 60 60

2 2 n
Ans. (c) cm / s
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60

n
Rough work : Frequency  r.p.s., t = 1 min = 60 s,
60

n
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Angular velocity   2
60
2
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 Linear velocity v  r  2n    2 n cm / s

60 60
2. The potential energy of a particle performing S.H.M. is
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(a) Maximum at the centre of path

(b) Minimum at the extreme of path
(c) Proportional to the displacement from the centre
(d) Proportional to the square of thedisplacement from the centre
Ans. (d) Proportional to the square of thedisplacement from the centre
3. Length of an elastic string is L1, m when tension 5N is applied. Its length will be L2
when tension is 7 N. Its original length is
2L1  L 2 7L1  L 2
(a) (b)
2 9
7L1  5L 2 7L1  2L 2
(c) (d)
2 5
(15)
 7L1  5L 2
Ans. (c)
2
Rough work : I1 = L1 – L, F1 = 5N, I2 = L2 – L, F2 = 7 N

 T
T 1  1
  F or  2 T2

5 L1  L 7L  5L 2
 L 1
7 L2  L 2

4. If R is universal gas constant then the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature
of 3 moles of a monomatic gas from 273 K to 373 K when to work done is ____.
(a) 200 R (b) 200 R
(c) 450 R (d) 480 R
Ans. (c) 450 R

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Rough work : dQ  dE  dW But dW = 0

3
dQ = dE = Cvdt  Cv  R
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3
 dQ  nC v dT  3  R  100  450 R
2
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5. The escape speed of a body from the Earth depends on

(a) the mass of the body
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(b) the direction of projection

(c) the latitude and altitude of the location from where the body is launched
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(d) none of these

Ans. (c) the latitude and altitude of the location from where the body is launched
6. If the length of a simple pendulum is doubled keeping its amplitude constant, its energy
will be
(a) unchanged (b) doubled
(c) halved (d) increased to four times the initial energy
Ans. (c) halved
7. A liquid spreads over a solid surface, its angle of contact with the solid surface is
(a) 180o (b) 90o
(c) 45o (d) 0o
Ans. (d) 0o

(16)
8. Quincke's tube is used to demonstrate
(a) Dopppler effect (b) the phenomenon of beats
(c) the interference of two sound waves (d) the ovetones in a pipe
Ans. (c) the interference of two sound waves
9. To obtain pronounced diffraction with a single slit illuminated by light of wavelength
, the slit width should be
(a) of the same order as  (b) considerably larger than 
(c) considerably smaller than  (d) exactly elqual to  / 2
Ans. (b) considerably larger than 
10. In a cyclotron, charged particles are accelerated by
(a) the electrostatic deflector plate (b) the electric field in the dees
(c) the electric field in the dees (d) the p.d. across the gap between the dees

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Ans. (d) the p.d. across the gap between the dees
Q.2 Answer the following question in one sentences. (8)
1. What is production of beat and frequency of beats?
sK
Ans. The alternative waxing and wanning of sound after definite intervals of time, due to
superposition of two waves of nearly equal frequencies, is called production of beats.
The number of times the sound waxes or wanes in one second is called frequency of beat.
2. Find the temperature at which the RMS speed of gas would be four times its value at
es

N.T.P. (Given data : C = 4Co, To = 273 K)

Ans. C T
cc

C T

Co To But C = 4Co
Su

4C T

Co To

T
16 
To

T = 16To = 16  273 = 4368 K

3. The photoelectric work function of a photosentive metal is 3  10–19 Joule. Calculate the
Threshold wavelength.
Ans. Given data : Wo = 3  10–19 J, 0 = ?
Wo = hvo

(17)
 hc

0

hc 6.63 1034  3 108

0  
W0 3  1019
= 6.63  10–7
0 = 6630  10–10 m
4. Draw a neat labelled circuit diagram using junction diode of full wave rectifier.
Ans. Full wave rectifier using diode -

ey
sK
e = A.C. Input, D1 and D2 - semiconductor diode, T = Transformer, RL = load resistor,
P1 and P2 = primary winding, S1 and S2 = secondary winding.
5. Define the period of revolution of a satellite.
es

Ans. The period of revolution of a satellite is the time it takes to complete one revolution around
the Earth or any other planet.
cc

6. If the displacement of a particle in SHM is given by x = 0.1 sin (6t) metre, what is the
frequency of motion?
Su

Ans. Comparision of the given equation with x = A sin  2ft  gives 2f  6.

 Frequency of motion, f = 3Hz.

7. If the surface tension of a liquid is 70 dyn/cm, what is the total energy of the free surface
of the liquid drop of radius 0.1 cm?
22 2
Ans. E  4r 2 T  4    0.1cm   70 dyn / cm
7
= 88  10–2  10 = 8.8 ergs
gs
8. State Wien's displacement law.
Ans. For a blockbody at an absolute temperature T, the product of T and the wavelength  m
corresponding to the maximum radiation of energy is a constant.
 m T  b, a constant.
(18)
 Section - B
Answer the following question in short. (Any :Eight) (16)
Q. 3 What is angular velocity? State its unit and dimensions.
Ans. The ratio of angular displacement to time is called angular velocity. It is a vector quantity.
Unit : rad s–1
Dimensions : [M0 L0 T–1]
Q. 4 State an expression for moment of inertia of a uniform solid sphere about an axis
of rotation coinciding with its diameter.
Ans. M.I. of solid sphere about its diameter.
M = mass of solid sphere
R = radius of sphere
ZZ' = axis of rotation.

ey
sK
2
The M.I. of solid sphere about its own diameter is given by : I  MR 2
es

5
Q.5 What do you mean by communication and communication system.
cc

Ans. A communication system is the set up used in the transmission of information from one
place to another.
Communication systems consists of the following main parts :
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i) Transmitter ii) Communication channel iii) Receiver.

Q.6 A body of mass 10 kg is suspended from a wire of length 4 m and radius 3 mm,
calculate the stress.
Ans. Given : M = 10 kg, L = 4 m, r = 3  10–3 m
Find stress = ?

(19)
 F Mg
Stress  
A r 2
10  9.8
 2
3.14   3  103 

= 3.46  106 N/m2.

Q.7 What is capacitor? Give different uses of capacitors?
Ans. A device which increases charge storing capacity of a conductor at a relatively low potential
is called capacitor.
Use to capacitor :
i. To store energy.
ii. To store a large quantity of charge at a relatively low potential.
iii. To obtain the electric field of desired symmetry.
iv. To block D.C. and allow A.C. to pass through it.

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Q.8 What are advantages of potentiometer over voltmeter?
Ans. Advantages of potentiometer over voltmeter :
sK
i) Potentiometer is used to measure emf of a cell while voltmeter is used to measure terminal
P.D. of a cell.
ii) By increasing length of potentiometer potential drop can be made as small as possible
therefore it is used to measure very small P.D.
iii) Potentiometer is more accurate than voltmeter.
es

iv) Potentiometer is used for the calibration of reading of ammetr and voltmeter. But voltmeter
can't be used for the calibration process.
cc

Q.9 Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter.

