INTRODUCTION TO HOME-ECONOMICS

INTRODUCTION

Home economics is a very wide subject which is not only taught at schools but is practiced at home and at work. It has
3 main branches and these are:

· Home management

· Food s and Nutrition

· Clothing, textile and related arts.

HOME MANAGEMENT

I s a branch of Home economics that deals with looking after ourselves, caring for our homes i.e. by sweeping, dusting,
polishing and the making of household budgets so that we do not run out of management.

Ø We study hygiene and grooming which deals with cleanliness of the whole body and taking care of ourselves from
head to the toe.

Ø To be well groomed in appearance means to be neatly and correctly dressed with a good hair style and make-up.

Ø We also study mother craft and child development. Here we learn about looking after and feeding of babies and
toddlers, expectant and nursing mothers e.t.c.

Ø We also learn about how important play means to child and the language development.

FOODS AND NUTRITION

Is a branch of Home economics that deals with choice, preparation and serving of food that we eat daily. We also study
the types of food and what work it does to the body.

CLOTHING, TEXITILE AND RELATED ARTS

Here we learn about choosing different materials for clothes and household articles, dress making, repairing or mending,
washing and ironing our clothes, planning a wardrobe and how clothes can be stored.
Therefore Home economics should be studied by both male and female students so that everybody will have the
knowledge of Home economics in order to take care of themselves well.

CAREERS IN HOME-ECONOMICS

ü Teaching, one becomes s a teacher and teachers in colleges or secondary schools.

ü Catering, cooking for and looking after people in boarding schools, hostels restaurants and canteens

ü Dietetics, one becomes a dietician and works in Hospitals to prepare special meals for patients

ü Business, one can go into private business i.e. cake making and selling bread, pastries e.t.c.

ü Nutritionist, one becomes a nutritionist and works in research institutes or teaches in nursing schools.

ü Hotel management, with the study of H.E, one can specialize in institutional and hotel management.

ü Interior decorators are those who furnish houses for other people. They choose the furniture, fabrics and carpets to
create an attractive room.

ü Dress design making or tailoring, the readymade dresses or clothes we wear are made by some people who studied
dress design making or tailoring.

ü Food processor, one works as a food processor with the knowledge of H.E. where one studied food preparation.

ü Journalism, these write newspapers and magazines including articles on H.E. so those who write the above articles
need the knowledge of H.E.

ü Nursery Nursing, they look after children. A person who has studied mother craft does this well.

ü Hair presser
PERSONAL HYGIENE AND GROOMING

Hygiene is the study or science of cleanliness. It’s divided into two i.e. personal (hygiene of the body) and
environmental hygiene.

PERSONAL HYGIENE

This means looking after ones health, appearance, body, hair, teeth, hands, feet, eyes, nose, clothing and shoes.

Personal health is attained through the following

1. Through personal cleanliness and good habits

2. Having regular exercises which will help to torn up the muscle s and remove excess fat from the body and to
improve posture, and get rid of body waste through perspiration

3. Having regular baths to prevent body odour and skin problems

4. Eating plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables to get vitamin C essential for healthy skin, teeth and provide roughage
for easy digestion of food

5. A void greasy/ oily and starchy foods which are not good for skin

6. Having enough rest and sleep to rest the whole body

7. Having well balanced meals

GROOMING

To be well groomed in appearance means to be neatly and correctly dressed, with a suitable hair style and make up.
Always dress to suite the occasion and the clothes for work should look neat and smart always, wear party dresses with
accessories e.g. ear-rings, necklaces e.t.c.

Characteristics of a well groomed person

 Ø Clean and well polished shoes

Ø Clean teeth

Ø Clean eyes

Ø A good breath

Ø Clean ears

Ø Clean and clean nails

Ø Clean and well ironed clothes

Ø Clean and well starched belts

Ø Clean and well combed hair

CARE OF THE HAIR

Our hair should always be kept clean and tidy in order to keep it healthy. To achieve this, one should do the following:

1. Brush or comb your hair daily because brushing or combing stimulates the flow of blood in the head, helps to remove
dandruff and loosens dirt particles.
2. Wash hair frequently at least once a week and during the day so that its properly washed and dries well
3. Dry long hair completely before tying it up
4. Oil your hair regularly to stimulate the scalp and to stop it from getting too dry
5. Never use somebody else’s combs, brushes, scratcher as this causes hair infection.
6. Wash hair, brushes, combs and scratches and always keep them clean.

