PRELIMIMINARY PERIOD

LESSON 1: THE HUMANITIES

Humanities comes from the Latin humanus which means human, cultured and refined. To near be human is to have or show qualities like rationality, kindness
and tenderness. Today the word humanities refer to the branch of learning concerned with human thought, feelings and relations.

THE SCOPE OF HUMANITIES

1. Visual arts refer to unique expressions of ideas, beliefs, experiences, and feelings presented in well-designed visual forms.
2. Literature the art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms which have artistic and emotional appeal is called literature
3. Music is the art of arranging sounds in rhythmic succession and generally in combination. Melody results from this sequence, and harmony from the
combinations
4. Drama or play is a story re-created by actors on a stage in front of an audience
5. Dance involves the movement of the body and the feet in rhythm
6. Performance art is a live art and the artist medium is mainly the human body which he or she uses to perform
7. Applied art is an art of incorporating elements of style and design to everyday items with the aim of increasing their aesthetic value

WHY STUDY HUMANITIES

 Artwork are also valuable source of inspiration. We are delighted by we read and moved by the music we hear. paintings, sculptures and plays capture our
attention and stimulates critical thinking.
 Through artist work, we get a glimpse of the thought, feelings, and beliefs of the people who lived in the period the artwork was produced and the external
factors that influence the artwork. Our Aesthetic experience can change our ways and behavior. They can transform us inti highly cultured, dignified and
respectable human beings. The arts can beauty humanity
 It brings out the good and noble in us. Through arts we come to know the changing image of man as he journeys across time, searches for the reality, and
strives to achieve the ideals that create the meaning of life
 By exposing us to varied concepts, ideas and forms that man has created, the study of humanities helps us develop reflective and critical thinking, which
are important in our everyday life.
 The arts are a basic form of human communication. The visual arts, music, literature, and poetry may be considered the means by which people, past
and present, express themselves in unique sights and sounds that capture the interest, imagination, and appreciation of others.

LESSON 2: WHAT IS ART?

Art as defined in various way

 The word art According to Collingwood comes from Latin word Ars which means a craft or specialized form of skill, like carpentry, smithying or surgery.
Art then suggest the capacity to produce an intended result from carefully planned steps or method.
  Aesthetic enjoyment a pleasure you get from sensory experience and emotions.
 Philosopher who ponder how and why aesthetic object such a hold on us, and what value they serve in our lives, are known s aestheticians and of the
major question that aestheticians deals with is actually what is art?
 An object of aesthetic appreciation is defined as something that prompt valuable aesthetic emotion is in us.
 Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy concerned with identifying the criteria that are used to understand, judge, and defend judgments about works of art.
An aesthetician is a scholar who specializes in identifying the criteria to be used in determining the significance of artworks.
 Aesthetician typically divided objects of aesthetic appreciation into art object, which are human made and objects of natural beauty.
 Does the value of art come from what’s put into art object, by the person who created it? Or does its vale depend on the experience that it triggers in the
audience.
 Some people like Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy understood art as primarily in terms of the artist as the expression of ineffable emotion by the artist who
created it in this view an artist create as a way of communicating feelings to other people-often times, feelings that can’t be expressed in mere word.
 Some thinkers argue that the intention of the artist is really important-that the artist must want to evoke some valuable emotion in the audience, for their
works to be considered art.
 Some argue what makes something art is the aesthetic emotion that it brings out in the audience.
 Ludwig Wittgenstein who argued the concept of art defies definition but you know it when you see it.
 David Hume argued that when we think about art, we should take care not to confuse the question, ”do I like it’? with The question, “
 According to Tolstoy Art is the production of objects or elements from the external environment that pleases the senses. Art unifies men as they produce
the same feelings and sentiments. The same lead to a better and more progressive life and society.
 According to Eugene Veron, art is an external manifestation created and produced through lines, movements, sounds, colors and emotions. This defines
the subjectivity of art as an external manifestation of human feelings and thoughts. An art in this definition reflects human subjectivity in the form of
elements that stimulates the senses.
 According to Leonardo Da Vinci Art is the queen of all sciences communicating knowledge to all the generation of the world, such line reiterates how art
reveals an individual’s imagination. It is universal language that communicates feelings and ideas produced by human experiences. It is a powerful form
of communication expressing creativity and skill.