Ans. Moving coil ammeter Moving coil voltmeter
1. It is used for the measurement of current. 1. It is used for the measurement of potential
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difference.
2. It is connected in series with the circuit. 2. It is connected in parallel with the circuit.
3. It is parallel combination of shunt and 3. It is series combination of high resistance
galvanometer. of high galvanometer.
4. The resistance of galvanometer should be 4. The resistance of galvanometer should be
kept low. kept high.
5. To measure a current of larger range a 5. To measure a P.D. in larger range series
shunt of small value is used. resistance of large value is used.
6. The range of ammeter can be changed by 6. The range of voltmeter can be changed
changing value of shunt. by changing value of high resistance.

OR
(20)
Q.10 The orbital period of the moon around the earth is 27.3 day and its mean orbital
radius is 3.84  105 km. Calculate its critical orbital speed.
Sol. Data : T = 27.3, d = 27.3  8.64  104 s
r = 3.84  105 km = 3.84  108 m
Critical orbital speed,

2r
c 
T

2  3.142  3.84  108

 c  4
= 1.023×103 m/s
27.3  8.64  10
Q.11 Two monochromatic light waves of equal intensitites produce an interference pattern.
At a point in the pattern, the phase difference between the interfering waves is  / 3
rad. Express the intensity at this point as a fraction of the maximum intensity in the
pattern.

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Sol. Data : I1 = I2 = I0,    / 3rad
The resultant intensity at the point in the pattern is
sK

I  I max cos 2
2

2 2
   3
 Imax  cos   I max  
es

 6  2 

3
cc

I I max
4
Q.12 A capacitor of capacity 100 F is charged to a potential of 1 kV. Calculate the energy
Su

stored in the capacitor.

Sol. Data : C = 100 F  10–4 F, V = 1 kV = 103 V

1 2
Electrostatic energy stored  CV
2

1 2

2
104 103   50 J

Q.13 Four resistances 4,8, X and 6 are connected in sereis so as to form Wheatstone's
network. If the network is balanced, find the value of X.
Sol. Data : P  4 , Q  8 ,S  X, R  6 
Since the network is balanced,

(21)
 P R

Q S

4 X
 
8 6

4
 X  6  3
8
Q.14 State any two applications of a permanentmagnet moving-coil galvanometer.
Ans. Application sof a PMMC galvanometer :
1) As an ammeter, to measure dc current.
2) As a voltmeter, to measure dc voltage.
3) As a ballistic galvanometer, to measure electric charge passed through the coli.
Section - C

ey
Answer the following question. (Any Eight) (24)
Q.15 State the principle of moving coil galvanometer and explain its working.
Ans. Principle of moving coil galvanometer :
sK
A current carrying coil suspended in a magnetic field experiences a torque which rotates the
plane of the coil and tends to maximize the magnetic flux through the coil.
Working of galvanometer :
i) Moving coil galvanometer consist a light rectangular coil PQRS of thin insulated copper
es

wire with many turns, wound on a nonmagnetic frame.

ii) When an electric current I flows through the coil PQRS, its vertical conductors PQ and
cc

SR are acted upon by forch of magnitude (nBIl) where B is the magnetic induction of
magnetic field in which coil is suspended.
iii) Two forces of PQ and SR acting and having equal magnitude each, are oppositely directed
Su

at different point.
iv) It develop torque in the coil due to magnetic field.
v) The deflecting torque is directly proportional to the magnetic induction of magnetic field
in which coil is suspended.
vi) This torque cause the pointer attached to the coil to deflect and move on graduated scale.
This the expression for current flowing through the coil of moving coil galvanometer.
Q.16 An ideal solenoid has a core of relative permeability 500 and its winding has 1000
turns per meter. If a steady current of 1.6 A is passed through its winding,
Find :
i) the magnetic field strength H.
ii) the magnetization Mz.

(22)
 iii) the magnetic induction B within the solenide.
Assume that Mz is directly proportional to H and single valued.
Sol. Data : r = 500, n = 1000 m–1, I = 1.6 A,
0 = 4  10| T.m/A
i) The magnetic field strength (or magnetic intensity) of the ideal solenoid,
H = nI
= 1000  1.6 = 1.6  103 A/m
ii) The magnetization of the core,
Mz = mH = (r – 1) H
= (500 – 1)  1.6  103
= 499  1.6  103 = 7.984  105 A/m
iii) The magnetic induction within the core of the solenoid,
B = r0H

ey
= (500)(4  3.142  10–7) (1.6  103)
= 32  3.142  10–2 = 1.005 T
sK
Q.17 State and explain Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction in accordance with the
principle of conservation of energy.
Ans. Lenz's law :
The direction of the induced current is such as to oppose the change that produce it.
es

Explanation :
If the bar magnet is moved towards the coil with its N-pole facing the coil, as in fig. (a),the
cc

number of magnetic lines of induction (pointing to the left) through the coil increases. The
induced current in the coil sets up a magnetic field of its own pointing to the right to oppose
the growing flux due to the magnet.
Su

Hence to move the magnet towards the coil against this repulsive flux of the induced current,
we must do work. The work done shows up as electric energy in the coil.

(23)
 When the magnet is withdrawn, with its N-pole still facing the coil, the number of magnetic
lines of induction (pointing left) through the coil decreases. The induced current reverses
flux with its own, as shown in fig. (b).
Facing the coil along the magnet, the induced current is in the clockwise sense. The electric
energy in the coil comes from the work done to withdrawn the magnet, now against an
attractive force.
Q.18 Define an ideal simple pendulum. Show that, under certain condition, a simple
pendulum performs linear simple harmonic motion.
Ans. An ideal simple pendulum is defined as a heavy point mass suspended from a rigid support
by a weightless, inextensible and twistless string, and set oscillating under gravity through a
small angle in a vertical plane.
Suppose, a simple pendulum of length L, suspended from a rigid support O. When displaced
from its initial position of rest through a small angle  in a vertical plane and released, it
performs oscillations between two extremes, B and C, as shown in Fig. At B, the forces on
  
the bob are its weight mg and the tension F1 in the string. Resolve mg into two components

ey
: mg cos  in the direction opposite to that of the tension and mg sin  perpendicular to the
string.
mg cos  is balanced by the tension in the string. mg sin  restores the bob to the equilibrium
sK
position.
es
cc
Su

Restoring force, F = –mg sin 

It  is small and expressed in radian,

arc AB x
sin      
radius OB L

x
 F   mg   mg ...(i)
L
Since m, g and L are constant,
(24)
 F   x  ...(ii)

F g
Acceleration, a   x ...(iii)
m L
Therefore, acceleration per unit displacement

a g
  ...(iv)
x L
Period of SHM,

2
T
acceleration per unit displacement

2 L
  T  2
g/L g

ey
This is the expression for the period of a simple pendulum.
Q.19 Calculate the work done when a spherical drop of mercury of radius 2 mm falls from a
height and breaks into one million droplets, each of the same size. The surface tension
sK
of mercury is 0.5 N/m.
Sol. Let R be the radius of the drop and r be the radius of each droplet.
Data : R = 2 mm= 2  10–3 m, n = 106, T = 0.5 N/m
es

Volume of the drop = volume of n droplets as the volume of the liquid remains constants.