STEPS TAKEN IN WASHING HAIR

1. Comb or brush your hair in order to get rid of loose dirt.

2. Wet the hair and apply a good shampoo or soft soap

3. Work shampoo or soap into the scalp and massage all over with finger tips

4. Rinse thoroughly to remove soap suds (foam)

5. Apply shampoo or soap again, working in as before

6. Rinse thoroughly in running water

7. Rub briskly with a clean towel

8. After the hair has dried completely, oil the scalp and the whole hair with oil to keep it moist.

CARE OF COMBS AND HAIR BRUSHES

Dirty combs should not be used for combing hair after washing it. Much as we care for our hair, we should also take
care of our combs.

1. Remove any loose hair from the comb after combing and wrap it in a paper and put into the dust-bin

2. Soak the comb and brushes in warm soapy water to dissolve grease and dirt

3. Wash the bristles by shaking it up and down in soapy water. If too soiled, rub across the bristles with a cloth or old
nail brush kept for the purpose

4. Rinse in clean cold water to stiffen the bristles

5. Shake off excess water from the brush and dry with a clean towel. To wash a comb, use a cloth to clean across the
teeth of the comb. Scrub from the base to the tip of the comb, then from the tip to the base of the comb to remove dirt.
Rinse thoroughly in clean water, dry with a clean towel and air for further drying.

HAIR INFECTION

This occurs as a result of neglecting our hair. Neglected hair is the one which is not washed regularly and not looked
after well. The common hair infections are: - Head lice, dandruff, and ring-worms.

HEAD-LICE

Head-lice live in dirty hair and clean hair gets infected through contact. Head lice are very common among school
children who are too lazy to take care of their hair. In order to avoid this infection, one should avoid sharing combs,
brushes, hats and scarfs.

Treatment

· Cut the hair very shot

· Rub a local preparation of kerosene and ground moth balls onto the scalp. Tie on a clean scarf over night to kill
the lice. Repeat this treatment to get rid of the head lice completely.

· Ask in chemist shop for treatment

· If you cannot get rid of the lice or infection contact a doctor

DANDRUFF

This occurs when the outer skin forms white small scales on the scalp and hair. When this occurs, the scalp becomes
itchy and therefore uncomfortable and leaves the scalp dry. This can only be prevented by using a good type of
shampoo and good hair oil.

Treatment

Buy and use shampoo and hair oil recommend for the treatment of dandruff or ask your hair dresser for advice.

RING-WORMS

This appears in the form of round scores on the scalp leaving the affected area without hair. This infection is commonly
found among children who play in dirty places and do not take regular baths.

Treatment
· See the doctor for treatment

· Shave the hair completely to reach the sore and apply the prescribed medicine

HAIR ABUSE

This is the use of hot combs and relaxers which end up damaging the hair. However, using hot combs and relaxers
makes it easy to comb the hair. The hair becomes glossy and more attractive though it’s very expensive.

Artificial hair

Artificial hair it’s the hair made from chemicals such as breads, weaves and wigs

Advantages

1. Once the wig is set, it’s convenient to use and time is saved as one does not have to set and dress the hair
daily.

2. People with scanty or ugly hair can cover it up by using wigs

Disadvantages

1. People who use artificial hair pieces tend to neglect their natural hair because they pay attention to the artificial
hair.

2. Wigs are very uncomfortable during hot weather

3. Wigs are expensive

4. Breads make people hair break

5. Some make people look artificial

CARE OF WIGS AND HAIR PIECES

1. Wash them frequently as you wash your natural hair

2. Brush the wig or hair pieces well and set it.

3. Keep it dry all the time

CARE OF THE NOSE, EYES AND EARS

Care of the eyes

The eye is an organ for sight and it’s very delicate. Since the eye is very delicate we must look after it well and carefully.

How to take care of your eyes

1. Do not read small prints for a long time

2. Always make sure that you have plenty of light when reading to avoid straining your eyes.

3. If you cannot read what is written on the black board ask your teacher to sit near.

4. Eat foods rich in vitamin C.

5. If you get a head aches, sores or watering eyes often reading , you should see a doctor

6. If you think there is anything wrong with your eyes ,contact a doctor immediately

How to remove an object from the eye

When something like speck of dust, sand, a tiny flying insect, piece of lint or fluff falls into your eye, you should do the
following:

1. A void rubbing your eye because rubbing the eye will push the object further in.

2. Blow your nose to make your eyes water and the speck of dust will be washed out.
3. With a clean hand, take hold of the lower eye lid and pull it down so that you will be able to see the object in the
eye. Remove it by using a corner of a clean handkerchief or piece of cloth.

