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6765. - OCTOBER 12, 1968. 45
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YEARS AGO BACK IN HISTORY Gwendolyn Hallsmith

12 photos · Updated 5 years ago

Michael Linden 7h
Once the student uproar calmed down with bullets and bullets, everything was calm and
expectant. The students had made an Olympic truce more than by force, so on October
12, a bloody 1968 student murderer gave the inauguration of what would be officially Michelle Loughbrough 6h
called the XIX Olympic Games held in Mexico City, between 12 and on October 27, 1968.
With the collaboration of hundreds of scouts, who as always supported and were part of Samantha Reinblatt 10h
the event. Mexico was a candidate for the 1956 Games and the 1960s, however, on both
occasions the candidacies failed to receive a minimum number of votes during the Don Evans 3h
election of the venue. In 1963, Mexico was selected as the venue, after defeating Detroit,
the United States, Lyon, France and Buenos Aires, Argentina. From that moment the
Danny Epstein 8h
Organizing Committee was formed, which worked jointly with the Mexican Government
and some Secretaries of State in the organization of the Games. A total of 5557 athletes -
4,774 men and 783 women - from 112 countries participated, competing in 172 events Quynh Nhu Nguyen 43m
from 20 Olympic sports. Most of the sports facilities were located in the Federal District,
with the exception of four venues and three football stadiums. To host the athletes, two GROUP CONVERSATIONS

Olympic villas were built - Libertador Miguel Hidalgo and Narciso Mendoza - as well as
hotels and apartments. These were the first Games organized by a developing country, Create new group
by a Spanish-speaking nation and the first held in Latin America. They were also the third
games held in autumn. This edition of the Olympic Games was the first to have anti-
doping and sex controls. In addition, the Cultural Olympiad made its appearance. Tommie
Smith and John Carlos staged a historic moment to perform the salute of black power
during the award ceremony of the 200 meters. Ten days before the opening ceremony,
the Tlatelolco Massacre took place, where the Mexican Army and a paramilitary group
attacked a demonstration called by the National Strike Council and where at least 200
people lost their lives. In Mexico 1968, the two German states participated with separate
teams for the first time. The United States was the most successful Olympic contingent
with 107 medals. Individually, Věra Čáslavská and Mikhail Voronin, both gymnasts, were
the most decorated athletes. Mexico had its best Olympic participation with 9 medals.
Bob Beamon made the "jump of the year 2000" and Dick Fosbury created an innovative
technique called fosbury flop. The motto of the games was "We offer and wish friendship
with all the peoples of the Earth." BACKGROUND Mexico's successful candidacy for the
1968 Olympic Games "was based primarily on existing facilities and experience in
previous events." On October 16, 1925, the General Board of Delegates decided that the
First Central American and Caribbean Games will be held in Mexico City. This event took
place from October 12 to November 2, 1926 and involved 269 athletes from Mexico,
Cuba and Guatemala. 28 years later, the Mexican capital once again celebrated the
Central American Games. In this edition -VII- 12 countries sent a total of 1336 athletes
who participated in 20 sports. The following year, the capital of the Mexican Republic
celebrated another important regional event, the Pan American Games of 1955. Mexico
was designated as the headquarters of the Pan-American competition during the Third
Congress of Sports of America held in Buenos Aires. One point in favor of Mexico was
the "economic development that it was beginning to have in relation to the other countries
of the continent", a consequence of the Mexican miracle. This development was reflected,
among other things, with «magnificent constructions», such as the Latin American Tower,
the University Olympic Stadium and the University City of the National Autonomous
University of Mexico. The Pan American Games were held from March 12 to 26, 1955
and involved 2583 athletes from 22 countries. A controversial issue and present in these
games was the altitude of Mexico City that was present in the tests of prolonged efforts.
In addition, in 1962, the city hosted the World Championship of Modern Pentathlon. The
city had already been a candidate twice. In 1949, the candidacy of Mexico to the Olympic
Games of 1956 was eliminated in the second round of voting, it obtained nine votes in the
first and three in the second. The IOC granted the headquarters to Melbourne, Australia.