4 3 4 R R R
 R  n  r 3  r  3  
cc

3 3 n 3 106 3 102
Surface area of the drop = 4R2
Surface area of n droplets = n  4r2
Su

 Increase in surface area = 4 (nr2 – R2)

 R2 
 4  106  4  R 2 
 10 
= 4 (100 – 1)R2
= 99  4R2
 The work done
= surface tension  increase in surface area
= T(99  4R2)
= 0.5  99  4  3.142 (2  10–3)2
= 2.488  10–3 J
(25)
Q.20 State the demerits of Huygens wave theory of light.
Ans. Demerits of Huygens wave theory of light :
i) This theory could not explain rectilinear propagation of light.
ii) It could not explain Compton effect, photoelectric effect, Raman effect etc.
iii) It could not explain properly the propagation of light through vacuum. This is because
ether has high elastic constant and zero density which gives contradictory results.
iv) According to Huygen's wave theory, luminiferous ether medium exists everywhere in
the universe even in vacuum which is treated as material medium for propagation of
light waves.
However, Michelson's and Morley's theory disapproved the existence of ther medium.
Q.21 Draw a neat labelled diagrams for the formation of two virtual images in biprism

experiment. Hence show that distance between two virtual images d  d1d 2 , wheree
d1 = size of magnified image, d2 = size of diminished image.
Ans. i. The convex lens is moved towards the biprism and its position is adjusted in such a way

ey
that two magnified images S1' and S2' of the slit S1 and S2 respectively are clearly seen on
the screen of micrometer eyepiece as shown in figure (a).
ii. The cross wire of micrometer eyepiece is adjusted on S1' and S2’ and micrometer readings
sK
are noted. The difference between two readings gives the distance d1 between two
magnified images.
iii. Suppose ‘u’ is the distance of slit from lens and ‘v’ is the distance of eyepiece from the
lens.
es
cc
Su

iv. Linear magnification produced by lens is given by,

size of image
m
size of object

Distance of image

Distance of object

(26)
 d1 v
  ...(i)
d u
v. Next the convex lens is moved towards the eyepiece so that two diminished images S'1
and S'2 of the slit S1 and S2 are clearly seen on the screen of micrometer eyepiece as
shown in figure (b).
vi. The cross wire of micrometer eyepiece is adjusted on S1' and S2' and micrometer reading
is noted. The difference between two readings gives the distance du between two
diminished images.
vii. Due to the conjugate foci, the object and image distance gets interchanged in the two
positions. Hence in this case, u is the distance of image and v is the distance of object.
viii.Linear magnification produced by lens is given by,

d2 u
m  ... (ii)
d v
ix. Multiplying equation (i) and (ii), we get

ey
d1 d 2 v u
  
d d u v
sK
 d2 = d1d2

 d  d1d 2
Q.22 State an expression for M.I. of thin uniform rod about an axis of rotation passing through
es

its center and perpendicular to its length. Also deduce an expression for moment of
inertia about an axis passing through its one end and perpendicular to its length.
Ans. 1) Expression for M.I. of thin uniform rod about an axis passing through its centre
cc

and perpendicular to its plane :

Let, L = length of rod AB
Su

M = mass of the rod

ZZ' = axis passing through centre of rod and perpendicular to the plane

The M.I. of a thin uniform rod about an axis passing through its centre of mass and
ML2
perpendicular to its length is given by, I 
12

(27)
 2) Expression for M.I. of rod about an axis passing through its one end :

Let, L = length of rod AB

M = mass of the rod
ZZ' = axis passing through centre of mass of rod and perpendicular to the plane.
We have to determine M.I. of rod about YY'.
According to the theorem of parallel axes,

ey
I = IO + Mh2
2
ML2 L
 I M 
sK
12 2

ML2 ML2 ML2  3ML2

  
12 4 12
es

4ML2 ML2
 
12 3
cc

ML2
Hence, M.I. of rod about an axis passing through its one end is .
3
Su

Q.23 Explain the reflection of transverse waves from a denser medium.

Ans. Reflection of transverse waves from a denser medium:
i. A transverse wave consists of crests and troughs.
ii. Consider a string whose one end is fixed to a rigid wall and the other end is free.

(28)
 iii. A pulse consisting of only one crest is propagated along the string by moving its free end
up and down.
iv. The crest reaches the fixed end and exerts a force in the upward direction.
v. Due to the equal and opposite reaction, the velocity is reversed. Thus, a trough travels in
opposite direction.
vi. Similarly, instead of a crest, if a trough is propagated, it reflects as crest.
vii. Thus, when transverse wave is incident on the surface of denser medium, crest is reflected
as trough and trough is reflected as crest.
Q.24 State the main characteristics of stationary waves.
Ans. Characteristics of stationary waves :
i. In stationary waves, resultant velocity of the wave is zero. The wave remains localised
and thus there is no transfer of energy throughout the medium.
ii. The particles of medium perform S.H.M. of same period, but the amplitude of oscilla-
tion varies periodically in space.
iii. The distance between two successive nodes or two successive antinodes is constant and

ey
is equal to /2.
iv. Distance between a node and the consecutive antinode is /4.
v. All the particles within the loop are in same phase of oscillation.
sK
vi. The particles oscillating in two adjacent loops are out ofphase.
vii. Amplitude of vibration increases from node to antinode.
viii.Stationary wave is a doubly periodic phenomenon. (periodic in space and periodic in
time).
es

ix. In case of longitudinal stationary waves, the points at which displacement of particle is
minimum but variation in pressure is maximum are called pressure antinodes. The
cc

points at which displacement of particle is maximum but pressure is constant are

called ‘pressure nodes’ (i.e. change in pressure is minimum)
Q.25 A steel wire of length 4 m has mass of 25 g. It is elongated by 1.25 mm when stretched
Su

by a weight 5 kg. Calculate the young modulus of steel.

(Density of steel is 7.8  103 kg/m3)
Sol. Given : L = 4 m, l = 125 mm = 125  10–3 m,
m = 25  10–3 kg, M = 5 kg,
 = 7.8  103 kg/m3
To find : Young's modulus (Y)

MgL MgL
Formula : Y 
r 2l Al

m 25 10 3
Calculation : Since, V  
 7.8 103

(29)
 Also, V = AL

V 25 103
 A 
L 7.8 103  4
 A = 0.8  10–6 m2
 From formula

5  9.8  4
Y
0.8  106 1.25  10 3
Ans. Young's modulus of steel is 19.6  1010 N/m2.
Q.26 State boyle's law? Deduce Boyle's law on the basis of kinetic theory of gases.
Ans. Statement:
At constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a fixed mass of a gas is inversely proportional
to the volume occupied by the gas.
1

ey
i.e. P 
V
Boyle’s law from kinetic theory of gases:
sK
i. Suppose, P = pressure exerted by the gas
V = volume of the gas
M = mass of the gas
N = number of molecules of the gas
es

m = mass of each molecule of the gas

M = mN
cc

ii. From kinetic theory of gases,

1 1M 2  M
P  c 2  c    
3 3V  V
Su

But, M = mN
1 mN 2
 P c
3 V
1
 PV  mNc 2
3
Pressure exerted by a gas in an enclosed vessel,
2 N1 2
P  mc 
3 V2 

1 2
iii. But, mc  K.E.  constant for all the gases at a given temperature.
2

(30)
 N = number of molecules which is constant for a given mass of the gas.
constant
 P
V
PV = constant
1
 P
V
Hence proved.
Section - D
Answer the following question. (12)
Q.27 A. Three capacitor have capacitance of 2 F, 4 F and 8 F. Find the equivalent
capacity when they are connected in
a) series b) parallel
Sol. Dat a : C1 = 2 F, C2 = 4 F, C3 = 8 F

ey
a) Series arrangement :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
      
Cs C1 C 2 C3 2 4 8 8
sK
 The equivalent capacity,
b) Parallel arrangement :
The equivalent capacity is
es

Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 = 2 + 4 + 8 = 14 F
B. What is meant by an angle of contact? State the main characteristics of angle of
cc

contact.
Ans. When a liquid is in contact with a solid, the angle between tangent drawn to the free surface
of the liquid and the surface of solid at the point of contact measured inside the liquid is
Su

called angle of contact.