4. If the object is stuck under the top- eye –lid and pull it down over the bottom one. This may remove the object

5. If the object is stuck onto the eye ball, do not try to take it out. Fold a clean piece of soft cloth several times and
put it over the eye. Hold it in place by tying a bandage round the head and take the person to a doctor.

Some eye defects.

1. Short sightedness , is inability to see objects that are away

2. Long sightedness, is the inability to see objects that are very near

3. Night blindness, inability to see at night but during the day, a person sees clearly and normally. However, in order
to overcome this defect, eat foods that contain vitamin A such as carrots, pawpaws, mangoes, eggs, milk, and
margarine e.t.c.

SOME INFECTIONS OF THE EYE

Conjuctivities

Is one of the common eye diseases caused by a tiny germ making the white part of the eye to turn pink. The eyes
become covered with a sticky fluid and when one wakes up in the morning, the eye lids get stuck together tightly.
Conjuctivities is contagious and easily spreads to other children and so, avoid sharing things like towels, basins,
handkerchiefs with an infected person. It can however be quickly cured by a doctor.

Trachoma

Is a very serious disease which can easily cause blindness if not treated properly and quickly. It makes the eyes to
become red and some white pimples can only be seen by the doctor under the eye-lid. You should see a doctor at
once when you have it.
Styes

They are found on the eye-lids. It’s caused by dirt getting into the glands on the edges of the eye-lids. The glands
pour out the oily fluid onto the skin. A small swelling appears and a yellow colored fluid collects under the skin. After
sometime, it bursts, the yellow fluid escapes and the pain stops. It can however be treated by bathing the eye with
warm water.

River blindness

This is caused by certain flies that are found along the banks of rivers. it’s common in the western part of Uganda.

CARE OT THE NOSE

The nose is an organ for smell and is also the channel through which we breathe/ take in and out air. The nose has
tiny hair which helps to filter the air taken in. As the nose is very tender and soft, avoid picking the nostrils with
fingers and do not push things like seeds, beads e.t.c. into the nostril. If you have something in your nostril, do not
attempt to remove it yourself because you can push it further in.

When you have a cold, blow your nose into a hanky to avoid spreading germs and do not blow too hard as it affects
the ear drums.

Why we should breathe through the nose but not through the mouth

The nose is made up of thin bones which are folded like a rolled up paper. These bones are covered by a substance
which is soft and warm that’s to say warming the air we breathe in before it goes to the lungs. Also, the tiny hair
found at the entrance of the nose helps to filter the air thus making it free from germs and dust. Therefore,
breathing through the mouth is bad because the air taken in is not filtered and not warmed. The dir that collects in
the nose is got rid of by blowing the nose.

CARE OF THE EARS

Ears are organs of hearing and they are made up of 3 parts i.e. the outer, middle and inner ear. Since it’s very
delicate, one has got to look after it carefully. Wash the ears daily when bathing and if there is an ear infection, use
an ear lotion or see a doctor to identify the problem.

Ø Never use any local medicine because it can worsen the condition
 Ø Do not push any sharp object into your ear trying to remove dirt because the ear drum can easily be
damaged

Ø Only use cotton buds to clean the middle ea. If one does not take care of his/ her ear properly, it may
lead to partial or permanent deafness.

How to remove an insect from the ear

v Make the person to lie down on the side without the insect while raising the ear with the insect facing up.

v Pour warm water into the ear and this may make the insect to float on water and can easily be picked. If
this does not help, take the person to the doctor.

CARE OF THE TEETH

Our teeth need care because they play an important role in digestion of food by breaking food into tiny particles which then
can be easily be digested by digestive juices. The long, sharp canine teeth tear up food (like meat). The wide, flat molars
grind and mash up food. While we chew food, the tongue pushes the food to the teeth and saliva helps digestion and wets the
food. Teeth also help us say certain sounds.