ASSIGNMENT# 1. READ THE ESSAY THE WHITE BIRD BY JOHN BERGER AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION

Assumption of arts
1. Art is universal – It transcends culture, races and civilization.
 A means of communication; people share common means of expression., music, dances, literary pieces, decorative arts, painting and sculpture. They
communicate different feelings and emotions- happiness, loneliness, pride, rage, revolt
 Timeless goes beyond our time of our existence, it continually evolves
 Addresses human needs: it provides comfort, entertainment, education leading to fulfillment and satisfaction
2. Art is not nature; It is man made
 Artificial because it is an imitation or appropriation of reality or nature. It represents an idea, thoughts, feelings and emotions
 Art does not change itself unlike nature.
 Art is refined and processed while nature is raw and organic
  Though it is not nature, it is related to it they have a give and take relationship. Nature provides the medium, resources and model while art recognizes
and appreciates it, facilitating for humanity’s appreciation and stewardship of nature
 Art is man’s expression of his reception of nature, art is man’s way of interpreting the nature
3. Art involves experience: Art is representation of our experience. It involves its viewers in an experience. Art invites us to immerse ourselves in it to appreciate
it more
 Making art is not a completion or contest; it may be utilized to strengthen one’s identity, not just to showcase talents, to share stories and unfurl mysteries.
Further, Art is utilized either to influence and convince, or destroy and unshaped one’s belief.
 Actual doing of something. An important aspect of experiencing art is its being highly personal, individual and subjective.
LESSON 3: ART APPRECIATION AS A WAY OF LIFE
ART APPRECIATION is the ability to interpret or understand man made arts and enjoy them either through actual and work experience wit art tool and materials
or possession of these works of art for one’s admiration and satisfaction. Art appreciation does not require knowledge of the historical context of an artwork (or
a building

Criteria, or standards of judgment, you will need when making and supporting decisions about art
Assignment#2 Essay answer the following question.
1. If you were an artist, what kind of artist will you be?
2. What kind of art field will you explore?
3. How can you utilize arts to express yourself, your community, your relation to other and to your environment?
Two primary forms of Visual arts
1. Fine arts refer to painting, sculpture, and architecture, arts which have no practical function and are valued in terms of the visual pleasure they provide
or their success in communicating ideas or feelings (Figure 1.6). The one exception is architecture, which involves designing structures that strive to be
both attractive and functional. A building’s primary purpose, however is to provide shelter and service other human needs. Therefore, architecture is also
considered a form of applied arts.
2. Applied art is most often used to describe the design or decoration of functional objects to make them pleasing to the eye. Made either by hand or by
machine, works of applied art are intended primarily to serve a useful function. Artists who create applied arts or crafts are usually referred to as designers,
artisans, or craftspeople.

FUNCTION OF ARTS: WHY ART IS CREATED

Art of some kind has been created by cultures throughout the course of history. This prompts the question: Why do cultures create art? Although it would be
impossible to list all the reasons, the following warrant consideration:
1. Aesthetics. Some cultures create art simply for its visual appeal and for the pleasure it brings to those who understand and appreciate the creative efforts
of artists. In Chapter 4 you will learn to identify the various aesthetic qualities inherent in works of art. These aesthetic qualities must be taken into account
to understand and judge works of art.
2. Morals/Ethics. In many cultures’ art is used to depict people and behaviors that are considered noble and good.
3. Spirituality. Works of art are often created for religious purposes, enabling people to connect with the spirit world. For example, a carved head from an
island in the Pacific Ocean (Figure 1.8) was made for a festival to commemorate the death of a community member. These figures played an important
role in the funeral ceremonies of this culture. Other cultures rely on art to tell stories and provide lessons associated with their religious beliefs.
 4. History. Many artworks provide valuable information about important people, places, and events. (See Figure 10.25, page 234.) Paintings and sculpture
often reveal how people looked and dressed, and they even record their behavior and accomplishments. Pictures also illustrate places and significant
events and reveal how artists felt about them.
5. Politics. Art serves as a tool of persuasion or propaganda when it is used to convince people to adopt a certain point of view or to enhance the power of
a ruler or political party. (See Figure 21.3, page 468.) The power of art to inspire patriotism or cultural spirit is undeniable. (See Figure 5.2, page 107.)
6. Cultural function – through the printed matter, art transmit and preserve skills and knowledge from one generation to another. It makes man aware of
his/her cultural background, making him/her more knowledgeable and his/her life more enduring and satisfying

