LCI ( Load Commutaed Inverter) for Synchronous motor SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE, ISOLATION REGTFIER DC LINK INVERTER TRANSFORMER (SOURCE) (REACTOR) (LoaD) X]3e - @ De rm. Se sn | mera CONTROLER . Used for fans, pumps and compressors, where high dynamic performance not reqd 2. Speed range 20 - 100 %. Steady state speed accuracy 1 % of rated speed. 3. Uses line thyristors. 4. Simplicity of control. 5. Channel Redundancy easily achievable as shown above and very much suitable for ID fan type of application. 6. Can be built for high voltages and power - upto 100 MW rating. 7. BHEL range - voltages 1.2, 2.3, 4.1 KV from 1 to 7.5 MW air cooled. . Bumpless transfer on removal/ introduction of channel. . Other application — Static starters for pump/ turbine and large pumps in lift irrigation schemes. owLCI - Load Commutated Inverter 1. Input Transformer power sized for Motor wag rating. 2 Source Thyristor Bridge is connected to source ( 6.6/ 11 Kv bus) and Load Thyristor Bridge Is connected to Load ( Syn Motor) 3, Both Thyristor bridges are identical with the same type of thyristor, RC snubber, equalizer resistor ( in case of series connected thyristors) etc. 4. For a thyristor bridge :~ VDC = 1.35 V ( L-Lrms) cos alpha VDC = DC voltage, V ( L-L rms) is the line to line voltage, alpha is the firing angle. DC current = 1.2825 . ac line current( rms) 5. In motoring mode, power flows from Unit bus ( source) to motor. Source bridge is in rectifier mode (ac to de) and firing angle is between 0 deg to 90 deg.LCI - Load Commutated Inverter 6. The load Thyristor bridge operates in Inversion ( dc to ac) mode with firing angle between 90 deg to 180 deg. 7. LCI is a current source inverter and the main parameter that is changed is current to regulate the speed. Note that Torque = current x flux. 8. The load bridge fires at almost a fixed firing angle say 150 deg. The firing angle of the source bridge is changed to regulate the current and hence speed. 9. DC link reactor is Air core type used for smoothening the current ripple. 10 Output ckt breaker/ Contactor is given for isolation and protection. The LCI controller controls the opening of source/ load Breakers depending on the type of fault.LCI - Load Commutated Inverter 11.Excitation is brushless type but DC shown above for simplicity. 12.The drive is capable of regeneration ( motor acts as a and generator and power fed to mains). The roles of the source and load bridge get interchanged. Typically in High Inertia ID fan application, regeneration will be required from 50 % speed to 20% speed during decellaration. 13. Drive is a current source Inverter. There is a minimum current at which It operates ( 20 % of full load current) . The reactor size ( millihenry value) decides this. The higher the value, lower the minimum current. 14. Source thyristor bridge commutates w.r.t source voltage Load Thyristor bridge commutates w.r.t Load ( motor) voltage. Hence the name Load Commutated Inverter.LCI - Load Commutated Inverter 15. Drive is a current limited type and will not allow current to exceed the set limit at all times. The load thyristors fire w,r,t load side ac voltages. Therefore the drive will not fall out of synchronism. If the mech load is increased when the drive operates on its current limit, the speed reduces and the motor will keep running at the reduced speed. If increase even further, the drive will stall and stop. As current limit is always active, motor stator burnout due to excessive current does not accour. 46. Fuseless design in Power ckt. The % impedance of the transformer and the sub- transient reactance of the motor are so chosen that the thyristors will not fail on fault ( short ckt) . 17. RC filters on source and load ac with MOVs ( metal oxide varistors) and RC ckt on source and load DC are present. These will suppress the voltage spikes due to commutation of the Thyristor bridges.AC BRUSHLESS EXCITATION be N w AC exciter is mounted on non ~ driving end of machine on the same shaft. Exciter may be either within the motor frame or external overhung. . Flux is required in the motor air gap when starting. Therefore AC exciter is used in LCI. . The phase controller is like a 3 phase auto transformer ( ac in . ac out). The knob position on the autotransformer is equivalent to the firing angle. Firing angle 0 deg = knob position at max posn. . The connection above is contra- connected. Here the rotationg magnetic field of the exciter stator is against the direction of rotation. . The power to the DC field of the main Synchronous motor comes from :- a) Power transferred from exciter stator b) Mechanical to electrical power conversion thro the shaft. It means that a very small part of the power fed to the stator wdg of the synchronous motor is transferred to the field wdg. . As the speed of the motor increases , (b) above increases. At standstill (b) = 0.CURRENT AND VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS - LOAD COMMUTATION ( NORMAL RUNNING) 1. Source AC line currents and Load AC line cu trapezoidal in nature like in any Thyristor bridge. The currents are 120 elec deg apart. Frequency being source and motor freq respectively. 2. In a bridge configuration , thyristor conducts for 120 deg elec.