Chracteristics :
i. The angle of contact is constant for a given liquid-solid pair.
ii. The value of angle of contact depends upon nature of liquid and solid in contact.
iii. It depends upon the medium which exists above the free liquid surface.
iv. The angle of contact changes due to impurity or temperature.
Q.28 Draw a neat labelled diagram for NPN transistor as an amplifier in common emitter
mode and explain its working.
Ans. N-P-N transistor as common emitter amplilier:
i. The circuit diagram is as shown in figure. Due to forward biasing of E.B junction, the
resistance of the input circuit is small.

(31)
 ii. The C.B junction is reverse biased. Due to reverse biasing, the resistance of the output
circuit is large.

iii. A load resistance RL is connected in series in the collector circuit.

iv. When the input signal applied the collector current IC flowing through the load resistance
RL, produces a potential drop ICRC across the load resistance RL.

ey
 Net collector voltage,
VCE = VCC – ICRL ....(i)
v. In the positive half cycle the input signal supports the forward biasing of the base, emitter
sK
crrcuit. Due to increase in fbrward bias, the emitter current hence the collector current
increases. This increases the potential drop IC RL. Hence, from equation (i) it follows that
Vce decreases.
vi. In the negative half cycle, the input signal opposes the forward biasing of the base-
es

emitter circuit. Due to decrease in the forward bias, the emitter current and hence the
collector current decreases.
cc

vii. Thus, when N-P-N transistor is used as common emitter amplifier, the output and input
signals are 180o out ofphase.
Q.29 Using Gauss' theorem obtain an expression for the electric field intensity at a point out
Su

side the charged sphere.

Ans. Expression for electric intensity at a point outside a charged conducting sphere:
i. Consider a conducting sphere 'R' of radius
on which a charge +q is deposited. The
charge gets uniformly distributed over the
surface.
ii. P is apoint at a distance r > R fromthe centre
of the sphere, i.e., outside the sphere. We
have to determine the intensity of the electric
field at p.
iii. Imagine a concentric sphere with r as the radius and point O as its centre. This sphere is
shown by dotted lines and acts as gaussian surface. The point p lies on its surface.

(32)
 iv. According to Gauss, theorem, T.N.E.I over any closed surface is given by,
T.N.E.I = k 0 E cos ds .....(i)
v. The magnitude of the electric intensity at every point on the Gaussian sphere is the same
and it is directed radially outwards. For every element ds of the Gaussian sphere,

E = constant and  = 00

cos = 1
From equation (i), we have,
T.N.E.I = k0 E  ds

But  ds = 4r2
 T.N.E.I = k0 E 4r2 ... (ii)
vi. Total charge enclosed by gaussian sphere = q
According to Gauss’ theorem

ey
T.N.E.I = q ...(iii)
From equation (ii) and (iii), we have.
sK
1 q
k0E4r2 = q  E . 2 ... (iv)
4 0 k r

This is the magnitude of the electric intensity at the point P, outside the charged sphere.
es

vii. If  is the surface charge density, then

q q
 
A 4r 2
cc

From equation (iv), we have,

Su

 R2
E . ....(v)
0 k r 2

This is an expression for electric intensity at a point outside a charged conducting sphere
in terms of surface charge density.
Q.30 A. Four resistance 5 , 10 , 15  and an unknown X  are connected in series so as
to form wheatstone's network. Determine the unknown resistance X, if the network
is balanced with these numerical values of resistance.
Sol. Given : R1 = 5, R2 = 10 , R4 = 15 
To find : Unknown resistance (X)

R1 R 3
Formula : 
R2 R4

(33)
 Calculation : From formula,

R1
R3   R4
R2

5
 R3   15  7.5
10
 X = 7.5 
Ans. The unknown resistance is 7.5 .
B. Define current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer. Derive an expression for
it. Hence discuss the factors on which sensitivity of M.C.G. depends.
Ans. Deflection produced per unit current in the coil of M.C.G. is called current sensitivity of
moving coil galvanometer.

d
It is given by, S1 

ey
dI
Unit : Radian/ampere
Expression for current sensitivity :
sK
i. Current flowing through moving coil galvanometer is given by,

 C 
I  ...(i)
 NAB 
es

where, C= twist constant

N = number of turns in the coil of M.C.G.
cc

A = area of the coil

B = magnetic induction
Su

ii. Differentiating both sides of equation (i), we get

 C 
dI    d
 NAB 

d NAB
 
dI C

NAB
 Si  ...(ii)
C
Equation (ii) represents current sensitivity of M.C.G.
Factors affecting sensitivity of M.C.G. :

(34)
 Sensitivity of M.C.G. depends on the following :
i. Number of turns in rectangular coil (N).
ii. Magnetic induction of magnetic field (B).
iii. Area of rectangular coil (A).
iv. Twist constant of phosphor bronze wire suspension (C).
Q.31 A. State the main properties of diamagnetic substance.
Ans. Properties of diamagnetic suhstances:
i. If a thin rod of a diamagnetic material is suspended freely in an external uniform magnetic
field, it comes to rest with its length perpendicular to the direction of the field.
ii. These materials when placed in an external nonuniform magnetic field, tend to move
fiom the stronger part of the field to the weaker part of the lield.
iii. In the absence of external magnetic field, the net magnetic moment of diamagnetic
substances is zero.

ey
iv. Diamagnetic substances loose their magnetism on removal of external magnetic field.
v. If a watchglass containing a small quantity of a diamagnetic liquid is placed on two
dissimilar magnetic poles. the liquid shows a depression in the middle.
sK
vi. If a magnetic field is applied to diamagnetic liquid in one arm of U-tube, the liquid level
in that arm is lowered.
vii. If a diamagnetic gas is introduced between the pole-pieces of a magnet, it spreads at
right angles to the magnetic field.
es

B. Define resonant frequency. Deduce an expression for resonant frequency in series

LCR circuit.
cc

Ans. The frequency of a.c. for which resonance takes place and maximum current (r.m.s.) flows
through the circuit, is called resonant frequency (f r).
Su

Expression for resonant frequency in series LCR circuit:

i. Suppose a sinusoidal alternating e.m.f. is applied to a circuit containing an inductance L,
a resistance R and a capacitance C all in series as shown in figure.