In 1955, the city made another candidature - Olympic Games of 1960 - that once again
failed. On this occasion the city was eliminated in the first round to get only 6 votes, finally
the seat selected was Rome, Italy. CANDIDATURE The economic development and
industrialization of Mexico during the 50s and 60s, supported by foreign investment and
exploitation of the resources of the country, Mexico became an "appropriate candidate" to
seek to host the XIX Olympic Games of 1968. Thus, on December 7, 1962, Mexico City
launched his initial candidacy for the Olympic Games. Three other cities: Detroit, Lyon
and Buenos Aires were also candidates. As a confirmation, on June 29, 1963, a
presidential decree signed by the then President Adolfo López Mateos was published in
the Official Gazette of the Federation authorizing the Department of the Federal District to
manage the candidacy. The candidate cities were forced to respond to a detailed
questionnaire prepared by the International Olympic Committee. In the response to the
IOC questionnaire, A 180-page book entitled "Mexico" was attached, a trilingual book
containing the official documentation of the headquarters petition, a report on sports
facilities, medical opinions on the effects of altitude on athletes, information about the
international events held in Mexico in previous years, information on the climatic
conditions of Mexico City, and a historical and cultural semblance of the country. Despite Search

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the information presented, the IOC requested verbal explanations. The Mexican
Amigos del grupo IV Harry
delegates rejected the versions of danger Home
due Find Friends
to the altitude of MexicoCreate
City, and denied
that it posed any serious problem of physical adaptation. ELECTION OF THE
Like Follow HEADQUARTERS
Share On October 12, 1963, the Mexican contingent arrived in theSend city of
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Baden-Baden, West Germany after a two-day trip from Mexico City. Around 10:00 am on
October 18, during the 60th Session of the International Olympic Committee, he began
Topher Streets
the process of choosing the venue for the Games of the XIX Olympiad. This process
began with the presentation of Buenos Aires. Minutes later, the city of Detroit made the
exhibition of his project. After a long break, at 3 pm the French did the same, finally at Maxine Gold Epstein 2d
4:15 pm the presentations ended with the Mexican capital. Mexico was represented by
Eduardo Hay, Josué Sáenz, Marte R. Gómez and Alejandro Carrillo. It also had the Chana Steward
presence of Jesus Clark Flores, Pedro Ramírez Vázquez and Manuel Guzmán Willis.
During the presentation of the Mexican project, Saenz said that the cost of housing - food Nette Jordan
and lodging - for the athletes would be $ 2.80 per day and that would be "the income
Friends of group IV resulting from communications." On the other hand, Hay defended the position that the Arpad Maksay
altitude of Mexico City -2421 meters above sea level- would not affect the athletes and
compromised the organizers to pay the acclimatization expenses of the athletes who
Home Paul Croucher
requested it. They also mentioned previous events held in the capital and the records
About achieved in them. There was talk of "political stability, strong economy and social and
political freedoms" as well as the situation of the facilities already existing in that year. At Sally Eshuys
Photos 5:40 pm, members of the International Federations asked questions to the
representatives. Lord Killanin and Yvar Vind were in charge of supervising the election. Nigel Lawrence
Events 58 ballots were distributed, only 54 were returned. Approximately at 7 o'clock, Otto
Mayer24 announced the results: 60th Session of the International Olympic Committee Enzo Condello
Videos
October 18, 1963, Baden-Baden, West Germany City ------------------- -------- Voting Mexico
Posts City, Mexico ---- 30 Detroit, United States ------- 14 Lyon, France ---------------- ---- 12
Leah Epstein Armstrong
Buenos Aires, Argentina -------- 2 After hearing the announcement, the Mexican
Community contingent erupted in applause and shouts of joy. Immediately after, Gomez and Clark
thanked the election of Mexico City and formally committed themselves to comply with Gwendolyn Hallsmith
everything promised in the project. The unexpected victory of Mexico caused "the
capitalists to go crazy and, in one way or another, to express their joy for the news". Michael Linden 7h
President Adolfo López Mateos described the victory as "a form of recognition of the
efforts of the Mexican people." Senators, governors and officials of the Department of the Michelle Loughbrough 6h
Federal District, as well as the Secretary of the Interior, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, made
similar statements. For the Mexican media, the triumph was due to the knowledge of the Samantha Reinblatt 10h
IOC on the conditions of Mexico and the defense of the five Mexican speakers. However,
several factors gave way to the election of the capital as the venue for the Games; the
Don Evans 3h
arrival of Avery Brundage to the presidency of the IOC -as well as his visits to the
country-, the speeches and the support of López Mateos to the candidacy, the vote of the
"Russian" bloc in favor of the Mexican candidacy, the decision of the organism of take the Danny Epstein 8h
Olympism to other places in the world, etc. SPORTS At the Olympic Games in Mexico,
172 competitions were held in 20 sports (18 official sports of the Olympic program and 2 Quynh Nhu Nguyen 43m
demonstration sports) .34 The demonstration sports were tennis and Basque pelota.