People have two sets of teeth in their lives, the primary teeth (also called the baby, milk or deciduous teeth) and the
permanent teeth (also called the adult or secondary teeth). Children have 20 primary teeth; they are replaced by the
permanent teeth by about age 13. Adults have 32 permanent teeth.

Primary Teeth:
Most babies are born with no visible teeth -- the teeth are forming inside the gums. The 20 primary teeth (also called baby
teeth or first teeth) erupt (poke through the gums) over the time from when a baby is from about 6 months to a year old.

Permanent Teeth:
Primary teeth fall out and are replaced by 32 permanent teeth (also called the adult teeth). This happens over the time from
when a child is from about 6 to 14 years old.

As a permanent tooth forms under the gums and in the jawbone, the roots of the primary tooth it is replacing dissolve. Then
the primary tooth becomes loose and falls out. The permanent tooth will fill the space.

· The teeth also help in a paper speech and help to improve one’s appearance (beauty). At birth , we do not have teeth
but afterwards, some teeth start appearing in babies and these are called milk teeth.

· As a child grows up, the milk teeth are replaced by permanent ones after they have fallen. In adults, one has a total of
32 teeth i.e. from the age of 24-28; a person has got the full set of teeth. However, these teeth are of 3 type i.e. incisor

Incisor teeth

· a type of tooth with a narrow edge (in humans, the front teeth). Incisors are used to cut food. An incisor has 1 root.
Adult humans have 8 incisors (4 in the top jaw and 4 in the bottom jaw).

· Incisors are the front four teeth in the upper and lower jaw, situated in between the cuspids. Generally incisors
have one root.

· The first two front teeth known as central incisors erupt sometime between the age of six and seven. Lateral
incisors are found next to the centrals and appear around the age of seven or eight.

· The incisors primary function is to cut and tear into food, although the esthetic appearance of these anterior
teeth is highly scrutinized as they are visible during smiling, eating, and talking.

Canine teeth

· Are found at both sides of the mouth. Altogether they are 4 in number and have sharp pointed ends which are used for
tearing.

Molars and Premolars

· Molars are found at the back of the mouth, they are wide, flat tooth found in the back of mammal's mouths. Molars
grind food during chewing. Molars in the top jaw have 3 roots; molars in the lower jaw have 2 roots. Adults have 12 molars (6
in the top jaw and 6 in the bottom jaw).

· Premolar (also called bicuspid) - the type of tooth located between the canine and the molars in humans. A bicuspid
tooth has 1 root. Bicuspids have two points (cusps) at the top. Adults have 8 premolars (4 in the top jaw and 4 in the bottom
jaw)
Cleaning of the teeth

We should clean our teeth every morning when we wake up, every evening and after every meal. This is so to remove the
food crumbs and particles which remain in one s teeth so that bacteria are not given a chance of breeding. One should use a
good tooth brush with firm bristles to brush the teeth using up and down, backward and forward movements. Rinse your
mouth with clean water to remove completely the particles of food after brushing the teeth and to avoid bad breath.

Frequent bleeding of the gum is caused by lack of vitamin C in our die. When one lacks this vitamin, he/she develops wounds
on the gums and the teeth develop some holes leading to a smelly mouth. This can only be overcome by eating fresh fruits
e.g. lemon, oranges, and lime grapes e.t.c.

THE STRUCTURE OF A MAMMALIAN TOOTH

Care of the teeth

What Is the Right Way to Brush?

Proper brushing takes at least two minutes — that's right, 120 seconds! Most adults do not come close to brushing that long.
To get a feel for the time involved, try using a stopwatch. To properly brush your teeth, use short, gentle strokes, paying extra
attention to the gum line, hard-to-reach back teeth and areas around fillings, crowns or other restoration. Concentrate on
thoroughly cleaning each section as follows:

 Clean the outer surfaces of your upper teeth, then your lower teeth
 Clean the inner surfaces of your upper teeth, then your lower teeth
 Clean the chewing surfaces
 For fresher breath, be sure to brush your tongue, too

v Tilt the brush at a 45° angle against the gum line and sweep or roll the brush away from the gum line.

v Gently brush the outside, inside and chewing surface of each tooth using short back-and-forth strokes.

v Gently brush your tongue to remove bacteria and freshen breath.

· Brush the teeth regularly with tooth paste and a clean brush with firm bristles or chewing stick.