(35)
 e
I
Z
e

2
R 2   X L  XC 

ii. The inductive reactance, XL and the capacitive reactance, XC are given by,
1
XL = L and X C 
C
iii. Maximum current flows through the circuit at resonance.
iv. In case of series resonance circuit, inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance.
XL = XC
1
 L 
C

ey
1
 2 
LC
1
 
sK
LC

1
 2f r 
LC
es

1
 fr 
2 LC
where, fr = resonance frequency.
cc
Su

(36)
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER-2
Class-12 (Science)
Subject :- Physics
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 70

Section - A
(Note : Rough work is given only for your understanding)
Q. 1 Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each
sub-question: (10)
1. Two similar open organ pipes of length 50 cm and 50.5 cm produce 3 beats per
second when sounded together. The velocity of sound in air is _____.
(a) 303 m/s (b) 330 m/s
(c) 151.5 m/s (d) 603 m/s

ey
Ans. (a) 303 m/s
Rough work : L1 = 50 cm, L2 = 50.5 cm
As L2 > L1, so n2 < n3
sK
v
for opon pipe n   n  n 2  3beat / s
2L

v 1 1 
   3
2  L1 L2 
es

v  1 1 
2 
 6
10  50 50.5 
cc

6  50  50.5  102
v  303m / s
0.5
Su

2. Two glass plate are separated by water. If surface tension of water is 75 dyne
per cm and the area of each plate wetted by water is 8 cm2 and the distance between
the plate is 0.12 mm then the force applied to separate the two plates is _____.
(a) 102 dyne (b) 104 dyne
(c) 105 dyne (d) 106 dyne
Ans. (c) 105 dyne
2AT 2  8  75
Rough work : F    105 dyne
t 0.12  101
3. According to the kinetic theory of gases, total energy of gas is equal to ______.
(a) potential energy (b) kinetic energy
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) gravitational P.E.
Ans. (b) kinetic energy
(37)
4. A parallel plate air condenser of capacity 10 F is charged to a potential of 1000 V.
The energy of the condenser is
(a) 5 J (b) 4 J
(c) 2.5 J (d) 10 J
Ans. (a) 5 J

1 2
Rough work : v  CV
2
1 2
  10  106  1000 
2
= 0.5  10  10–6  106 = 5J

5. A car goes round a circular track of radius 50 m with a speed of 25 m/s. Its angular
speed is

ey
(a) East (b) West
(c) North (d) South
Ans. (b) West
sK
6. The weight of a body is maximum
(a) at the poles of the Earth (b) at the equator of the Earth
(c) below the surface of the Earth (d) abov ethe surfac eof the Earth
es

Ans. (a) at the poles of the Earth

7. A constant torque acting on a body produces in it a constant angular
cc

(a) acceleration (b) displacement

(c) momentum (d) velocity
Ans. (a) acceleration
Su

8. In simple harmonic motion, the acceleration of a particle is zero when its

(a) velocity is zero
(b) displacement is zero
(c) both velocity and displacement are zero
(d) both velocity and displacement are maximum
Ans. (b) displacement is zero
9. If a liquid does not wet a solid surface, its angle of contact with the solid surface is zero
(a) zero (b) acute
(c) 90o (d) obtuse
Ans. (d) obtuse

(38)
10. In reflection of sound waves from a rarer medium, there is a phase change of
(a) 0 rad (b)  / 4 rad

(c)  / 2 rad (d)  rad

Ans. (a) 0 rad
Q.2 Answer the following question in one sentences. (4)
1. What is angular acceleration? State its unit and dimensions.
Ans. The rate of charge of angular velocity with respect to time is called angular acceleration.

It is denoted by  .
Unit : rad/s2 in SI system.
Dimension : [M0 L0 T–2]
2. Define : "Frequency".
Ans. The number of waves that pass per unit time across a given point of the medium is called
frequency of the wave.

ey
3. Give types of stationary waves with example.
Ans. Types of stationary wave -
sK
i. Transverse stationary wave.
ex. Vibration of stretched strings.
ii. Longitudinal stationary wave.
ex. Vibration of air columns in organ pipe.
es

4. What is magnetic effect of electric current?

Ans. An electric current produces a magnetic field around it, this phenomenon is known as the
cc

magnetic effect of electric current.

5. Two slits in Young's experiment have width in the ratio 2 : 3. Whalt is the ratio of the
intensities of light waves coming from them?
Su

I1 w1 2
Ans. The required ratio is I  w  3 .
2 2

6. What is the minimum angular separation between two stars if a telescope is used to
observe them with an objective of aperture 20 cm? The wavelength of light is 5900 Ao.
o
Sol. Data : D = 20 cm = 0.2 m   5900 A  5.9 107 m

1.22  1.22  5.9  107

min imum  
D 0.2
= 3.599  10–6 rad
This gives the required angular separation.

(39)
7. A metal sphere of radius 1 cm is given a charge of 3.142 C. Find the electric intensity
at a point 1 m from the centre of the sphere.
Sol. Data : R = 1 cm, q = 3.142  10–6 C, r = 1 m
g0 = 8.85  10–12 F/m
Electric field intensity,

q
E r  R 
4 0 r 2

3.142  106 106

 2

4  3.142  8.85  1012 1 4  8.85

= 2.825  104 N/C


E is directed radially outward.

ey
8. State any two uses of a potentiometer.
Ans. Uses of a potentiometer :
sK
1) To measure the emf of a cell. (For this, the emf of the standard cell and the potential
gradient must be known)
2) To compare the emfs of two cells.
3) To determine the internal resistance of a cell.
es

Section - B
Answer the following question in short. (Any Eight) (16)
cc

Q. 3 Define magnetization. State its formula and S.I. unit.

Ans. The net magnetic movement per unit volume of a material is called the magnetization of the
Su

material.
 
Formula : M z  M net / v

SI unit : The ampere per metre (A/m)

Q. 4 The coefficient of mutual induction between primary and secondary coil is 2 H.
Calculate the induced emf if a current of 4A is cut off in 2.5  10–4 second.
Ans. M = 2H, dI = –4A, dt = 2.5  10–4 s.

2   4 
The induced emf, E   M dI 
dt 2.5  104
= 8  104 = 3.2  104 v

(40)
Q.5 Draw a neat labelled diagram of the setup in the Davisson and Germer experiment for
diffraction of electron waves.
Ans. The experimental arrangement as shown in fig.

ey
sK
It consist of an electron gun, a crystal holder and an electron detector enclosed in a vacuum
chamber.
Q.6 What is Junction diode? What are forward bias and reverse bias?
es

Ans. 1) pn-junction diode :

A two terminal semiconductor device consisting of a pn-junction is called a pn-junction
diode.
cc
Su

2) Forward bias :
The positive terminal of a cell is connected to the p side of the junction and the negative
terminal to the n side is called Forward bias.
3) Reverse bias :
The positive terminal of a cell is connected to the n side of the junction and the negative
terminal to the p side is called Reverse bias.

(41)
Q.7 The wavelength of a certain blue light in air and in water are 4800 Ao and 3600 Ao,
respectively. Find the corresponding Brewster angle.
Sol. Data : a = 4800 Ao, w = 3699 Ao
a
n
 w and n = tan ip

 a 4800 4
 tan i p     1.333
 w 3699 3
 ip = tan–1 (1.333) = 53o4'
This gives the Brewster angle for the given light incident on water surface.
Q.8 Draw a neat circuit diagram of wheatstone's bridge.
Ans. Wheatstone's bridge consist of four resistance R1, R2, R3 and R4. Which are connected to
form the four sides of quadrilateral ABCD.

ey
sK
es
cc

A cell of emf (E) and plug key (K) is connected inseries across A and C.
A galvanometer (G) is connected between B and D is shown in figure.
Su

Q.9 A racing car complete 5 rounds of a circular track in 2 minutes. Find the radius of
the track if the car has uniform centripetal acceleration of  2 m/s2.
Sol. Given : 5 rounds = 2r(5), t = 2 minutes = 120 s
To find : Radius (r)
Formulae : acp = 2r
Calculation : From formula
acp = 2r
v2
 2 
r
2r  5  10r
But v  
t t

(42)
 1002 r 2
2
  
rt 2

120  120
 r = 144 m
100
Ans. The radius of the track is 144 m.
Q.10 State and explain Kepler's law of orbit.
Ans. Kepler’s first law (Law of orbit):
Every planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit with the sun situated at one of the
focii of the ellipse.
Explanation:
i. Suppose planet P revolves in an eltiptical orbit with sun S at the focus F1 as shown in the
figure.

ey
sK
ii. When the planet is nearest to sun i.e., at A, then speed of Planet is maximum.
iii. When the planet is farthest from the sun i.e., at B, then sPeed of Planet is minimum.
es

Q.11. State the functions of the series resistance in modifying a galvanometer to a voltmeter.
Ans. Functions of the high series resistance :
cc

1) It increases the effective resistance of the voltmeter.