Tennis returned to the Olympic program for the first time since the 1924 Olympic Games GROUP CONVERSATIONS
in Paris and would not return to the Olympic Games in Los Angeles 1984. With these
games, the Basque ball would make its third and penultimate appearance in the Olympic Create new group
program, being the first time in the Olympic Games of Paris 1900 and the last one in the
Olympic Games of Barcelona 1992. Athletics Basketball Boxing Cycling: Track Cycling
Road Cycling Horse Riding Fencing Football Gymnastics: Artistic Gymnastics
Weightlifting Hockey Wrestling Swimming: Waterpolo Jumping Basque Ball
(demonstration) Modern Pentathlon Canoeing Rowing Tennis (demonstration) Sailing
Volleyball Volleyball ORGANIZATION On May 28, 1963, by presidential decree, the
creation of the Organizing Committee of the Games of the XIX Olympiad was ordered.
After the election of Mexico City in October 1963, the Organizing Committee was formally
constituted. The initial task of the Organizing Committee was to create an inventory of the
existing facilities and determine which modifications would be required. Next, the
Committee proceeded to create the preliminary draft that would be presented to the
President of the International Olympic Committee during his visit to Mexico in March
1965. On June 28, 1965, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz elected his successor as Chairman of the
Organizing Committee to Adolfo López Mateos. But nevertheless, López Mateos could
only practice as such for one year, at the end of which he resigned for health reasons.
Finally, Díaz Ordaz chose Pedro Ramírez Vázquez to fill the position. On October 24,
1966, by presidential decree, the Organizing Committee transformed its administrative
structure. The management of the necessary programs for the games was delegated to 7
departments, in addition to special departments created for the Olympic Villas and for the
Olympic Identity program. From June 26 to June 30, 1968, in Mexico City, the First
International Congress of Sports Law was held. The National Autonomous University of
Mexico and the Organizing Committee were in charge of organizing and inviting the
Congress to organizations and universities. Some of the most important conclusions
were: Doping in sports is prohibited. International organizations are urged not to interfere
with the international sports movement for political reasons. Take the sport to the
peasants. The Organizing Committee, with the approval of the IOC, held three
International Competitions in Mexico City. The issue of altitude was a controversy present
in the three competitions. The first took place in October 1965, with the presence of 508
participants representing 18 Olympic Committees. The second, held in October 1966, had
784 athletes from 25 countries. The third competition took place in October 1967, with
2564 athletes from 56 countries. After this last competition and many medical tests
applied to the athletes, the issue of altitude was practically solved. The International
Olympic Committee started the anti-doping fight with the creation of the Medical
Commission. The games in Mexico were the first with anti-doping tests and sex controls.
In these games there were 667 controls, the only positive case was the Swedish Hans-
Gunnar Liljenwall, who tested positive for alcohol. FINANCE The total cost of the Olympic
Games was $ 175,840,000. Of these, $ 53,600,000 were used for sports facilities, $
16,560,000 for urban works, $ 16,080,000 for the Libertador Miguel Hidalgo Olympic
Village, $ 12,720,000 for Villa Narciso Mendoza and $ 76,880,000 for direct expenses of
the Organizing Committee. The construction of works was coordinated by the Organizing
Committee and were built by the Ministry of Public Works, the Department of the Federal
District and the National Bank of Public Works and Services. 93.9% of the total amount of
expenses was disbursed in Mexico, the remaining 6.1% was disbursed abroad. In his V
Government Report, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz reported a total cost of $ 2,198 million pesos,
the amount indicated in the Fourth Government Report was exceeded by $ 283,000,000
pesos; the current expenditure was $ 961 million pesos, of which $ 250 800 000 were
recovered through income generated by the events, while $ 710 200 000 were from the
subsidy given by the Federal Government. $ 159,600,000 was paid to public companies
and government agencies for various services, such as "airfare, insurance premiums,
lubricants and fuels, leasing of villas, taxes and others". CULTURAL OLYMPIC The
Olympic Games in Mexico were the first in which a cultural Olympiad was held, an
«alternative event to sports competitions». Shortly after the election of headquarters, the Search

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Department of Artistic and Cultural Activities was created, this department was in charge
Amigos del grupo IV of organizing the cultural Olympiad. Harry
At the Home Find Friends
65th Session of the IOC,Create
the Organizing
Committee presented the project of the Cultural Program. This program brought together
Like Follow97 of the countries participating in the Olympic Games. The cultural Olympiad inSend
Share Mexico
Message Alberto Poniaczyk
was inaugurated on January 19, 1968 at the Palacio de Bellas Artes. There, the Ballet of
the Five Continents was presented, attended by the President of Mexico, the President of
Topher Streets
the IOC, the Regent of the Federal District and the President of the Organizing
Committee. The inaugural program also featured dances from Greece, Mexico and Africa.