LESSON 4: PHILOSOPHICAL IMPORT OF ART

1. ART AS IMITATION
 Plato was deeply suspicious of arts and artist for two reasons
1. They appeal to the emotion rather than to the rational faculty of men.
2. They imitate rather than lead one to reality
 Poetry rouses emotions and feelings and this, clouds rationality of people
 Art is just an imitation of imitation. A painting is just an imitation of nature, which just an imitation of reality in the world of forms
 For Plato art is dangerous because it provides a petty replacement for the real entities that can only be attained through reason
2. ART AS REPRESENTATION
 Aristotle agreed with Plato that art is a form of imitation. However, Aristotle considered art as an aid to philosophy in revealing the truth.
 Art serves as two particular purposes
1. Art allow for the experience of pleasure
2. Art also has an ability to be instructive and teach its audience thigs about life.
3. ART AS DISINTERESTED JUDGMENT
 Considered the judgement of beauty, the cornerstone of arts, as something that can be universal despite its subjectivity
 Kant recognize the judgment of beauty is subjective
 Even subjective judgments are based on some universal criterion for the said Judgment.
 Making an aesthetic judgment requires us to be disinterested. We should try to go beyond our individual taste and preferences so that we can
appreciate art from universal stand point
1. ART AS COMMUNICATION OF EMOTIONS
 R, G Colling wood art is frequently used as an escape from life a simple amusement a destruction
 The best art is the stuff that really matter is the stuff that changes the way we interact with the world.
Two types of art
1. Amusement art helps the audience escape from reality, diving into no stake’s fictional world after a stressful day
2. Magic art stuff that helps the audience learn how better to interact with the world reality
 Example Harriet Beecher Stowe uncles’ Toms’ cabin
 2. ART AS THERAPEUTIC
 Many human intentions may be unconscious neurotic symptoms such as manifested in symbolic dreams. Artists, like everybody else, have various
unconscious intentions in disguised forms that would leave traces in their art works. Thus, the unearthing of these unconscious drives (desires, wishes,
urges, depressions, inhibitions, etc., may help in the interpretation of their artworks.
3. MARXIST THEORY OF ART
 Posit that the artist exists in a setting of techno-economic structures. His/her work, therefore, will inevitably reflect the base of economic realities.
Thus, the interpretation of the artwork must involve the highlighting of the class or economic structures within which the art is produced.
 The work of art or of an artist to society, art just like human activity is always created within a specific social and historical context
4. FORMALIST THEORY OF ART
 State that meaning of an artwork is found in the formal relationship between the elements of the artwork itself. They reject the significance of the
artist's original intention; that is, he is totally irrelevant to the work. Their credo is "Amputate the art from the artist" for them the artist
LESSON 5: SUBJECT AND CONTENT
Subject refers to the visual focus or object that may be extracted from examining the artwork.
1. Representational or objective art refers to art in which the artist presents a particular subject that the viewer can recognize such as a tree, a person or
house.
Ways of describing the subjects
1. Photo realistic - -this are images that are realistic but specifically related to photography
2. Naturalistic this are images feel life like, feel true to the world around it and yet not specifically like photograph
3. Illusionistic or Tromp l’ oeil which literally in French mean to fool the eye this are the works that are representational and fairly naturalistic but we
can really tell that the artist tries to fool you they want to feel like to walk up in this painting
4. Idealized is another subheading of representational arts and these are the images that conform a culture highest standard of beauty
5. Stylized are works that is representational but is conforming to a free set convention or conforming to a system of depiction. So, here were not just
talking about the style of individual artist but perhaps a group of artist or perhaps even a whole culture that in which the artist conforms to a free set
standard.

Non-representational or non-objective art- arts that do not have subject

 SOURCES OF SUBJECT
1. Nature

2. People
3. HISTORY

4. RELIGION
5. MYTHOLOGY

6. DREAMS AND FANTASY

7. STILL LIFE

8. LEGENDS
CONTENT IN ART
• Content refers to what the artist expresses or communicates on the whole in his work. Sometimes it is spoken as the meaning of the work. Content reveals
the attitude towards his subject.
Erwin Panofsky Meaning in the Visual arts
3 levels of meanings
1. Factual meaning – pertains to the rudimentary level of meaning for it maybe extracted from the identifiable or recognizable form and understanding these
elements relate to one another
2. Conventional meaning pertains to the acknowledge interpretation of the artwork using motifs, sign, symbol and other cypher as a bases of its meaning.
3. Subjective meaning refers to a variety of meaning that may arise when particular work of art is read. these meanings stem from the viewers or audience
circumstances that come into play when engaging with the work of art
ACTIVITY # 2
The female body has become a common subject matter in art,and images of the female nude have since predominant.In a study on subject matter and
content,a look into the female nude in paintings is a good exercise,while the subject matter of the painting below is obviously a woman’s body,the content for
each varies.We can also probe into the differences in the portrayal of the female nude among male and female artist.
Answer the following question
1. What does each painting tell us about the female nude?
2. Compare and contrast the female nude made by male artist from those made by female artist.