2) It drops off a larger fraction of the measured p.d., thus protecting the sensitive meter
Su

movement of the basic galvanometer.

3) With a resistance of proper value, a galvanometer can be modified to a voltmeter of any
desired range.
Q.12. Calculate the orbital magnetic dipole moment of the electron in the second Bohr orbit
of the hydrogen atom. The radiu sof the orbit is 2.126 A0 and the orbital speed of the
electron in the rorbit is 1.09  106 m/s
Sol. Data = 2.126 A0 = 2.126  10–10 m,
v = 1.09  106 m/s, e = 1.6  10–19 C
The orbital magnetic dipole moment of the electron,

1
Mo  evr
2

(43)
 1

2
1.6 1019 1.09 106  2.126 1010 
= 1.6  1.09  1.063  10–23
= 1.854  10–23 A.m2
Q.13 State and define the SI unit of mutual inductance. Give its dimensions.
Ans. The SI unit of mutual inductance is called the henry (H).
The mutual inductance of a coil (secondary) with respect to a magnetically linked neighbouring
coil (primary) is one henry if an emf of 1 volt is induced in the secondary coil when the
current in the primary coil changes at the rate of 1 ampere per second.
The dimensions of mutual inductance are [ML2T–2I–2] (the same as those of self-inductance)
Q.14 Calculate the energy of a photon, in joule and eV, in a light of wavelength 5000 Ao.
o
Sol. Data :   5000 A  5000 1010 m  5 10 7 m

ey
c = 3  108 m/s, h = 6.63  10–34 J.s

hc
Energy of a photon, E  hv 

sK
6.63  10 34  3  108
 E 7
 6.63  0.6  1019
5 10
= 3.978  10–19 joule
es

3.978  1019
 E eV (1 eV = 1.6  10–19 J)
1.6 10 19
cc

= 2.486 eV
Section - C
Su

Answer the following question. (Any Eight) (24)

Q.15 Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of a body of mass M rotating uniformly
2
1 L
about a given axis. Show the rotational kinetic energy = M ×   .
2 K
Ans. Expression for kinetic energy of a rotating body:
i. Suppose a rigid body is rotating with constant angular velocity ro about an axis ZZ'
through a point O as shown in the figure.
ii. Let the body consist of n particles of masses m1, m2, m3, ...., mn situated at distances r1, r2,
r3, ..., rn respectively from the axis of rotation.
iii. Linear velocity of particles of masses m1, m2, ......mn are given by v1 = r1, v2 = r2, v3 =
r3......, vn = rn  respectively.

(44)
iv. Kinetic energy of particle of mass m1,

1 1
 K.E.1  m1 v12  m1r12 2
2 2

v. Kinetic energy of particle of mass m2,

1 1
 K.E.2  m 2 v 22  m 2 r22 2

ey
2 2
vi. Similarly kinetic energy of particle of masses m3, m4 .... mn are given by,
sK
1
 K.E.3  m 3 r32 2 ,
2

1
 K.E.4  m 4 r42 2 ,
2
es

 
1
 K.E.n  m n rn2 2
2
cc

vii. Total K.E of the rotating body is given by,

K.E. = (K.E)1 + (K.E)2 + (K.E)3 + ... + (K.E)n
Su

Kinetic energy of the rotating body is given by,

1 2
K.E rot  I
2
2
1 L
 MK 2   
2 I

2
1  L 
 MK 2   2 
2  MK 

1 L2
 MK 2  2 2
2 MK

(45)
 1 M K2 2
  2  4 L
2 M K

1 1 1
   2  L2
2 M K
2
1 L
 K.E rot   
2M  K 
Q.16 When the length of simple pendulum is decreased by 20 cm, the period changes by
10%. Find the original length of the pendulum.
T2 90 9
Sol. Given :  
T1 100 10

L2 = (L1 – 0.2) m
To find : Length (L1)

ey
L
Formula : T  2
g
sK
Calculation : From formula

L1 L2
T1  2 and T2  2
g g
es

T2 L2
 
T1 L1
cc

9 L1  0.2
 
10 L1
Su

Squaring both sides,

81 L1  0.2

100 L1

81 0.2
  1
100 L1

0.2 81
  1
L1 100

0.2 100
 L1  = 1.05 m
19
Ans. The original length of the pendulum is 1.05 m.
(46)
Q.17 Define Young's modulus of elasticity? Derive an expression for Young modulus of
elasticity.
Ans. The ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain is called as Young's modulus of elasticity.
It is denoted by Y.
Expression for Young's modulus :
i. Let,
L = original length of wire
Mg = weight suspended to wire
I = increase in length after stretching.
r = radius of the cross section ofwire.

ey
sK
es

Applied force F g
ii. Longitudinal stress    2
Area of cross sec tion A r
cc

Increasein length
iii. Longitudinal strain  Original length
Su

l

L
iv. From definition,
Young's modulus (Y)
longitudinalstress

longitudinal strain

Mg / r 2

l/L
Mg L
 Y .
r 2 l

(47)
Q.18 Distinguish between interference and diffraction.
Ans. No. Interference Diffraction
i. Interference is due to superposition of Diffraction is due to waves coming from
waves from different wavefronts. different parts of the same wavefront.
ii. All’bright fringes are of equal intensity. Intensity decreases with the order of
bright band.
iii. Minimum intensity may be zero. Minimurn intensity is not zero.
iv. Width of the central maximum is same Width of central maximurn is broader
as that of other bright fringes i.e. fringe than other maxima and it is double the
width is same for all fringes including fringe width.
central maxima.
v. The waves emitted by two coherent The light waves are bend at the corners
sources travel in straight line. and displaced from their straight line path.
vi. The resolving power of an optical The resolving power of an optical

ey
instrument does not depend on the instrument depends on the phenomenon
phenomenon of interference. of diffraction.

vii.
sK
Q.19 A rectangular coil of a moving coil galvanometer contains 50 turns, each having area
cm2. It is suspended in radial magnetic field of induction 0.025 Wb/m2 by a fibre of
es

twist constant 15  10–10 Nm/degree. Calculate the sensitivity of a moving coil

galvanometer.
cc

Sol. Given : N = 50, A = 12 cm2 = 12  10–4 m2

B = 0.025 Wb/m2,
C = 15  10–10 Nm/degree
Su

To find : Sensitivity (Si)

NAB
Formula : S1 
C
Calculation : From formula,
50 12 104  0.025
S1 
15 1010
 S = 106 div/A
Ans. The sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is 106 div/A.
Q.20 What is photocell or photoelectric cell? Describe its construction and working.
Ans. A photocell or photoelectric cell is a device in which light energy is covered into electrical
energy by photoelectric effect.