Based on a study carried out by the Organizing Committee, it was decided to organize Maxine Gold Epstein 2d
the cultural program in parallel with the sports competitions, with 20 events classified into
5 categories. However, the events continued until December 31, 1968. The Organizing Chana Steward
Committee provided food and housing at a nominal cost, as well as transportation, to all
participants of the Olympiad. It was decided that, in the same way as in sports Nette Jordan
competitions, the participating countries would choose the events in which to participate,
Friends of group IV in addition there would be no medals and no judges. The Olympic Committees were Arpad Maksay
invited to participate in the Cultural Olympiad, immediately 69 of them responded
affirmatively. After visits made by Pedro Ramírez Vázquez to several countries, another
Home Paul Croucher
28 participants were added. The events held were the following: I. The Olympic Games
About and Youth: Reception offered by the Youth of Mexico to the Youth of the World Short film
festival in the Youth Mission Olympic Youth Camp II. The Olympic Games and the Art: Sally Eshuys
Photos Exhibition of Selected Works of the World Art International Festival of Arts International
Meeting of Sculptors International Meeting of Poets Children's Painting Festival III. The Nigel Lawrence
Events Olympic Games and Popular Artistic Expression World Folklore Festival Ballet of the Five
Continents International Exhibition of Popular Crafts IV. This project originally devised by Enzo Condello
Videos
Mathias Goeritz had the support of the president of the Organizing Committee. The
Posts sculptures have a height of between 7 and 22 meters and are separated from each other
Leah Epstein Armstrong
by approximately 1 km and a half. FACILITIES After the 63rd Session of the International
Community Olympic Committee held in Madrid, Spain in October 1965, the Organizing Committee
ratified that the Mexican Government would not make any anticipated investments, that Gwendolyn Hallsmith
is, the missing works will be built after 1966. In April of the same year, Adolfo López
Mateos reported in Rome that the works were in their planning and design stage. After Michael Linden 7h
the restructuring of the Organizing Committee succeeded thanks to the presidential
decree of October 24, a department called Facilities Control structured the architectural Michelle Loughbrough 6h
programs. These were reviewed and approved by the Committee, to be later handed over
to the Public Works Secretariat for the preparation of the preliminary works. In this way Samantha Reinblatt 10h
the construction of new facilities within the Federal District was decided: The Palace of
Sports The Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Track The Olympic Velodrome The Weapons
Don Evans 3h
Room The Olympic Pool The Olympic Shooting Range The Olympic Gymnasium The
Olympic Public Works advised by experts of each sport, designed the Rowing and
Canoeing Channel, the Shooting Range and the Weapons Room. The Palace of Sports, Danny Epstein 8h
the Olympic Velodrome, the Olympic Pool and the Olympic Gymnasium were designed by
independent architects. With the exception of the track of the Velodrome, all the facilities Quynh Nhu Nguyen 43m
were designed and built by Mexican technicians. The seven facilities were built, equipped
and equipped in a period of approximately 521 days, the residential sections of the GROUP CONVERSATIONS
Olympic Villas in 455 days. 27 already existing facilities were chosen to be upgraded as
headquarters, the conditioning of existing sites fluctuated between 44 and 686 days. Create new group
These include the Olympic University Stadium, Campo Marte, the Azteca Stadium and
the National Auditorium. A total of 448 719 m2 of seven different types of lawns were
planted, among which the Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis and Festuca rubra stand out,
besides the sowing of 31 637 varied units of plants, shrubs and ornamental trees, and the
planting of Taxodium mucronatum in several sites. OLYMPIC VILLAS The Organizing
Committee decided to build two separate complexes. The construction of the Liberator
Villa Miguel Hidalgo and the Olympic Village Narciso Mendoza began on the president's
orders. The Miguel Hidalgo Olympic Village was built on an area of 9 hectares of the
Tlalpan delegation, later enlarged with 20,000 m2, was located 4 km from the Olympic
Stadium, the National Bank of Public Works and Services was commissioned to build it.