Sleeping Venus, Oil in Canvass by Giorgione Olympia, oil in canvas by Edouard Manet
 Reclining nude, oil in canvas by Suzanne Valadon Margareth Evans Pregnant, oil on canvas by Alice Neel
LESSOM 6: THE SIGNIFICANT LANDMARK CHANGING IDEA OF ART AND DIFFERENT KEY PLAYERS IN THE ARTWORLD

Western tradition, Ancient to Pre- Renaissance

 Skills and technique prioritized and narrowly defined

 Artist’s intent almost insignificant
 Expression= cultural expression
 Arts and craft integrated
 The workshop

Medieval Ages and Before

• Apprenticeships and workshops

• Guilds
• Rely on Patron Commission

Renaissance and 16th century

• Originality of forms and concept gain significant along with artist intent and personal expression. (signature style)
• Artist as genius, as melancholy, moody, as a member of a higher society
• Arts separated from Utilitarian crafts
• Workshop guilds decreases

The Baroque era/17th century

• Effect of the reformation; Open markets develop especially in non-Catholics countries

 • New members of artworld
1. Art dealers
2. Agents
• Content widens to please secular patrons

18th Century

• Effects of revolutions
• Private collections opened to the public, creating the first Art museum
• The French Academy

THE FRENCH ACADEMIES OF FINE ARTS

• Monolithic system of cultural control

• It sought to impose its authority on the teaching, production and exhibition of fine arts
• Sponsored by a patron of arts typically, the pope, king or a prince
• Developed young artist according to classical theories of Renaissance art. The development of these artistic academies was a culmination of the effort (begun by
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo) to upgrade the status of practicing artist, to distinguish them from other craftsman engaged in manual labor and to the power of
guilds
• Characteristic of Academic art
1. Rationality intellectual style of art. It considered are to have an intellectual discipline involving a high degree of reason
2. Message uplifting and high moral content
• Hierarchy of Genres
1. History painting
2. Portrait art
3. Genre painting
4. Landscape
5. Still life paintings
6. Biblical art
• New members of the Artworld
1. Curators are people often educated in art history and philosophy who are given creative control over the conceptual development and execution of exhibition.
2. Art Critics direct their attention to a thorough examination of works of art. They ask and then answer questions that enable them to gain information from those
works. With this information, they can make intelligent judgments about the success of artworks.

19th Century Realist and Impressionist

• Realist break the monopoly of the academy

• Artist work less from commission and with more freedom of content and form
• New members of Artworld
1. Galleries are small business that sells the art it exhibits.
• Function of galleries
1. Exhibit artwork of members
2. Connects buyers with artist
 3. Private display and storage room
4. Promote artist work
5. 40-60% commission

20th century and today

• Originality of form and content are mostly valued yet with a tie to tradition.
• Materials and technique “anything goes” as long as it adds to the meaning of the work
• Resurgence of workshops
• Increase in the number of distinct art movements
• These changing priorities in the Fine arts reflect other aspect of the culture

21st Century

• Effect of WWII art capitol moves to NYC

• European exiles and American hopefuls interact
• Gallery district boom
• Studio/Artist district get revitalized
• Museum
1. Exhibit artworks
2. Education Programs
3. Research and publish findings
4. Conservations
• Art historians seek objective facts about works of art and the artists who created them. Their efforts include gathering information on major art periods and on styles of
different times and places. Historians research the lives and works of leading artists, and chronicle the development of art from the distant past to the present day.

ART PRODUCTION

Production process
 Art process is the action involved in making art. Examples of art processes include drawing, painting, printmaking, modeling, weaving, digitizing, and casting.
 Pre-production the artist always begins with an idea that he wants to express or communicate with his audience. It may not necessarily be fully formulated, and so
some form of exposure, research, and other approaches may be explored to get the idea long before making the art work. The idea may take time to form, or may
come as a swift as a bolt of lightning.
 Production some artist however, birth their ideas when the material manipulation is already underway. This is when pre-production sometimes seeps into the
production stage. The execution of the art may take a variety of forms such as painting, sculpture, tapestry etc. Some artworks rely on a precise and skilled execution
while other need only intuition and a kind of judiciousness in the manipulation of the material
 Post- production once an artwork is finished, it will then be decided on how it will be circulated not only in the artworld, but the many publics. If the artist decides that
alone should see the work, then so be it but most of the time, if not always, the creation of the object requires that it be seen, heard, touched, and/or experienced in a
variety of ways. often times it enters a new sphere, inside the domain of museum, galleries, performance halls, theaters and other art spaces where interaction can take
place.
Medium and technique
 Medium refers to the material or means which the artist uses to objectify his feeling or thought: pigment in painting; stone, wood and metal in sculpture; various
building materials in architecture; sound in music; words in literature; and body movements in the dance.
  Technique Any method of working with art materials to create an art object. The manner in which an artist uses the technical skills of a particular art form.
 The difference between art media and art process is important. Art media consist of the materials the artist uses to create artworks. Art process is the action involved
in making art. Examples of art processes include drawing, painting, printmaking, modeling, weaving, digitizing, and casting.