· Avoid biting hard objects as this may cause the teeth to crack or break e.g. opening bottles with teeth.
· Eat crispy foods to exercise the jaws and to strengthen the teeth

· Eat fresh fruits and vegetables which stops the bleeding of gums

· Eat foods that contain calcium for the growth of strong teeth e.g. drinks plenty of milk, bony fish, and eggs e.t.c.

· Avoid eating too much of soft sweet foods that contain starch in them and cause tooth decay e.g. sweets, biscuits, bread
and jam e.t.c Visit a dentist once in every six months or twice a year for check –ups.

How teeth decay starts

Decay starts by a tiny hole being made in the hard enamel by the kind of food we eat or because we do not clean our teeth
often enough or at the proper time. Once the hole is made, it gets bigger and bigger. If the hole is not too big, a dentist can
repair it. By drilling the decayed tooth and filling the hole with a soft material which quickly becomes hard. If the hole is too
big, the tooth is taken out

1. Healthy Tooth

Enamel is the hard outer crystal-like layer. Dentin is the softer layer beneath the enamel. The pulp chamber contains nerves
and blood vessels. It is considered the living part of the tooth.
2. White Spots

Bacteria that are exposed to sugars or carbohydrates can make acid. The acid attacks the crystal-like substance in the tooth's
outer surface. This process is known as demineralization. The first sign of this is a chalky white spot. At this stage, the decay
process can be reversed. Using fluorides at home and in the dental office can help the tooth repair itself.

3. Enamel Decay

Demineralization continues. Enamel starts to break down. Once the enamel surface is broken, the tooth can no longer repair
itself. The cavity has to be cleaned and restored by a dentist.

1. Dentin Decay

The decay reaches into the dentin, where it can spread and undermine the enamel.

2. Pulp Involvement
If decay is left untreated, it will reach the tooth's pulp. This is where the tooth's nerves and blood vessels are found. The pulp
becomes infected. An abscess (swelling) or a fistula (opening to the surface of the gum) can form in the soft tissues.

Why teeth decay

There are two main reasons why teeth decay.

· Because of the kind of food eat. Soft sweet foods have in them starch which mixes with saliva in the mouth and forms
acids. This acid makes teeth to decay by attacking the enamel and making tiny holes in it. These holes keep increasing day by
day until it reaches the pulp cavity which contains blood vessels and nerves making one to feel tooth ache. Examples of these
foods are: bread, potatoes, maize, rice, biscuits and sweets. We can eat these foods but not too much of them.

CARE OF THE SKIN

The skin is the body's largest organ, covering the entire body. In addition to serving as a protective shield against heat, light,
injury, and infection, the skin also:

 Regulates body temperature.

 Stores water and fat.
 Is a sensory organ.
 Prevents water loss.
 Prevents entry of bacteria.

Throughout the body, the skin's characteristics vary (i.e., thickness, color, texture). For instance, the head contains more hair
follicles than anywhere else, while the soles of the feet contain none. In addition, the soles of the feet and the palms of the
hands are much thicker.

The skin is made up of the following layers, with each layer performing specific functions:

 Epidermis

Is the most outer layer and has small holes called sweat pores and some small hairs which can be seen on the surface
of the epidermis. During perspiration, sweat comes out through the sweat pores and oil from under the skin also pours
onto the skin through a tube close to the hairs. This oil does two things,

o It makes the hair soft and shining

 o It makes the skin soft and stops it from getting too dry. The skin of a old person is dry and wrinkled because as
one gets older, the skin makes less oil.

 Dermis

· This is the inner layer of the skin. It contains, hair roots, oil glands, sweat glands, blood vessels and
nerves.

 Subcutaneous fat layer (subcutis)

Functions of the skin

· To control the body temperature which should be 37c (98.4F)

· To get rid of perspiration

· To protect the body against heat and cold

· To protect the inner parts of the body

· To enable the body to get vitamin D from the sun

· Acts as a sense organ for feeling

How the skin becomes dirty

When it’s very hot or one has done some vigorous activity like running, the body becomes hot and sweats. After sweating,
eventually the skin becomes sticky so making the skin dirty. The body seats through tiny holes found on the skin called pores.
This sweat comes from the blood which it wants to get rid of as it’s not wanted. Oil from the skin comes from a gland called
sebaceous gland and passes into the tube which is close to the hair and is passed out onto the skin. This oil helps to make the
skin soft and shiny and stops it from drying.