The complex included a Control and Registration building, six temporary buildings for
dining rooms, a Press Center, an amphitheater, tartan courts, two gyms, parking, training
camps and laundry facilities. On May 2, 1967, construction began, on September 12,
1968 the town began to operate. Five days later it was inaugurated by the President of
Mexico. In total the villa had 5044 rooms and 2572 bathrooms in 904 apartments. Of the
29 buildings, 24 were assigned to male athletes and three to female athletes. While the
Miguel Hidalgo village was built for athletes, the Narciso Mendoza Olympic Village was
built for referees, judges, etc. This town built southeast of Mexico City, occupied blocks I
and III of a housing unit of the same name. It was built in a removable way: dining rooms,
a rehearsal room, an auditorium and a shopping center, also had 686 houses and 470
apartments. Between October 12 and 27, the Catering Service prepared an average of 22
229 food rations daily, a total of 356 467 rations were prepared. During the Olympic
period, 452 141 beds were laid. A total of 14,600 pillows, 14,736 bedspreads, and 85,500
sheets were used; 107 000 soap bars and 83 520 rolls of paper; 5,994 liters of
disinfectants; 300 vacuum cleaners, 1000 brooms and 11 trucks for the transfer of
clothes. 64 tons of garbage were collected daily. INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION The Olympic rings inspired the "geometric design" of the 1968 Mexico
logo. Inspired by Huichol art, the emblem became the symbol of these games in the
world. It is a combination of the five rings plus the year of the games. The design was
obtained from a collaboration of three artists: Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, Eduardo Terrazas
and Lance Wyman. The Information Program of the Organizing Committee was divided
into two distinct phases. The first, the Olympic Identity program, it consisted in the
creation of an image of the Olympiad in Mexico and the worldwide projection of that
image. The second phase covered the media coverage of the games. INFORMATION
The Publications Department of the Organizing Committee played a very important role in
the Olympic Identity program, this department and the material produced by it was
perhaps the "most important instrument" of the program. More than 275,000 copies of a
series of eleven special bulletins called: Mexico-68, XIX Olympiad were published. A total
of 3,661,460 copies of 44 trilingual newsletters were also published. In addition, 125,000
programs were produced for the opening and closing ceremonies. 65,000 general
programs ordered by sport and day. 2 850 000 copies of 19 informational pamphlets,
271,000 copies of 20 brochures with official provisions, among other impressions. On the
other hand, the Department of Urban Design was responsible for the exterior and interior
decoration of the Olympic venues. Fiberglass figures representing the athletes in each
sport were also installed, these figures called "Judas" were inspired by the pyrotechnic
figures used during the Feast of Judas in Mexico. This department was also responsible
for the design of the cauldron and Olympic podium. On December 23, 1966, the
Congress of the Union authorized the minting of a commemorative silver coin with a value
of twenty-five pesos.80 One side of the coin shows the National Shield of Mexico and the
reverse shows a figure of a ball player plus the Olympic rings. COMMUNICATION Thanks
to consultations between the Facilities Control Department and the Ministry of
Communications and Transportation, the position of cameras and microphones, the way Search

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to send the signals and the areas that would be assigned in the Telecommunications
Amigos del grupo IV Tower were determined. At the venues, Harry Home
237 positions Find Friends
were establishedCreate
for television and
390 for radio; In addition, 146 special booths were installed for the chroniclers. The first
Like color transmission
Follow Share of the Olympic Games reached 600 million spectators from allSend over Message
the Alberto Poniaczyk
world. Telesistema Mexicano was the main disseminator of these games, in collaboration
with the SCT, was in charge of international broadcasting, a working team was created
Topher Streets
with ABC, CBC and EBU. The main press centers were located in the Olympic Village,
the María Isabel Hotel and the Telecommunications Tower. The main center, the Olympic
Village, was equipped with advanced transmission equipment. It contained areas of Maxine Gold Epstein 2d
interview and translation, a room with 153 Olivetti typewriters (with keyboards for 55
languages), individual cubicles for journalists, dark rooms, mail, telephone, telegraph, Chana Steward
restaurants, etc. The facilities were provided for the reception, transmission and
reproduction of the results, as well as the printing of bulletins and other communications. Nette Jordan
A total of 12 356 long-distance calls, 7476 telex messages, 7037 telegrams and 38 876
Friends of group IV private telegrams were made. Between October 12 and 27, 4500 photographic Arpad Maksay
enlargements, 152,000 correspondence delivered and the distribution of 63,000
newsletters and 3400 summaries of results were made. Thanks to the installation of a
Home Paul Croucher
station in Tulancingo, Hidalgo, satellite relay to Europe was possible. This system was
About employed for a total of 225 hours and 14 minutes. The total coverage of color television
with audio channels was 938 hours and 39 minutes. In Mexico, 498 radio stations were Sally Eshuys
Photos responsible for the coverage of the events. In the interior of the republic, 39 cities
received a total of 218 hours and 19 minutes of television transmission.84 The Press Nigel Lawrence
Events Accreditation Office registered 4377 representatives of the media. SERVICES On
December 7, 1966, the Office of Housing Control began activities, in collaboration with Enzo Condello
Videos
the Ministry of Tourism, studied the availability of accommodation and lodging, organized
Posts parking areas for trailers, it controlled the reservation of accommodation and helped to
Leah Epstein Armstrong
guarantee tourists tickets for the games. The office counted, under its authority, with 286
Community rooms in hotels in the city, in addition to 58 suites and tourist apartments. Accommodation
was also organized in 3167 private homes and apartments. 1170 people were selected Gwendolyn Hallsmith
and trained to serve as hostesses. The security was in charge of the Olympic Military
Detachment, created with special contingents from the Secretariat of the Navy and the Michael Linden 7h
Secretariat of National Defense. Regarding the issue of migration, the Ministry of the
Interior issued the identity and migration document, thus allowing entry into the Mexican Michelle Loughbrough 6h
Republic without the need for a consular visa from September 14 to November 15, 1968.