ASSIGNMENT #3: Choose a certain GAMABA awardee, research about his/her life struggles. Print his or her phots and present and discuss in the class.
AWARDS AND CITATION

NATIONAL ARTIST AWARDS

 The Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Orden of National Artist Award) And Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan GAMABA (National Living Treasures Award)
 The conferment of National Artist Award is the highest national recognition given to Filipino individuals who have made a significant contribution to the development of
Philippine arts
 Such as music, dance, theater, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast, and architecture and allied arts. The ordered is jointly administered by the National Commission for
Culture and Arts (NCAA) and the Cultural center of the Philippines upon recommendation by both institution
 The very first recipient of this award was painter Fernando Amorsolo, who touted as the “Grand old Man of Philippine Art” He was the sole awardee in the year 1972 a
National Artist for Visual Arts
 At present there were 66 awardees of this prestigious honor across different art form
 There were 66 national artists,24 of whom received the recognition posthumously
 Francisco Manosa Architect Coconut place EDSA shrine, Amanpulo and Pearl farm
 Kidlat tahimik the father of Filipino independent cinema
 Ramon Muzones and Resil Mojares literature
 Larry Alcala visual arts posthumously cartoon series slice of life
 Amelia Lapena Bonifacio dubbed as the grandame of southeast Asian children’s theater
 Ryan Cayabyab composer, musical director and conductor

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A NATIONAL ARTIST

1. Filipino citizen
2. The contribution of their works to national building
3. Impact of their distinctive and pioneering works and style on succeeding generations of artist
4. Excellence in the practice of their art form which enriches artistic expression or style
Some of the honors and privileges that a National Artist Awardee
 The rank and title as proclaimed by the president of the Philippines
 A medallion or insignia and a citation that will be read during the conferment
 Cash awards and a host benefits (Monthly life pension, medical and Hospitalization benefits. life insurance coverage)
 A state funeral and burial at libingan ng mga Bayani
 A place of honor or designated area during national states function, along with recognition or acknowledgement at cultural events
(GAMABA)THE NATIONAL LIVING TREASURE
 The recipient of the GAMABA are sought under the qualification of a manlilikha ng Bayan” who is a citizen engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino whose distinctive
skills have reached such a high level of technical and artistic excellence and have been passed on to a widely practiced by the present generation in his/her community
with the same degree of artistic and technical competence. This artist practice may fall under the following categories; folk, architecture, maritime transport, weaving,
carving, performing arts, literature, graphic and plastic arts, ornament, textile, or fiber art, pottery, and the expressions of traditional culture.
  Gawad sa Manilla ng Bayan Awards or GAMABA is an award acknowledges folk an indigenous artist who, despite modern technology, remain true to the traditions. It is
administered by the National Commission and Arts (NCAA) through the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee
 GAMABA began as a project of the Philippine Rotary Club Makati-Ayala. In 1992 it was adopted by the government and institutionalized through the Republic Act No.
7335.This award aims to support and motivate these local artists to preserve their artistic heritage for the present and future generations.
INCENTIVES AND PRIVELAGES
1. A specially designed gold medallion
2. An initial grant of Php 100.000 and a 14.000 monthly stipend for life
3. 750.000 medical and hospitalization benefits
4. Funeral assistance and a tribute fit for a National Living treasure
GAMABA AWARDEES