How to keep the skin clean

By bathing frequently with soap because water alone cannot remove all dirt, bathing is necessary especially in our tropical
country where it’s often too hot resulting into sweating daily. This sweat however produces bad smell and if one does not bath
and leaves the dirt to accumulate onto the skin, one may get skin infection. Use soap to soften oily dirt. Make sure that you
wash all the soap from the body with clean water because if you do not, soap will dry and dust will stick onto it. Also the
remaining soap on your body will make your towel dirty when you dry yourself. After drying your body, hung your towel up to
dry

Method of bathing

1. Pour water over the body to get rid of loose dirt

2. With a soapy sponge or face towel, rub all over the body especially in places where perspiration collects

3. Rinse well with clean water

4. Rub or pat dry with a clean towel

5. Dust on a talcum powder for a fresh feeling

6. Put on clean clothing after smearing the body with a good skin oil or cream so that it does not get too dry.

Talcum powder and deodorant

After bathing, use a pleasant smelling talcum powder on the skin to absorb moisture in area that tend to sweat (perspire) a
lot.

A deodorant is used to check odour in armpits. An anti- perspirant reduces the rate at which one perspires. Anti-perspirant
deodorant is a combination of deodorant and anti-perspirant which helps to check the rate of perspiration and removes bad
odour are Fa, Us, Right guard, shield, impulse and fresh e.t.c. These are very important for teenagers who sweat a lot.

CUTS AND WOUNDS

The skin gets broken in cuts and wounds therefore germs enter the body through the broken skin. If a cut and wound is not
properly treated, the germs that enter may cause sores, abscesses and in severe cases tetanus.

Treatment

1. If there is severe bleeding, use the following methods to stop the bleeding

· Apply direct pressure on the wound by pressing firmly with your hand on a clean handkerchief or a piece
 of cotton placed on the wound. Do this until the bleeding stops.

· Bandage the cut firmly

· If the wound is on a limb, place the cut part above the level of the body so that less blood can flow out.
Tie tightly above the wound to stop the blood flow.

2. Clean the wound by bathing it with clean running water or with a weak antiseptic solution. Remove dirt or foreign body
by wiping with cotton wool soaked in the solution. Then dry the wound with clean cotton wool.

3. Spread some antiseptic cream on the wound

4. Cover with a piece of link using a bandage or adhesive tape to keep it in place

5. If the cut is small, just use a small piece of adhesive tape

6. F the dressing gets wet, change it

7. For a bad cut or wound, see a doctor for an anti-tetanus injection

8. For deep and long cuts, see a doctor as stitching may be required

BURNS AND SCALDS

A burn

Is caused by dry heat e.g. fire, hot metals, direct sunlight or friction.

A scald

Is caused by contact with moist heat such as boiling water, steam or hot oil

Treatment

1. Reduce the burning effect of the heat and lesson pain by immersing the hurt part in cold water. Then keep that part dry
and bandage firmly
2. Do not apply any lotion or ointment

3. Do not prick blisters

4. Remove dry jewellery, belts or shoes in the affected area as this is more easily done before it starts to swell.

5. Give the person enough fluid to take and reassure him/her.

6. For serious burns, send the patient to the hospital immediately

Burnt clothes

· If a person’s clothes catch fire, pour on cold water quickly, to prevent the fire from spreading and to cool the skin.

· If there is no cold water around, wrap the victim quickly in blanket, rug or any thick material to put out the flames and
lay him flat.

· If you are alone and your clothes catch fire, roll on the floor immediately to put the flames.

BITES AND STINGS

Insect bites which are not serious can be treated with calamine lotion or antiseptic cream. Normally there is some swelling and
if it does not go after a day or two see a doctor.

Snack bites are very serious and should be reported as soon as possible.

BRUISES

It’s caused by a heavy blow on the skin e.g. when someone bumps into something hard, the bump results into broken blood
vessels under the skin which show up as a bruise.

Treatment

· Rub the bruised area hard immediately

· Bathe the area with cold water and if available, apply ice blocks packed in a piece of clothe
SKIN BLEACHING

Is the removal of the black pigment by people who want to be light-skinned by using a chemical called bleach so that they can
have a fair complexion

This is dangerous because;

· People who bleach their skin will have problems getting their wounds healed successfully if operated

· Bleached skin is ugly and looks anemic

· Patches of dark and fair pigment are left on the skin

COSMETICS

Cosmetics are preparations that are made and are used mainly by the young people to make themselves look more attractive.
Young girls and women do not need much make-up as yang skin is attractive without cosmetics. The important thing for
young people is to keep the kin clean to avoid acne (spots) and skin rashes. However, if used, it must be applied intelligently
and skillfully to bring out the beauty of your features and not to change your appearance.