From September 15 to end of October 1968, a total of 188 388 foreign tourists entered Samantha Reinblatt 10h
the country -an increase of 37% compared to 1967- by seventy-five points of entry. A new
section was built at the Mexico City International Airport for charter flights, with a
Don Evans 3h
reception room, immigration room, customs facilities and rest rooms. 72 charter flights
were received. In addition to 17 flights that transported a total of 172 horses for
equestrian competitions and modern pentathlon. From October 1 to November 15, 18 Danny Epstein 8h
information posts were installed at strategic points in the city. The medical services were
controlled by a Coordination Group, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health. The Quynh Nhu Nguyen 43m
provision of general medical care was supervised, the administration of the supply of the
kitchens and the sanitary conditions in the houses, as well as in the facilities of training GROUP CONVERSATIONS
and competition and in the public baths were inspected. Health care facilities were
established in the competition and training venues, as well as in the Olympic Village, in Create new group
the María Isabel and Camino Real hotels and in units of the Mexican Institute of Social
Security. Medical attention was provided to 1863 athletes and 837 participants outside the
competencies, 2817 consultations, 699 treatments, in addition to the application of 46
splints and 354 injections. From September to November 1968, vehicles used by the
Organizing Committee traveled more than three million miles and consumed more than
450,000 gallons of gasoline. CONTROVERSIES SALUDO DEL PODER NEGRO One of
the most important polemics of these games was caused by the salute of the Black
Power. It happened when Tommie Smith and John Carlos, winners of gold and bronze
(200 meters) respectively, climbed the podium barefoot and wearing a badge of the
Olympic Project for Human Rights (the winner of the silver, Peter Norman, also wore the
badge after be invited by Americans to do it). After starting the National Anthem of the
United States, Smith and Carlos lowered their heads and raised a fist, in consequence
they were expelled from the Olympic village and the athletic association. ALTITUDE After
granting the headquarters to Mexico City, "unfounded and unfounded" comments began
to appear in the international press: If the athletes have to adjust in six or eight days to a
height of more than two thousand meters ..., I will be pessimistic: they will fall like flies!
One should not be influenced by the propaganda of Mexicans, who are naturally putting
their city through the roof. Manfred Kinder at the Berliner Ausgabe (Hamburg, December
11, 1964) The Olympic Games in Mexico City are seriously threatened. Athletes from
many European countries were invited to Mexico City to participate in a kind of rehearsal
Olympiad. All have returned saying: It is a scandal that Mexico has been entrusted to host
the Olympic Games! Extra-Bladet (Copenhagen, October 20, 1965) Nobody expects
records to break in the Mexico Games, in the middle and bottom events, in the races on
foot and in swimming. Le Monde (Paris, October 22, 1965) However, during the III
International Sports Week held in Mexico City, these fears were largely invalidated. The
results of the different events resolved, once and for all, the controversy over altitude.