1. Ginaw Bilog helped preserved the Mangyan Literary tradition by documenting the pieces of ambahan recorded not only on bamboo tubes but also on note book passed
on him. The ambahan is a poetic literary form composed of seven-syllabus and it is usually sung.
2. Masino Intaray has mastered the traditions of his people – the Palawan, Batak, and Tagbanwa in the highlands of southern Palawan. He is skillful in basal (gong music
ensemble), kulila (lyrical poem expressing passionate love song with the accompaniment of the kudyapi), and bagit (instrumental music depicting nature).
3. Samoan Sulaiman is a master in the use of the kulintang and kudyapi of the Maguindanao’s. His expensive repertoire of dinalayday, linapu, minuna, and balig has
demonstrated not only his own skills but their culture.
4. Lang Dulay continued and preserved the T’boli abaca fiber in textile weaving through the patterns of crocodiles, butterflies, flowers, and streams and of Lake Sebu in her
works.
5. Salinta Monon was a Filipino textile weaver she was known for her Bagobo-Tagabawa textiles and was known as “the last Bagobo weaver”.
6. Alonzo Saclag has worked for the preservation of Kalinga culture. He lobbied that the abandoned capital building be turned into museum, that school implement of
donning Kalinga costume for important events, and that traditional Kalinga music should be broadcasted alongside contemporary music in the local radio station
7. Federico caballero is a Panay-Bukidnon has wok hard to document the oral literature of his people. He has preserved the epics that use language that has been dead by
working together with scholars, artist and advocates of culture.
8. Uwang Ahadas has made it his life’s work to preserve and promote Yakan culture through the traditional music and instruments of his tribe. He has mastered the gabbang,
Agung, kwintangan, kayu, and others
9. Darhata Sawabi is one of the master weavers in the island of Jolo, she has learned the art of weaving the pisyabit, the traditional cloth tapestry worn as a head cover by
the Tausug of Jolo
10. Eduardo Mutuc is a dedicated sculptor of retablos, mirror, altars, and carsas from silver, bronze and woods
11. Haja Amina Appi is recognized as the master mat weaver among the Sama indigenous community of Ungos Matata. Her mats are known for their complex geometric
patterns, proportion and unique combination of colors
12. Teofilo Garcia also known as the Tabungaw Hat maker of san Quintin. The hat called kattukong is weatherproof made from upo or tabungaw also known as bottle gourd
or white pumpkins
13. Magdalena Gamayo has taught herself he traditional patterns of Binakol, inuritan (geometric design) Kusikos (spiral forms similar to oranges) and Sinan- sabong (Flowers).
She has learned the art of weaving from her aunt and started harnessing her innate skills at the age of 16
 RECENT GAMABA AWARDEES

1. Estelita Bantilan of Sarangani

2. Ambalang Ausalin of Basilan
3. Yabing Dulo of South Cotabato

LESSON 7: ELEMENTS OF ARTS AND PRINCIPLE OF ARTS

The elements of art are the basic components, or building blocks: color, value, line, texture, shape, form, and space. Artists use the elements of art to express
their ideas. These elements are not the media the artist uses— paint or clay or stone, for example—but the visual vocabulary used by the artist.

1. Style are referring to the special way an artist uses the elements and principles to organize a work
2. Color is an element made up of three distinct qualities: hue, intensity, and value. When talking about a color or the differences between two or more
colors, you can refer to any one or all of these qualities.
Notice the three primary colors: red, yellow, and blue. These are called primary colors because they are mixed to make all the other colors, but they cannot
be made by mixing the other colors.
2.1 The secondary colors, orange, green, and violet, are located midway between the primary colors on the wheel. Each of the secondary colors is made
by mixing two primary colors. Orange is made by mixing red and yellow; green, by mixing blue and yellow; and violet, by mixing blue and red.
2.2 Colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel are called complementary colors. Thus, red and green are complementary colors. These hues
are opposites in a more fundamental way, however: There is no green hue in red, and no red hue in green.
The addition of only a small amount of a hue’s complement lowers its intensity. In other words, a green can be made to look less green—and move by
degrees closer and closer to a neutral tone—by the addition of its complement, red.
2.3 Colors that are next to each other on the color wheel and are closely related are called analogous colors. Examples of analogous colors are blue, blue-
green, and green.
3. Hue refers to the name of a color. The term is used to point out the difference between a blue and a green, or a red and a yellow.
4. intensity, or quality of brightness and purity.
5. Value refers to that hue’s lightness or darkness. Value changes are often obtained by adding black or white to a particular hue.
6. Line is an element that is difficult to describe, although most people know what it is and can easily think of several ways to create it. Perhaps the simplest
way to define line is to refer to it as a continuous mark made on some surface by a moving point. The marks made by a ballpoint pen moving across a
 7. Texture is the element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched. In painting, some works have an overall smooth
surface in which even the marks of the paintbrush have been carefully concealed. There are no textural “barriers” or “distractions” to get in the way as
your eyes sweep over the smooth, glossy surface.
8. Shape refers to a two-dimensional area clearly set off by one or more of the other visual elements, such as color, value, line, texture, and space. Shapes
are flat. They are limited to only two dimensions: length and width. This two-dimensional character of shape distinguishes it from form, which has depth
as well as length and width. Thus, a form is an object with three dimensions.
9. Mass and Volume Two important features of form are mass and volume. Mass refers to the outside size and bulk of a form, and volume refers to the
space within a form.
10. Space can be thought of as the distance or area between, around, above, below, or within things. In art, space is an element that can be either three-
dimensional or two-dimensional. Three-dimensional space, which has height, width, and depth, is known as actual space. It is the type of space found in
art forms that are three-dimensional such as sculpture, ceramics, and architecture.