( 60 deg with the thy numbered lower & 60 deg with the thy numbered higher). Numbering sequence 1,2,3,4,5,6/1,2.... 3.The line voltages will have spikes at the instances of commutation( changeover from one thyristor pair to another)MoToR PHASE CURRENT « an 2s wy Lr % o> P a © De ~ = = we STARTING STRATEGY 1. The Thy cell pairs fire at a very low freq as shown in the phasor diagram. 2. Everytime a cell pair changes on the load side, .DC current is brought to zero by retarding the firing angle of source bridge. This is termed as mode = 1 operation. 3. The Load side freq is slowly increased to enable the motor rotor to catch up with the slowly rotating magnetic field. 4. When the load voltages are high enough to sense crossovers at exact intervals, the load side thyristors are fired at 180 deg (upf), but with currents going to zero as in 2 above. As the p.f = 1, the torque will be very high and motor accelerates. LmoDE «2. 5. Load bridge changes over to line commutation when motor voltage is adequate and transfer speed reached. L ModE =3.MASTER/ SLAVE - 12 PULSE if BHEL offers 12 pulse LCI drives as shown above for ID fan application. Two(2) LCI channels feed two(2) star connected stator wdgs, which are electrically isolated but share a common magnetic ckt. . CH1 is designated as MASTER in software and CH2 as SLAVE or vice versa. . MASTER feeds the excitation. Speed loop is active only in MASTER. Output of speed regulator ( torque) is divided by 2 and sent to SLAVE and also its current controller as reference. Thus the currents in the 2 windings are balanced. When MASTER trips , SLAVE takes the entire load and also feeds excitation. Divide by 2 function by passed. . When MASTER is put back into operation, ‘its controller takes over and resumes function as in 3 above.6. When SLAVE trips , MASTER takes entire load . Divide by two function by - passed. 7. When SLAVE is put back into operation, operation as in sl 3 is resumed. 8. All the above is done by exchanging four (4) signals between the controllers as shown above. 9. Cut - in and cutout of channel is bumpless. There will not be any jerk on the electrical system or on motor shaft. 10 When any channel trips out, the stator wdg voltage will rise as armature reaction of the tripped wdg collapses. This condition is sensed , and the minimum current limit is raised in the healthy channel with a very poor motor power factor ( load side firing angle towards 90 deg from say 140 deg). This de - magnetises the stator and the voltage comes down. In the meanwhile the field regulator corrects the motor stator wdg terminal voltage ( slow process). Current comes back to normal after required terminal voltage corresponding to the speed is achieved. 111f the motor current has to be increased even after the source bridge is firing full advance( like a diode bridge), the load side firing angle is reduced ( pulled towards 90 deg) . It should also be noted that in a thyristor bridge, the cosine of firing angle( alpha) is approx equal to the power factor. This is the crosstie function as indicated earlier in the control block diagram. ae& op Tee cantare. wait a L “LINE SIDE HARMONICS ( UNIT BUS) 1. AC current connected to a thyristor converted will have a trapezoidal waveform. It will contain 5,7,11,13,17,19,23,25..... 2. As the harmonic order increases the value of the current associated with that harmonic reduces. ( Fourier series analysis) 3. Harmonic currents cause harmonic voltage drops in the HT bus and will distort the sinusoidal voltage. Note that higher the Short ckt level of the bus, lower the voltage distortion for the same current. Distorted sinusoidal voltage will cause parasitic heating ‘on other loads on the same bus like induction motors etc..44 4. By having the source transformers vector group 30 deg displaced ( Dy11 or Dy1) the HT bus current will have only 11,13,23,25..instead of those shown in si 1 ( 5,7,11,13,17,19,23,25..). This results in lower bus voltage distortion. . IEEE guideline stipulates that the voltage distortion should not exceed 5 %. In a power station since the short ckt level is very high, this is easily achieved. However in distribution type / rural feeders , harmonic filter banks may have to be installed. aFLEXIBLE COUPLING BETWEEN MOTOR AND ID FAN SHAFT af ss w The currents through the wdgs of the synchronous motor are also trapezoidal. The motor is designed to take care of this aspect. The two wdgs of the motor are displaced by 30 deg electrical just as in the transformer described earlier. . The effect is the same (ie) single wdg operation( 6 pulse) ‘produces 6,12, 18,24.. harmonic torques and dual wdg operation ( 12 pulse) produces 12,24.. harmonic torques. . As the harmonic number increases the value of the harmonic torque reduces. 365. A flexible coupling with rubber blocks is installed between Motor & ID fan shaft as shown above. The rigid ( flange portion) half is installed on motor shaft and the flex( rubber) half on fan shaft. 6. Due to the harmonic torques, the interference is high. The torque is transmitted thro the mating surfaces between shaft and coupling and not thro the key. 7. It should be noted that the motor is designed for both 6 (single wdg) & 12 (dual wdg) operation. The motor will run smoother with less vibration and noise in dual wdg mode, which is the normal operation ( redundant mode) 3l