SLAUGHTER OF TLATELOLCO MOVEMENT OF 1968 IN MEXICO. "I fully assume the
responsibility: personal, ethical, social, legal, political and historical, for the decisions of
the Government in relation to the events of last year." -Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, V
Government Report, 1969. The Olympic Games of Mexico «They represented a Mexican
miracle that the student movement wanted to unmask». While the movement was looking
for games to attract attention to the abuses of the government, he was fighting to prevent
the movement from giving a bad impression of Mexico to the world. Through
demonstrations, students from UNAM, the IPN, professors, workers, among others,
protested against "governmental authoritarianism." A week before the games began, a
shootout took place in front of the Hotel María Isabel. On October 2, ten days before the
opening of the games, approximately 10,000 people gathered at the Plaza de las Tres
Culturas to hold a demonstration. Quickly more than 5000 policemen, soldiers and tanks
surrounded the square. Suddenly the rally was attacked by the army and by a
paramilitary group called the Olympia Battalion. As a result, 700 people were injured and
between 150 and 300 died (the real figure is unknown, some sources claim that the dead
were thousands, others that were between 200 and 300). The next day, Avery Brundage
mentioned that the games would continue as the violence had not been directed towards
the Olympic Games. On October 9, the National Strike Council - the governing body of
the movement - accepted an Olympic truce with the government, which is why it agreed
not to hold any demonstration between October 12 and 28. TORCH OF THE TORCH
OLYMPIC TORCH James Metcalf, won the commission to create the Olympic Torch of
the games. The torch had a length of 52.3 cm and a weight of 780 g.100. Two types of
torches were designed. The fuel used was solid and consisted of nitrates, sulfur, alkali
metal carbonates, resins and silicones, these materials made the flame burn longer and
occasionally, under extreme conditions it produced a bright yellow-red flame, however,
occasionally there were explosions that caused minor burns to some carriers. In Search

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Barcelona and Medinaceli minor explosions occurred. The cause of these explosions was
Amigos del grupo IV Harry
attributed to the too rapid contact between Home
a lit and an Find
unlit Friends
torch, laterCreate
precautions were
taken to avoid the repetition of these incidents. ROUTE The route was planned by the
Like FollowOrganizing ShareCommittee and tried to emulate the route traveled by Christopher Columbus
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during the discovery of America, which symbolized the "union of the classic cultures of
the Mediterranean with those of America." The Organizing Committee had the
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collaboration of the governments of Greece, Italy and Spain.106 On this tour, for the first
time, runners from the different countries located along the route carried the torch. The
tour of the Olympic Torch began on August 23, 1968, when the Greek actress Maria Maxine Gold Epstein 2d
Mosxoliou placed a small amount of resin in a metal concave reflecting container.100 At
10:30 in the morning, the strong solar rays ignited the resin, officially the Olympic flame Chana Steward
began to burn. The flame was transferred to a polished amphora and taken to the Temple
of Hera. There, the first Olympic torch was lit and taken to the Temple of Zeus, after Nette Jordan
passing through the tomb of Baron Pierre de Coubertin began the ceremony of the
Friends of group IV Olympic Flame, held together with the interpretation of Imnos eis tin Eleftherían and the Arpad Maksay
Mexican National Anthem. Then, the torch reached Pirgos, the first stop on the route.
From Pirgos, the torch was carried through the villages of Laelia, Patras, Egio,
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Xylokastro, Kiato, Corinth, Megara, Leusis and Athens, where, on August 24, a special
About ceremony was held at the Panathinaikó Stadium. The next day, the torch was transported
to the port of Piraeus, where he boarded the Greek destroyer HH Navarino to Italy. On Sally Eshuys
Photos August 27, the torch arrived in Genoa, where the Greek Olympic Committee delivered it
to its Italian counterparts. A ceremony was held in honor of Christopher Columbus, after Nigel Lawrence
Events which 22 runners took her to the central bridge of the Porta della Soprano. The next day,
the Olympic flame was taken to the naval base of Ponte dei Mille, where it boarded the Enzo Condello
Videos
Palinuro, a school ship of the Marina Militare. On August 30, the Olympic torch arrived in
Posts Barcelona, to the port where Columbus was received on his return from the expedition of
Leah Epstein Armstrong
the discovery of America. The captain of the Palinuro handed the torch to the vice
Community president of the Spanish Olympic Committee, who took it to shore and handed it to the
first Spanish runner. He ran to Plaza de Cataluña and temporarily deposited it in an urn. Gwendolyn Hallsmith
From Barcelona, the torch crossed the provinces of Catalonia, Aragon and Huesca, was
installed briefly in the Temple of the Virgen del Pilar in Zaragoza. After his passage Michael Linden 7h
through the province of Soria, he arrived in Medinaceli. When he arrived in Madrid, the
torch was taken to Plaza Colón, where a ceremony was held. Then, in its passage Michelle Loughbrough 6h
through Seville and Trujillo, the runners took the flame to the port of Palos, where they
arrived on September 11. The last stage of his trip through Spain was made by Samantha Reinblatt 10h
Christopher Columbus Carbajal, a direct descendant of Columbus. In Palos, the llama
was brought aboard the Princess Corvette, provided by the Spanish Government to cross
Don Evans 3h
the Atlantic. The Olympic Torch traveled 1286 kilometers of Spanish territory in 88 hours.