CREATING THE ILLUSION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE Giorgione created a sense of three-dimensional space by using the techniques below:

• Size. Distant shapes are made smaller; closer shapes are made larger.

• Placement. The shapes within the work overlap, suggesting that some are in front of others. Distant shapes are placed higher in the picture; closer shapes are
placed lower.

• Detail. Distant shapes are shown with less detail; closer shapes are shown with greater detail.

• Color. Distant shapes are colored with hues that are duller and appear bluer to suggest the layers of atmosphere between the viewer and those shapes.

• Line. The horizontal lines of shapes (buildings and other objects) are slanted to make them appear to extend back into space.

The principles of art are the different ways the elements can be used in a work of art: balance, emphasis, harmony, variety, gradation, movement, rhythm, and
proportion.

Unified design—a skillful blend of elements and principles—results when all the parts hold together to produce the best possible effect. Without this overall
principle of unity, the work would “fall apart,” or appear disorganized and confusing to the viewer.

1. Principle of Unity
• Unity is the main goal
• It is the arrangement of elements and principles with media to create a feeling of completeness and wholeness.
2. The Principle of Harmony
 If too little variety can become boring, too much variety can create chaos in a work of art.
 Artists avoid chaos in their works by using harmony.
 Harmony refers to blending elements to create a work of calm, restful appearance.
 An artist may use similar textures, colors values, to make a piece feel even and together.
 Sometimes, harmony is referred to as unity.
• In Picasso’s “Blue Guitarist” the use of the color blue throughout the painting makes it seem to fit together.
• In Robert Delaunay’s painting “Rhythm” the use of similar shapes, values, and colors give the feeling of harmony or unity.
How to Implement Harmony
• One technique of creating harmony in a work of art is by utilizing smooth, flowing lines and subtle color schemes that will easily blend together.
3. The Principle of Contrast
 Contrast refers to differences in values, colors, textures, shapes, and other elements.
 Contrasts create visual excitement and interest to a work of art. If all the other elements – value, for example, are the same – the result is
monotonous and plain.
 Examples of Contrast

1. Contrast of Color – warm vs. cool colors

2. Contrast of Texture – smooth vs. rough
3. Contrast of size – large vs. small
 In Vincent Van Gogh’s 1884 oil painting “The Ox-Cart”, the artist used bright white in the legs and sky, next to dark black in the ox’s body
and the shadows under the cart to create a contrast of the element of art value.
 In Alfred Stieglitz’s untitled photograph of his wife, the painter Georgia O’Keeffe, hands with one of the skulls from her paintings we have a
contrast of not only light and dark value, but also of the texture in the hard smoothness of the bone vs. the fleshy softness of the painter’s
skin.
4. The Principle of Gradation
 Gradation refers to a way of combining elements by using a series of gradual changes in those elements.

Examples of Gradation
• Small - to – large shapes
• Light – to – dark hues of color
• Telephone poles in landscapes (ordered, step-by-step change as they go back in the distance).
• Gradation of size and direction produces linear perspective. Gradation of color

 In the Japanese wood cut print of the five Herons, the background gradually goes from dark on top, to light by the birds, then dark again at the bottom.
This is an example of gradation of value.
 In the student drawing of a hallway, we see a gradation of space in how the areas in the drawing seem to get smaller and farther back in the image.

 The same can be said for the painting “Fall

Plowing” by the American artist Grant Wood. By
gradually making the haystacks get smaller in
each of the rows that go farther back, the artist
has created an illusion of depth that makes the
painting seem to go back in space. Gradation is
one of the things an artist may use to create
“perspective” or depth in their work.
 5. The Principle of Variety

• The same routine day after day can become dull and boring. The same color or shape repeated over and over in an art work can become equally dull.
To avoid dullness, artists use the principle of variety in their works.

• Variety is a principle of art concerned with combining one or more elements to create interest by adding slight changes.

• By giving a work variety, the artist heightens the visual appeal of the work.