Too much make-up gives an artificial look and prevents the skin from breathing as the holes / pores are closed by cosmetics.
Besides, when not chosen carefully the chemicals in them damage the skin. When going to sleep the face should be washed
thoroughly in order to make the skin breathe freely. When choosing cosmetics, it’s advisable to know your skin color and type
because some are suitable for dark people while others are more suitable for light people.

Different types of cosmetics and their uses

No TYPES OF COSMETICS USES

1 Cleaning cream
2 Skin tonic
3 Face cream/moisturizer
It’s used to remove all traces of make-ups, because water
alone with soap cannot remove make-ups completely
Helps to prepare the skin by closing the pores hence
getting it ready for makeup. Its applied after cleaning the
skin
Is used to stop the skin from getting too dry
 4 Foundation cream/ vanishing Allows the face powder to stay on nicely
cream
5 Face powder Is used to beautify the face, hid spots on the face and to
protect the face from wind and sun

6 Eyebrow Is applied on the eyebrows to emphasis the existing

eyebrows
7 Eye shadow Are put on the eye-lids either with a brush or fingers to
beautify the eyes

8 Lip sticks Are used on the lips to beautify them

9 Perfume Is used on the skin to create a pleasant smell

10 Deodorants Are used to prevent bad body odour

HANDS AND FEET

Care of the hands and finger nails

Since our hands are used for handling many things like collecting rubbish, balls, food, scratching ourselves when the body
feels itchy e.t.c, they should always be kept clean in the following ways

· Wash hands thoroughly with soap

· Using an old tooth brush or a nail brush, scrub a round and under the finger nails

· Rinse using clean water or running water

 · Dry or pat well with a clean towel and push back the cuticles from the nail with a towel or a special stick kept for
the purpose.

· Apply hand lotion if you have sensitive skin and also to keep the skin soft and smooth

· Trim loose dead skin

Note the following

o Cultivate the habit of washing hands before and after meals and before handling any food

o Keep nails harbour dirt and germs

o Do not use nail vanish when cooking because it can easily peel it can easily peel and fall into the food

o Never bite your finger nails.

Tooth Glossary:

canine (also called cuspid) - a type of tooth with a single point (also called canine tooth) and a single root. Cuspid teeth
are used to hold and tear food. Adults have 4 canine teeth (2 in the top jaw and 2 in the bottom jaw). Canine means, "of or
like a dog."

cementum - a layer of tough, yellowish, bone-like tissue that covers the root of a tooth. It helps hold the tooth in the socket.
The cementum contains the periodontal membrane.

crown - the visible part of a tooth.

dentin - the hard but porous tissue located under both the enamel and cementum of the tooth. Dentin is harder than bone.
enamel - the tough, shiny, white outer surface of the tooth.

gums - the soft tissue that surrounds the base of the teeth.

incisor - a type of tooth with a narrow edge (in humans, the front teeth). Incisors are used to cut food. An incisor has 1 root.
Adult humans have 8 incisors (4 in the top jaw and 4 in the bottom jaw).

molar - a wide, flat tooth found in the back of mammal's mouths. Molars grind food during chewing. Molars in the top jaw
have 3 roots; molars in the lower jaw have 2 roots. Adults have 12 molars (6 in the top jaw and 6 in the bottom jaw).

nerves - nerves transmit signals (conveying messages like hot, cold, or pain) to and from the brain.

periodontal membrane/ligament - the fleshy tissue between tooth and the tooth socket; it holds the tooth in place. The
fibers of the periodontal membrane are embedded within the cementum.

premolar (also called bicuspid) - the type of tooth located between the canine and the molars in humans. A bicuspid tooth
has 1 root. Bicuspids have two points (cusps) at the top. Adults have 8 premolars (4 in the top jaw and 4 in the bottom jaw).

pulp - the soft center of the tooth. The pulp contains blood vessels and nerves; it nourishes the dentin.

root - the anchor of a tooth that extends into the jawbone. The number of roots ranges from one to four.