It was received in Las Palmas, Canarias, on September 14. Fifteen days later, the
Princess arrived in San Salvador, in the exact place of Columbus's first landing in the Danny Epstein 8h
New World. The Organizing Committee and the Olympic Association of the Bahamas
collaborated in a special program that commemorated this symbolic link of two events: Quynh Nhu Nguyen 43m
the first landing in America and the first appearance of the Olympic flame in the New
World. In the center of a square formed by five circular levels designed to represent the GROUP CONVERSATIONS
Olympic Rings, a monument was erected to receive the flame. After the ceremonies the
torch left San Salvador for Veracruz on board the Mexican destroyer Durango. On the Create new group
afternoon of October 6, the Durango arrived in Veracruz. The torch was taken to shore by
seventeen swimmers, who took it in relays of approximately 850 meters, the last swimmer
handed the torch to a member of the Organizing Committee. He, in turn, handed it to the
first Mexican runner, who started the short trip to the Municipal Stadium. After a program
of folk dances and music, the torch was carried through the streets of the main square,
where the Greek Maria Mosxoliu transferred it to a large urn. The next day, the torch was
taken to Xalapa, on a trip of seven hours and forty minutes. She was transferred to the
Municipal Palace, where she stayed overnight. Later it was taken to Orizaba. On the way,
the llama stopped briefly in Cordoba. Then she was transferred to Puebla. Four times
between Xalapa and Puebla, hurricane winds almost extinguished the torch, however
every time it happened torches of security were lit in Olympia. On the morning of October
10, the torch arrived in Tlaxcala, where it passed through the towns of San Martín
Texmelucan, Apizaco and Huamantla. In Huamantla, a carpet of flowers and white sand -
more than three kilometers long - was created by 2,500 local artisans for the reception of
the flame. Then, on the road to Teotihuacán, the flame passed through Llano Grande, Los
Reyes Acaquilpan, Texcoco, Chiconcoac, Tizayuca, Tequisitlán, Tepexpan, Acolman and
Acatlongo. In Teotihuacán at 7:00 pm on October 11, the Olympic flame was installed on
the esplanade of the first pyramid of the Moon, thus initiating the New Fire ceremony. The
next day, the llama began the final leg of its journey, from Teotihuacán to Mexico City. At
10:00 am he arrived at the Monument to the Race, in a brief ceremony two torches were
lit, one was transported by plane to Acapulco and the other to the National Museum of
Anthropology. The arrival of the torch at the main entrance of the Olympic Stadium
happened on the morning of October 12. Outside the stadium was received by a military
cadet, who handed it to Enriqueta Basilio, the first woman in the history of the games that
carried the torch in its final journey. Holding the torch, He entered the stadium and walked
around the track. After climbing the stairs that lead to the edge of the stadium, the athlete
lit the Olympic cauldron and raised the torch in the direction of the four cardinal points.
For 55 days, the Olympic torch traveled 13 620 km, 2778 athletes and many escorts
transported it. The security lamps lit torches on 30 occasions, on October 15 at 10:30 pm
the last lamp was extinguished. The Olympic flame was extinguished at 7:21 pm on
Sunday, October 27 during the closing ceremony. OPENING CEREMONY On October
12, 1968, at the Olympic University Stadium, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz inaugurated the games
in front of approximately one hundred thousand people and, by means of satellite
television, millions more throughout the world: "I declare the inauguration of the Olympic
Games from Mexico, that commemorate the Nineteenth Olympiad of the Modern Era ».
With these words, "the responsibility assumed five years ago was fulfilled". Moments
earlier, a salvo of 21 cannon shots had welcomed Ordaz, Ramírez Vázquez and
Brundage. The ceremony continued with the elevation of a balloon that represented the
Olympic rings, then the contingents of the 112 participating nations paraded in front of all
the participants, this parade began with Greece and ended with the Mexican contingent.
Once all the contingents were in the center of the stadium, Brundage and Vázquez gave
some words of welcome to the athletes, followed by the brief opening statement of Ordaz
under a heavy whistle from the public attending the worst repressor in Mexican history
and beggar murderer of young defenseless students, In short, a real cursed son of a bitch
that we hope will be cooking in the underworld. Immediately an Olympic flag was raised
while playing the traditional Japanese song "Sakura". Once this song was finished, the
official flag embroidered on silk made its entrance, it was escorted by cadets of the
Heroico Colegio Militar and six Japanese young people. She was received by the mayor
of Tokyo and handed over to the mayor of Mexico City. Finally, the Olympic torch entered
the stadium, ending the journey of the torch. The last carrier of the same was Enriqueta
Basilio, who became the first woman in history to light an Olympic cauldron. Immediately
after, Pablo Garrido gave the Olympic oath, at the end of the oath, ten thousand pigeons Search

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24/05/2019 Friends of group IV - Photos
were released throughout the stadium. Finally, the Mexican National Anthem was
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performed. The next day, the competitions began.
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Arq Rene Garcia Martinez In the film that was shown of the Olympic Games in the closing scene in CU stadium. Toño
Castro and Carlos Toussaint are seen perfectly next to the ramp, at the closing they release pigeons
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