• In George Seurat’s “La Grande Jatte”, there is a variety in the many different shapes, colors and values
• There are many different colors in the painting. In Joseph Cornell’s shadow box “Hotel-Edan”, there is variety in the different forms and
textures that make us look all around in the box.
6. The Principle of Pattern
• Pattern uses the art elements in planned or random repetitions to enhance surfaces of paintings or sculptures.
• Patterns often occur in nature, and artists use similar repeated motifs (a distinctive and recurring form, shape, figure, etc., in a design, as in a painting or
on wallpaper) to create these occurrences.
7. The Principle of Repetition
• Repetition refers to a way of combining art elements so that the same elements are used over and over again. Repetition will create a visual patter.
• Thus, repetition and pattern go hand-in-hand.
• In Andy Warhol’s “100 Cans”, the artist used the same shapes, colors and lines to create his image. The pattern that was created has a
rhythm, but also repetition because each of the elements are repeated over and over.
8. The Principle of Movement
• You may not have realized it, but when you look at a work of art your eye moves from part to part.
• Artists use the principle of movement to lead the viewer’s eyes throughout the work.
• Movement is the principle of art used to create the look and feeling of action and to guide a viewer’s eye throughout the work of art.
• In David Hockney’s image “Day Pool with 3 Blues”, the shape and color of the diving board create movement by pulling the viewer’s eye
from the bottom of the painting
9. The Principle of Rhythm
• Often artists seek to make their works seem active. When they do, they call upon the principle of rhythm.
• Rhythm is the principle of art concerned with repeating an element to make a work seem active or to suggest vibration.
• Sometimes to create rhythm, an artist will repeat not just elements but also the same exact objects over and over
10. The Principle of Balance
• Balance is concerned with arranging elements so no one part of a work overpowers, or seems heavier than, any other part.
Three Kinds of Balance
• 1. Formal (symmetrical) Balance – Two halves are mirror images.
• 2. Informal (asymmetrical) Balance – Two unlike elements seem to carry equal weight.
• For example, a small shape painted bright red will balance several larger items painted in duller reds.
• 3. Radial Balance – This occurs when elements or objects in an art work are positioned around a central point.

Large figures are balanced by the smaller. What about the lighting? What is it called when you paint with tiny little dots?
 11. The Principle of Emphasis
• To attract viewer’s attention to important parts of a work, artists use the principle of emphasis.
• This principle creates one or more centers of interest in a work.
• Emphasis is making an element in a work stand out by using an element of art.
• Emphasis can be created by contrast or by extreme changes in an element.

• In Claus Oldenberg’s large public sculpture “Stonebridge” we see an everyday object blown up to massive size. The use of the large form, as well as the
dark red color of the cherry focus us to look at the sculpture.
The Principle of Proportion
• Have you ever tasted a food that was so salty you couldn’t eat it? The problem was one of proportion.
• Proportion is the principle of art concerned with the relationship of one part to another and to the whole work.
• The principle of proportion is not limited to size.
• Elements such as color can be used in differing proportions to create emphasis.
• Proportion in art was “hit and miss” for many years until artists during the Renaissance rediscovered the Golden Mean developed by the ancient Greek
mathematicians Euclid and Pythagoras.
• The Golden Mean was a proportion used in all forms of art because the Greeks thought that it was the perfect ratio of relating all things to the whole.
• The Golden Mean was also used to figure out the “proper” proportions of the human body in sculpture and other forms of art.
 • In Charles Schultz’s Charlie Brown charter, the proportion of the head is way to big to the size of the body. When an artist chooses to make something
out of proportion, it is called distorted proportion.
The principle of Simplicity
• A principle of art, simplicity refers to the practice of using a limited number of similar elements to give a uniform appearance.
• In Laura Walters Abrams - “EGGCENTRIC” there is simplicity in the way that the sculptures texture, color, and form are similar and limited to a
very few changes
The rule of thirds

Is a type of composition in which an image is divided evenly into thirds, both horizontally and vertically, and the subject of the image is placed at the intersection
of those dividing lines or along one of the lines itself?

ACTIVITY # 3: The Raft of the Medusa is an oil painting of 1818–1819 by the French Romantic painter and lithographer Théodore Gericault (1791–1824).
Completed when the artist was 27, the work has become an icon of French Romanticism. At 193.3 in × 282.3 in, it is an over-life-size painting that depicts a
moment from the aftermath of the wreck of the French naval frigate Méduse, which ran aground off the coast of today's Mauritania on July 5, 1816. At least 147
people were set adrift on a hurriedly constructed raft; all but 15 died in the 13 days before their rescue, and those who survived endured starvation, dehydration
and cannibalism. The event became an international scandal, in part because its cause was widely attributed to the incompetence of the French captain

1. First Paragraph: Label and background information.

2. Second Paragraph: Detailed description. Include images that you see and discuss the elements of art.
3. Third Paragraph: Analyze how is it organized? Discuss the principles of design.
4. Fourth Paragraph: Reflection. What do you think of this painting? Do you like it or not? Give at least three reasons for your opinion using facts from the
second and third paragraphs.
 Assignment#1 and activity #1

LESSON 10: Reading the image

10.1 Semiotic Plane
10.2 Iconic plane
10.3 evaluative plane

THE RAFT OF MEDUSSA” by Théodore Gericault (1791–1824)