(48)
 Construction :
It consists of a highly evacuated or gas-filled glass tube, an emitter (cathode) and a collector
(anode). The light enters through a quartz window W and falls on the semicyclindrical cathode
C coated with a photosensitive mnetal. The anode is in the form of a straight wire of platinum
or nickel, coaxial with the cathode.
The cathode is coated with potassium or rubidium and the quartz window is replaced by
glass.
It filled with an inert gas at low pressure.

ey
sK
Working :
A photocell is connected in series with a battery and a variable resistance. The collector is
kept at a positive potential with respect to the emitter. When light is incident on it.
es

The photoelectrons collected by the collector constitute a photocurrent whic may be measured
by amicroammeter in series with the photocell, as in exposure meters or lux meters. It is used
to operate a relay circuit as in alarms.
cc

Q.21 A parallel plate air capacitor has rectangular plates, each of area 20 cm2 separated by a
distance of 2 mm. The potential difference between the plate is 500 volts.
Su

Calculate :
i) Its capacitance.
ii) The change on each plate.
iii) The electric field intensity between the two plates.
Sol. Dat a : A = 20 cm2 = 20  10–4 m2 = 2  10–3 m2,
k = 1, V = 500 V, d = 2 mm = 2  10–3 m,
0 = 885  10–12 F/m
i) Capacitance :

A k  2  10  8.85 10  1

3 12

C 0 
d 2  103
= 8.85  10–12 F (or 8.85 pF)

(49)
 ii) Charge :
Q = CV = (8.85  10–12)(500)
= 4.425  10–9 C (or 4.425 nC)
iii) Intensity of the electric field
V 500
E  3
= 2.5 ×10-5 V/m
d 2  10
Q.22 Derive an expression for the excess pressure inside a drop of liquid.
Ans. A small spherical liquid drop with a radius R. It has a convex surface, so that the pressure p
on the concave side is greater than the pressure po on the convex side. The surface areaof the
drop is
A = 4pR2 ...(i)
If an increase in radius by an infinitesimal amount dR from the equilibrium value R. Then,
the differential increse in surface would be
dA = 8R.dR ...(ii)
The increase in surface energy would be equal to the work required to increase the surface

ey
area :
dW = T.dA = 8TRdR ...(iii)
If assume that dR is so small that the pressure inside remains the same, equal to p. All of the
sK
surface of the drop experience an outward force per unit area equal to p – po. Therefore, the
work done by this outward pressure-developed force against the surface tension force during
the increase in radius dR is
dW = (excess pressure  surface area).dR
= (p – po)  4R2.dR
es

...(iv)
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv)
(p – p0)  4R2.dR = 8TRdR
cc

2R
 p  p0 
R
Su

This is called Laplace's law for a spherical membrane.

Q.23 Compute the temperature at which the rms speed of nitrogen molecule is 832 m/s.
(universal gas constant, R = 8320 J/Kmol.k, molecular weight of nitrogen = 28)
Sol. Data : crms = 832 m/s, R = 8320 J/kmol.K,
M = 28 kg/kmol
3RT
c 2rms 
M
2
1 Mc 2rms  28  832 
T 
3 R 3  8320 

28  832
 = 776.6 K
30

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Q.24 What is modulation? State different types of modulation.
Ans. The process of superimposing a low freqyebcy signal on a high frequency wave, which acts
as a carrier wave for long distance transmission is known as modulation.
There are three types of modulation.
i. Amplitude modulation (AM) :
When the amplitude of carrier wave is varied in accordance with the modulating signal,
the process is called amplitude modulation.

ii. Frequency modulation (FM) :

When the frequency of carrier wave is varied in accordance with the modulating signal,
the process is called frequency modulation.

ey
sK
iii. Phase modulation (PM) :
When the phase angle of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the modulating
signal, the process is called phase modulation.
es
cc

Q.25 The frequency of a tuning fork is 256 Hz and velocity of sound in air is 350 m/s. Find
the distance covered by the wave when the fork complete 16 vibration.
Su

Sol. Given : n = 256 Hz, v = 350 m/s,

No. of vibrations = 16
To find : Distance (d)
Formula : v = n
Calculation : Distance covered by wave in one vibration is its wavelength ().
 Distance covered by wave in 16 vibrations = d = 16 
From formula,
v

n
v
But d  16   16  
n
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  350 
 16    21.875
 256 
 d = 21.875 m
Ans. The distance covered by the wave when the fork completes 16 vibrations is 21.875 m.
Q.26 State the principle of transformer. Explain its construction and working.
Ans. Principle:
It is based on the principle of mutual induction i.e. whenever the magnetic flux linked with a
coil changes, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coii.
Construction:
i. A transformer consists of two sets of coils P and S insulated tioni each other. The coil P is
called the primary coil and coil S is called the secondary coil.
ii. The two coils are wound separately on a laminated soft iron core.

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iii. The a.c input voltage is applied across the prirnary and the induced output a.c voltage is
obtained across the secondary, which is used to drive current in the desired circuit.
iv. The two coils are electrically insulated from each other but they are magnetically linked.
sK
v. To minimise eddy curents, the soft iron core is laminated.
es
cc
Su

Working :
i. When an altemating voltage is applied to the primary coil the current through the coil goes
on changing. Hence, the magnetic flux through the core also changes.
ii. As this changing magnetic flux is linked with both the coils, an e.m.f is induced in each coil.
iii. The amount of the magnetic flux linked with the coil depends upon the number of tums of
the coil.
iv. Let, ‘’ be the magnetic flux linked per turn with both the coils at certain instant 't'.
The secondary voltage it depends on number of turns of secondary coil.

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 Section - D
Answer the following question. (Any Three) (12)
Q.27 Explain the formation of stationary waves by analytical method. Show that nodes
and antinodes are equally spaced in a stationary wave. Define nodes and antinodes.
Ans. Formation of stationary waves by analytical method :
i. Consider two identical progressive waves of equal amplitude and frequency travelling
along X axis in opposite direction. They are given by,
2
y1  A sin  vt  x  along positive X-axis ...(i)


2
y 2  A sin  vt  x  along negative X-axis ...(ii)

ii. The resultant displacement 'y' is given by the principle of superposition of waves,

ey
y = y1 + y2 ...(iii)

2 2
y  A sin  vt  x   A sin  vt  x 
 
sK
iii. By using,

C  D C  D
sin C  sin D  2 sin   cos  
 2   2 
es

we get

 2  vt  x  vt  x    2  vt  x  vt  x  
y  2A sin     cos   
cc

  2    2 

 2vt   2 
 2A sin   cos    x  
Su

     

 2x   v
 y  2A sin 2nt cos    n    cos     cos  
    

 2x 
 y  2A cos   sin 2nt
  

 2x 
iv. Let R  2A cos  
  
 y = Rsin (2nt) ...(iv)
But,  = 2n
y = R sin t ...(v)

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 Equation (v) represents the equation of S.H.M. Hence, the resultant wave is a S.H.M. of
amplitude R which varies with x.
v. The absence of x in equation (v) shows that the resultant wave is neither travelling forward
nor backward. Therefore it is called as stationary wave.
Nodes :
The points of a medium, which vibrate with minimum amplitude are called nodes.
Amplitude at node is minimm, i.e. 0.
 Rmin = 0

Since R  2A cos  2x  ,

  

 2x 
 cos  0
  

2x  3 5

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  , , ,.....
 2 2 2
 3 5
 x , , ,.....
sK
4 4 4
Distance between two consecutive nodes,
3  
x1  x 0    ,
4 4 2
es

5 3 
x 2  x1    and so on.
4 4 2
cc


Thus distance between two successive nodes is .
2
Antinodes :
Su

The points of a medium, which vibrate with maximum amplitude are called antinodes.
 2x 
Since R  2A cos  .
  
At antinodes : R  2A
 2x 
 cos    1
  
 2x 
   0, , 2, 3,.....n
  
 3
 x  0, , , .....
2 2

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 
 Distance between two consecutive antinodes  x1  x 0  ,
2

 
x 2  x1     and so on.
2 2
Thus, distance between two successive antinodes is /2.
Hence, nodes and antinodes are equispaced. The distance between a node and an adjacent

antinodes is .
4
Q.28 An alternating e.m.f. e = 220 sin (120 t) volt is applied to a bulb of resistance 110 .
Find peak value effect, effective value, frequency and period of alternating current
through bulb.
Sol. Given : e = 220 sin (120 ), R = 110 
To find : i. Peak current (I0)

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ii. Effective current (Ir.m.s.)
iii. Frequency (f)
iv. Period (T)
sK
Formula : i. e = e0 sin
e0
ii. I0 
R
es

I0
iii. Ir.m.s. 
2
cc


iv. f 
2
Su

1
v. T
f
Calculation : e = 220 sin (120 ) ...(given)
Comparing this equation with formula (i) we get,
e0 = 220 V and
 = 120 rad/s
Now using formula (ii) we get,

220
I0 
110
= 2A
Using formula (iii) we get,

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 2
Ir.m.s. 
2

 2
= 1.414 A
Using formula (iv) we get,
120
I r.m.s.f  .....   120 
2
= 60 Hz
Using formula (v) we get,
1
T
60
 0.01667 s

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16.67 ms
Ans. i. The peak value of alternating current through the bulb is 2A.
ii. The effective or r.m.s. value of the a.c. current through the bulb is 1.414 A.
sK
iii. The frequency of a.c. is 60 Hz.
iv. The period of a.c. is 16.67 ms.
Q.29 A. State law of radioactive decay. Hence drive the expression N = N0e–t where symbol
have their usual meanings.
es

Ans. Law of radioactive decay:

The number of nuclei undergoing the decoy per unit time is proportional to the number of
cc

unchanged nuclei present at that instant.

If ‘N’ is the number of nuclei present at any instant ‘t’. ‘dN’ is the number of nuclei that
Su

disintegrated in short interval of time ‘dt’, then according to decay law,

dN
 N
dt
dN
  N
dt
where,  is known as decay constant or disintegration constant. The negative sign indicates
disintegration of atoms.
Derivation of relation N = N0 e–t :
i. Let. N: number of nuclei present at any instant t.
dN : number of nuclei disintegrated in short interval dt.
ii. According to decay law,

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 dN
 N ...(i)
dt
iii. Integrating both sides of equation (i), we get,

dN
   dt
N 
 log.N = –t + c ...(ii)
where, c is constant of integration whose value depends on initral conditions.
iv. At, t = 0, N = N0
 loge N0 = 0 + c [From equation (i)]
Substituting the value of c in equation (i), we get,
log, N = –t + loge N0
 loge N – loge N0 = –t

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 N 
 log e    t
 N0 
sK
N
  e t
N0

 N = N0 e–t
es

B. The period of revolution of the electron in the third orbit in a hydrogen atom is
4.132  10–15 s. Find the period in the fourth orbit.
cc

Sol. Given : T1 = 4.132  10–15 s, n1 = 3, n2 = 4

To find : Period of electron in 4th orbit (T2)
Su

3
T1  n1 
Formula :  
T2  n 2 

Calculation : From formula

3 3
n  4
T2  T1  2   4.132  1015   
 n1  3

64
 4.132  1015 
27
 T2 = 9.794  10–15 Hz
Ans. The period of revolution of the electron in the fourth orbit is 9.794  10–15 Hz

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Q.30 A. What is logic gate? What are basic logic gates? Draw a schematic symbol and
logic table for it?
Ans. A digital circuit, which works according to some logical relationship between input and
output voltage is called a logic gate.
Types of basic gates :
i) OR gate ii) AND gate iii) NOT gate
OR gate :
i. An OR gate is an electronic circuit which has two or more input signals but only one
output signal.
ii. Logical symbol of OR gate is as shown in figure.

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iii. Boolean expression :
In Boolean algebra OR refers to addition.
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If A and B are two inputs and Y is the output then Boolean expression is given by,
Y = A + B.
It can be read as Y is equal to A plus B.
iv. Truth table :
es

Input Output
A B Y  AB
cc

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
Su

1 1 1

AND gate :
i. An AND gate is an electronic circuit which has two or more inputs but only one output.
ii. Logical symbol is as shown in figure.

iii. Boolean expression:

If A and B are two inputs and Y is the corresponding output then Boolean expression is
given by,

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 Y = A.B
It can be read as Y equals A and B’
Truth table:

Input Output
A B Y  A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

NOT Gate:
i. A NOT gate is an electronic circuit which has ottly one inpt’tt ancl one outpLtt’
ii. The logical symbol is as shown in figure.

ey
sK
iii. Boolean expression for NOT gate is given by, Y  A
It can be read as Y NOT equal A or complement of A.
iv. Truth table :
es

Input Output
A YA
cc

0 1
1 0
Su

B. What is space wave propagation? Draw a neat labelled diagram to show space
wave propagation.
Ans. Space wave propagation:
i. When the radiowaves from the transmitting antenna reach the receiving antenna either
directly or after reflection from the ground or from troposphere, the wave propagation is
called space wave propagation or tropospheric wave propagation or line cf sight
propagation.
ii. The T.V signals, FM radio, radar are in the range 100 MHz to 200 MHz and these can be
transmitted only by space wave propagation. In this. the receiving antenna directly
intercepts the signal sent out by the transmitter.
iii. But the earth is spherical, so long distance transmission is not possible. Therefore, the
height of the antenna should be as large as possible or repeater transrnission stations are
necessary.
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 iv. The range for line of sight propagation is given by, d  2Rh which is of the order of
few km where ‘R’ is radius of earth and ‘h’ is height of antenna.
Q.31 A steel wire of length 7 m and cross section 1 mm2 is hung from a rigid support, with a
steel weight of volume 1000 cm3 hanging from its other end. Find the decrease in the
length of the wire when the steel weight is completely immersed in water.
(Ysteel = 210  11 N/m2, density of water = 1 g/cm3)

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Sol. Data : L = 7 m, A = 1 mm2 = 10–6 m2,
V = 1000 cm3 = 1000  10–6 m3 = 10–3 m3,
water = 1 g/cm3 = 103 kg/m3, g = 9.8 m/s2,
sK
Y = 2  10111 Pa
FL FL
Y  L 
AL AY
es

Initially, with the suspended steel weight in air,

F1L
L1 
AY
cc

With the suspended steel weight immnersed in water,

F2 L
Su

L 2 
AY
and upthrust due to water is
F1 – F2 = Vg
 The decreased in the length of the wire is

L1  L2 
 F1  F2  L  VgL
AY AY
103  103  9.8  7
  4.9  7 105
106  2 1011
= 3.43  10–4 m or 0.343 mm

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